Electrical Power

Transmission (EE-352)
P RE S E N T E R: D R. U MBRI N S U LTA NA
A S S I STAN T P RO F E S S OR

EED, NEDUET
Introduction:
Dr. Umbrin Sultana
B.Sc. (KU), BE (NEDUET)
ME (NEDUET)
Ph.D. (University Technology Malaysia)
siqara@neduet.edu.pk
siqara@yahoo.com
Specialization/ Research Interest:
Electrical Power Planning / Load Flow Analysis for transmission
and distribution system, Technical and Economical analysis of power
system, Optimum Distributed Generator (DG) and Battery Charging
Station placement, Applying new optimization techniques in power
system planning, Electrical load management in power system,
Energy conservation, Energy policy, Energy issues, Power generation
economics, Energy Audit. Artificial Intelligence, Embedded system
Course Objectives
Course Objectives:
This course is indented to give an
understanding of conventional power
transmission systems and to develop and
apply techniques for the analysis and
design of electrical and mechanical
parameters of transmission lines.
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Develop the necessary theoretical knowledge for basic and
advanced concepts in Electrical Power Transmission.
CLO1: Analyze transmission line Electrical / Mechanical parameters
for practical geometries used in Literature/Utility companies.
CLO2:Design and analyses of the Electrical/ Mechanical parameters
of overhead transmission lines and towers.
CLO3: Assess class performance on the basis of rubrics
Course Outline:
Impedance of Transmission Lines: Conductor types, Resistance, Skin effect, Line
inductance based on flux considerations. Inductance of single phase 2-wire line,
inductance of composite conductor line, use of tables. Inductance of 3-ph line with
equilateral and unsymmetrical spacings, transposition, inductance of Bundled
conductors. Capacitance of two-wire and 3-phase line, effect of earth on capacitance;
capacitance of bundled conductors, parallel circuit lines.
Current and Voltage Relationship on a Transmission Line: Representation of
lines in terms of ABCD parameters for short, medium and long transmission lines,
voltage and current waves, SIL loading, power flow through the line, power
transmission capability, voltage regulation, series and shunt compensation for long
transmission line.
 Course Outline (Cont.):
Power Systems Overview: Per Unit system, Phasor notation, complex power, power
triangle, direction of power flow, current and power in balanced three-phase circuits,
Power system infrastructure, transmission and sub-transmission system, AC/DC system,
standard voltages for transmission and sub transmission.
Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines: Line supports, sag and tension calculations, total
length of conductor, supports at different levels, mechanical degree of safety, effect of wind
pressure & ice loading, conductor vibration & use of dampers.
Insulators: Insulator material, types of insulators, voltage distribution over insulator string,
string efficiency, methods of improving the string efficiency, testing of insulators.
Corona: The phenomenon of corona, disruptive critical voltage and visual critical voltage,
conditions effecting corona loss, power loss due to corona, radio interference due to
corona.
Books referred:
1. Power System Analysis by John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson Jr.

2. Power System Analysis and Design, by B.R. Gupta

3.Principles of Power System, by VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta

4. Electrical Power System, Engineering by Turan Gonen

Course Plan:
Course Plan:
Course Plan:
References:
Any Electrical Technology Book
Internet Resources
Journal/ Conference Research Papers
Newspaper
Articles
Lectures
ASSESMENT:
Midterm= 20 marks
Complex Engineering Problem =15 marks
Class performance= 05 marks
Final Paper= 60 marks
Power Systems Overview
Power Systems Overview
Power Systems Overview
Per Unit Value:
Base value:
 Complex and Apparent power
➢ Complex power is the complex sum of real and reactive powers.

➢ Apparent power is the absolute value of complex power. It is a

calculated value of power, that is independent of the type of load.
It is measured in VA (volt-ampere).

