HI

STORY&GOVERNMENT
FORM 1SI
MPLI
FIEDNOTES

MrI
sabokeMi
cah.

0705525657

1
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHI
STORYANDGOVERNMENT 10

Themeani
ngofhi
stor
y 10

Per
iodsi
nhi
stor
y 10

Br
anchesofhi
stor
y 10

I
mpor
tanceofst
udy
inghi
stor
y 11

Themeani
ngofgov
ernment 12

For
msofgov
ernment 12

I
mpor
tanceofst
udy
inggov
ernment 13

Sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
iononHi
stor
yandgov
ernment 14

Unwr
it
tensour
ces 15

El
ect
roni
csour
ces 21

Wr
it
tensour
ces 22

EARLYMAN 24

Or
igi
nofman 24

Or
alt
radi
ti
ons 24

Cr
eat
iont
heor
y 24

Ev
olut
iont
heor
y 24

St
agest
hroughwhi
chmanev
olv
ed 28

Cul
tur
eandeconomi
cpr
act
icesofear
lyman 36

TheOl
dSt
oneAge(
Lower
-Pal
aeol
i
thi
c) 39

TheMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge(
Middl
e-Pal
eol
i
thi
c) 43

Thenewst
oneage(
Neol
i
thi
c) 49

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions. 52

DEVELOPMENTI
NAGRI
CULTURE 53

Dev
elopmentofear
lyAgr
icul
tur
e 53

Def
ini
ti
onofAgr
icul
tur
e 54

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 2
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Or
igi
nofAgr
icul
tur
e 54

Thebegi
nni
ngofdomest
icat
ionofani
mal
s 54

Thebegi
nni
ngofcr
opgr
owi
ng 55

Ear
lyAgr
icul
tur
einEgy
pt 56

Fact
orst
hatl
eadt
oear
lyAgr
icul
tur
einEgy
pt 56

I
mpact
sofear
lyAgr
icul
tur
einEgy
pt 59

Ear
lyAgr
icul
tur
einMesopot
ami
a 59

Fact
orst
hatl
edt
oear
lyAgr
icul
tur
einMesopot
ami
a 61

I
mpact
sofear
lyagr
icul
tur
einMesopot
ami
a 61

TheAgr
ari
anr
evol
uti
on 62

Char
act
eri
sti
csofagr
icul
tur
einEur
opebef
oret
heagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
on 62

Agr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nBr
it
ain 63

Fact
orst
hatl
edt
oagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nBr
it
ain 65

Resul
tsofagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nBr
it
ain 66

Theagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
ntheUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
ica 67

Fact
orst
hatl
edt
oagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nuni
tedst
atesofAmer
ica 68

Ef
fect
sofagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
ica 69

Thef
oodsi
tuat
ioni
nAf
ri
caandt
her
estoft
hedev
elopi
ngwor
ld 69

Fact
orst
hathav
econt
ri
but
edt
oshor
tageoff
oodi
nthedev
elopi
ngwor
ld 69

Ef
fect
soff
oodshor
tagei
nthedev
elopi
ngwor
ld 71

Sol
uti
onst
ofoodshor
tagesi
nthedev
elopi
ngwor
ld 72

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions 72

THEPEOPLESOFKENYAUPTOTHE19TH CENTURY 73

Backgr
oundt
othepeopl
eofKeny
a 73

Or
igi
noft
hepeopl
eofKeny
a 75

Mi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementoft
hepeopl
eofKeny
a 75

TheBant
u 75

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 3
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Fact
orsf
ormi
grat
ion 75

West
ernBant
u 75

East
ernBant
u 78

Ef
fect
soft
hei
rmi
grat
ion 85

TheNi
l
otes 85

Ri
verandLakeNi
l
otes 85

Fact
orsf
ormi
grat
ion 87

Ef
fect
soft
hei
rmi
grat
ion 88

Thepl
ainNi
l
otes 88

Fact
orsf
ormi
grat
ion 89

Ef
fect
soft
hei
rmi
grat
ion 92

Hi
ghl
andNi
l
otes 92

Fact
orsf
ormi
grat
ion 94

Ef
fect
soft
hei
rmi
grat
ion 95

Ef
fect
sofNi
l
otes’
migr
ati
on 95

Cushi
tes 96

Sout
her
nCushi
tes 96

East
ernCushi
tes 96

Fact
orsf
ormi
grat
ion 97

Ef
fect
soft
hei
rmi
grat
ion 98

Ef
fect
sofCushi
tesmi
grat
ion 98

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions 100

SOCI AL,
ECONOMI
CANDPOLI
TICALORGANI
SATI
ONOFKENYANSOCI
ETI
ESI
NTHE
TH
19 CENTURY 101

TheBant
u 101

TheAgi
kuy
u 101

TheAmer
u 103

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 4
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

TheAkamba 105

TheAbagusi
i 106

TheMi
j
ikenda 108

TheNi
l
otes 109

TheLuo 109

TheNandi 111

TheMaasai 112

TheEast
ernCushi
tes 114

TheBor
ana 114

TheSomal
i 115

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions 116

CONTACTSBETWEENEASTAFRI DEWORLDUPTOTHE19TH
CAANDTHEOUTSI
CENTURY 118

Sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionont
hehi
stor
yoft
heEastcoastofAf
ri
ca 118

Ear
lyv
isi
tor
stot
hecoastupt
o1500 119

Reasonsf
ort
hecomi
ngofear
lyv
isi
tor
s 120

Tr
adebet
weenEastAf
ri
caandt
heout
sidewor
ld-
Indi
anOceant
rade 122

Dev
elopmentoft
rade 122

Or
gani
sat
ionoft
rade 123

Fact
orsf
ort
hedecl
i
net
rade Er
ror
!Bookmar
knotdef
ined.

I
mpact
soft
het
rade 124

Coast
alci
tyst
ates 125

Fact
orsf
ort
her
iseoft
hecoast
alci
tyst
ates 125

Feat
uresoft
hecoast
alci
tyst
ates 125

Fact
orsf
ort
hedecl
i
neoft
hecoast
alci
tyst
ates 127

Thecomi
ngoft
hePor
tuguese 127

Por
tugueseconquestandr
uleandr
uleoft
heEastcoastofAf
ri
ca 128

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 5
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Reasonsf
orPor
tuguesesuccess 130

Por
tugueser
ule 130

Decl
i
neoft
hePor
tugueser
ule 131

I
mpact
soft
hePor
tugueser
ule 133

Omanr
ule 135

Sey
yidSai
d’sr
eign1804-
1856 135

Ef
fect
sofOmanr
ule 136

Pl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ng 137

Fact
orsf
ort
hedev
elopmentofpl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ng 137

Ef
fect
sofpl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ng 137

Longdi
stancet
rade 138

Dev
elopment 139

Or
gani
sat
ion 140

I
mpact
s 141

I
nter
nat
ional
trade 142

Fact
orst
hatpr
omot
edi
nter
nat
ional
tradeal
ongt
heEastAf
ri
cancoast 142

Tr
adegoods 142

I
mpact
sofi
nter
nat
ional
trade 142

Chr
ist
iani
ty 143

Reasonsf
ort
hecomi
ngofChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
ies 143

Mi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
esi
nKeny
a 143

Chal
l
engesf
acedbyChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
ies 145

Ef
fect
sofmi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
esi
nKeny
a 146

CI
TIZENSHI
P 149

Meani
ngofci
ti
zenshi
p 150

Met
hodsofbecomi
ngaKeny
aci
ti
zen 150

Rev
ocat
ionofci
ti
zenshi
p 151

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 6
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Ty
pesofci
ti
zenshi
p 151

Ri
ght
sandf
reedomsofaKeny
anci
ti
zen 151

Responsi
bil
i
ties/dut
iesofaKeny
anci
ti
zen 155

Val
uesofagoodci
ti
zen/
element
sofagoodci
ti
zen 156

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions. 156

NATI
ONALI
NTEGRATI
ON 157

I
mpor
tanceofnat
ional
int
egr
ati
on 157

Nat
ional
uni
ty 157

Fact
orspr
omot
ingnat
ional
uni
ty 157

Fact
orsl
i
mit
ingnat
ional
uni
ty 159

Conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on 160

Def
ini
ti
onofconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on 160

Causesofconf
li
cts 160

Ty
pesofConf
li
cts 161

Cat
egor
iesofconf
li
cts 161

Met
hodsofconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on 162

Pr
ocessofr
esol
vi
ngconf
li
cts 162

Ef
fect
sofconf
li
cts 164

Rev
isi
onquest
ions 164

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 7
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

CHAPTER1
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHI
STORYANDGOVERNMENT
1.
1THEMEANI NGOFHI STORY
20101. Gi vethemeani ngofhistory
 Thest udyofman’spastev ents/act
ivi
ti
es 1x1=1mar k
2013p21Gi vetherelationshipbetween“ Hi
stor
y”and“Gov
ernment”
. (
1mar k)
- Histor
yisthest udyofman’ spastacti
vi
ti
eswhil
eGovernmenti
sthestudyofhow
peoplearegov erned.
1x1=1mar k
 Hist
oryisthestudyoft hepasteventsanddevel
opmentsofman.

