Distance Between Two Points: D. Two lntercept Form: Area of Tangle: Given: Pi(x.y1) & Paxzy2) Given: a = x intercept Ea Aba, ¥1) Then, PyP2= VGa~ x + 02-7 ei Oa ee . ‘Midpoint Formula: 24% 24 8x, 2) cha.) IfM(Xay Ym) is the midpoint of P,P. then, ab yn BE, Yq EM E. General Form: i jpeg Ax+By+C=0 “Bony ye Note: Division of a Line Segment: i get Gortan tay) Pea, iy PP hon B 2 hea ees a PP, on Parallel Lines: Two lines, L1é Lz, are parallel if: Centroid of Triangle: p : ey em es oa gentute, y_yitvtys 7 ora Pemendicular Lines: Two lines, Lif La, are =e 3 my2 + ny; cular if mma =-1 or my = faa ota Baty perpendicular if min my = -I/ma nad Distance Between Point & Line: i! Pibid g Aeet Byte af [at + BE Given: m™ slope and a point Pi(x.y:) i EAE SS Then, y— ys = m(x— x4) Laxe By+C20 ona B. Slope-Intercept Form * Use + if the point is above the line provided B is " Giver: m= slope : positive; use - if the point is below the line : b=y-intercept ided B is positive. at a constai Ten yomerb Bieeayrese vaxcaymsoo le gs fa len mar ot cot Point above + point above -> - constant distance of any point from the center is Point below >- point below > + called the radius. Angie Between Two Lines: Center at Cte): (2 — A)? + =? pang = 72 : > ano = Ty mgm; Center. at 0(0,0): 37 + y? = 1? C. tang = 1 General Form: x? + y? + Dx + Ey+F=0 1+ mm, Scanned with CamScannerSample Problems: (LINES) 1. Find the abscissa of a point whose ordinate is 5if this points collinear with points A(1, -2) and B(4, 2). 2. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices, are at A(2, -5), B(6, 2) and C(4, 1). Locate the point of intersection of its medians. 3. Given the triangle with vertices at A(9, 6), B(1, 4) and C(7, 2). Find a) the equation of side AB, b) the equation of the line through (0, -3) and parallel to BC, and ¢) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of side AC. 4. Find the equation of the line passing through the point A(2, -3) and perpendicular to the line having the parametric equations: Sx=3t+4 and 3y=4t-6 5. Find the coordinates of the point which is 3/8 of the way from the point A(-1, 3) to the point B(4, -2). 6. Find the equation of the line bisecting the acute angle between the lines x+y=3 and 7x-y+4=0, Sample Problems: (CIRCLES) 7. Find the equation of the circle having its center on the line 4x - y = 7 and passing through the points (-2, 4) and (5, 5). 8. Find the equation of the circle a diameter of which is the line- segment connecting the centers of the following circles: x24 y2+2x+2y-7=0 and x24 y?-dx + By-5=0 9. Find an equation(s) of the circle(s) tangent to both axes and containing the point (-8, -1). "40. Find the radical center of the following circles: xt + y2-dx + 2y-1=0 xaty?+ Qt dy +120 x0 + y2- 6x-dy+9=0 Problems for Practice: 1. Find the point of division of the line segme- joining A(4, 5) and B(-3, -2) if itis divided int: two segments one of which is three times a Jong as the other. Answer: (-5/4, -1/4) or (9/4, 13/4) 2. Determine the area of the quadrilateral - having (8, -2), (6, 6), (4, 1) and (-7, 4) as consecutive sides. Answer: 22 square units 3, Determine the equations of the lines (two answers) passing through (-2, 4) and forming, with the axes a triangle having an area of 9 square units. Answers: x+2y=6 and &+y=-12 4, Find the farthest distance from the point (12, 2) to the circle x? + y2 + 6x - 16y + 24=0. Answer; 23.16 units 5. Find the equation of -the circle circumscribing the triangle with vertices at A(-AL, 4), BG, -2) and C5, 2). ‘Answer: (x + 2)? + (y - 3) = 50 6, Find the equation of the circle touching the line x + 2y -8= 0 at (0, 4) and passing through 67. Answer: (x-1)? + (y-62=5 Scanned with CamScannerTHE CONIC SECTIONS: Hyperbola Parabola Ellipse General Definition of Conic Sections: = a set of points such that the distanc a fixed point called focus isin constant: toa fixed line called directrix. The cor its eccentricity, e. = filds = falda = fod i e=3, tsa parabola <1 itsan ellipse > 1, it's ahyperbola 2 led THE PARABOLA (e=1): ae = set of points