‫جامعة األزهــــر – غـــــــــزة‬

Al Azhar University - Gaza

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Electric Machines
Three Phase Transformer

MOHAMMED SUFYAN ALZEBDA 20174297

HAMMED EZZ SALHA 20171614

SUPERVISED BY
Dr. Nashat Naeem
Eng. Mohammed ALamassi

April 2020
SEMESTER Il 2019/2020
 Acknowledgement

To Allah, we firstly admit all our praise and thanks for his gracing and
giving which enabled us to finish this work as perfect as it is. We also send
our pleasing and peace upon his prophet Mohammed the mercy and teacher
for the mankind.

Our thanks continued to our parents for their effort and care, to our
lecturers for their support and instructions, to friends and all those who helped us
to end this work. we wish to express our deepest appreciation to our college,
thanks to all our doctors and teachers, special thanks for Dr. Nashat Naeem &
Eng. Mahmoud ALbelbeisi.

II
 Abstract

The modeling of three-phase transformer connections for power-flow

and short-circuit studies can take on many forms, depending upon the
assumptions made. Too many times, simplifying assumptions lead to
answers that are totally wrong. Exact models of the various connections must
be used if correct results are to be achieved. The exact models must satisfy
Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws, and the ideal relationship between the
voltages and currents on the two sides of the transformer windings and the
models must represent any phase shift that is a result of the particular
connection. New models for all common three-phase transformer
connections have been developed that satisfy all of the requirements stated
above. This paper limits the discussion to the ungrounded wye-delta
connection and the model developed for use in power-flow and short-circuit
studies.

Keywords: Transformer, Three Phase, Short Circuit Test, Open Circuit Test.

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 2

1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 2
1.2 Objective ................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Literature Review .................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Three Phase Voltages and Currents ................................................. 3
1.3.2 Three Phase Transformer Connections ............................................ 4
1.3.3 Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations ................. 5
1.3.4 Transformer Winding Identification ................................................... 6
1.3.5 Transformer Delta and Delta Connections ........................................ 6
1.3.6 Transformer Star and Star Connections ........................................... 7
1.3.7 Three Phase Transformer Construction ............................................ 8
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 11
2.1 Three Phase Auto Transformer ............................................................ 11
2.2 Multimeter.............................................................................................. 11
2.3 Wattmeter .............................................................................................. 12
2.4 Three Phase Transformer ..................................................................... 12
2.5 Wires ..................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 Mathematical Model ........................................................................... 15
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 15
3.2 Preparation ............................................................................................ 15
3.2.1 Open Circuit Test ............................................................................ 15
3.2.2 Short Circuit Test ............................................................................ 15
3.3 Steps ..................................................................................................... 16
3.3.1 Open Circuit Test ............................................................................ 16
3.3.2 Short Circuit Test ............................................................................ 17
3.4 Results .................................................................................................. 17
3.5 Safety .................................................................................................... 18

IV
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Future Work CONCLUSION AND ............................ 20
4.1 Conclusion............................................................................................. 20
4.2 Further Work ......................................................................................... 20
Chapter 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 21

V
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure ‎1.1:Three Phase Voltages and Currents. ................................................. 3
Figure ‎1.2:Three Phase Transformer Connections. ............................................. 4
Figure ‎1.3:Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations. .................. 5
Figure ‎1.4:Transformer Delta and Delta Connections. ........................................ 7
Figure ‎1.5:Transformer Star and Star Connections. ............................................ 8
Figure ‎1.6:Three Phase Transformer Construction. ............................................ 9
Figure ‎2.1: Three Phase Auto Transformer. ..................................................... 11
Figure ‎2.2:Multimeter. ........................................................................................ 11
Figure ‎2.3:Wattmeter. ........................................................................................ 12
Figure ‎2.4:Three Phase Transformer. ............................................................... 12
Figure ‎2.5:Wires. ............................................................................................... 13
Figure ‎3.1:Open circuit test. .............................................................................. 15
Figure ‎3.2:short circuit test. ............................................................................... 16
Figure ‎3.3:Steps open circuit test. ..................................................................... 16
Figure ‎3.4:Steps short circuit test. ..................................................................... 17

VI
 Chapter 1
Introduction and LITERATURE
REVIEW

1
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction

Three-phase circuits are the most economical for a.c. power

transmission and distribution. As a consequence, three-phase transformers
are the most widely used in power systems. A three phase transformer may
be a single unit (all windings wound around the same core, immersed in one
tank) or it may be made up of three single-phase units. In practice the choice
between one or another type is governed mainly by economic reasons,
transportation, future expansion, reliability, etc. See references.

1.2 Objective

To investigate three phase transformer connections using 3 single

phase transformers and also to determine the equivalent circuit, voltage
regulation and efficiency of three-phase transformers. Also, to observe
magnetizing currents, study non-linearity and harmonic generation in three
phase transformers.