 Hi
storyi
sthest
udyofMan’spastchr
onol
ogi
cal
accountandr
ecor
dofev
ent
sin
r
elat
iont
ohisenvi
ronment
.Or:

Iti
sasoci
alsci
enceconcer
nedwit
hpasthumanact
ions,
pur
suedbyi
nter
pret
ati
onof
evi
dencef
orthesakeofhumansel
f-knowl
edge.

Peri
odsinhist ory
 Pre-hist
ory -Peri
odbefor
ethedev el
opmentofwr i
ti
ngwher ewedependonunwr i
tten
sourcestor econstr
uctHist
orye.g.ar
chaeology.Itreli
esonsci
enti
fi
candl aborat
ory
examinationst oexcav
atemat er
ial
sandf ossi
ls.Pre-hi
stor
yaret
heact i
vi
tiesinwhich
humanbei ngsengagedbeforetheinvent
ionofwr it
inganddrawingforstori
ng
i
nformation.

 Hist
ory
-thi
sist
hest
udyofman’
srecentt
imes.Thi
sist
het
imewi
thi
nthememor
abl
e
past

Thechar
act
eri
sti
csofhi
stor
icalev
ent
s
 Hist
ori
calevent
sshouldcont
ainelement
soft
rut
hei
therf
rom f
ir
st-
handi
nfor
mat
ion
orfr
om second-
handinfor
mation.
 Hi
stor
ical
event
smai
nlydwel
lonpasthappeni
ngs.
 Allhi
stori
cal
ev ent
smustconcer
nman.Thi
simpl
i
est
hatt
heymustsomehowbe
connectedwithman.
 Hi
stor
ical
inf
ormat
ionmayexi
sti
nei
therwr
it
tenoror
alf
orm.
 Al
lhi
stor
ical
event
smusthav
eev
idencef
ort
hem t
oqual
i
fyt
obet
rue.

Branchesofhist
ory
2009p1qn1I denti
fyonebr
anchi
nthest
udyofHi
stor
yandGov
ernmentofKeny
a

 Soci
al

 Economi
c

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 8
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Pol
i
tical

(
Any1x1=1mar
k)

Pol
it
icalhi
stor
y
Thi
sisthestudyofpeopl
e’
swayofr
uli
ng,
thei
rleader
sandt
hesy
stem ofadmi
nist
rat
ion.

2011p2qn7Whatwasthemai nf
unct
ionoft
heCounci
lofel
der
samongAf
ri
casoci
eti
es
dur
ingt
hePr
e-col
oni
alper
iod? (
1mark)

 Theymedi
ated/
set
tl
eddi
sput
es/
madepeacei
nthecommuni
ty.

Soci
alhi
story
Thi
sisstudyandunder
standi
ngofpeopl
e’
swayofl
i
feandcul
tur
e.

Economi chist
ory
Thisisthestudyofhowpeopl emakealivi
ng,t
heiroccupati
onsandmodesofpr
oduct
ion
e.g.peasantr
y ,hunt
er-
gat
herer
,past
oral
ism,t
rade,indust
ry,
transpor
tand
communi cation.

I
MPORTANCEOFSTUDYI NGHISTORY
 Enabl
eslearner
stounder
standthecul
tur
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
organi
zat
ionsof
di
ffer
entpeopleoft
heworld.

 Hel
pslearner
sappreci
atet
heval
uesofotherpeopl
eandthei
rcont
ri
but
iont
o
ci
vi
li
zati
onhencerespectt
oot
herpeopl
esoft heworl
d.

 Enablespeopl
etoappr
eci
ateandunderst
andt
hei
rpastwayofl
i
feandusei
ttopr
edi
ct
thefutur
eandtosol
vethepresentpr
obl
ems.

 Enabl
esl
ear
ner
st odevel
opthecapaci
tyf
orcri
ti
calanal
ysi
sofhi
stor
ical
dat
a,hence
devel
opt
heabi
l
itytoquesti
on,
acquir
eandarguerati
onal
ly
.

 Enablest
helearner
stodevel
opasenseofpat
ri
oti
sm andnat
ional
pri
dei
sdev
eloped,
makingthem r
esponsi
bleci
ti
zen.

 Fost
ersempat
hybyappr
eci
ati
nghumanachi
evement
sandaspi
rat
ions.

 Prov
idesint
ell
ectual
ful
fi
lmentandani
nter
esti
nfur
therl
ear
ningasi
tispl
easur
abl
e
andint
erest
ing.

 Hi
stor
yleadsl
earnerstorespect
edpr
ofessi
onssuchas,
law,
busi
nessmanagement
,
t
eachi
ng,admi
nistr
ationandmanyothers.

2013p11St at et
woway sinwhicht hestudyofHistor
yandGovernmentpromot
esasenseof
patr
ioti
sm i
nt helear
ner. (2mar ks)
(
i) I tenablesonetoacquireapositi
veatt
itudetowardst
hecountr
y.
(
ii) I tenablesonetobear esponsibl
ecit
izen.
(
iii
) I tenablesonetobecomel oy
altohi
s/hercountr
y.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 9
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
iv) I
thel
psonet
odevel
opposi
ti
vev
alues.
Any2x1=2marks

2.
1THEMEANINGOFGOVERNMENT
 Ref
erst
othewayofr
uli
ng,
admi
nist
eri
ngandcont
rol
l
ingpeopl
e.

 Apol
i
tical
organi
sat
ion,
str
uct
ureandaut
hor
it
y.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofgov
ernment

 Rul
es,
whi
chgov
ernmember
stoensur
ethatl
i
fer
unssmoot
hlyf
ort
hebenef
itofal
l
.

 Sover
eignt
yi.
e.thesupr
emeaut
hor
it
yoft
hegov
ernmentt
oexer
cisei
tspower
swi
thi
n
i
tsboundari
es.

 Jur
isdi
cti
oni
.e.t
hegeogr
aphi
cal
areawi
thi
nwhi
cht
hegov
ernmentexer
cisespower
s
andrul
es.

 Legi
ti
macyI
.e.bei
ngaccept
abl
etot
hepeopl
eov
erwhom i
texer
cisespower
.

 Lawenf
orcementi
.e.abi
l
ityt
otakeact
ionagai
nstt
hosewhobr
eakt
hel
aw.

MAI
NARMSOFGOVERNMENT

 TheLegi
slat
ure(
Parli
ament)
,whichmakesl
aws.TheLegi
slat
urei
smadeupoft
he
nat
ional
assemblyandthePresi
dent
.

 TheExecut
ive,
whichi
smadeupoft
hePr
esi
dent
,theCabi
netandt
heCi
vi
lSer
vice.I
t
i
mplementslaws.

 TheJudi
ciar
y(Courtsy
stem),whichensuresthatl
awsmadear
econst
it
uti
onal
,ar
e
fol
l
owedandt hosewhobreakthem arepunished.

For
msofgov er
nment
 Di
ctat
orshi
p

Here,therulerhast otal powerov erhis/hersubject

s.Dictat
orsarethesol eauthori
ty
wheret heyrule.Theymaket helawandexecut ejusti
ce.Theyexerciset heirrul
e
for
cef ul
ly,
suppr essingt heirsubject
satwi ll
.Theyimposet hei
rwillov erothersand
i
nterferewithorl i
mitt hef r
eedom oft heirsubj
ects.Examplesofdict atorshipincl
ude
Germanydur i
ngt her uleofAdol fHit
ler,It
alyunderBenitoMussoli
niandUgandadur ing
t
her uleofIdiAmi nDada.