➢ Apparent power is denoted by the letter S. It is similar to power in

a DC circuit i.e. the arithmetic product of voltage and current.
 Complex and Apparent power
➢ If the phasor expressions for voltage and current are known, the
calculation of real and reactive power is accomplished conveniently in
complex form.
➢ If the voltage across and the current into a certain load or part of a
circuit are expressed by
V= 𝑉 < 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 I= 𝐼 < 𝛽, respectively, the product of voltage times
the conjugate of current in polar form is

➢ V𝐼 ∗ = 𝑉 𝑒 𝑗𝛼 ∗ 𝐼 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽 = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑒 𝑗(𝛼−𝛽) = 𝑉 𝐼 < 𝛼 − 𝛽

 Complex and Apparent power
➢ This quantity, called the complex power, is usually designated by
S.
➢ In rectangular form

S=V𝐼 ∗ = 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 + 𝑗 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝛼 − 𝛽

➢ Since 𝛼 − 𝛽 , the phase angle between voltage and current, is ǿ

in the previous equation,

𝑆 =𝑃+𝑗𝑄
 Complex and Apparent power
𝑆 =𝑃+𝑗𝑄
➢ Reactive power Q will be positive when the phase angle
∝ −𝛽 between voltage and current is positive, that is, When ∝ > 𝛽,
which means that current is lagging the voltage.

➢ Conversely, Q will be negative for 𝛽 > ∝, which indicates that current is

leading the voltage

➢ This agrees with the selection of a positive sign for the reactive power
of an inductive circuit and a negative sigh for the reactive power of a
capacitive circuit.
 The power triangle
➢A graphical method of obtaining
the overall P, Q, and phase angle
for several loads in parallel since
𝑝
cos ǿ = .
𝑆
➢A power triangle can be drawn
for an inductive load, as shown in
figure.
 Direction of power flow
➢The relation among P, Q, and bus voltage V, or generated
voltage E, with respect to the signs of P and Q is important
when the flow of power in a system is considered.

➢The question involves the direction of flow of power, that is,

whether power is being generated or absorbed when a voltage
and a current are specified
 Direction of power flow
➢t
 Problem:
➢Two ideal voltage sources designated as machines 1 and 2 are
connected, as shown in figure. If 𝐸1 = 100 < 00 Volts, 𝐸2 =
100 < 300 volts, and Z=0+j5 Ώ, Determine
➢A) Whether each machine is generating or consuming real
power and the amount,
➢B) Whether each machine is generating or consuming reactive
power and the amount, and
➢C) the P and Q absorbed by the impedance.
 Solution:
𝐸1 −𝐸2
➢I=
𝑍
100+𝑗0 − 86.6+𝑗50
➢I=
𝑗5
13.4−𝑗50
➢I=
𝑗5
➢I= −10-j2.68
➢I= −10.35˂1950 Amp.
 Solution:
➢The current entering box 1 is –I and that entering box 2 is I so that
➢𝑆1 = 𝐸1 −𝐼 ∗ = 𝑃1 + 𝑗𝑄1 = 100 10 + 𝑗2.68 ∗ =1000-j268 VA

➢Machine 1 may expected to be a generator because of the current direction and

polarity markings. However, since 𝑃1 is positive and 𝑄1 is negative, the machine
consumes energy at the rate of 1000 W and supplies reactive power of 268 Var.
The machine is actually a motor
 Solution:
∗
➢𝑆2 = 𝐸2 𝐼 = 𝑃2 + 𝑗𝑄2 = 86.6 + 𝑗50 −10 + 𝑗2.68 ∗ =-1000-j268 VA

➢Machine 2 expected to be a motor, has negative 𝑃2 and negative 𝑄2 . Therefore,

this machine generates energy at the rate of 1000 W and supplies reactive power
of 268 var> The machine is actually a generator.
 Solution:
➢The reactive power absorbed in the series impedance is

➢ 𝐼1 2 𝑋 = 10.352 ∗ 5 = 536 Var

➢Note that the supplied reactive power of 268+268 is equal to 536 var,
which is required by the inductive reactance of 5 ohm.
➢ Since the impedance is purely reactive, no P is consumed by the
impedance, and all the watts generated by machine 2 are transferred to
machine 1.
Voltage and current in balanced three phase
circuits
➢A three phase circuit is considered balanced if the
voltages, currents and power factors in all three phases
are identical.