which are equidistant from the fc as well as from the directrix. (ena) + ye axes rie 2 ~2ax+a? +y? =x? +2ax +7 y = 4ax y we-4ay we day | THE ELLIPSE (e <1): = set of points such that the sum of the distances from any point to the two fixed points (foci) is constant. The constant sum is equal to the length of the major axis, 2. dit di= dit de> ds + dh Standard Equation of the Ellipse: - Soe Let constant sum = 2a. Then “. dy +d, =28 ee fq y &: Ya z cree ay? 4 lene)? ay? = 20 ‘> ae simpitying, 2 _y? oe 7 Roar Lage * 20 ome tbteat 2 emer ‘Note: If vertex is at (hk), change x to x-h and y to y-k. Length of latus rectum = 4a a zt Yernete ab’ soya z Scanned with CamScannerNote: If center is at C(h, k), just change x to (x-h) and y to (y-k). Properties: 01. a? =b? +c7 a>c;a>b 2b 02. length of latus rectum= c 03.e=5<1 a 04.d=2 e OS. Area,A = nab a? +b? 2 06. Perimeter,P = 2n © 07. 2nd eccentricty,e = — Problems: (PARABOLA) 1. Locate the vertex and focus and find the length of the latus rectum of the parabola: x4 12+ Wy +6=0 2. A parabola has its axis parallel to the y-axis, one end of its latus rectum is at (9, 6) and the vertex is at G,4). Determine the following: a) length of latus rectum. b) equation of the parabola ©) equation of the directrix of the parabola. 3. Find the equation of the focus of a point which moves so that its distance from the line x + 4= is 5 more than its distance from the point (3,1). . 4. A comet from deep space approaches the sun along a parabolic orbit. When the comet is 100 million miles from the sun, the line joining the sun and the comet makes an angle of 60° with the axis of the parabola. How close to the sun will the comet get? 5. A parabolic concrete arch spans a width of 40ft with a 20ft wide road passing under the bridge. The ‘minimum vertical clearance over the roadway must be 10ft. What is the height of the smallest such arch that can be used? Problems: (ELLIPSE) 6. Locate the center and foci and determine the length of the latus rectum of the ellipse whose equation is: 16x? + 25y? - 128x - 150y +381 =0 7. Find the equation of the ellipse that hasits center at (1, 1),a vertex at (3, 1), and that passes through the origin. . 8, Find the eccentricity of an ellipse whose major axis is twice as long as its minor axis. 9. A concrete arch bridge Is to be built in the forrn of a semi-ellipse. It must span a width of 6m addition, the central 4.2m of it must be atleast 2.4 high. How high is the arch at midspan? 10. The distance (center to center) of the moon trom the earth varies from a minimum of 221463 miles to a maximum of .252,710 miles. Find the eccentricity of the moon's orbit. Problem for Practice: 1. Locate the vertex, focus and the coordinates of the length of the latus rectum of the parabola: yit dx- dy + 16=0 Answer: V(-3,2); F(4,2); Ends of Latus Rectum (-4, 4) and (4, 0) 2. Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is the origin and whose directrix is the line x= 4. Answer: y2= -16x 3. An arch in the shape of an arc of a parabola measures 6m across the base and its vertex is 250m above the base, Find the length of the beam parallel to the base and 2m above it. Answer: 2.68 m 3/4. 5, A cross-section of a trough is a semi-cllipse with, ‘width at the top 18cm and depth 12cm. The trough is filled with water to a depth of 8cm. Find the width at the surface of the water. Answer 12V2 cm Scanned with CamScanner= set of points such that the difference of the distances from any point to the two fixed points (foci) is constant The constant difference is equal to the length Note: if center is at Ch, ki}, just Properties : 01. c? =a? +b? c>a; cob 2b? 02. lengthoflatus rectum=——— a 03,e=S>1 a o4.d=2 e General Equation of 2-4 Degree: ‘Ax + Bry + Cyt+ D+ Ey +F=0 To find what type of curve is described bya given equation: Case 1: B=0 + fA orCis zero, itis a parabola. + IfAand Care not zero and: %. Aand C are of opposite signs, itis ahyperbola Aand Care of the same sign and > A=Gitisacirle > AsCitisanellipse Case 2: BxO Evaluate B?