 Democr
ati
cGov
ernment
,

Hererul
ersregularl
yseekpubli
cmandatebypopul arvote,
basedonf r
eeandfai
relect
ion
andonthefactt hatel
ect
edoffi
cial
srepresentt
hewi shesandaspir
ati
onsofthepeopl
e.
Insuchagov er
nment ,matt
ersofnati
onalimport
ancest em f
rom f
reedomsandri
ghts
provi
dedforintheConstit
uti
on,whi
chgov ernst
hel awofthenati
on.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 10
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Ar
ist
ocr
acy

I
nt hi
s,agroupofpeoplefr
om thehighestsocialcl
assesinasocietyruleoverot
hers.
Thequeenorki ngist
heheadofgov ernment,whoseseniorposit
ionsareheldby
pri
vil
egedmember softheroyalf
amily,whoareconsideredasar earbreedofpeopleand
whoar econsider
edsuperi
ortootherhumanbei ngsbecauseoftheweal thyfami
ly
backgroundtheyarebor
nintoinaddit
iontotheirsuperi
oreducat
ion.

 Monar
chy

Int
his,democracyispract
ised,butari
stocrat
icpowerisr
espect
ed.I
nsuchgover
nment
,
Par
li
amenti sthesupremeor gan,buttheki
ngandt heroy
alfami
lyar
eretai
nedi
npower
asatradit
ion.TheKingorQueeni stheref
orerespect
edasheadofstat
e.

Cat
egor
iesi
ntowhi
chMonar
chi
cal
gov
ernmenti
scl
assi
fi
ed.

 Absol
uteMonar
chy
,wher
ebyt
heheadofst
atei
sdi
ctat
ori
alsi
ncehi
s/herpoweri
s
unr
estr
ict
ed.

 Const
it
utionalMonar
chy,
wherebythepoweroft
heKi
ngorQueeni
srest
ri
cted,
based
ontheprovisi
onsi
ntheconst
it
uti
on.

I
MPORTANCEOFSTUDYI
NGGOVERNMENT
2007p1qn1. Gi
vet
woreasonsf
orst
udy
inggov
ernment
.
(2mar
ks)

i
. Tounder
standhowdi
ff
erentor
gansofgov
ernmentf
unct
ion.

i
i
. Tounder
standhowl
awsar
emade/
enf
orced

i
i
i. Tohav
eknowl
edgeoft
hedut
ies/
responsi
bil
i
tiesofci
ti
zens.

i
v. Toenabl
eci
ti
zensknowt
hei
rri
ght
s.

v
. Tobeabl
etocompar
epol
i
tical
syst
emsoft
hewor
ld.

Any2x1=2mar
ks

 Lear
nhowdev
elopmentpr
oject
sar
edesi
gnedandi
mpl
ement
ed.

 Lear
nhowconf
li
ctsi
nsoci
etyar
esol
vedpeacef
ull
y.

 Under
standhowthegover
nmentr
aisesr
evenueandt
hechecksandbal
anceson
gover
nmentexpendi
tur
e.

 Under
standhowl
awsar
emade.

 Lear
nthedemocr
ati
cpr
inci
plest
hatgov
ernmostcount
ri
es

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 11
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

3.
1SOURCESOFI NFORMATIONONHI STORYANDGOVERNMENT
I
dent
if
ythesour
cesofprehi
stor
ici
nfor
mati
on.

 Songs,

 My
ths,

 St
ori
es,

 Ar
tef
act
s,

 Fossi
l
s,

 Thel
anguageofapeopl
e.

1996p2qn1Ident
if
ytwosour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chhi
stor
iansuset
owr
it
etheHi
stor
y
ofAf
ri
ca(2marks)

i
. Ar
chaeol
ogy

i
i
. Or
alt
radi
ti
ons

i
i
i. Ant
hropol
ogy

i
v. Bot
any
/Zool
ogy/
biol
ogy
/Genet
ics

v
. Wr
it
tenr
ecor
ds

v
i. Geol
ogy

v
ii
. Local
pai
nti
ngs/
scul
ptur
e (
2mar
ks)

2006p1qn1I
dent
if
ytwosour
ceofKeny
anHi
stor
ic

i
. Ar
chaeol
ogy
/Pal
aeont
ology

i
i
. Ant
hropol
ogy(My
th&Legends)

i
i
i. Li
ngui
sti
cs

i
v. Or
alt
radi
ti
on

v
. Wr
it
tensour
ces

v
i. Geol
ogy

v
ii
. Rockpai
nti
ngs/ar
t

v
ii
i. Genet
ics

i
x. El
ect
roni
csour
ces

2007p2qn1Gi
vet
wosour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ioni
nhi
stor
yandgov
ernment(
2mar
ks)
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 12
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
. Ar
chaeol
ogy/pal
aeont
ology
.

i
i
. Or
alt
radi
ti
on,
Lingui
sti
cs.

i
i
i. Ant
hropol
ogy

i
v. Genet
ics/Bot
any/Zool
ogy/Bi
ology

v
. Wr
it
tenr
ecor
ds,

v
i. Geol
ogy
.

v
ii
. El
ect
roni
csour
ces.

Unwri
tt
ensour
ces
2011p1qn1Givet
wounwr
it
tensour
cesofi
nfor
mat
iononHi
stor
yandGov
ernment
.(2
marks)

(i)Oraltradit
ions/oral
source
(i
i)Archaeology /
palaeont
ology
(
ii
i)Genetics
(
iv)Li
nguistics
(v)AnthropologyAny2x1=2mar ks

Or
alTr
adi
ti
ons

2001p2qn1. Whati
sor
alt
radi
ti
onasasour
ceofHi
stor
y?

i
. Oraltr
adit
ionasasour
ceofHi
storyi
nvol
vesthest
udyofhistor
ical
inf
ormat
ionbased
onwhathasbeenhandeddownfrom onegener
ati
ontoanotherbywordofmouth/
verbal
ly.(
1mark)

For
msofor
alt
radi
ti
ons

 My
ths

 Legends

 Pr
over
bs

 Songs

 Fol
ktal
es

 Poems

Adv
ant
agesofor
alt
radi
ti
ons

I
tisi
mpor
tanti
nthest
udyofhi
stor
ywi
thi
not
hersoci
alst
udi
es

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 13
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Theyi
ntegr
atet
hest
udyofhi
stor
ywi
thot
hersoci
alst
udi
es

I
tischeapsi
ncei
tdoesn’
trequi
reexper
tsorspeci
alequi
pment
.

I
tcompl
i
ment
sot
hersour
cesofhi
stor
y.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofor
alt
radi
ti
ons

2000qn1Gi
vet
woshor
tcomi
ngsofor
alt
radi
ti
onsasasour
ceofHi
stor
y.(
2mar
ks)

i
. Theymaycont
ainbi
asesandexagger
ati
ons

i
i
. Theymaybeinconsi
stentandi
naccur
ateduet
ohandl
i
ngdownf
rom onegener
ati
ont
o
anot
herbywordofmout h

i
i
i. I
tmaybedi
ff
icul
ttodi
sti
ngui
shwhatwasr
eal
from whatwasi
magi
nar
y

i
v. Omi
ssi
onsoff
act
sduet
ofai
l
urei
nmemor
y

I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttogi
vecor
rectdat
esandchr
onol
ogyofev
ent
s.

Li
ngui
sti
cs

 Thi
sist
hesci
ent
if
icst
udyofl
anguages

 Peopl
ewhospeaksi
mil
arl
anguagesar
eassumedt
obef
rom t
hesamef
ami
l
y.

Howtheform,cont
ent,v
ocabul
aryandthehi
stor
ical
exper
ienceoft
hepeopl
ewhospeak
agi
venlanguagecoul
dbeill
ust
rated.

 Dist
ri
but
ionoflanguages.Thesmall
erthedist
ri
buti
on,t
helessinf
luent
ial
ory
ounger
thel
anguage.Themor ewidespr
eaditi
s,thestr
ongerorol
deritmightbe.

 Rel
ati
onshi
pbetweenlanguages.Peoplewhospeakrelat
edlanguagesmighthav
ea
commonorigi
n,beconnected,orhaveclosecont
actsometi
mei nthepast
.

 Vari
ati
onsbet
weenlanguagesofthesamefamil
yindi
catehowlongagothebr
eaki
n
cont
actoccur
red.Gr
eatervar
iat
ionsshowl
ongerperi
odsofsepar
ati
on.

Adv
ant
ages

 Makesi
teasyt
otr
acepeopl
esi
nter
act
ionsandcour
seofmov
ement

I
tiseasi
ert
oident
if
ygr
oupswi
thsi
mil
arl
anguaget
rai
tse.
g.Khoi
san

I
nfor
mat
ioni
seasyt
oobt
ainasl
anguagei
sacul
tur
alphenomenon.