➢ Conversely, when any of these parameters are not

identical the circuit is classified as unbalanced
 Voltage and current in balanced three
phase circuits
➢Detail can be read from

Power System Analysis by John J. Grainger and William D.

Stevenson Jr.
Chapter 1, section 1.8
Dear Students,
note down your queries, if any. Next week,
we shall held a live question-answer
session for further related discussion
Electrical Power Network:
Transmission and distribution system (T&D) transmit the electric power from
generators to the loads. They include high and low voltage lines, cables, substations
etc. and its task is to move power from generation plants to the end users
 What is radial distribution system?
➢ It is a method of designing of an electrical distribution network in which the
electrical power to the customers is supplied through one source (Zhu,2015)
➢A radial system is a system having a single path over which current may flow
for a part or at of the way from the distribution substation or substations to
the primary of any distribution transformer
➢In case of failure at any point on a radial system, the supply system beyond
the fault gets isolated. If continuity of supply is to be ensured, to the system
beyond the faulted system while it is isolated and fault rectified an alternate
path for supply of power should be provided
Transmission and Distribution system:
GENERAL REQUIRMENTS OF POWER NETWORK :
MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS

POWER STATION CHOICE OF SYSTEM VOLTAGE

SET OF TRANSFORMERS VOLTAGE VARIATIONS

TRANSMISSION LINES VOLTAGE DROP

SUBSTATIONS RELIABILITY

DISTRIBUTION LINES LOAD CAPACITY

SUPPLEMENTTARY EQUIPMENT LOCATION AND LOAD GROWTH

TRANSMISSION LINE SUPPORT:
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS LOADING CASES
VOLTAGE DEAD LOAD OF TOWER
NUMBER OF CIRCUITS DEAD LOAD OF CONDUCTORS ETC.
TYPE OF CONDUCTOR SNOW ON CONDUCTORS
TYPE OF INSULATORS ICE LOAD ON THE TOWER ITSELF
FUTURE ADDITION OF NEW CIRCUITS ERECTION AND MAINTENANCE LOAD

TRACING OF TRANSMISSION LINE WIND LOAD ON TOWER

SELECTION OF TOWER SITES WIND LOAD ON CONDUCTORS ETC.
SELECTION OF RIGID POINTS CONDUCTOR TENSILE FORCES
SELECTION OF HEIGHT FOR EACH TOWER EARTHQUAKE FORCES
 Voltage Level of Power Transmission:

1)HVAC up to 220KV
2) EHVAC between 400KV to 760KV
3)UHVAC above 760KV
4) HVDC ± 1600 KV.
Voltage Level In AC Power Supply System:

Sending end sub-stations

High Voltage transmission lines

Receiving end sub-stations Tie

Secondary transmission system

Secondary sub-stations
Distribution lines (feeders)
1
K-electric Transmission network
K-Electric Transmission Network:
➢ Installed capacity of K-Electric is 2,247 MW

➢Purchases 1053 MW from various IPPs, WAPDA, KANUPP

➢Transmission is done on three voltages; 220kV, 132 kV and

66kV.
K-Electric Transmission Network:
K-Electric transmission system comprises of 1,253,11 Km of 220 kV, 132 kV and 66 KV lines with 64
grid stations and 138 power transformers.
Overhead lines (K-Electric)
220kV 323 km long
132kV 611 km long
66kV 149 km long
NTDC (National transmission dispatch center) , including KE, WAPDA,PEPCO
500kV (max) 5197km long
220kV 9814 km long
https://www.ke.com.pk/our-business/transmission/
Economic Voltage of Transmission of Power
Power Transmission Based On Voltage Signal:

➢HVDC Power Transmission

➢AC Power Transmission system
 Power Transmission Based On Voltage Level:
HVDC Transmission:
➢Thomas Edison first used the concept of DC system ,it did not get
popularity in start but after several researches and new innovations
in this field, now world is again looking towards this technology.

