MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND

DRIVES
Course Outlines
• Magnetic Circuits • AC Motors
• Sinusoids and Phasors • Power Semiconductor Switches
• Three Phase Power Systems • Dc-Dc Choppers (dc Motor Drives)
• Transformers • Ac-Dc Converters (Rectifiers)
• DC Generators • Dc-Ac converters (Inverters)
• DC MOTORS

Dr. R. Shalaby
rshalaby@nu.edu.eg

1 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES

A Lecture on:
DC MOTORS

Dr. Raafat SHALABY

rshalaby@nu.edu.eg

2 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

DC MOTOR CONSTRUCTION

3 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

TYPES OF DC MOTORS
According to the way the field is excited, DC motors may be divided into:

4 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

MOTOR PRINCIPLE
• Electric motor is a machine which converts Electric energy → Mechanical energy.
• Based on the principle: “when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
it experiences a mechanical force”, whose:
o direction is given by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule and
o magnitude is 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 Newtons.

5 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

THE INDUCED BACK EMF

When the motor armature rotates, its conductors
cut the flux, hence, back emf 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃 is induced on it.

𝜙𝜙 is the flux per pole

• 𝑍𝑍 is the #of armature conductors.

• 𝑃𝑃 is the #of poles.

2 for wave − winding

• 𝐴𝐴 # of parallel paths= �
𝑃𝑃 for lap − winding

• 𝑁𝑁, armature speed (rpm)

𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑃𝑃
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = × 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
60 𝐴𝐴
6 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

THE INDUCED BACK EMF

𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑃𝑃
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = × 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
60 𝐴𝐴

• Its direction is determined by the Fleming’s Right-hand Rule

• The power of emf is converted into mechanical energy and equals.

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏

7 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

VOLTAGE EQUATION OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

• When applying voltage 𝑉𝑉 across the motor armature the KVL in steady state says

𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 → 𝑉𝑉 ≅ 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 , where, 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 ≅ 0 𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Thus,

𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎

𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 : Electrical input power to the armature,

𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 : Electrical equivalent of mechanical power developed
in the armature and
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 : Cu loss in the armature

Thus, motor efficiency is,

𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏

𝜂𝜂 = =
𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉
8 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER

• The mechanical power developed by a motor is 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 ≡ 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚
• Maximum power is corresponding to =0
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚
= 𝑉𝑉 − 2𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎

𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = & 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 =
2 2

𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏
Thus, 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 50%
𝑉𝑉

i.e.,
o half the input would be wasted in the form of heat.
o taking other losses (mechanical and magnetic) into consideration, the motor
efficiency will be well below 50%.
9 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example: A 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, DC shunt Motor has armature and field resistances of 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 and
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 respectively. Determine the total armature power developed and the total Cu-losses.

Solution
25000 250
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = − = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝑨𝑨
250 100

𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 250 + 97.5 × 0.06 = 244.15 𝑉𝑉

Power developed in armature is
244.15×97.5
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
1000

The total Cu losses:

𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
or
2
𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

10 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example: A 4 pole, 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 conductor, lap-wound dc shunt motor with terminal voltage of 200
V, it has 𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐𝛀𝛀 and 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝛀𝛀 field circuit resistance. If the motor has 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 flux per
pole and is drawing 5 amps from the mains, find its rotation speed.

Solution.

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑁×0.42375×32
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = × = ×1
60 𝐴𝐴 60

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃
𝑵𝑵 = (1)
𝟎𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

200
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = 5 − = 4 𝐴𝐴
200

𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 200 − 4 × 2 = 192 𝑉𝑉

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑵𝑵 = = 850 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝟎𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

11 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example The motor shown below has 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 conductor, lap-wound with 𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐𝛀𝛀 and 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝛀𝛀
field circuit resistance. If it has a flux of 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝑾𝑾/𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and is drawing 5 A from the mains,
find the duty cycle that makes the motor rotates at 600 rpm. If the supply is 200V

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃 600×0.5×30
Solution. we require 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 = × = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽
60 𝐴𝐴 60

150 + 2𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 200𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ (1)

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = 5 (2)

𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

Thus, → �
𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

Average 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝑽𝑽

158.4
Duty cycle= = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐%
200

12 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

MOTOR TORQUE
• Torque is the turning moment of a force about an axis.