- 4AC. Ie Bt-4AC=0, itis a parabola B-4AC <0, itis an ellipse B-4AC>0,itisa hyperbola Scanned with CamScanner‘To find the equation of a line tangent toa conic section at a point P, ): 1. Replace x? by xx. 2. Replace y?by yys. 3. Replace x by (x + x1)/2 4, Replace y by (y + yi)/2 5. Replace xy by (xy + yxi)/2 where P(x, yi) isthe point of tangency. x= rcos0 y=rsind tanO=y/x Problems: 1. Locate the center, vertices, foci and find the equation of the directrices and asymptotes of the hyperbola: 5x2 ~ Ay? - hk - 2y -36=0 2. The length of the latus rectum of a hyperbola is equal to 18 and the distance between the foci is 12. Find the equation of the curve (center at the origin) if the conjugate axis is parallel to the y- axis. 3, The following hyperbolas are confocal: (2/4) - (7/8) =1 (22/6) - (y3/k) =1 What is the value of k? 4, Determine the vertical asymptote of the following curves: Bet b nets bas baker va YO" yoaxez 2 OY" rates 5, Determine the horizontal asymptote of the following curves: Eee ed ay" oad Y 410 xo12 BaP 5x-3 cys 6. Identify whether the curves described by the following equations is a circle, a parabola, an ellipse, or a hyperbola, a) y2+3x-2y+7=0 b) Ax2 + Ay? -Bx + dy +150 ©) 13xt + Oxy + 13y? + 6x - 42y -27=0 d) Axy + 3y? - Bx + I6y +19 =0 7. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve x? = 4y +5 and passing through (3,1). 8, Find the length of the sub-tangent and sub- normal of the curve y2* 8x for the point (2,4). 9. Find the length of the latus rectum of the curve whose equation is r= 2/(I+cos 8). 10. The polar equation of the curve is equal to 1A sin + 9 cos*8) = 36 a) Compute thearea bounded by the curve. b) Compute the total length of curve. .©) Determine the eccentricity of the given curve, Problems for Practice: 1. Locate the center, vertices and foci « hyperbola: ‘Toy? - 9x2 + 36x + My -36=0 Answer: C(2, -3); V@, 0) and V'(2, -6) F(, 2)and FQ, -8) - 2 Find the equation of the hyperbola with center (1, 3), vertex (4,3) and end of conjugat Sy? ~ Bx + Sy -113 = 0 3. Find the equation of the line tangent to the conic section 3x? - 3xy + 4x +y -3 = Oat (1,1). Answer: 5x-4y+9=0 4. A curve has an equation of y =.2x? + 1. Compute the length of sub-normal at point (1,3). Answer: 12 units 5. The polar equation of the curve is expressed as r= 2sin 8 + 2cos 6. Compute the total length of curve, Answer: 8.89 units: 6. Eliminate the parameter “f’ from the parametric equations: , x=sint andy =cos2t-1 What is the equivalent conic section? Answer: y = -2¢ (Parabola) Scanned with CamScanner‘Sample Problems: 1. The sum of the interior angles is six times the sum of its exterior angles. How many diagonals does this polygon have? 2. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an isosceles right triangle having an area of 162 sq.cm? 3. A goat is tied outside a triangular fenced garden at point A. The sides of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9.m, and CA = 12 m. If the rope with which the goatiis tied is 14 m, find the area over which the goat can graze outside the fence. 4. A rectangle with sides AB = CD = 50 mand BC = AD = 120 mis shown in the figure. It is divided into three parts by parallel lines AE and FC which are 20 m apatt. Find the area of AECF. 8 E ie A D F 5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12.cm long respectively. Determine the length of its sides, the acute angle between its sides and area. 6. The parallel bases of a trapezoid measure 100'cm and 150 cm respectively and its altitude is 60 cm. It is to be divided into two parts whose areas are in the ratio of 5 by a line parallel to its bases such that the bigger part is adjacent to the smaller base. Determine the length of this dividing line, area of determine the diameter of the circle, 8. Two circles have radii of 6 cm and 8 cm and their centers ate 20 cm apart. Find the lengths of the common external tangent and the common internal tangent, 9. ABCD is a square of side 10 cm. Four congruent isosceles triangles with sides equal to “x” are cut off from the four corners so that the remaining portion forms an octagon. Compute the remaining area after cutting off the four comers. Situation 1: Chords AB and CD intersect each other at O inside the circle. AO = 8 cm, CO = 12cm, DO = 20cm and AB = diameter of the circle. fe 10. Compute the diameter of the circle. 