I
tischeapsi
nceonl
yneedst
otr
avel
toanar
eaofst
udy
.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Somewor
dscoul
dbeomi
tt
edordi
stor
tedwhi
l
etr
ansl
ati
ngt
hel
anguage.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 14
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

I
tisti
meconsumi ng.Del
ayedacqui
sit
ionofi
nfor
mat
ionsi
ncei
ttakesl
ongt
olear
na
par
ti
cularl
anguage.

 Whereloanwor
dscorr
upttheparent
all
anguage,i
naccur
aci
esmayoccur
.Var
ious
l
anguagesmayhavesi
milarwordsbutwit
hdiff
erentmeani
ngs.

 Thebor
rowi
ngofwor
dsmi
ghtcor
ruptori
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hepar
ent
-l
anguage.

 Somel
anguageshav
ebecomeext
inct
.

Ar
chaeol
ogy

 Archaeol
ogyi
sthestudyoftheant
iqui
ty,
ist
hest
udyofmat
eri
alr
emai
nsf
rom t
he
pasthumanli
feandcult
ure.

 Thesemat
eri
alscanbear
tef
act
sorEcof
act
s.

 Art
efact
saremateri
alremai
nsofwhatear
lymanusedort
hati
nfl
uencedhi
swayof
l
if
e.Theyincl
udethefoll
owi
ng:

1999p2qn17(a)Whatt hingsdoar chaeologist

susetor econstr
ucttheact
ivi
ti
esof
peopl
ewholiv
einprehi storictime.
i
. Theremai
nsoftheweaponst hatt heyused
ii
. Theremai
nsofthetoolst hattheyused
i
ii
. Theremai
nsofhumansbones
i
v. Theremai
nsofanimal sf oundatt hepr ehist
ori
csit
es
v. Theremai
nsofplantsthel ivedon
vi
. Theremai
nsoftheirdwel li
ngpl aces
vii
. Theremai
nsoftheirart wor ke. g.r ockpai
nting
vi
ii
. Theremai
nsoftradi
tional crafte. g.potter
y
ix. Theremai
nsofbeads
x. Theremai
nsofcans
xi. Theremai
nsofgarment s
xii
. Theremai
nsofchurredt reet runks/char coalandcarbonizedseeds.
Any5point
s,1mark(5mar ks)

2012p2qn1. Ident
if
yonet
ypeofar
tef
actt
hati
sli
kel
ytobef
oundi
nan
archaeol
ogi
cal
sit
e
(1mar k)

i
. Tool
s

i
i
. Weapons

i
i
i. Pot
ter
y

i
v. Gar
ment
s

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 15
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

v
. Coi
ns (
1mar
k)

 Ecofactsar
eremai
nsoft
hepl
ant
sandani
mal
especi
all
ythepol
l
engr
ains,
bones,
copr
oli
tesetc.

2008p1qn1Identi
fyt
woway
sthr
oughwhi
char
chaeol
ogi
stsobt
aini
nfor
mat
ionont
he
hi
stor
yofKenya.

i
. Excav
ati
ngt
hesi
tes

i
i
. Dat
ingt
hef
ossi
l
s

i
i
i. Recor
dingt
hef
indi
ngs

i
v. Locat
ingpr
e-si
tes

2011p2qn1Givet
woar
chaeol
ogi
cal
sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
iononHi
stor
yandGov
ernment
.
(
2marks)

i
. Tools/utensil
s/ornaments/oni
onsusedbyman
ii
. Weaponsusedbyman
i
ii
. Settl
ement s/rui
nsoft hepast/
rockpai
ntings
i
v. Remai nsofhuman/ animals
v. Plantremai ns.
vi
. Garment s/ornament s
v
ii
. Coinsusedbyman Any2x1=2mar ks

Howar
chaeol
ogi
stsandpal
aeont
ologi
stsdi
scov
erhi
stor
ical
sit
es.

 Theyl
ookforar
easwheref ault
ingorerosionhaveoccur
red,exposi
ngsurf
acesthat
maygivesomecluestothepointoffindingfossi
l
sandartef
acts.Someti
mesthey
havet
odigdeeptofindphysicalremains.

I
dentif
icat
ionordiff
erenti
ati
onofthephysi
cal
feat
uresofanareafrom t
hoseofthe
groundinplacesaround.Forexample,
asmallpar
tofanearl
ysett
lement,suchasa
fewstonesinar egul
arpatter
nmaybeseenont hesurf
aceinsuchanarea.

 Enquir
iesonsit
esmentionedinahist
ori
caldocumentoranoralnar
rati
veofthe
geographyandotherhi
stor
icalf
eatur
esoftheareaci
ted.Thi
smayl eadtoi
mportant
insi
ghtstopastci
vil
i
zat
ions,suchasTroy,
Ur,Babyl
on,OmoRi v
ervall
eyandOlduvai
Gorge.

 Longexper
iencei
nident
if
yingapot
ent
ial
sit
eforar
chaeol
ogi
cal
excav
ati
on.

 Accident
alexposur
eofancientobj
ectsduri
ngcul
ti
vat
ionandbui
l
dingconst
ruct
ion,
whichcouldarousethecur
iosi
tyofresear
cher
s.

HowAr
chaeol
ogi
cal
studyandanal
ysi
sisdone.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 16
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 TheArchaeol
ogi
stst
udi
eswhatev
idencer
emai
nsoft
hemat
eri
alcul
tur
eofapeopl
e’
s
past
.

 Act
ivi
ti
esofpr
ehi
stori
cpeoplearereconst
ruct
edfr
om var
iousevi
dence,e.
g.t
racesof
weaponsandt
ool
st heyused,cl
othi
ng,bones,
ear
thwor
ks,dwell
i
ng-pl
aces,et
c.

 Conceptsorunderst
andingofapeople’
scivi
li
zat
ionatthet
imetheart
efactswer
ein
useareformul
ated.E.g.hunti
ngandpastor
ali
sm coul
dbeindi
catedbyrockpai
nti
ngs
ofcert
ainani
malsoncav e-
wall
s.

 Man’srel
ati
onshi
pwithhisenvi
ronmentisint
erpret
edanddated.Her
e,the
ar
chaeologi
stworkswit
hPalaeontol
ogist
s,Geologi
sts,
Ecol
ogist
s,Chemist
s,
Physi
cist
sandothernat
uralsci
enti
sts.

Met
hodsofdat
ingf
ossi
l
s.

 Geol ogi calper iods, char acterisedbycl i

mat i
cchangesandt hesuccessi vet ypesof
plant sandani mal sf ound.
 Chemi cal dat i
ng.Thi si soft woki ndsi .e.Radi o- Car bondat i
ngandPot assi um- Argon
met hod.Radi o-Car bondat ingmeasur esor gani csubst ancesandt herateofdecayof
carbon- 14i nf ossils.Pot assium- Ar gonmet hodmeasur est heamountofpot assium
andt heamountofAr gon-40t oassi sti ndat ingv olcani cashandmi nerals.
 Strat i
graphyi .e.thest udyandi nt erpr etationoft hel ayer sofr ocksuccessi vely
deposi t
edatonepl ace.Itisusef ul indet ermi ningdat esf orar easaf fectedby
sedi ment at i
on.
 FissionTr ackdat ing.Thi si susef ul indat ingPl eistocenesampl es.Theageofgl ass
andot hermi ner alobj ectsi sdet er mi nedt hrought hismet hod.
 Statist i
cal dating.Thi shel psindet ermi ningt hel engt hofagener ati
onf orapar t
icular
soci etybyest imat ingdat esf orev ent sassoci at edwi thcer t
aingener ati
ons.
 LexicoSt atisticsdat i
ng.Thi sist hest at i
st i
cal studyoft hev ocabul aryofl anguagest o
deter mi net heirageandhi storical linkswi thot herl anguages.I tisbasedont he
assumpt i
ont hatal l l
anguageshav eabasi cv ocabul aryt hatwi llgraduallychangeata
commonr at ef oral ll
anguagesatal ltimes.
 Glott o-Chronol ogy, whi chisasubdi visionofLexi coSt at i
stics, attemptst oest abl i
sh
thatl anguagesar ehi stori
callyr elat ed.I thelpsi nexpr essi ngr atesofl anguage-
dev elopmentbyf or mul aepr eciseenought oenabl edat eswhenchangeoccur redt obe
calcul ated.
Whyexcav ationandanal ysisofar tefact si sanexpensi v
ev ent ur
e.

