Secondary 4 SS Chapter 1: Managing Peace and • Both Iraq and Kuwait were under the Ottoman Empire in the
r the Ottoman Empire in the past.
Security: Regional and International Conflicts
What was the historical
relationship like between Iraq
and Kuwait?
What worsened the relationship
between Iraq and Kuwait?
Oil production
Economic problems in Iraq
• Iraq hoped to pay off debt
• Iraq suffered
by earning more revenue
tremendously during
from sale of oil.
the Iran-Iraq war from
• However, oil prices were
1980 to 1988.
failing due to over-
• Besides the heavy loss
production by some
of lives, Iraq’s economy
countries.
was also in ruins.
• Kuwait and the United
• Iraq owed about US$80
Arab Emirates ignored the
billion in debts to its
quota set and produced oil
neighbours and other
well above their assigned
countries, such as the
limits.
US and France, that had
• Iraq lost US$1 billion from
supplied it with food
oil sales each time oil price
and war equipment.
fell by US$1.
• Reconstruction of war-
• Iraq felt the action of
torn Iraq required a
Kuwait & UAE was
massive US$230 billion
equivalent to waging an
economic war on Iraq as
90% of its income came
from sale of oil.
• In 1920, they became British colonies and were granted independence from
the British in 1961.
• Iraq refused to recognise Kuwait’s independence as it claimed that Kuwait
was historically a part of Iraq and governed under the same territory when
they were both under Ottoman rule.
• Iraq had on several occasions claimed sovereignty over Kuwait and even sent
troops to claim Kuwait in 1961.
• There were several instances where Iraq used its military power to threaten
Kuwait over border disputes.
Dispute over territory
Dispute over territory
Bubiyan and Warbah Islands
Rumaila oilfield
• Iraq was unhappy with Kuwait’s
• The unclearly-defined borders
ownership of the islands as they
between Iraq and Kuwait had
were strategically located off the
resulted in both sides sharing the
Iraqi port of Umm Qasr.
profitable Rumaila oilfield.
• With these islands, Kuwait had
• In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait for
the potential to block off Iraq’s
stealing oil by drilling for oil from
access to the Gulf, which would
the Iraqi side using slant-drilling
affect Iraq’s oil transportation.
technology which Kuwait had
• Iraq did not accept Kuwait’s
purchased earlier.
ownership of these two islands
• Iraq demanded that the Kuwaitis
and had failed to claim ownership
stop drilling for oil from the
of the islands through force in the
Rumaila oilfield completely and
1960s and 1970s.
demanded US$2.4 billion in
• From 1978, Iraq wanted to lease
compensation.
the islands from Kuwait, but
• Kuwait refused as it claimed that
Kuwait refused because it feared
it had only drilled oil from their
this would open the door for
side of the oilfield.
further territorial demands from
Iraq.

