MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES

Course information:

• Code: MENG 322

• Cr. 3, Lec. 2, Tut. 1, Lab. 1.

• PR: MENG 321 - Electronic devices and applications,

𝐺𝐺1 : 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 12: 29 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 14: 20, 𝑆𝑆41

• Schedule: �
𝐺𝐺2 : 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 12: 29 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 14: 20, 𝑆𝑆44

B. L. Theraja ,"Textbook of Electrical Technology"

• Textbooks: �
Alexander and Sadiku, "Fundamentals of Electric Circuits"

• Instructor: Raafat SHALABY, Dr.-Eng.

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND

DRIVES

Course Outlines
• Magnetic Circuits • AC Motors
• Sinusoids and Phasors • Power Semiconductor Switches
• THREE PHASE POWER SYSTEMS • Dc-Dc Choppers (dc Motor Drives)
• Transformers • Ac-Dc Converters (Rectifiers)
• DC Generators • Dc-Ac converters (Inverters)
• DC Motors

Dr. R. Shalaby
rshalaby@nu.edu.eg

Lecture on:
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 MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Selected by: R. Shalaby

CONTENTS:

Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
BALANCED THREE-PHASE VOLTAGES.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
BALANCED 𝒀𝒀 − 𝒀𝒀 CONNECTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
BALANCED 𝒀𝒀 − ∆ CONNECTION system is one in which the balanced source is 𝑌𝑌 −connected and the balanced load is ∆ −connected. ................................................................................................... 12
BALANCED ∆ − ∆ CONNECTION system is one in which both the balanced source and balanced load are ∆ −connected. ......................................................................................................................... 15
BALANCED ∆ − 𝒀𝒀 CONNECTION system is one in which the balanced source is ∆ −connected and the balanced load is 𝑌𝑌 −connected.................................................................................................... 17
SOURCE ∆ → 𝒀𝒀 TRANSFORMATION .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
The phase voltages Y-connected load ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

INTRODUCTION

• Single-phase: two-wire systems,

• Two-phase: three-wire system,

• Three-phase: four-wire system.

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

Three-phase system is important for at least three reasons:

• 1st: Nearly all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase.

o When one-phase or two-phase inputs are required, they are taken from the three-
phase system.

• 2nd: The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant (not pulsating),
o This results in uniform power transmission and less vibration of three-phase
machines.

• 3rd: For the same amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical than
the single-phase.
o The amount of wire required for a three-phase system is less than that required
for an equivalent single-phase system.

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

BALANCED 3-PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE

• The 3-Phase generated

voltages are 120° apart from
each other.

• Types of 3-Phase sources:

o Y-connected, and
o ∆-connected source.

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0° 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0°

𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−120° 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−120°
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 240° = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ + 120° 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 240° = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ + 120°
BALANCED 3-PHASE VOLTAGES are equal in magnitude and are 120° out of phase, thus.

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0° + 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−120° + 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠120° = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 �1∠0° + 1∠−120° + 1∠120° �

= 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 (1 − 0.5 − 𝑗𝑗0.866 − 0.5 + 𝑗𝑗0.866) = 0

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

PHASE SEQUENCE is the time order in which the voltages pass through their respective
maximum values.

Example: Determine the phase sequence of the set of voltages:

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 200 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 10° �, 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 200 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 230° � and 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 200 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 110° �

Solution: 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 200∠10° 𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 200∠−110° 𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 200∠−230° 𝑉𝑉

Hence the sequence is 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

Example: Given 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 110∠30° 𝑉𝑉, find 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 and 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 assuming a positive (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
sequence.