 Labour er
shavetobehi r
edt oexcav at
easite.
 Transportat
ionofar
tefactstolaboratori
esforanal
ysi
sisof
tenacumber
some,
compl exanddeli
cat
ev enture.
 Archaeologi
calequi
pment ’sar
eof tencostl
yandscarce.
 Thecostofst af
f-
upkeepi sveryhigh.
 Analysisofanddati
ngar t
efactsisv er
yhard.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 17
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Adv
ant
ages

2004p2qn1Gi
veonecont
ri
but
ionofar
chaeol
ogyt
othest
udyofHi
stor
y.(
1mar
k)

i
. I
tpr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionont
heor
igi
nofhuman/cr
adl
es/ear
li
esthumanbei
ngs

i
i
. I
tpr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionont
hepeopl
e’
swayofl
i
fe

i
i
i. I
thel
pspeopl
etol
ocat
ehi
stor
ical
sit
es

i
v. I
tpr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionont
hechr
onol
ogi
cal
orderofhi
stor
ical
event
s/dat
ing

(
Any1x1=1mar
k)

I
tpr
ovi
despr
e-hi
stor
yinf
ormat
ion

I
tgi
vesaccur
atei
nfor
mat
ion

I
tli
nkshi
stor
ytol
abor
ator
y-basedsci
ences

I
thasasenseofr
eal
i
tyasar
ti
fact
scanbeseenort
ouched.

I
tgi
vesasenseoft
imet
hroughdat
ingofar
ti
fact
s.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

I
trequi
resexper
ts

 Li
mit
edt
ost
udyoft
heant
iqui
ty.Onecannotst
udypr
esentmat
eri
alsorev
ent
s.

 Archaeol
ogi
cali
nformat
ioncoul
dbei
naccur
ateasi
tisof
tenbasedonconcl
usi
ons
andreconst
ruct
ions.

I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttot
racear
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
es.

 Ar
chaeol
ogyest
imat
esbutdoesnotpr
ovi
depr
eci
sedat
es.

I
tisati
me-consumingventuresi
ncepreparat
ionf
oranexcavat
ionandtranspor
tat
ion
ofar
tef
act
st olabor
ator
iesforanal
ysi
sislongandlabor
iouspr
ocesses.

 Ther
ear
efewar
chaeol
ogi
cal
exper
tst
oint
erpr
etdat
a.

 Somemat
eri
alsar
efr
agi
l
eandcoul
deasi
l
ybr
eak,
ther
ebymi
sleadi
nganal
yst
s.

I
tisexpensi
vet
oexcav
ateandanal
ysear
tef
act
s.

Ant
hropol
ogy

Thi
sist
hest
udyofaper
son’
sor
igi
ns,
dev
elopment
,cust
omsandbel
i
efs.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 18
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Expl
ainwhyant
hropol
ogi
stsmustl
i
veamongt
hepeopl
ewhot
heyst
udy
.

 Onewoul
dexper
iencet
hepeopl
e’
swayofl
i
fe.

 Oneunder
standsandexpl
ainssoci
alandot
herst
ruct
ureswi
thi
nthei
rsoci
etyofst
udy
.

 Oneexpl
ainsaspect
soft
heeconomyonwhi
chagi
vencommuni
tydepend.

 Onei
sabl
etodet
ermi
neapeopl
e’
scul
tur
alpast
.

 Onehasadeeperunder
standi
ngofapar
ti
cul
araspectofapeopl
e’
scul
tur
e.

Adv
ant
ages

I
tenabl
eshi
stor
iansdet
ermi
net
hecul
tur
alpastofacommuni
ty.

I
nfor
mat
ioni
seasi
l
yobt
ainedf
rom t
hesur
roundi
ng.

I
tcompl
i
ment
sot
her
ssour
ces.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

I
tisexpensi
veasi
tinv
olv
esl
i
vingwi
tht
hepeopl
eonwhor
esear
chi
sconduct
ed.

I
tist
ime-
consumi
ng.

 Resear
cher
smaynotadaptt
onewenv
ironment
s.

 Theresear
chermaymissvit
al i
nfor
mationasthepeopl
ebei
ngst
udi
edmaybehav
e
di
ff
erentl
yinthepr
esenceoftheresear
cher.

 Ther
esear
cherr
isksl
osi
nghi
sorherowncul
tur
eonadapt
ingt
otheenv
ironmentof
st
udy
.

2012p1qn1. Giveanyt
woli
mit
ati
onsofusi
ngant
hropol
ogyasasour
ceof
inf
ormat
iononHi
stor
yandGov
ernment.(
2marks)

i
. I
tist
imeconsumi
ng

i
i
. I
tisanexpensi
vemet
hod

i
i
i. I
nfor
mat
ioncol
l
ect
edmaybei
naccur
ate/
dist
ort
ed

i
v. I
nfor
mat
ioncol
l
ect
edmaybebi
ased (
2mar
ks)

Genet
ics

Genet
icsi
sthesci
ent
if
icst
udyofher
edi
tyandt
hev
ari
ati
onofi
nher
it
edchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

Adv
ant
ages

I
nfor
mat
ioni
saccur
ateasr
eal
mat
eri
alsandr
emai
nsar
eanal
ysed.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 19
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

I nf
ormationcanbeobtainedformil
li
onsofyear
sago.
 EnablesHist
ori
anstotracetheori
ginofdomest
icat
ionandspr
eadofcr
opsand
animals.
 Compl i
mentsothersourcesofHi
story.
Di
sadv ant
ages

I ti
sexpensi ve.
 Resear chersmaynotadapttonewenv ir
onmentsduetohealthandotherri
sks.
I ti
st echnologi
cal
l
ydemandingasi trequir
esal
otofsophist
icatedmateri
aland
equipment .
I ti
st i
me- consumi
ng.Apartf
rom muchf iel
dwor
k,onespendsal otmoreti
met r
aini
ng
beforebecomi ngaGeneti
csspeciali
st.

El
ectr
oni
csour
ces
Thesear
eaudi
o-v
isual
medi
awhi
char
eoper
atedbyel
ect
roni
cpower
.

Nameanyt
hreeEl
ect
roni
csour
cesofi
nfor
mat
iononhi
stor
y&Gov
ernment
.

 Mi
crof
il
ms,

 Fi
l
ms,

 Vi
deos,

 Radi
o,

 Tel
evi
sion

 Comput
eri
seddat
a-bases.

Adv
ant
ages

 Theycanbecl
ear
lyr
eadwhenmagni
fi
ed.

 Theycapt
urewor
dsandemot
ionsofanev
entasi
thappens.

 Theycombi
nesound,
pict
ureandmot
ion.

 Theyf
aci
l
itat
einst
antr
etr
iev
alofandaccesst
oinf
ormat
ion.

 Mostar
enotbul
ky.

Li
mit
ati
ons

 Theyaresubj
ectt
obi
asast
heymost
lycont
ainf
orei
gn(
Eur
opeanandAmer
ican)
mater
ial
.

 Theyaretooexpensi
vetobuyandrun.Manypeoplecannotaff
ordtobuyradi
os,
tel
evi
sionset
sandv i
deos.Thecostofel
ect
ri
cit
yforoperat
ingthi
sequipmenti
shigh.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 20
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Someact
edf
il
msar
eunr
eal
i
sti
cfort
heycont
ainexagger
atedi
nfor
mat
ion.

 Ther
eisal
otofper
missi
veness,
lar
gel
ycausedbyi
mpr
operuseofel
ect
roni
cmat
eri
al.