Were there attempts to
resolve their problems?
Mediation by the Arab
League
 Iraq made several
complaints against
Kuwait to the Arab
League
 Saudi Arabia cancelled
Iraq’s debts
Why did
 Kuwait andIraq invade Kuwait?
UAE
eventually agreed to
produce oil according to
the OPEC quotas
 Mediation By the Arab
League
 Arab League organised
a dialogue between Iraq
and Kuwait to discuss
territorial issues
American Response
• Saudi Arabia invited the US
to help defend the kingdom
against any Iraqi threat
• US responded with
Operation Desert Shield
• Britain, France and members
of the Arab League decided
to help out
• Later, more than 30
countries took part in the
coalition
Were attempts
successful?
 Negotiations seemed to
be going well
 OPEC Ministers agreed to
raise oil prices to US$21
from US$18
 1 Aug 1990, Kuwait agreed
to write off Iraq’s war time
debt and provide
additional US$500 million
in loan to Iraq
 Iraq walked out of
negotiations when Kuwait
refused to give in to
territorial demands
 Iraq’s actions
Kuwait not alarmed as
talks were to be resumed
on 4 Aug 1990
 2 Aug 1990, Iraq invaded
Kuwait
The ‘Arab Solution’
• Arab countries not keen to
have a western response to
crisis as they did not want a
return to western imperialism
• Kuwaiti officials appealed to the
Arab League for help
• At a meeting, the Arab League
voted to condemn Iraq for its
actions
• However, 8 members did not
support the vote
• Clear that with this kind of
division within the League, the
League will not be able to deal
effectively with the crisis
Why did Iraq invade
Kuwait?
Iraq’s Official Reason
• Iraq claimed that it had
invaded Kuwait at the request
of revolutionaries to free
Kuwait from the ruling
government
• Warned other countries not
to interfere or they will kill
the Kuwaitis
Saddam Hussein’s Leadership
 Saddam, a Sunni Muslim, had
always seen himself as a leader
of the Arab world
 Worried of an uprising in Iraq
against him
 Shi’a Muslim, majority of
population in Iraq
 Inflation high in Iraq
 Large army in Iraq due to Iran-
Iraq war
Fear of Iraqi dominance
• Immediate reaction of many
countries in the region was
worry and fear
• By invading Kuwait, Iraq
would control about 20% of
the world’s oil production
• Ease of invasion could cause
Iraq to grow even bolder
• Fear that Iraq might set its
sights on Saudi Arabia next
• Saudi Arabia knew its army
was no match for Iraq’s
Misreading of US position
 B4 invasion of Kuwait, Saddam
Hussein had met with the
American ambassador
 Saddam believed that Americans
were sympathetic to Iraq’s
situation and were not likely to go
to Kuwait’s aid
International Response
• US took the lead in condemning
• Formed a coalition of countries
to help defend Saudi Arabia and
get Iraq out of Kuwait
• UN Security Council passed a
resolution unanimously,
demanding an immediate Iraqi
withdrawal from Kuwait
• Also called for both countries to
begin immediate and intensive
negotiations
• Both Kuwaiti and Iraqi assets
worldwide frozen to prevent
Iraq from using the funds
• Economic and military sanctions
imposed on Iraq
• No country was allowed to
trade with Iraq with the
exception of food and medical
supplies
Reactions to the Invasion