Solution: 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 110∠150° 𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 110∠30° 𝑉𝑉, and 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 110∠−90° 𝑉𝑉

BALANCED 3-PHASE LOAD: It is a load, in which the phase impedances are equal in
magnitude and in phase.

o For a balanced 𝑌𝑌 −connected load, 𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑍𝑍3 = 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌

o For a balanced ∆ −connected load, 𝑍𝑍𝑎𝑎 = 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 = 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = 𝑍𝑍∆
1
o When a ∆ ↔ 𝑌𝑌 circuit is balanced, we have 𝑍𝑍∆ = 3𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 or 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 = 𝑍𝑍
3 ∆

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

THE 3-PHASE 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 − 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 system may be connected as: (𝒀𝒀 − 𝒀𝒀), (𝒀𝒀 − ∆), (∆ − ∆) or
(∆ − 𝒀𝒀)

1- BALANCED 𝒀𝒀 − 𝒀𝒀 CONNECTION
• A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced 𝑌𝑌 −connected source
and a balanced 𝑌𝑌 −connected load.
o 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 = 𝑍𝑍𝑠𝑠 + 𝑍𝑍𝑙𝑙 + 𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 ≅ 𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 , where 𝑍𝑍𝑠𝑠 and 𝑍𝑍𝑙𝑙 are often ≪ 𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 .

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Three Phase Circuit

PHASE VOLTAGE: Assuming the positive sequence 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂, the phase voltages are:
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒑𝒑 ∠𝟎𝟎°
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒑𝒑 ∠−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 240°

LINE VOLTAGE: The line-to-line voltages

3 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0° − 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−120° = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 � + 𝑗𝑗 � = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠30°
2 2

LINE VOLTAGES ARE RELATED TO PHASE VOLTAGES AS:

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠30°

𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−90°

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 210°

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PHASE & LINE CURRENT: are equal in 𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌 connection:

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = ∠𝜑𝜑
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠�𝜑𝜑 − 120° �
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠�𝜑𝜑 − 240° �
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = −(𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 + 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 ) = 0

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2- BALANCED 𝒀𝒀 − ∆ CONNECTION system is one in which the balanced source is

𝑌𝑌 −connected and the balanced load is ∆ −connected.
PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE: 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒑𝒑 ∠𝟎𝟎° , 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒑𝒑 ∠−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏° and 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 240°
LINE VOLTAGE SOURCE:
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠30° = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (LOAD SIDE)

𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−90° = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (LOAD SIDE)

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = √3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 210° = 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (LOAD SIDE)

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PHASE CURRENTS (LOAD SIDE):

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ,
𝑍𝑍∆
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∠−120°
𝑍𝑍∆
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∠−240°
𝑍𝑍∆

LINE CURRENTS ARE RELATED TO PHASE CURRENTS AS:

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∠−240°
= 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 √3∠−30°

𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠−120°

𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠−240°

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3- BALANCED ∆ − ∆ CONNECTION system is one in which both the balanced source and balanced
load are ∆ −connected.
PHASE & LINE VOLTAGE:
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0° = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
� 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠−120° = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 240° = 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
PHASE CURRENTS:
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
⎧𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑍𝑍∆ = 𝑍𝑍∆
⎪ 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = = = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∠−120°
𝑍𝑍∆ 𝑍𝑍∆
⎨
⎪ 𝐼𝐼 = 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐼 ∠−240°
⎩ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑍𝑍∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑍𝑍∆

LINE CURRENTS:

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 √3∠−30°

�𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠−120°
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠−240°

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4- BALANCED ∆ − 𝒀𝒀 CONNECTION
PHASE & LINE VOLTAGE (SOURCE):
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒑𝒑 ∠𝟎𝟎° = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ,
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒑𝒑 ∠−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏° = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠ − 240° = 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
LINE CURRENTS: KVL: 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 (𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 − 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0°
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0°
∴ = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 − 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ∠ − 120° = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 √3∠30°
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌

𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0° 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = = ∠ − 30° ,
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3∠30° 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = ∠ − 150° &
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = ∠90°
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3

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SOURCE ∆ → 𝒀𝒀 TRANSFORMATION
• Another way to obtain the line currents is to replace a ∆ −connected source with an
equivalent 𝑌𝑌 −connected source.
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = ∠ − 30° = ∠− 30° , 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = ∠− 150° & 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ∠90° ,
√3 √3 √3 √3

• LINE CURRENTS:
From the single-phase equivalent circuit.
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = = ∠ − 30° ,
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = ∠ − 150° &
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3

𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = ∠90°
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 √3

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POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

Given 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔), calculate:

1- 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2- 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 and
3- the phasor expression.

𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 =
2
𝜋𝜋
2

1 2𝜋𝜋 1 2𝜋𝜋 1 1 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � ∫ [𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔]2 𝑑𝑑𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = � ∫ �2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔� 𝑑𝑑𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 =
2𝜋𝜋 0 2𝜋𝜋 0 2 √2
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ∠0° = ∠0°
√2

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The phase voltages Y-connected load

𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 ∠0° = √2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔, 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = √2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 120° ) &

𝑣𝑣𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = √2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 120° )

If 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 = 𝑍𝑍∠𝜃𝜃 the phase currents will be
𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 = 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 ∠−𝜃𝜃 ° = √2𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃), 𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 = √2𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃 − 120° ) &

𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐 = √2𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃 + 120° )

The total instantaneous power is 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 + 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 + 𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 + 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 + 𝑣𝑣𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐
= 2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 120) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 120 − 𝜃𝜃) + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 +
120) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 120 − 𝜃𝜃)]
1
Applying the identity 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 = [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 ) + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)]
2

We obtain 𝑝𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃

• The total inst. power in a balanced 3-phase system (∆ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑌𝑌) is constant.
o I.e., does not change with time,
o This is one reason for using a 3-phase system to generate and distribute power.
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Phase power
• Since 𝑝𝑝 is constant, the average / reactive / apparent power per phase is
𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 = = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 & 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 → 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝
3

• The phase complex power is

𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 = 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 + 𝑗𝑗𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝∗
The total power
• The total average power is
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
𝑃𝑃 = 3𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 = 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 = √3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃
√3

• The total reactive power is

𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄 = 3𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = √3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃
√3

• The total complex power is

3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝2
𝑆𝑆 = 3𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝∗ = 3𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝2 𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝 = or 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑃𝑃 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = √3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ∠𝜃𝜃
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝∗

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The power losses

• In single phase two-wire system
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿2
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿2 𝑅𝑅 = 2𝑅𝑅 , where, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿2

• In three-wire 3-phase system

2 2
′ 2 ′ 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 ′ 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿′ 𝑅𝑅′ = 3𝑅𝑅 2 = 𝑅𝑅 2 where, 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿′ = 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 /√3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿

• Thus, for the same total power delivered and same line
voltage
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑅𝑅
′ =
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑅 ′

o To keep equal power losses, more materials are

required to fabricate the single-phase lines (1.333 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡).
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Where the wire resistance is 𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝐴

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UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

• An unbalanced system is due to an unbalanced source or an unbalanced load.

• We will assume balanced source voltages, but an unbalanced load.

• Line currents are:

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = , 𝐼𝐼 = , 𝐼𝐼 =
𝑍𝑍𝐴𝐴 𝑏𝑏 𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶

𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = −(𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 + 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 )

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Shown is an unbalanced Y-connected load, it has balanced voltages of 100 𝑉𝑉

and 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sequence. Calculate the line currents and the neutral current. Take 𝑍𝑍𝑎𝑎 =
15 Ω, 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 = 10 + 𝑗𝑗5 Ω, 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = 6 − 𝑗𝑗8 Ω

100∠0°
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = = 6.67∠0° 𝐴𝐴
15
100∠120° 100∠120°
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 = = = 8.94∠93.44° 𝐴𝐴
10+𝑗𝑗5 11.18∠26.56°

100∠−120° 100∠−120°
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = = = 10∠−66.87° 𝐴𝐴
6−𝑗𝑗8 10∠−53.13°

𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = −(𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 + 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 ) = 10.06∠178.4° 𝐴𝐴

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