Writ
tensources
2009p2qn1Namet wot
ypesofwr
it
tenmat
eri
alsusedbyhi
stor
iansasasour
ceof
hist
oryandgover
nment

i
. Books/char
ts/maps/scr
oll
s/pai
nti
ng/cl
ayl
abel
s/st
onet
abl
e

i
i
. Newspaper
s/magazi
nes

i
i
i. Di
ari
es/bi
ogr
aphi
es

i
v. Jour
nal
s/per
iodi
cal
s

v
. Of
fi
cial
/gov
ernmentr
ecor
ds

Adv
ant
agesofwr
it
tenmat
eri
als

2002p2qn.St
ateoneadv
ant
ageofwr
it
tenmat
eri
alsasasour
ceofhi
stor
y

i
. Wri
tt
enmater
ial
sensur
erel
ati
vel
yper
manentst
orageofHi
stor
ical
event
s/f
orf
utur
e
r
efer
ence.

i
i
. Wri
ttenmateri
alscanbeeasi
lyt
ransl
atedt
odi
ff
erentl
anguagesr
elat
ivel
yaccur
ate
st
orageofhist
orical
event
s.

i
i
i. Theyr
elat
ivel
ypr
ovi
deaccur
atest
orageofhi
stor
ical
event
s.

i
v. Wr
it
tenmat
eri
alscannotbeeasi
l
ydi
stor
ted/
int
erf
eredwi
th/
noteasi
l
ychanged.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofwr
it
tenmat
eri
als

2008p2qn1.Ident
if
ytwol
imi
tat
ionsofusi
ngwri
tt
enrecor
dsasasour
ceofi
nfor
mat
ion
onHist
oryandGover
nment
. (
2marks)

i
. Maycont
ainbi
ases/
exagger
ati
ons

i
i
. I
nfor
mat
ionmaybemi
sint
erpr
eted/
misunder
stoodbyr
eader
s

i
i
i. Ther
emaybef
act
ual
err
ors/
omi
ssi
ons/
cont
radi
cti
onbyt
heaut
hor
s

i
v. Thesesour
cesar
eli
mit
edt
oli
ter
atemember
soft
hesoci
ety

v
. Theyar
eexpensi
vet
oobt
ain/
procur
e

Any2x1=2mar
ks

1997p2qn1Gi
vet
wol
i
mit
ati
onsofusi
ngwr
it
tenr
ecor
dsassour
ceofAf
ri
canHi
stor
y.
(2mar
ks)

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 21
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
. Mostoft
hewri
tt
enr ecor
dsonAf
ri
canHi
stor
ywer
ebyf
orei
gner
swhobui
l
tthei
r
bi
asesi
nther
ecords.

i
i
. Somewr
it
tenr
ecor
dsonAf
ri
canHi
stor
ycont
aini
naccur
atei
nfor
mat
ion

i
i
i. Someoft
her
ecor
dsar
enotr
eal
i
tyav
ail
abl
eforcaseofr
efer
ence

i
v. Wr
it
tenr
ecor
dsar
eli
mit
edonl
ytot
hosewhocanr
eadandwr
it
e.

Any2x1=2mar
ks

Rev
isi
onquest
ions

1.Whatar
ethechar
act
eri
sti
csofhi
stor
ical
event
s?

2.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms:

i
)Hi
stor
y

i
i
)Gov
ernment

3.Expl
aint
hemet
hodshi
stor
iansuset
oobt
ainhi
stor
ical
inf
ormat
ion.

4.Gi
vet
hel
i
mit
ati
onsof
:

i
)Or
alt
radi
ti
on

i
i
)Ar
chaeol
ogy

i
i
i)Li
ngui
sti
cs

5.Gi
vereasonswhywr
it
tenr
ecor
dsar
eregar
dedast
hebestsour
cesofhi
stor
ical
i
nfor
mation.

6.Explai
nwhyhi
stor
yandgov
ernmenti
sst
udi
edi
nKeny
anschool
sandsome
col
leges.

7.Whatar
ethel
i
mit
ati
onsofusi
ngwr
it
tenr
ecor
ds?

EARLYMAN
Ori
ginofman
1997p2qn15(a)Descr
ibet
wot
heor
iesaboutt
heor
igi
nofhumanbei
ngs(
4mar
ks)

i
. Sci
ent
if
icmai
ntai
nthatHumanbei
ngsev
olv
edf
rom ape-l
i
kecr
eat
uresanddev
eloped

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 22
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

t
hroughadapt
ati
onov
eral
ongper
iodoft
ime.

i
i
. Thecr eat
iontheor
y-accor
dingt
omanyworl
drel
i
giouse.
g.Chr
isti
anit
yIsl
am and
Judaism thehumanr acewascr
eat
edbyGodataspeci
fi
cti
mei nhist
orytof
ulfi
lGod’
s
purpose.

i
i
i. TheMy t
hical(
tradi
tional
)Theory.Thi
sisanat t
emptbyindivi
dualsorcommunit
iesof
peopl
etoexplaintheirori
gin.I
tisgi
venthroughOral
Tradit
ions,mythsandl
egends.I
t
mainl
ystatesthatthefir
stpeoplewerecreatedbyGod.

2005p2qn1.St
ateonet
heor
ythatexpl
ainst
heor
igi
nofpeopl
e

i
. Theev
olut
iont
heor
y.

i
i
. Thecr
eat
iont
heor
y.

i
i
i. My
thi
cal
ort
radi
ti
onal
theor
y/or
alt
radi
ti
onst
heor
y. (Any1x1=1mar
k)

Or
al t
raditi
ons
 Thisisanat t
emptbyindi
v i
dual
sorcommunit
iesofpeopl
etoexpl
ainthei
rori
gin.I
tis
gi
vent hroughOr
alTradit
ions,myt
hsandl
egends.I
tmainl
ystat
esthatthefi
rstpeopl
e
werecr eat
edbyGod.

Creat
iont
heor
y
2012p2qn2.Nameonesour
ceofi
nfor
mat
ionont
heCr
eat
ionTheor
y (
1mar
k)

i
. Bi
ble
i
i
. TheKor
an (
1x1=1mar
k)

Evol
uti
ontheory
2010p2qn1. St
atethescienti
fictheoryt
hatexpl
ainstheor
igi
nofhumanbei
ngs.
-TheEvolut
iontheory/Darwi
n 1x1=1mar k
2009p2qn3expl ainChar l
esDarwin’stheoryofevol
uti
on
Si
mplelif
eformsgr adual
lydevel
opi ntohigherfor
msofl i
feovermil
l
ionsofy
ear
s
(1x1=1mar k)

Whati
sev
olut
ion?

 Evol
uti
onisanatur
alprocessofgr
adualandcont
inuouschangeofli
vingorgani
sms
fr
om alower(
simpler
)statetoabet
ter
-adapt
ed(complex)andsuper
iorone.

I
dent
if
yfourdi
sti
nctst
agesi
nwhi
chev
olut
iont
ookpl
aceaccor
dingt
oChar
lesDar
win.

 Mutati
on-isanabr
uptchangei
nt heform ofali
vingt
hingasdi
ctat
edbyt
hecl
i
mat
ic
orgeneti
ccomponentsofthel
i
vingthinginvol
ved.

 Nat
ural
sel
ect
ion-i
sani
nst
inctbywhi
cht
hest
rongerspeci
esout
-compet
ethe
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 23
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

weakeronesf
orr
esour
ces.

 I
sol
ati
on.

 Adapt
ati
on.

St
atet
hepr
inci
plesofNat
ural
Sel
ect
ion.

 Allorgani smsar euniquelydi ff

erent ,basedonher edi
taryfactorseachhasf r
om birth.
 Althoughmanyor ganismsar epr oduced, fewmanaget odev elopt omat uri
t y
.
 Onlyor gani smst hatconst ant l
yadaptt otheexi st i
ngenv i
ronmentmanaget ogrowt o
mat urityandr epr oduce.Fori nstance, theAmoeba, whichmayhav esurvivedonl yin
wat er,changedbymut ati
onandcastapr otectiveshel l
(cyst)aroundi t
sbody ,which
enabl edi ttosur v i
vewhent hecl i
mat echangedandbecamedr y
.
 Evenaf termut ati
on, onlythef i
ttestor ganismscoul dsur v
iveast heweakbecame
extinctduet olimi t
edresour ces.Thi st heorycamet obepopul arl
yknownasSur vi
val
fortheFi tt
est .
 Asspeci esemer gingfrom mut ationandnat ural sel
ecti
oni ncreaseinnumber ,search
forbasi cneedsi ntensifi
es.Somef ewspeci est akeonasi gnifi
cantlydif
fer entform
throughadapt ationt othenewenv i
ronmentast heygetisolatedf r
om ther est.
 Dar win’st heor yofev oluti
oni ssuppor tedbyal mostal lscienti
sts,parti
cular l
y
palaeont ol ogists.Itholdsthathumanbei ngsbel ongtotheAni mal Kingdom andt hat
Mani sapr imat easar eapesl i
kegor il
las,chimpanzeesandmonkey s,althoughapes
belongt ot hef ami l
yPongi daewhi lehumanbei ngsarei ntheHomi ni
daef ami l
y.

Ar
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esi
nEastAf
ri
ca

Namet
hear
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esi
nKeny
a.

 Rusi
ngaI
sland,

 For
tTer
nannearKer
icho,

 Kar
iandusi
nearEl
ment
ait
a,

 Gambl
esCav
e,

 Ol
orgesai
l
ie,

 Koobi
-For
anearLakeTur
kana,

 Hy
raxHi
l
l,

 Kanj
i
ri

 Nj
oroRi
verCav
e.