Was the use of force the only
way to get Iraq out of
Kuwait?
Iraq’s response to diplomatic attempts
o Initially, Iraq seemed to response
favorably to attempts by the Arab
leaders to call for resolution.
o Saddam Hussein became defiant
when the Arab league voted to
condemn his action.
o Saddam Hussein was unhappy
that the US troops build-up in
Saudi Arabia.  Annexation of
Kuwait.
o More countries began to join the
coalition forces, Iraq responded by
taking Westerners as hostage
hostility
o UN gave Iraq the deadline of 15
Jan 1991  Diplomatic attempts
Was United Nations successful in
maintaining international
stability and peace?
 The role of the Security
Council
 Ending of the Cold War
 Oil is an important
commodity
 Legitimacy of War
 Collaboration and Support
from the various countries
 War ended within a
relatively short period of
time
Impact of economic sanctions
o There were query as to whether
economic sanction would have
prevented the war.
o US felt that it would take too long for
the sanction to be effected and they
had to wait too long to get Iraq out
of Kuwait.
o Economic Sanction can only work if
UN members adhere strictly to it. This
is difficult as some countries ignore
the sanction for economic gains
o Eventually the Security Council voted
to use force to remove Iraq from
Kuwait
Impact on Kuwait
• Occupation of Kuwait, more
than 1000 Kuwaiti civilians
killed and thousands
tortured
• Rise of Kuwaiti refugees
• Heavy looting by Iraqi
soldiers
• Economic costs high
• 600 of 950 oil wells set on
fire by fleeing Iraqis during
Operation Desert Storm
• Damages amounted to over
US$25 billion
Outbreak of the War
o When Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait on the
specified deadline of 15 January 1991, military
operation- Operation Desert Storm began.
o It’s aim was to force Iraq out of Kuwait.
o The Coalition forces were able to destroy most of
Iraq’s command and control capability through the
air.
o Strategic targets such as communication centres
were destroyed and crippled the Iraqis forces
Impact of Conflict
Regional and International
Impact
• Environmental catastrophe
Impact on Iraq o while fleeing Kuwait,
• Destruction of Iraqi military Iraqi soldiers started
capability setting fire to
o B4 war, Iraq undisputed Kuwaiti oil wells
military powers o dumped around 11
o state-of-the-art weapons million barrels of oil
used by coalition into Persian Gulf
• Political instability in Iraq • Displacement of foreign
o Kurdish rebellion and workers
uprising o about 2 million
• Suffering of Iraqis foreign workers in
o destruction of Kuwait at time of
infrastructure meant that Iraqi invasion
Iraqis could not carry out • Iraqi invasion meant loss of
daily activities income for these workers
o spread of diseases
Impact
Impact of
of the
the Invasion
Invasion of
of Kuwait
Kuwait and
and
the
the outbreak
outbreak ofof Gulf
Gulf War
War
 Tr Transnational terrorism
Definition
 Involves the unlawful use of force or
discriminate violence by
internationally-linked groups against
persons and properties in many
parts of the world.
 Transnational terrorist groups
usually have an international
membership and conduct their
activities in many countries. They
target the international community
and aim to bring about a regional or
global political and social change.
Is terrorism a new phenomenon?
 Many Terrorist acts in the past
 There were state agents or Non –state
 organisations
 Some examples of non-state organisation were IRA, Aum Shinrikyo, LTTE
 Most terrorist acts were on a smaller scale until Sept 11 2001
 4 commercial planes- attacked the World Trade Centre and Pentagon.
Almost 3,000 died.
Lashkar-e-Toiba Pakistan
Impact of Terrorism
Economic Impact
o There are direct costs to property and
immediate effects on productivity
Its affiliates have executed multiple attacks
o "The Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets
various countries.
àthere were immediate repercussions in world
markets, based on the uncertainty engendered
What was the significance of the Sept 11
attacks?
 Marks the turning point of terrorism
 Victims of 30 countries died in this
attack.
 Al –Qaeda was responsible for this act
 Great psychological and economic
impact on USA and the world
 There were re-alignments of the
political spectrum and reassessments
of fundamental values.
 Brought entire USA to a standstill!
 Huge ‘psychological’ & ‘economic’
impact on the world.
Social Impact
o Impact on communal relationship à
creating suspicions and tension
among the various ethnic and
religious groups
o Emotional impact of broken families,
post traumatic stress disorder
o against
Lack oftargets in
trust among people
o Daily life may be affected
o Living in Fear
Al -Qaeda
o An organisation created in 1989 by Osama bin
Laden.
o Grew out a network of Arab volunteers at
Afghanistan in the 1980s to fight against Soviet
Communisim
o Osama bin Laden’s rise to global terrorism was due
to :
 Falling out with his Saudi ruling family
 Rejection of his offer in 1990 to lead an
army of militants to liberate occupied
Kuwait
 Unhappy that US stationed their troops in
Saudi Arabia
 Being expelled from Saudi Arabia
o Osama bin Laden seeks to rid Muslim countries of
western influence especially the US
o He also wanted to establish a global
Islamic Caliphate based on extremist
misinterpretations of Islamic concepts.
o His objective was to use terrorism against
the US and its allies.
Significant of Al-Qaeda
• New form of transnational terrorist organization
• Al –Qaeda multi-national membership scattered all
over the world.
• US declared a global war on terrorism.
• Open confrontation on Al-Qaeda by the coalition
team in Afghanistan
• Al Qaeda and other groups that subscribe to its
Political Impact
ideology spread and continue to pose threat
o Breach of trust among nations
security around the world
o International relationship became delicate and
• Muslims rejected Al-Qaeda’s ideology
precarious
• Increased security and vigilance
o National security being affected
o Tighten security
o Intrusive legislation to counter terrorism lead to
infringement of individual freedom and personal
privacy.
o Trade off between Security and Freedom