➢In 1882, first long distance HVDC power only 1.5kw was sent over
57Km in Germany. Now the longest transmission is the Rio Madeira
transmission link in Brazil which has a length of 2385km and sends
7.1GW of power.
Basic HVDC
 Advantages of HVDC Transmission
Reduced right of way:
A single HVDC line with two conductor bundles has less
environmental impact than a double circuit AC line with six
conductor bundles. It requires less space and has less visual impact
Power losses:
HVDC transmission losses are lower than AC transmission losses in
practically all cases. Losses in the converter stations must also be
added and they are about 0.6 to 1.0 percent. HVDC cables also have
lower losses than AC cables
Advantages of HVDC Transmission
Lower investment cost:
➢An HVDC transmission line costs less than an AC line for the
same transmission capacity.
➢ However HVDC terminal stations are more expensive due to
conversion of AC to DC and DC to AC. But over a certain
distance, the so called "break-even distance" (approx. 600 –
800 km), the HVDC alternative will always provide the lowest
cost.
Break-Even Distance
Break-Even Distance
Advantages of HVDC Transmission
➢The break-even-distance is much smaller for subsea
cables (typically about 50 km) than for an overhead line
transmission.
Note: It should be noted that the breakeven distance
for HVDC and HVAC varies project to project depending
upon the local conditions and the distance of equipment
imported in particular.
 Advantages of HVDC Transmission
ASYNCHRONOUS TIE:
HVDC can interconnect two systems operating at different frequencies and serves as
asynchronous tie. Frequency disturbance do not penetrates each other and the stability
improves.

CORONA LOSS AND RADIO INTERFERENCE:

Both the mentioned problems are quite less in HVDC than EHVAC for the same
distance and power transfer.

SKIN EFFECT:
There is no skin effect in HVDC system and therefore complete utilization of the
conductor size can be made.
Advantages of HVDC Transmission

CHARGING CURRENT:
Charging current is absent in HVDC systems
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION:
There is no need for intermediate VAR compensation in HVDC like in EHVAC.
STABILITY:
HVDC is more stable as compare to EHVAC system.
Advantages of HVDC Transmission
NUMBER OF LINES:
EHVAC at least require two three phase lines but HVDC deals only
with one bi-pole line for majority of applications.
CABLES:
Length of cable can be increased in HVDC which get limited due to
charging current aspect in the EHVAC system.
Advantages of HVDC Transmission
TOWER SIZE:
Phase to phase, phase to ground clearance and tower size is less
in HVDC transmission system for the same voltage level EHVAC
system. Also installation is simpler and cheaper due to absence of
central window.
Disadvantages of HVDC Transmission
DC transmission system has lots of advantages but it can not
completely replace AC system due to the followings reasons,

➢Converters required at both ends of lines are much more

expensive than conventional equipment's.
➢HVDC converters need much complex cooling system
➢Cost of HVDC circuit breakers are higher than HVAC circuit
breaker.
Disadvantages of HVDC Transmission

➢Converters absorb considerable amount of reactive power.

➢Converters produce lots of harmonics both AC and DC sides.
Filtering and smoothing equipment's are required at converter
station in order to remove ripples from dc output. It is also
possible to provide filters at ac side to absorb harmonic
current. These factors increase cost of converter station
➢Low overload capability
Advantages of AC Transmission System
➢AC Circuit breakers are cheaper than DC Circuit breakers.

➢The repairing and maintenance of AC sub station is easy and inexpensive than
DC Substation.

➢The Level of AC voltage may be increased or decreased(step up and Step down)

transformers.

➢No conversion from AC to DC is neede at converter station, which are complex

and very costly.
Types of Channel for Power Transmission in Transmission Network
Underground Cables VS Overhead Lines for Power Transmission
➢Overhead lines are subjected to damage from severe weather conditions (mainly
lightning, wind and freezing) while underground cables are less prone to these
effects

➢Overhead lines are subjected damage during war or civil unrest while
underground cables are comparatively safe

➢Overhead lines cause emission, into the surrounding area, of electromagnetic

fields. All electric currents generate electromagnetic fields, but the shielding
provided by the earth surrounding underground cables restricts their range and
power
 Underground Cables VS Overhead Lines for Power
Transmission(cont.)
➢Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 1–10 meters
to install, whereas an overhead line requires a surrounding strip of about 20–
200 meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety, maintenance and
repair

➢Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of burying cables at

transmission voltages is several times greater than overhead power lines, and
the life-cycle cost of an underground power cable is two to four times the cost
of an overhead power line
Underground Cables VS Overhead Lines for Power
Transmission(cont.)
➢Operations are more difficult since the high reactive power of
underground cables produces large charging currents and so makes
voltage control more difficult

➢Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying aircrafts or to

wildlife, and are significantly safer as they pose no shock hazard
(except to the unwary digger).