Namet
hear
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esi
nTanzani
a.

 Gar
usi
,

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 24
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Ol
duv
aiGor
ge,

 Peni
nj,

 Api
sRock,

I
simi
l
a

 Ey
asi
.

Namet
hear
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esi
nUganda.

 Nsongezi
,

 Ny
ero,

 Napaka,

 Magosi
,

 Par
aa,

I
shango,

 Mwey
a,

 Ny
abusor
a.

I
dent
if
y/namear
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esout
sideEastAf
ri
ca.

 Fay
um depr
essi
oni
nEgy
pt.

 Taungi
nBot
swana.

 OmoRi
verv
all
eyi
nEt
hiopi
a.

 TheAf
ardepr
essi
oni
nEt
hiopi
a.

 Hadari
nEt
hiopi
a.

 Tener
if
einAl
ger
ia.

 Bodoi
nEt
hiopi
a.

 Mat
upi
cav
einShabapr
ovi
nceofCongoDRC.

 Kal
ambof
all
sinZambi
a.

 Or
angi
ainsout
her
nAf
ri
ca.

 DarEsSul
tancav
einsout
her
nAf
ri
ca.

 Apol
l
oIIcav
esi
nOr
angest
atei
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 25
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

2005p1qn1Namet wopr
e-hi
stor
icsit
esi
nKeny
a.(
2mar
ks)
i
.Ol orgesai
lle
ii
.Kar i
andusi
i
ii
.For tTernan
i
v.Koobi Fora/Turkana
v.Hy raxHi l
l
.
vi
.Rusi ngaIsland
v
ii
.Gambl esCav e(Njor
o)Any2x1=( 2mar
ks)

2008p1qn1Identi
fyt
woway
sthr
oughwhi
char
chaeol
ogi
stsobt
aini
nfor
mat
ionont
he
hi
stor
yofKenya.

i
.Excav
ati
ngt
hesi
tes

i
i
.Dat
ingt
hef
ossi
l
s

i
i
i.Recor
dingt
hef
indi
ngs

i
v.Locat
ingpr
e-si
tes

WhyAf
ri
cai
sconsi
der
edt
hecr
adl
eofman

 Ther
ear
esev
eral
archaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esi
nAf
ri
ca.

 Theopensav
annahpr
ovi
dedmanwi
thgoodhunt
inggr
ounds.

 Thewar
mtr
opi
cal
cli
mat
ewassui
tabl
eformoder
nman.

 Geogr
aphi
cal
l
yAf
ri
cawasatt
hecent
reoft
hepangea.

 Theal
lseasonsr
iver
sinAf
ri
capr
ovi
dedmanwi
thf
reshwat
er

2008p2qn2.Giv
eoner
easonwhyear
lypeopl
emov
edf
rom t
hef
orest
stoset
tl
eint
he
gr
assl
ands(1mar
k)

i
. Ther
ewer
emor
ewi
l
dani
mal
sint
hegr
assl
ands/
avai
l
abi
l
ityoff
ood

i
i
. Thecl
i
mat
eint
hegr
assl
andswaswar
mer

i
i
i. Thegr
assl
andspr
ovi
dedmuchneededwat
er

Any1x1=1mar
k

St
agesthr
oughwhichmanev
olv
ed
 Aegy
ptopi
thecus

 Dr
yopi
thecusaf
ri
canus(
proconsul
)

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 26
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Keny
api
thecus(
Ramapi
thecus)

 Aust
ral
opi
theci
nes

 Homohabi
l
is

 Homoer
ect
us

 Homosapi
ens

 Homosapi
enssapi
ens

2009p2qn18(
a)Gi
vet
hreest
agesi
ntheev
olut
ionofmanbef
oreHomoEr
ect
us

i
.Aegy
topi
thecus/Egy
pti
anape

i
i
.Dr
yopi
thecus/Af
ri
cans/Pr
oconsul
/woodl
andape

i
i
i.Keny
api
thecus/Ramapi
thecus/woodl
andape/Keny
aape/Asi
anape

i
v.Aust
ral
opi
thecus/Sout
her
nape/manape/Zi
nyant
hropus/Nuter
ectman

v
.Homohabi
l
is/Handyman/pr
act
ical
man

Not
eanyor
derofr
esponsesear
nsmar
ks (
any3x1=3mar
ks)

2006p2qn18(a) Whatwer
et hephysi
calchangeswhi
choccur
redi
near
lyhuman
bei
ngsast
heyevol
vedf
rom ape-l
ikecr
eaturetomoder
npeopl
e?

i
. Theskul
lwasenl
arged

i
i
. Thej
awsandt
eet
hbecamesmal
l
er

i
i
i. Thear
msandhandsbecomeshor
ter

i
v. Thecr
eat
uresassumedanupr
ightpost
ure

v
. Thef
eetandt
oesr
educedi
nsi
ze

v
i. Thecr
eat
ureshadl
esshai
ront
hebody

v
ii
. Theybecamet
all
er

v
ii
i. Theyhadsl
anderbody

i
x. Thebr
ainbecamebi
gger

Aegy
ptopi
thecus

ThenameAegy ptopihecusmeansEgy
t pti
anApe.Aegypt
opit
hecus’
33mill
i
onyear
-ol
d
4kgsmallskull
-r
emainswerefoundi
ntheFayum depr
essi
on.Heliv
edatat
imewhen
Egyptwasaf or
estedarea.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 27
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Feat
ures/
Char
act
eri
sti
csofAegy
ptopi
thecus

 Wal
kedonf
ourl
i
mbs.

 Hadat
ail

 Wei
ghedf
ourki
l
ogr
ams.

 Hewasamonkeyl
i
kecr
eat
ure:
theear
li
estpr
obabl
eancest
orofbot
hManandApe.

 Hehadster
eoscopi
cvi
sionandhandswi
thwhi
chhewoul
dski
l
ful
l
yjumpf
rom one
t
reetoanot
her.

 Hi
steet
hwer
ethoseofanher
biv
ore.

Dr
yopi
thecusaf
ri
canus(
proconsul
)

Thetwent ymi l
li
onyear-
oldskul
lofthi
shominidwasfoundonRusi ngaIsl
andwi thi
nthe
Keny apartoftheLakeVictor
iaregi n1948byMar
oni yandLouisLeakey .Hewast he
ear
liestevidencethatAfr
icawasMan’sfi
rsthome,forheoccupiedtheent i
reEast
Afr
icanf orest,
thoughhewasalsofoundinEuropeandSouth-EastAsia.Theterm
Dryopit
hecusmeansWoodl andApe.Hewaschi mpanzeeli
ke

Char
act
eri
sti
csofDr
yopi
thecusAf
ri
canus

 Hadpr
oject
ingf
ace.

 Hehadasmoot
hfor
ehead.

 Hehadl
ongt
eet
hli
ket
hoseofot
herani
mal
s.

 Hemai
nlyat
efr
uit
s.

Keny
api
thecus(
Ramapi
thecus)

The15-12mi l
li
onyear-ol
dremainsofRamapit
hecuswerefoundbyMaryandLouis
LeakeyatFortTernannearkeri
choandal
soatSambur uhil
lsandi
ntheLakesTurkana
andBar i
ngobasins.Ramapit
hecusandothermanl
ikecreat
ureswer
ealsodiscov
ered
nEur
i ope,I
ndiaandChina.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofRamapi
thecus

 Hewasmanl
i
ke.

 Hehadsmal
lteet
hi.
e.cani
nes.

 Hewasquadr
apedal
(hemov
edonhi
sfourl
i
mbs)
,thoughheoccasi
onal
l
ywal
kedon
t
wolegs.

 Hadal
argerbr
ain.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 28
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Aust
ral
opi
theci
nes

Remai nsofAustralopi
thecuswer oundatTaungi
ef nBot
swanain1924byRay mondDart
,
atOl duvaiGorgeinTanzani
abyMaryLeakeyin1959andt
hroughoutEast
ernAfr
ica
e.g.regionsaroundLakeNatroni
nTanzani
a,LakeTur
kanai
nKeny aandOmoRi ver
vall
eyi nEthi
opia.

Speci
esofaust
ral
opi
theci
nes

 Austr
alopi
thecusanamensi
s,whosefour-
mill
i
onyearol
dremai
ns,
wer
efoundat
KenapoiandAlli
abayi
ntheLakeTurkanaregi
on.