Can transnational terrorism
be managed?
International efforts to combat terrorism
o UN set up Counter Terrorism (CTC) to:
o Monitor member countries’
abiding to the resolutions
o Strengthen the counter terrorism
capacity of UN member states
o Provide technical assistance to
countries that require help in
implementing the resolution
Nurturing an environment that censures
Are these measures successful?
terrorism
o Members agreed to freeze more than US $200
o All members of society have a role to
million in terrorist funding
play in countering the threat of
o More than 4,000 terrorist suspect arrested
terrorism
o Not completely successful because:
o There must not be ambiguity in
o Ability of the terrorists to evade security
society’s stand against these ideas that
restrictions imposed by governments
fuel terrorism.
o Terrorists’ ability to recruit new
o Society must firmly, unequivocally and
operatives
actively reject the ideas of hate and
o Availability of the information on
enmity, violence being propagated by
terrorists, the ideas may slowly gain terrorism and violence through internet.
è Must have continuous and pervasive efforts to
legitimacy.
o Every individual has a role to play to denounce these ideas and prevent people from
joining them.
deny the terrorists space in society.
 Requires concerted global effort to
manage
 ASEAN’s effort
 International effort
 Nurturing an environment that censures
terrorism
 Individual ownership on security
 Total defence
ASEAN’s efforts to manage terrorism
o Pledged cooperation against transnational
terrorists through Joint police and
intelligence measures
o Pledged to enhance information and
intelligence exchange on terrorists and
terrorist activities.
o Anti-terrorism accord signed at the 12th
ASEAN Summit
o In 2007, South East Asian leaders agreed to
another raft of measures that committed
their national security and law enforcement
agencies to work closely to fight the threat
together.
o The convention on Counter Terrorism signed
by ASEAN leaders at their annual summit in
Cebu, Philippines is the region’s first legally
binding anti-terrorism accord.
Sec 4 SS Chapter 2: Sustaining Economic Key Driving Forces of
Development in a Globalising World Globalizations
Transnational Corporations [TNCs]
 Used to be known as Multi-national corporations
[MNCs]
What is globalization?
 Global firms that operates in a number of countries
o Is defined as the process by Developments in transportation
and have their production or service facilities
which people, their ideas and o The role of transport &
outside the country of origin e.g. Microsoft, Toyota
their activities in different parts communications is vital in fueling
Motor
of the world become globalisation.
 TNCs are located in different countries because:
interconnected or integrated o The speed of moving people goods
 Outsourcing, lower cost of production, availability
o Interconnectedness through and services from seller to buyer is
of raw materials, Sourcing for new market and
trade, resources, information vital.
manpower availability
and technology o Important at having efficient national
 Advantage of TNCs – source for best materials and
o Is about the world united by the infrastructure
provided employment and revenue for which ever
Web o Increase the mobility of people and
country and wherever they are located.
o Is about selling your local goods - Provided the mode for
Transnational Corporations
products in the global market  Use of extensive international space to conduct people and goods to be transferred
business operations. from one part of the world to another
 Attempts to lower cost of production and obtain in the shortest time.
bigger market share. o Efficient and integrated
 Singapore has many such TNCs dealing with petro- transportation infrastructure were
chemical, pharmaceuticals, electronics and IT- built to facilitate movement
related products. e.g. airports, seaports, railways
and highways
o Containerization has reduced cost
and time of moving goods. It mode is
Improvements in Communications far more efficient as more can be
 Permits Globalization as it provided: transported at one time.
 Speed, Convenience, Efficiency, Direct, Punctuality, save o Improvement in transportation
time, save money, efficient coordination and control technology has ‘shrunk’ the world
 Easy access to information, new products, Hotel and considerably in terms of time taken to
accommodation travel from one place to another.
 Communication
1. Improvement through : telephone,
in standard internet, fax, video
of Living o Permits Globalisation to provide:
Economic Impact  IncreaseSatellite
conferencing. in investment è setting
technology can factories è
allow messages to be7. Widening income o gapSpeed
between the rich and poor
 Realization of a global common market, transmitted
employment è
simultaneously
revenue to different
[increase parts
in of
their the world.  Rapidly increasedo Efficiency
the income gap between the
based on the freedom of exchange of income
The move
levels]from
andtelex
better tostandards
video-conferencing.
of living rich and poorocountries
Safety
goods and capital.  Diversity
Widespread use of of
and variety internet.
good available in the  With foreign oinvestment,
Guaranteedthis delivery
bring about
 creation of a borderless marketplace  Provides a new
countryè perspective
increase in to buying
quality and
lifestyles selling goods and division in theo economy and lead to the
Punctuality
o facilitates international trade and  Improved
services e.g. Online services
in income cyber
levels. bookstore,
Increased job cyber evolution of different economic classes
commerce companies ~ .coms and openings for citizens.
opportunities  Poverty prevailed because the poorer countries
o enables foreign investment and the  Integrated Resorts fail to attract the investor and they remain in the
flow of capital to many countries in poverty cycle
the global market  The richest 20% of the world’s population enjoy
 2. Government stepped up policies for
education, defence[ to provide stability],
transportation, housing, health and other
national projects aimed at improving lives of
citizens

3. Increase governmental expenditure, Cost of

living
 Increase expenditure on infrastructure,
education, defence, foreign relations
è This may be view as negative for poorer
countries.