𝑻𝑻 = 𝑭𝑭 × 𝒓𝒓 [𝑵𝑵. 𝒎𝒎]

𝑾𝑾 = 𝑭𝑭 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 [𝐉𝐉/𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫]
• Work/revolution = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 →

𝑷𝑷 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 [𝑱𝑱/𝒔𝒔] or [W]

• Power 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹 × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 × 𝑁𝑁 = (𝑭𝑭 × 𝒓𝒓) × (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) →
where, 𝑻𝑻 = 𝑭𝑭 × 𝒓𝒓 and 𝝎𝝎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓

• Moreover, if N is in rpm, then

2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝜔𝜔 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
60

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
𝑷𝑷 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = = [𝑾𝑾]
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
13 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

ARMATURE TORQUE OF A MOTOR (𝑻𝑻𝒂𝒂 )

• If 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 is the torque developed by the armature running at 𝑁𝑁 [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟], then:

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎−𝑚𝑚 = 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ω = 2πN𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 [w]

• Armature mechanical power,

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎−𝑒𝑒 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 [w]

• Electrical power converted into mechanical power,

Let 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎−𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎−𝑒𝑒 , we get 2πN𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 ϕZ P
= 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 � × � 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑵𝑵 [𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓]
2πN 2π A
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 = � .
60𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 60 ϕZ P
= 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 � × � 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑵𝑵 [𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓]
2πN 2π A

P
where, 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = ϕZN ×
A

14 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Shunt motors, ϕ is constant, → 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ∝ 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎

𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ∝ ϕ𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 → � .
Series motor, ϕ ∝ 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 → 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ∝ 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2
I.e.,
SHAFT TORQUE (𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 )
• A certain percentage of 𝑻𝑻𝒂𝒂 is required for supplying iron and friction losses in the motor.
• The torque available for doing useful work is known as shaft torque (𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 ).
• The motor output power is

𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 = 𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 × 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅, 𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟]

𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, N [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟]
𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = � 𝟐𝟐𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, N [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟]
𝟐𝟐𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑

where, 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠ℎ , is the lost torque and is due to iron and friction losses.
15 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example Determine developed torque and shaft torque of 220 𝑉𝑉, 4 pole series motor
with 800 wave-connected conductors. If the motor is taking 45𝐴𝐴 from the mains and
supplying mechanical load of 8.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. The flux per pole is 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and its armature circuit
resistance is 0.6 𝛺𝛺.

Solution. 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 =? and 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠ℎ =?

Developed torque or gross torque is the same thing as armature torque.
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 ϕZ 𝑃𝑃 45×0.025×800 4
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 = × = × = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
2π A 2×3.14 2
60𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠ℎ = (1)
2πN

𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 220 − 45 × 0.6 = 193 𝑉𝑉

ϕZN P
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 193 = ×
60 A
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔×𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
Sub. N = 289.5 rpm into (1) we obtain 𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
𝟐𝟐𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑 𝟐𝟐×𝟑𝟑.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐.𝟓𝟓

16 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example The armature of a 𝟔𝟔 − 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑, dc. shunt motor takes 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨 at a speed of
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓. The flux per pole is 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, the armature has 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 lap-wound turns, and 𝟑𝟑%
of the torque is lost in windage, friction and iron-loss. Calculate the brake-horsepower.

Solution
No. of armature turns = 600 → 𝒁𝒁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
Armature power 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇 × = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝑻𝑻 𝑊𝑊 (1)
60
𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃 350
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 𝜙𝜙 𝑍𝑍 � � � � = 80 × 10−3 × 1200 × ( ) × 1 = 560 𝑉𝑉
60 𝐴𝐴 60

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 560 × 400 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

224000
Sub. 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 into (1), 224 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝑻𝑻 → 𝑇𝑇 = = 6108.5 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
36.67

Since 3% of this torque is lost, the net torque is = 0.97𝑇𝑇 = 5925 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
Net output power: 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑇𝑇 × = 5925 × = 217.27 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯,
60 60

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

17 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

SPEED OF A DC MOTOR
𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑃𝑃
We have: 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = �𝐴𝐴�
60

𝑨𝑨 𝑽𝑽−𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑨𝑨 𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃

𝑵𝑵 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 � � = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 � � 𝒃𝒃 = 𝑲𝑲 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑵𝑵 ∝
𝑷𝑷 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓 𝑷𝑷 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓
→

𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝝓𝝓𝟏𝟏

= ×
𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝝓𝝓𝟐𝟐
For 2 different situations:

𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏

= ×
𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑲𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐
For Series Motor, 𝜙𝜙 ∝ 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 → = × →
𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝑲𝑲𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐

𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐
=
𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏 𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏
Shunt Motor has a constant flux, i.e., 𝜙𝜙1 = 𝜙𝜙2 →

𝑵𝑵𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 − 𝑵𝑵𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍

% 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑵𝑵𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
SPEED REGULATION
18 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

• Electrical characteristic, (𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 vs 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 )

• EM characteristic, (𝑁𝑁 vs 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 )
• Mechanical characteristic, (𝑁𝑁 vs 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 )

For Series Motors

I𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
• 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 vs 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 : → 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ∝ �
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1 1
• 𝑁𝑁 vs 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 : → 𝑁𝑁 ∝ ≡ , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 ~𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝜙𝜙 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎
1
• 𝑁𝑁 vs 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 : → 𝑁𝑁 ∝
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎

For Shunt Motors

• 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 vs 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 : → 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ∝ 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 , 𝜙𝜙 ~ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• 𝑁𝑁 vs 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 : → 𝑁𝑁 ∝ 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 , 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 ~ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1
• 𝑁𝑁 vs 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 : → 𝑁𝑁 ∝ 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 ~ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎

19 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

LOSSES, AND EFFICIENCY IN DIFFERENT POWER STAGES

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵
Electrical efficiency 𝜂𝜂𝑒𝑒 = ,
𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴
𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶
Mechanical efficiency 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 =
𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵
𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶
Overall or commercial efficiency 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 = ,
𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴

𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 − 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 and

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 − 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 & 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙.