11. Compute the length of arc AC. 12. Deterinine the area of OCA. Problems for Practice: 1. The interior angle of a regular polygon is 165°. How many diagonals does it have? Answer: 252 2. In the figure shown below, determine the angle 6. AB is the diameter of a circle, Answer: 105% er circle? 4. The sides of a bigger polygon are 4 m, 6 m, 7m 13 m, and 18 m. A similar smaller polygon has a longest edge of 12 m. What is the perimeter of the smaller polygon? Answer: 32m 5. A trapezoidal lot ABCD has sides BC parallel to AD. AB = 395 m, AD = 530 m and BC = CD. Angle CDA = 86°. Determine the area of the lot. Answer: 168,571.60 m? 6. A regular polygon inscribed in a circle of radius 12. cm has 20 diagonals. Determine the area of the polygon. Answer: 407.29 cm? 7. A rectangular lot 80 m x 40 m long is divided into whose center is at the mid-point If the radius of the arc is 30 m, f the area of the smaller part to the area of the bigger part? Answer: 0.53 8. The distance between the center of the circles which are mutually tangent each other externally are 10 cm, 12. cm and 14 cm respectively. Find the area of the largest circle. . Answer: 64nem? 9. In the previous problem, compute the area enclosed between the points of tangency of the three circles, Answer: 5.08 cm? Scanned with CamScannerPlane Geometry - deals with the properties of plane figures or geometrical shapes of two dimensions, such as angles, triangles, square, polygons, conic sections, ete. Polygon ~ a plane figure with three or more angles. ‘The sides of the polygon are straight lines. ‘Sum of Interior Angles: S, = 180° (n - 2) Sum of Exterior Angles: Se = 360° ‘Number of Diagonals: D=3(n-3) ‘+ Regular Polygon - a polygon all of whose angles are equal and all of whose sides are'equal. *Similar Polygon ~ two poly gons are similar if their corresponding angles are equal and their corresponding sides are proportional. *Convex Polygon - polygon having each interior angle less than 180°. “Concave Polygon ~ polygon having an interior angle greater than 180°, Triangles - a polygon with three sides that are contained in a plane. *The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles or 180°. +The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side, and their difference is less than the third side. *Pythagorean Theorem ~ in any Right Triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. ee attbr Quadrilaterals - a portion of a plane bounded by four straight lines. It is also known as quadrangle or tetragon. Rectangle ~ a parallelogram whose angles are right angles. Ww Area = LW Perimeter'= 2 (L + W) L yuare - a rectangle with equal sides. a Areamat Perimeter = 4a a Parallelogram (Rhomboid) - a quadrilateral whose ‘opposite sides are parallel. b Area= %didz sind Rhombus ~ a parallelogram with four equal sides. ‘Area = % dida ‘Trapezoi of whose sides are Cyclic Quadrilateral - is a quad: vertices lie on the circumference of «Ptolemy's Theorem - “For any cycl the product of the diagonals equal product of the opposite side.” dida= ac + bd General Quadrilateral: - *Circle Circumscribed. Quadrilaters natbreed = *Circle Inscribed in a Quadrilateral ve Acuas = Vabed atbeced 2 Circle - a plane curve that is the locus of all points in the plane equidistant from a given point called center. ‘Area = a? Circumference = 2nr Scanned with CamScanner‘Sample Problems: 1. The sum of the interior angles is six times the sum of its exterior angles. How many diagonals does this polygon have? 2. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an isosceles right triangle having an area of 162 sq.cm? 3. A goats tied outside a triangular fenced garden at point A. The sides of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9m, and CA = 12 m If the rope with which the oats tied is 14 m find the area over which the goat can graze outside the fence. 