1.3 Literature Review

Three-phase Transformers are the backbone of electrical power

distribution whether Delta or Star connected windings Thus far we have
looked at the construction and operation of the single-phase, two winding
voltage transformer which can be used increase or decrease its secondary
voltage with respect to the primary supply voltage. But voltage transformers
can also be constructed for connection to not only one single phase, but for
two-phases, three-phases, six-phases and even elaborate combinations up
to 24-phases for some DC rectification transformers.
If we take three single-phase transformers and connect their primary
windings to each other and their secondary windings to each other in a fixed
configuration, we can use the transformers on a three-phase supply.
Three-phase, also written as 3-phase or 3φ supplies are used for
electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution, as well as for all
industrial uses. Three-phase supplies have many electrical advantages over
single-phase power and when considering three-phase transformers we have
to deal with three alternating voltages and currents differing in phase-time by
120 degrees as shown below.

2
1.3.1 Three Phase Voltages and Currents
A transformer cannot act as a phase changing device and change
single-phase into three-phase or three-phase into single phase. To make the
transformer connections compatible with three-phase supplies we need to
connect them together in a particular way to form a Three Phase
Transformer Configuration.

A three phase transformer or 3φ transformer can be constructed

either by connecting together three single-phase transformers, thereby
forming a so-called three phase transformer bank, or by using one pre-
assembled and balanced three phase transformer which consists of three
pairs of single phase windings mounted onto one single laminated core.

The advantages of building a single three phase transformer is that for

the same kVA rating it will be smaller, cheaper and lighter than three
individual single phase transformers connected together because the copper
and iron core are used more effectively. The methods of connecting the
primary and secondary windings are the same, whether using just one Three
Phase Transformer or three separate Single Phase Transformers. Consider
the circuit below:

Figure ‎1.1:Three Phase Voltages and Currents.

3
1.3.2 Three Phase Transformer Connections

The primary and secondary windings of a transformer can be

connected in different configuration as shown to meet practically any
requirement. In the case of three phase transformer windings, three forms of
connection are possible: “star” (wye), “delta” (mesh) and “interconnected-
star” (zig-zag).

The combinations of the three windings may be with the primary delta-
connected and the secondary star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-
delta, depending on the transformers use. When transformers are used to
provide three or more phases they are generally referred to as a Polyphase
Transformer.

Figure ‎1.2:Three Phase Transformer Connections.

4
1.3.3 Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations

But what do we mean by “star” (also known as Wye) and “delta” (also
known as Mesh) when dealing with three-phase transformer connections. A
three phase transformer has three sets of primary and secondary windings.
Depending upon how these sets of windings are interconnected, determines
whether the connection is a star or delta configuration.
The three available voltages, which themselves are each displaced
from the other by 120 electrical degrees, not only decided on the type of the
electrical connections used on both the primary and secondary sides, but
determine the flow of the transformers currents.
With three single-phase transformers connected together, the
magnetic flux’s in the three transformers differ in phase by 120 time-degrees.
With a single the three-phase transformer there are three magnetic flux’s in
the core differing in time-phase by 120 degrees.
The standard method for marking three phase transformer windings is
to label the three primary windings with capital (upper case)
letters A, B and C, used to represent the three individual phases
of RED, YELLOW and BLUE. The secondary windings are labelled with
small (lower case) letters a, b and c. Each winding has two ends normally
labelled 1 and 2so that, for example, the second winding of the primary has
ends which will be labelled B1and B2, while the third winding of the
secondary will be labelled c1 and c2 as shown.

Figure ‎1.3:Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations.

5
 Symbols are generally used on a three phase transformer to indicate
the type or types of connections used with upper case Y for star
connected, D for delta connected and Z for interconnected star primary
windings, with lower case y, d and z for their respective secondaries. Then,
Star-Star would be labelled Yy, Delta-Delta would be labelled Dd and
interconnected star to interconnected star would be Zz for the same types of
connected transformers.

1.3.4 Transformer Winding Identification

We now know that there are four different ways in which three single-
phase transformers may be connected together between their primary and
secondary three-phase circuits. These four standard configurations are given
as: Delta-Delta (Dd), Star-Star (Yy), Star-Delta (Yd), and Delta-Star (Dy).
Transformers for high voltage operation with the star connections has
the advantage of reducing the voltage on an individual transformer, reducing
the number of turns required and an increase in the size of the conductors,
making the coil windings easier and cheaper to insulate than delta
transformers.
The delta-delta connection nevertheless has one big advantage over
the star-delta configuration, in that if one transformer of a group of three
should become faulty or disabled, the two remaining ones will continue to
deliver three-phase power with a capacity equal to approximately two thirds
of the original output from the transformer unit.

1.3.5 Transformer Delta and Delta Connections

In a delta connected ( Dd ) group of transformers, the line

voltage, VL is equal to the supply voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each
phase winding is given as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current, where IL is the line
current.
One disadvantage of delta connected three phase transformers is that
each transformer must be wound for the full-line voltage, (in our example
above 100V) and for 57.7 per cent, line current. The greater number of turns
in the winding, together with the insulation between turns, necessitate a
larger and more expensive coil than the star connection. Another
disadvantage with delta connected three phase transformers is that there is
no “neutral” or common connection.