20 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example A 220𝑉𝑉 shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2Ω and field resistance of 110Ω. At no load, the
motor draws 5𝐴𝐴 at 1500 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. Calculate the speed and shaft torque if the motor draws 52𝐴𝐴 at rated voltage.
𝑁𝑁 𝐸𝐸
Solution: For shunt motors, (𝜙𝜙1 = 𝜙𝜙2 ) → 𝑁𝑁2 = 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏2
1 𝑏𝑏1

𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾 & 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑾𝑾

No-Load 𝑾𝑾𝑪𝑪 = 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 ≅ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾
condition 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − �𝟓𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏� × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝑽𝑽

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 220 × 52 = 11440 𝑊𝑊, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 502 × 0.2 = 500 𝑊𝑊, 𝑊𝑊𝐶𝐶 ≅ 1098 𝑊𝑊
220
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 220 − �52 − 110� × 0.2 = 210 𝑉𝑉
Load 𝐸𝐸 210
condition 𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 = 𝑁𝑁0 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1500 × 219.4 = 1436 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑏𝑏0
60𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠ℎ𝐿𝐿 = = 0.00665 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (1)
2πN𝐿𝐿

To find shaft torque, we find 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (2)

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑊𝑊𝐶𝐶 = 1598 𝑊𝑊
From (2) ∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 11440 − 1598 = 9842 𝑊𝑊,
From (1) ∴ 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠ℎ𝐿𝐿 = 0.00665 × 9842 = 65.5 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

21 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example A 500V dc shunt motor takes a current of 5A on no-load. The resistances of the armature
and field circuits are 0.22 Ω and 250Ω respectively. Find (a) the efficiency when loaded and taking
a current of 100A (b) the percentage speed regulation.
Solution.

No-Load condition:
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,0 = 500 × 5 = 2500 𝑊𝑊
. � → 𝑊𝑊𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,0 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,0 ≅ 2498 𝑊𝑊
2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,0 = 3 × 0.22 ≅ 2 𝑊𝑊
500
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏0 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎0 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 500 − �5 − � × 0.22 = 499.34 𝑉𝑉
250

Load condition:
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝐿𝐿 = 500 × 100 = 50000 𝑊𝑊 & 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝐿𝐿 = 982 × 0.22 = 2110 𝑊𝑊 & 𝑊𝑊𝐶𝐶 ≅ 2498 𝑊𝑊
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏,𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 500 − 98 × 0.22 = 478.44 𝑉𝑉
∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜,𝐿𝐿 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝐿𝐿 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 50000 − (2110 + 2498) = 45392 𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜,𝐿𝐿 45392
𝜂𝜂 = = = 90.8%
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝐿𝐿 50000
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏,𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 499.34 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 −𝑁𝑁𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 499.34
= = → 𝑆𝑆 − 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = × 100 = � − 1� × 100 = 4.368%
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏,𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑁𝑁𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 478.44 𝑁𝑁𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 478.44

22 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Example: A 7.46kW, 250V shunt motor takes a line current of 5A when running light. Calculate the
efficiency when delivering full load output if the armature and field resistance are 0.5Ω and 250Ω
respectively. At what output power will the efficiency be maximum? Is it possible to obtain this
output from the machine?
Solution:

At no load: At Full Load:

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 7460 𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 250�𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ �
250 2
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 1 𝐴𝐴, 250�𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 1� = 0.5 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 7460 + 1242
250
2
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑜𝑜 = 5 − 1 = 4 𝐴𝐴 ∴ 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 500𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 16904 = 0
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖−𝑜𝑜 = 250 × 5 = 1250 𝑊𝑊, �𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 463.532��𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 36.4678� = 0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙−𝑜𝑜 = 16 × 0.5 = 8 𝑊𝑊 If 36.4678 is a FL current, then 463.532 can’t be.
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 1 × 250 = 250 𝑊𝑊 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 36.4678 A
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 & 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 1250 − 250 − 8 = 992 𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 7460 𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 250 + 992 = 1242 𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 250 × 37.4678 = 9366.95 𝑊𝑊
7460×100
𝜂𝜂 = = 79.64 %
9366.95

23 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Motors

Maximum efficiency at 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 → 0.5𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 = 1242 → 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 49.84 𝐴𝐴

250 × 50.84 = 0.5 × 49.842 + 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 + 1242 → 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 10226 can’t be achieved cause the limit is 7460
W.
As the input current for maximum efficiency is beyond the full-load motor current, it is never realized
in practice.

24 12 March 2023