4, A rectangle with sides AB = CD = 50 mand BC = AD = 120 mis shown in the figure. It is divided into three parts by parallel lines AE and FC which are 20 m apart. Find the area of AECF. B e c MF D> 5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12m long respectively. Determine the length of its sides, the acute angle between its sides and area 6. The parallel bases of a trapezoid measure 100 cm and 150 cm respectively and its altiruce is 60 cm. It is to be divided into two the ratio of 25 by a line paral the bigger part is adjacer Determine the length of this dividing line, area of the smaller and bigger parts. 7. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle such that one of its sides coincides with the diameter. If the other three sides measure 2 m, 3 mand 4 m, determine the diameter of the circle, 8. Two circles have radii of 6 cm and 8 cm and their centers are 20 cm apart. Find the lengths of the common external tangent and the common internal tangent. 9. ABCD is a square of side 10 cm. Four congruent isosceles triangles with sides equal tox” are cut off from the four comers so that the remaining portion forms an octagon. Compute the remaining area after tting off the four comers. Situation 1: Chords AB and CD intersect each other at O inside the circle. AO = 8 em, CO = 12cm, DO = 20m and AB = diameter of the circle. 10. Compute the diameter of the circle. 11. Compute the length of are AC. 12. Determine the area of OCA. Problems for Practice: 1 The interior angle of a regular polygon is 165°. How many diagonals does it have? Answer. 252 2. In the figure shown below, determine the angle 8. ABis the diameter of a circle. ‘Answer: 105% 3. Two circles are concentric, The che Mager cia i tangent to the smaller ‘traller but inside the bigger circle? 4. The sides of a bigger polygon are 4 m, 13 m, and 18 m. A similar smaller poly; longest edge of 12 m. What is the perimetc smaller polygon? Answer: 32: 5. A trapezoidal lot ABCD has sides BC parallel | AD. AB = 395 m, AD = 530 mand BC = CD. Angi: CDA = 862, Determine the area of the lot. ‘Answer: 168,571.60 m? 6. A regular polygon inscribed in a circle of radius 12 cm has 20 diagonals. Determine the area of the polygon. Answer: 407.29 cm? 7. A rectangular lot 80 mx 40 mor twoareas by an arc whose center is at the mid-point of the shorter side. If the radius of the arc is 30 m, What is the ratio of the area of the smaller part to the area of the bigger part? Answer: 053 8. The distance between the center of the circles which are mutually tangent each other externally are 10 cm, 12 cm and 14 cm respectively. Find the area of the largest circle. « Answer. 64m em? 9. In the previous problem, compute the area enclosed between the points of tangency of the three circles. . Answer 5.08 cm? Scanned with CamScanner‘Solld Geometry - deals with the properties of geometrical shapes of three dimensions, such’ as cones, pyramids, cylinders, prisms, spheres, etc. Polyhedrons ~ solids whose faces are plane polygons. ‘Regular Polyhedrons - solids which have identical faces. Regular Polyhedron (Platonic Solids) &SEH Tetrahedron Octahedron Cube a & & Icosahedron Dodecahedron Prism: = polyhedron whose bases are equal polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are parallelograms. Rectangular Parallelepiped: Volume = abe Lateral Area = 2{ac + be) Total Surface Area = 2(ab + be + ac) ‘ ‘Volume = a> dea Lateral Area = 4a? i Total Surface Area = 63¢ a Pyramid: Volume = 1/3 Atuexh AY Frustum of a Pyramid: Tae 2, Ve§Gi+ Be + JB) 143 Right Circular Cone: Volume = 1/3 10h "Lateral Area = nrL Le VFR _ Frustum of a Cone: : <= va Sr? +R? +R) y 7 ~ LA=nL(r+R) . ‘Right Circular Cylinder: Volume = arth ‘i LA=2nrh SA=2nr?+2nth Sphere: c Volume = 4/3 n° 3 | SA= 4m? Spherical Segment with One Base: Volume = 5% (3R — h) Ke) ae Spherical Segment with Two Bases: Volume = 5 (3a? + 35? +h?) ‘Spherical Sector/Spherical'Cone: 1 = S~* Volume =2/3 nRth orl/3.AR ‘where: A = area of zone Scanned with CamScanner‘Sample Problems: 1, The lateral edge of a frustum of a regular pyramid is 1.8m long, Its upper base is a square, Im x Am, while its lower base, also a square, 24m x ‘2Am, What is the volume of this frustuim? 