4. Increased Competition among nations

 Investment and market è intense
competitions to woo/ attract TNCs to invest in
5. Increased Competition among nations one’s country.
 Investment and market è intense  E.g. China – Suchow industrial Park, Dalian
competitions attract TNCs to invest in one’s
country.
 Developing Countries will be disadvantaged 6. Talents
as they have poorer infrastructure and  Movement of “Brains” – sharing of brains
political instability è poverty cycle across the world
 businesses forced to compete
Impact on a global
of Globalization- Social Impact  “Brain drains” –e.g. India Impact of Globalization- Environmental
scale  The move from various countries in search Impact
 increase their level of productivity for specialised skilled personnel.
Social Impact
 constantly improve their products and  Employment of engineers inEnvironmental
Comp Tech Impacts
 Increased awareness of foreign culture
services in order to stay competitive and from various Indian States.  Globalization brought about industrialization èaffecting the
 loss
retain of local culture
consumers environment
 Impending caution not to lose local talent Impact of Globalization-
 Changed
 Customers willthe way
thus people
have lived
access to their lives
quality  Developing
as they leave Singapore in search for countries are willing to compromise
Economic Impact their environment
 Increased
goods, be it from awareness of foreign
local or foreign culture
companies. greenerofpastures. for economic benefits
 Loss of local cultureè evolution of new homogeneous culture the
  Environmental degradationè deforestation
commodity world e.g Macdonald or starbucks culture
 occurred at a rapid rate in order to obtain materials and
 Local cultures may be eroded as newer cultures dominate this
make way for new

Environmental Management
 Environmental Management-
preservation of clean environment is
important to sustain economic growth
International Energy agency [IEA] à
expects more energy will be used and
needed in the next 25 years.
Encouraging Research and
Development [R &D] è to
attract TNCs to invest in
Singapore e.g. Seagate è
generate jobs and affirmation
of Singapore as a
manufacturing hub
 New food products, gene
therapy.
 Many research institutes set
up to pioneer and encourage
What are Singapore’s strategies to maximize
opportunities and overcome challenges in
a globalising world?
Being a centre for
technology-intensive,
high value-added
manufacturing activities
such as Life sciences.
 Diversify the economy
 Moving away from
labour intensive to
knowledge based
economy.
 Developing various
sectors of the economy
will help reduce
Singapore’s
dependence on a single
industry or market.
 Attracting foreign
talents
 Declining birthrate è
attract foreign  Venturing abroad
talents to meet the  Need to go beyond our national boundary to achieve
manpower needs of growth
the KBE  Regionalism è investing in nearby countries that have
 Foreign talents bring land, cheaper labour costs and new markets
in investment,  Singapore government and Singapore based
contacts, skills companies provided expertise and capital to develop
 Create diversity to industrial parks in host countries è provide land and
our cultural labour for Singapore companies e.g. Suzhou Industrial
Challenges that Singapore park, The International Tech Park in Bangalore.
faces in the 21st century landscape and make
Singapore  Singapore is also venturing into countries in The
cosmopolitan Middle East, Africa, Latin America and Central and
Eastern Europe.
 Economic slowdown in other  Two integrated Resorts è More Singaporean studying, working overseas this
countries [IRs] will be built in Marina cause them to loose their rootedness to Singapore è a
 Transnational Terrorism
Managing the environment Bay and Sentosa è  government
cause for concern for the Expanding market research
  Diseases outbreaksofe.g. SARs  Attracting
development of tourism in  Singapore
foreign talents looks beyond its shores seeking
through economic out lower
Consequence globalization
 Rise oflimited
China Land
and India as Singapore. labour
o Declining birthrate costs, land abundance
è attract and greater market
cooperation
Managing resources
 Small country -Need for careful planning andmaximise
competitors Tourism industry to be share.
foreign talents to meet the  Establish trade ties with
 Maturing domestic economy promoted with F1 & IR set  Investments
manpower needs of the KBE in Vietnam-Singapore Industrial
countries around the Park.
world to
the space
  Ageing population up.  Akira as
 Foreign talents bring in investment,a local name. Caters to
enable consumers
local from
companies LDCs.
to sell
Land reclamation and preservation of nature sites

contacts, skills Venturing abroad means possibility
their goodsof loosing
to a talents
larger
Cooperation with regional and international organisations
 Cooperation with ASEAN on the problem of Haze  Create diversity to our cultural market.
 Going green- involvement in the international landscape and make Singapore  Free Trade Agreements
agreement on the restriction on the use of ozone cosmopolitan [FTAs] with countries è legal