6
 In the star-star arrangement ( Yy ), (wye-wye), each transformer has
one terminal connected to a common junction, or neutral point with the three
remaining ends of the primary windings connected to the three-phase mains
supply. The number of turns in a transformer winding for star connection is
57.7 per cent, of that required for delta connection.
The star connection requires the use of three transformers, and if any
one transformer becomes fault or disabled, the whole group might become
disabled. Nevertheless, the star connected three phase transformer is
especially convenient and economical in electrical power distributing
systems, in that a fourth wire may be connected as a neutral point, ( n ) of
the three star connected secondaries as shown.

Figure ‎1.4:Transformer Delta and Delta Connections.

1.3.6 Transformer Star and Star Connections

The voltage between any line of the three-phase transformer is called

the “line voltage”, VL, while the voltage between any line and the neutral point
of a star connected transformer is called the “phase voltage”, VP. This phase
voltage between the neutral point and any one of the line connections
is 1/√3 × VL of the line voltage. Then above, the primary side phase
voltage, VP is given as.

7
 The secondary current in each phase of a star-connected group of
transformers is the same as that for the line current of the supply, then IL = IS.
Then the relationship between line and phase voltages and currents in
a three-phase system can be summarised .

Figure ‎1.5:Transformer Star and Star Connections.

1.3.7 Three Phase Transformer Construction

The three-limb core-type three-phase transformer is the most common

method of three-phase transformer construction allowing the phases to be
magnetically linked. Flux of each limb uses the other two limbs for its return
path with the three magnetic flux’s in the core generated by the line voltages
differing in time-phase by 120 degrees. Thus the flux in the core remains
nearly sinusoidal, producing a sinusoidal secondary supply voltage.
The shell-type five-limb type three-phase transformer construction is
heavier and more expensive to build than the core-type. Five-limb cores are
generally used for very large power transformers as they can be made with
reduced height. A shell-type transformers core materials, electrical windings,
steel enclosure and cooling are much the same as for the larger single-phase
types.[1]

8
Figure ‎1.6:Three Phase Transformer Construction.

9
 Chapter 2
Instruments and component

10
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Three Phase Auto Transformer

Generate voltage from 230 to 440 .

Figure ‎2.1: Three Phase Auto Transformer.

2.2 Multimeter
Used to measure the volt .

Figure ‎2.2:Multimeter.

11
2.3 Wattmeter
A device used to measure power.

Figure ‎2.3:Wattmeter.

2.4 Three Phase Transformer

Three-phase Transformers are the backbone of electrical power
distribution whether Delta or Star connected windings.

Figure ‎2.4:Three Phase Transformer.

12
2.5 Wires
Used to connect.

Figure ‎2.5:Wires.

13
Chapter 3
Experiment

14
Chapter 3 Mathematical Model
3.1 Introduction

The transformer is used to step-up or step-down in voltage this in the

first experiment but the second experiment we observe the passage of a very
small current in an electric file.

3.2 Preparation

3.2.1 Open Circuit Test

In the open-circuit test, connect the primary winding to the full rated
AC voltage. Leave the secondary winding open. Connect two voltmeters, an
ammeter and a wattmeter as shown in Figure 3.1. Record the readings of the
voltmeters, the ammeter and the wattmeter.

Figure ‎3.1:Open circuit test.

3.2.2 Short Circuit Test

Short-circuit the secondary winding. Connect an autotransformer at

the primary winding. Make sure that the autotransformer can handle the
rated current of the primary winding of the transformer under test. Keep the
autotransformer output at its lowest setting at the beginning. You need a
fairly low voltage to set up rated current in the primary when the secondary is
short-circuited. Adjust the input voltage to the primary winding by adjusting
the autotransformer setting until the current in the primary winding is equal to
its rated value. Record the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.

15
 Figure ‎3.2:short circuit test.

3.3 Steps

3.3.1 Open Circuit Test

1. To connect Wattmeter in primary side.

2. To connect Ammeter in series of phase.
3. To connect Voltmeter in parallel of primary side.
4. We will open the Secondary side.
5. We will give the supply primary side for the measurement of iron losses.

Figure ‎3.3:Steps open circuit test.

16
 3.3.2 Short Circuit Test

1. To connect the wattmeter primary side.

2. To connect the Ammeter in series of primary side .
3. To connect the Voltmeter in parallel of primary side .
4. Short the secondary side using thick conductor .
5. Now give the small voltage supply for the measurement of Cu-losses.

Figure ‎3.4:Steps short circuit test.

3.4 Results

17
3.5 Safety

The voltages used in this experiment are lethal. Assemble or modify a

circuit only with the breakers off. Do not apply power until the wiring has
been checked by an instructor. Do not touch any node or component of a live
circuit. Be careful when moving near a circuit so that a wire is not
accidentally snagged. Loads can become hot during normal operation; do not
touch or allow anything to fall into a load. If an emergency occurs, the power
for the entire laboratory can be disabled using the red button on the power
distribution panel. See appendix for more detail.
.
.

18
 Chapter 4
Conclusion and Future
Work

19
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Future Work CONCLUSION AND
4.1 Conclusion

1.the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in

transformer and parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of
transformer.
2.the Short Circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss in
transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of
transformer.

4.2 Further Work

20
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/three-phase-transformer.html , Date Accessed
26\4\2018.

21