➢The cost of installing underground cables is much higher than the

cost of erecting overhead lines.
 Issues with underground Cables
Long time taken to locate fault:
➢When faults occur 400 kV underground cables are on average
out of service for a period 25 times longer than 400 kV overhead
lines. This is due principally to the long time taken to locate,
excavate and undertake technically involved repairs.
Maintenance and repair costs:
➢The maintenance and repair costs are also significantly greater
 Issues with underground Cables
Transmission voltage limit:
➢Technologies commonly in use are paper insulated
oil filled cables, which are capable of operating at
voltages up to 300 kV, and the solid insulation cross
linked polyethylene (XLPE), which operates at
voltages up to 500 kV.
Underground Cables:
Both types have problems with maintenance, deterioration with time and
failures of the insulating medium and in addition failures can have a
substantial impact on the surrounding environment. High voltage cables
are generally buried directly in the ground and are vulnerable to
accidental mechanical damage. Jointing of both oil filled and XPLE
cables is a complex process, and joints can be a source of failure.

Under fault conditions, between two and six weeks can be required to
locate the fault or fluid leak and repair the cable.
 Gas Insulated Transmission lines:
Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) provide technical, environmental and
operational features which make them a very good alternative wherever the
transmission of extra high voltage (EHV) and extra high currents (EHC) is needed
within restricted space, e.g. wherever overhead lines cannot be used.
 Gas Insulated Transmission lines:
➢Gas insulated transmission lines do not have these problems, as the
insulating medium is gas and there is no need for physical layers of
insulation, and GIL is becoming more and more popular as a means of
high and medium voltage transmission in restricted areas.

➢GIL system comprises aluminum conductors which are supported by

insulators contained within sealed tubes. These can be installed above
ground, in trench or tunnel installations. The tubes are pressurized
with a N2/SF6 gas to provide the main insulation.
 Gas Insulated Transmission lines:
➢The main advantage of GIL is that a higher cable rating can be
achieved than with solid insulation cables and the terminations at the
cable ends are less complex and less prone to failure.

➢Although currently limited to relatively short runs (<30 km) in urban

and developed areas, the technology is being developed for longer
distances.
➢Systems rated at up to 800 kV are in operation.
 Gas Insulated Transmission lines
➢GIL is a new, future orientated technical solution for
power transmission.
➢The non-availability of right of way for new overhead
lines in general and the further increase in demand of
electrical energy will generate the need for high power
underground transmission, even over long distances of
100 km and more.
Gas Insulated Transmission Lines-Typical Technical data
Expected Questions
Advantage of Interconnection of Generating Stations?
why generating station situated away from load centers?
How electric power transmits?
Why low voltage electrical power is not transmitted to load center?
Are there any limitations of high transmission voltage?
Why in distribution line, low and medium voltages are used?
Why is AC preferred to DC for power transmission?
How is DC transmission more efficient than AC transmission?
What is tie line?
 Active power or Real power
➢ Active power is the actual power dissipated or consumed by an
electric load. It depends on the total load impedance. Active
power is also known as True power and Real power.

➢ It is measured in Watts. Active power is denoted by the letter P.

➢ Active power does not produce any phase shift between current
and voltage. Hence current and voltage are always in phase for a
resistive load.
 Reactive power
➢ Reactive power can be defined as an imaginary power in a
capacitive or inductive load. It is measured in VAR (Volt ampere
reactance) and denoted by the letter Q.

➢ The rate at which active power and reactive power are consumed
by the load is determined by the power factor of the load.