 Managing Resources efficiently
 People is Singapore’s most precious resource
 Developing people
 Promoting local entrepreneur and
technopreneurship
Definition of entrepreneurship
- Skills such as risk-taking and initiative displayed by a
person who starts or runs a business
Definition of technopreneurship
- Entrepreneurs who use high-technology to
improve goods and services and turn them into
profitable business ventures
 Singapore needed more local entrepreneurs who
are willing to take risks in their business ventures
and come up with new products to compete with
foreign companies
 Providing Continuous Learning among the
workforce
 The Singapore Workforce Development Agency
[WDA] established to ensure that the workforce
remains competitiveè upgrading skills e.g.
‘Employability Skills Systems’ [ESS]
Sec 4 SS Chapter 3: Venice -A Great City-State of Its Time
 Providing Skills Development Fund to assist
employers to encourage them to train and
upgrade their skills
 City-state’ – definition
 An independent city which also thrives as
a centre of political, economic and
cultural importance
 Venice
Regional hub for education as foreign
universities offer tie-up programmes.
 Established ties with big universities
around the world to create a strong
universities sector that attracts talent to
Singapore e.g. Stanford University,
Chicago Graduate School, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University
Nurturing growth of small and Medium Enterprises [SMEs]
 SMEs make up a large percentage of businesses in Singapore economy
 Help to enhance Singapore as a regional manufacturing and service hub
 SMEs face competition from larger cooperation and lack resources and skills. They
are family run and lack capital for expansion or to globalise.
 There are many schemes to help the SMEs
 Association of Small and Medium Enterprises [ASME]
 New SMEs are also granted tax exemption on the first $100,000 income for up
to three years
 Bank loans
 Important provider of jobs.
 Support the bigger operations
Factors for the of TNCs
Rise by suplying semi-finished products.
of Venice
 Certain funding problems due to size limitation.
 Expertise also limited by skills exposure and contacts with external world.
 Banks in S’pore provide necessary financial support. Economic
Political
Social
 Education upgrading provided for upper and lower echelons of workers.
E.g. BEST, WISE programme.
 Monopoly of trade
Exemplary political
system Attracting
Foreign
Adventurous Spirit
Talent
Effective checks on Fair electoral
power system
Loyalty to
Venice Provision of trade
Capable and Services
Committed
leadership How did Venice rise Diversification into
Practical between the 9th manufacturing
Policies and 15th centuries?

Practical Effective checks on Leadership Establishing control in the

policies power Capable leaders Adriatic Sea
contributed to the rise  Control of this region
of Venice e.g. Doge boost trade.
Strong Navy Pietro II Orseolo  Reconciled the feuding
[maintaining good cities and negotiated
Challenges faced by early Venetians diplomatic ties with The treaties with major
Citizen’s involvement European States] powers and subdued
in ensuring peace the pirates in Dalmatia