2 A frustum of a pyramid has base areas of 16 sq.cm. and 36 sq.cm. respectively and it is 12 cm high. Whatis the height of the pyramid? 3. A pyramid is cut into three parts by two planes I to its base at distances of h/3 and 2h/3 from its vertex. Find the ratio of the volumes of: smallest part to that of the middle part smallest part to that of the biggest part middle part to that of the biggest part 4. A right circular coneis to be made froma circular sector of radius 36cm and central angle of 200°. Find the volume of the cone thus formed. 5. A mixture compound of equal parts of two liquids, one white and the other black, was placed ina hemispherical bowl. The total depth of the two liquids is 6 inches. After standing for a short time, the mixture separated; the white liquid settling below the black. If the thickness of the black liquid is inches, find the radius of the bowl. 6. Find the volume of a regular tetrahedron if all the edges measure 8 cm. 7. The base of a truncated prism is a rectangle in which the length is twice the width. If the heights at the corners of the prism are 16 cm, 14 cm, 20 cm, and 16 em, respectively, find the width of its base if the volume of the prism is 8200 ce. 8. If the volume of the sphere is inéreased by 20%, by how many percent will its surface area increase? 9. A sphere of radius Sem and a right circular cone of base radius Scm and altitude of 10cm stand on the same horizontal plane. How far from this plane is the plane, parallel to the former, which will cut the two solids into two equal circular sections? 10. An ocean buoy is in the form of a hemisphere surmounted by a right circular cone whose base diameter is equal to the diameter of the hemisphere. ‘The radius of the hemisphere is Im and the height of the cone is 1.8m. If you will cut the buoy into 2 parts of equal volumes by a plane parallel to the base of the cone, how far from the vertex of the cone should the cut be made? Problems for Practice: 1. A truncated prism has a horizontal triangular base ABC, AB = 10cm, BC = 12cm, and CA = Bem. ‘The vertical edges through A, B and C are 20cm, ‘2em, and 18cm long respectively. Determine the volume of the prism. Answer: 661.44 em? 2. The volume of two spheres are in the ratio 27:343 and the sum of their radii is 10. Find the ratio of the surface area of the bigger sphere to the smaller sphere. Answer: 5.44 3. The ratio of the volume to the lateral area of the right circular gone is 2:1. If the altitude is 15m, ‘what is the ratio of the slant height to the radius? ‘Answer: 5/2 4. The ratio of the surface area of sphere A to the surface area of sphere B is 4. The ratio of the volum- of sphere B to the volume of sphere C is 3, Find the of the volume of sphere A to the volume of sphere C. Answer: 24 ___5. The bases of a right prism are pentagon with one of each side equal to 6 cm. The bases are 12 cm apart. What is the volume of the prism? ‘Answer, 743.25 ce 6. Ifthe surface area of the sphere is increased by 30%, by what percent is the volume of the sphere increased? Answer: 48.22% 7. The corners of a cubical box just touch the closed spherical shell that encloses it. The volume of the bbox is 27,000cc. What volume inside the shell is not occupied by the box? ‘Answer: 46,458.87 cc 8. A salad bow! isin the form of a spherical segment with two bases. The upper base is a great circle of radius 5”. The altitude of the bowl is 2°. Find its capacity. Answer 148.70 int 9. The sum of the radii of the bases of a frustum of a cone is 7 cm. If it has an altitude of 6 cm and a wolf 228 ap epi Ba aso smaller base. Answer 3em 10. A hole 10 cm in diameter is to be punched out from a right circular cone (base on top) having a diameter of 16 cm and a height of 24 cm. Determine the total volume punched out. Answer: 109956 ce Scanned with CamScanner