Piracy Maintaining diplomatic

Maintaining checks and
 Piracy – increasing relations Expanding the Venetian empire
balances
 Maintaining diplomatic Building the Venetian in the Mediterranean Sea
piracy in the Adriatic  14 century, Council of
th
relations – Venice is a
Industrialdevelopment
Sea. Venice decided Empire Ten created Capture Constantinople
toMeeting challenges of a vassal state of the
the gifts
pay annual  Weakened
Preventing the concentration the
of power  Comprised of Doge, 6 and established the
growing city-state Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire Venetian maritime empire.
to pirates and ships  Nominating Committee Ducal Councillors
Trade and 3
related industry
Needed to maintain a and occupied their 
travelled in convoys.  No individual can lobby for any post  of
Heads riseCouncil of serving the tradeWith
in industry increasing
industry trade
(Arsenal)
balancing act between territories  Manufacturing Industries competition, there was a
 No one can be appointed as a result of Forty
Creation of Great Council the Byzantine emperor  Venice gained  glass need to setsoap
up military
personal favour  Ensured no making, printing, candles and
corruption scented
• No individual or family dominatesand the Germanic Kings.
 No assurance thatrecognition
a noble wouldfrom on part of Doge or any outposts along important
the government other states trade routes.
become richer when appointed Manufacturing
high rankingindustries
official
• Great Council forms Nominating
 Nobles not allowed to choose office  Built factories to manufacture
Committee by balloting
o Prestige attached to goods for export
• Nominating Committee selects a
government posts  Skilled craftsmen produced high-
pool of candidates
o Doge – most sought after post quality goods eagerly sought by
 Trade related industry
 Banking and
financial services
 Double-entry
bookkeeping
 Giro-banking
 Reputation
maintained
Specialisation of duties  Insurance
• Council of 40 created in 13th Century services
• In charge of matters of law, finance
and coinage
Innovative practices
• 60 member Senate also created
 Introduced credit-banking so that businessmen did not need
• Senate in charge of matters of foreign
to carry large sums of money
relations, commerce and operations of
 Use of cheques also began in Venice
Venetian fleet
 Cashless business transactions was made possible with a
form of giro-banking
Overcoming trade competition  Insurance trade for shipping flourished in 15th century
Trade developments and  Main competitor was Genoa.  In the 16th century - state bank was set up to prevent the
expansion  Series of wars fought between these two collapse of banks - this enhanced the reputation of Venice’s
rivals banking system
 Late 14th Century, Venice won
 Control of the Mediterranean Sea
Innovations in maritime Trade monopoly
technology  Strong naval power
Efficiency in managing  Destroyed trade competitors
 Nautical Chart Attitude towards trade
Voyages  Skilled diplomats, able to  Controlled sea-lanes
 Mariner’s compass
 Advances in maritime  Enforced maritime laws favourable to itself, eg.
 13 Century
th
– building
Social Reasons of rise of Venice
for the obtain favourable trading
technology meant that terms Howcompelling
did Venice all face
shipschallenges
plying Northern Adriatic Sea
the first Venetian great
Venetians were able to predict to call at its port
between 15 and 18th
th
galley (combination of  Brought in spices from the
arrival andtodeparture  Shipping and commerce
merchant and war Loyalty Venice times of East o
centuries?
Major trading centre
voyages with higher accuracy
Attracting Foreign Talents
vessel)  Citizens of Venice willing to make Exploration of new trade o Venetian traders as middlemen
 Senate organised and Gradual decline of Venetian power from 15th to 18th century due
 Expansion
 1423 – Venice owned
of trade45related routes,
sacrifices in money, effort & even lives to supplies and o Taxes on goods
monitored schedule, getting to a combination of INTERNAL & EXTERNAL factors
galleys
andemploying
non-trade11,000
related protect their city-state markets o Luxury items, eg. diamonds
traders to travel in convoys to  Venice overlooked several events & developments unfolding
seamen
industries meant more  Voluntarily contributed money fortheMany foreign traders o inEssential
trade in larger quantities around her; this was contrastgoods,
to the eg.responsiveness
wheat and salt she
jobs defence of Venice came to Venice o Spices from the East
displayed in previous centuries to changing circumstances
 Craftsmen and oarsmen  e.g. 14th century - Venetians successfully o Rival states & empires began to develop - e.g. Ottoman
came to Venice for a defended against attacks by the people
Empire
better life of Genoa
 The ottoman Empire
The League of Cambrai
 By 15th Century, Ottoman Empire
Maritime competition  1508- a military alliance
posed greatest threat to Venice
 Neighbouring states became increasingly unhappy formed against Venice
 Venice knew it was no match to the
that Venice used its navy to block trade of other  Included major powers in
Ottoman empire and gave up some of
states Europe e.g. Spain, Hungary
its less impt territories
 High taxes were imposed on Middle Eastern goods and France
 At same time, Ottoman empire
sold to the rest of Europe  Aimed to reduce the power
acquired territories along the Adriatic
 Used its navy to patrol the Mediterranean Sea to of Venice and divide its
Sea
obstruct the trade of the other states territories amongst the
 Venice had to use its galleys to fight
 Compromised with pirates by bribing them è larger states
off attacks = reduction in trade
indirectly contributing to pirate attacks on its  Cost of the wars drained and
 Ottoman Empire started sea
neighbors weakened Venice’s
campaigns in 1423
 When Venice was faced with an external threat (i.e. resources
 Fought a 7 years war with the
the Ottomans), none of the European states came  Venice raised taxes to
Venetians. 2 more periods of war in
to its aid finance employment of
the 15th Century
mercenary armies and to
replenish weapons  Greatly drained Venetian’s resources
and manpower and disrupted trade
Over dependence on mercenaries
 15th Century, Venice tried to play
 no conscription to navy – more interested in
European powers against Ottoman
mainland Involvement in Mainland Political changes empire = deep hostility for Venice
 over-relied on mercenaries  Mainland essential in supplying resourcesto To finance the  wars,
1463,the Government
European statesraised
decidedfunds
to by
 other states able to pay mercenaries better Venetian traders suspending salaries of the
launch civil servants
a military campaign against the
New Trade
other states had stronger citizens’ army
rivals Discovery ofVenice
new sea to play one power off another to Imposing higherOttomans
route
tried taxes on trade
 Impact
The discovery of Vasco da Gama led  In 1497,achieve
a Portuguese captain
a balance by the
in power  Impact: Created Dueunhappiness among the
to deep hostility, civil left
Venice servant
to
to more
no more a naval power in Europe
expeditions to the East and name ofSwitching
Vasco da ofGama sailed=around
alliances distrust and the poor fight on her own against the Ottomans
increased
weakened as more
European and moreofmercenaries
awareness the  Result
the Cape of Good Hope built
= Venice in Africa
up a large mercenary army  1470 – Venice lost Negroponte in the
preferred
world  Thisenabled the
Rivalry Portuguese
among mainlandandstates
other made overland Mediterranean to the Ottomans
 Some to fight
statesfor the
like otherFrance
Spain, statesand European traders to bypass the Venetian
unsafe
England bypassed Venice and began to traders as they could get the spices and
travel directly to the East to purchase other goods directly from India and the
Eastern good East
Incapable leadership
 Venetians military leaders were no match for the more
experience leaders from the large states
 To ensure that no one individual or family controlled
the government offices of military leaders were rotated
 The rotation of offices meant that there were no
competent leaders in the Venetian army and navy e.g.
Nicolo da Canal and Antonio Grimani who led the
Venetian fleets against the Ottomans and faced heavy
losses

Corruption in the government

 To finance war – suspension of salary and higher
taxes on trade
 Unhappiness among civil servants
 poorer
 Poor nobles willing to sell their votes
 IMPACT
 Division nobility class- some group of nobles began
to dominate government
 Bribery became part of life
 No exemplary political system
 Incompetent leaders

Social challenges
 The rich indulged by holding lavish parties, parades
and celebrations involving the whole city
 Venetians became increasingly distracted from their
daily duties and productive work
 Vitality and strength of Venice slowly drained away
by excesses in their lifestyle
 The government passed laws to arrest the moral
decay in Venetian society
 Lessons for
Singapore
Capable and Committed
Leadership Strong Defence Force
Choose good and credible Be well prepared
candidates

Adaptability
Keep updated
Be flexible
Good International
Relations
Committed Citizenry Work with international
Be willing to make sacrifices community
Build good reputation
 Good international relations
 No Italian city-state to help Venice
Lessons for Singapore when Ottomans attacked
 Need for friends in international
community
 Build reputation of being
trustworthy and friendly
Strong defence force Committed citizenry
 Mercenaries of Venice not loyal  Venetians’ pride in city-state
 Venetian leaders concerned only  Commitment and sacrifice
for themselves  Singapore’s response to economic
 Need to educate public on setbacks Capable and committed leadership
importance of defence  State interests before personal
interests
 Note irresponsibility and lavish
lifestyles of later leaders
Adaptability and flexibility
 Keeping up with the times;
improving and introducing new
initiatives

Foreign Threats
• Napoleon Bonaparte, the
ruler of France , was
determined to bring the
whole of Europe under his
control
• Many European states
formed an alliance against
France but Venice refused
to join the alliance for fear
of antagonizing Napoleon
• Venice
surrendered to France
when Napoleon