 Aust
ral
opit
hecusafarensi
s,whichwasbipedalandsmall
instature.Hisf
ourtothree
mil
li
onyearoldremai
nswer efoundatLaetol
ii
nTanzaniaandTugenHi l
l
sinBar i
ngo
di
str
ict
:Kenya.ThenameAf ar
ensisi
sder i
vedfrom t
heAfardepressioni
nEthiopi
a.

 Austr
alopit
hecusafr
icanus(orA.Gracil
i
s),whol i
vedbet
weenthr
eet
otwoandahal
f
mil
li
ony earsagoandwassmal l,l
i
ght,slenderandametreandahal
ftal
l
,wi
thasmall
br
ain,butlargert
eet
h,jawsandskul l
.

 Austr
al opit
hecusrobustus,
whichwasst r
ongl
ybuil
t,wit
hmassivejawsandpowerful
teet
h, weighed68kgandwast hebiggestandmostrecentt
ypeofAustral
opit
hecus.
Helivedbet weentwoandoneandahal fmil
li
onyearsagoi
nSout hAfr
icaandwas
apparentlyveget
arian.Heatef
ruit
s,nut
sandr awtuber
s.TheEasternAfr
ican

 Austral
opit
hecusRobust
uswasnamedAust
ral
opi
thecusBoi
sei
.Foundi
nLake
Turkana.2.
5mill
i
onyearsol
d

Char
act
eri
sti
csofAust
ral
opi
thecus

 Hewasbi
pedal
(wal
kedont
wol
i
mbs)
.

 Coul
dgr
aspobj
ect
swi
thease.

 Mayhav
ebeenhai
ry,
shor
tandst
rong.

 Hadal
argef
aceandl
owf
oreheadandhadst
ereoscopi
cvi
sion.

 Hadmuchl
argert
eet
h,skul
landj
aws.

 Hisbrai
nwassmall
erthanmoder
nman’
s,butl
argert
hant
hatoft
hemosti
ntel
l
igent
ape:t
heGori
l
laabout500cc.

 Wei
ght
edbet
weent
hir
tyt
osi
xtyei
ghtki
l
ogr
ams

 Wasshor
tinst
atur
ewi
thasmal
lsl
enderbodyofaboutf
ourf
eett
all
.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 29
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Homohabi
l
is(
Pract
ical
man)
.

Thi
swasthefi
rstspeci
esofthegenusHomo.Hi stwoandahalftooneandahalfmil
li
on
-
yearol
dremainswerefoundatOlduv
aiGorgebyJonathanLeakeyi
n1964,Hadarand
OmoRiverv
all
eyinEthi
opiaandKoobi-
ForainthelakeTur
kanaareain1972.

2006p2qn1Gi
veoner
easonwhyHomohabi
l
iswasr
efer
redt
oas“
abl
e”man

i
. Becauseoft
heabi
l
ityt
omaket
ool
s (
Any1x1=1mar
k)

Char
act
eri
sti
csofHomohabi
l
is

 Hewasf ivefeettal
l.
 Largebraincapacit
yofabout775cc
 Hehadaskul l
similartomodernman’sinshape.
 Hewasomni vorous.
 Hecouldgr aspobjects.
 Hadanel ementarycommuni cati
onspeech.
 Teethli
kemoder nman.
 Well-
developedthumbl iket
hatofmodernmanhenceHemadeandusedt
ool
s.

Homoer
ect
us

Homoer
ect
usl
i
vedbet
weent
womi
l
li
ont
otwohundr
edt
housandy
ear
sago.

Hewascal
l
edHomoer
ect
usbecausehewal
kedi
ntwol
i
mbs.

Hemademor
eref
inedt
ool
s.

Hedi
scov
eredf
ir
e.

Hewasdi
scov
eredi
nHadari
nEt
hiopi
a.

 Hewasf
iveandahal
ffeett
all
.

 Hewasbi
pedal
(wal
kedont
wol
egs)
.

 Hemadeandusedt
ool
s,suchashand-
axes,
crudespear
sandar
rowheadsf
rom st
one,
boneandwood.

I
nwhatway
swasHomoer
ect
usdi
ff
erentf
rom ear
li
erhomi
nids?

Homoer
ect
uswasdi
ff
erentf
rom homi
nidst
hatcamebef
orehi
mint
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 Hehadabi
ggerbr
ain.

 Hehadal
ongskul
l
.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 30
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Hehadl
ongpr
otr
udi
ngj
aws.

 Hecoul
dcommuni
cat
ebyspeech.

 Hemadeandusedf
ir
e.

 Hehadsomef
orm ofhome.

2002p2qn2. Gi
veonechar
act
eri
sti
csofHomoEr
ect
us.

i
.HomoEr
ect
uswasupr
ight
/bi
pedal
/wakedupr
ight/
wal
kedi
ntwol
egs

i
i
.HomoEr
ect
uswasmor
eint
ell
i
gentt
hant
heear
li
erapes/
highert
hinki
ngcapaci
ty

i
i
i.HomoEr
ect
ushadabi
ggerbr
ancapaci
ty/
775-
1225cc

i
v.HomoEr
ect
ushadmor
edev
elopedhandf
orgr
aspi
ngt
ool
s.

v
.HomoEr
ect
ushadmor
edev
elopedhandf
orgr
aspi
ngt
ool
s.

v
i.Homoer
ect
ushadal
ongskul
l

v
ii
.HomoEr
ect
ushadl
ongpr
otr
udi
ngj
aws.

2011p2qn18 (
a) Gi
vet
hreephy
sical
char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heHomeer
ect
us.
(3mar
ks)

i
.Hadupr
ightpost
ure/
bipedal

i
i
.Hadpr
otr
udi
ngj
aws

i
i
i.Wasabout5f
eett
all
/1.
5m

i
v.Hadsl
oppi
ngf
orehead

v
.Haddeepsetey
es/
deepey
esocket
s

v
i.Hadhai
rybody (
any3x1=3mar
ks)

Namet
hepl
aceswher
eremai
nsofHomoer
ect
uswer
efound.

Ther
emai
nsofHomoer
ect
uswer
efound:

 AtHadarandOmor
iverv
all
eyi
nEt
hiopi
a,

 AtNar
iokot
oneRi
veront
henor
th-
west
ernshor
eofLakeTur
kana,

 AtOl
orgesai
l
ienearLakeMagadi
.

 AtI
simi
l
anearI
ri
ngai
nTanzani
a,

I
nTener
if
einAl
ger
ia,

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 31
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 I
nmor
occo.

I
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.

Homoerect
usal
soli
vedi
nFrance,
Spain,
Indi
a,I
ndonesi
a,Hungar
yandBr
azi
l
.InAsi
a,he
i
sref
err
edtoasJavamanorPekingMan.

1999p2qn17(
b)Expl
ainf
iveway
sinwhi
chHomoer
ect
usat
tempt
edt
oimpr
ovehi
sway
ofl
if
e?

i
. I
mpr
ovedst
onet
ool
sthr
ought
heuseofLev
all
oismet
hod

i
i
. I
nvent
edfi
rewhi
chwasusedf
orcooki
ng,
li
ght
ing,
war
mingandpr
otect
ingagai
nst
wi
ldani
mals.

i
i
i. Madeandl
i
vedi
ncav
esf
ormor
eper
manentset
tl
ementandsecur
it
y

i
v. Madecl
othesoutofani
mal
ski
nsbyscr
appi
ngt
hem cl
ean,
usi
ngef
fi
cientst
ool
s.

v
. Cr
eat
edl
eisur
eact
ivi
ti
essuchasar
twor
k

v
i. Dev
elopedl
anguagef
oref
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion

v
ii
. Mi
grat
edt
owar
merar
easorr
egi
ons

Homosapi
ens

Homosapiensappear
edbet
weent
wohundr
edt
housandandahundr
edandf
if
ty
t
housandyear
sago.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofHomosapi
ens

 Hewasundersi
xfeett
all

 Hehadsmal
lteet
h.

 Hehadast
eepandwel
l
-roundedf
orehead.

 Hehadl
ongst
rai
ghtl
egs.

 Hemadeav
ari
etyofmor
eref
inedt
ool
si.
e.mi
crol
i
ths.

 Hewasaf
isher
manandhunt
er-
gat
her
er.

 Hedomest
icat
edpl
ant
sandani
mal
s.

2000p2qn2.St
ateonechar
act
eri
sti
csofHomoSapi
ens (
1mar
k)

i
. Homesapi
enshadal
argebr
ain

i
i
. Wal
kedupr
ight
/hadupr
ightpost
ure

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 32
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i
i. Hadr
efi
nedspeech

i
v. Hadsmal
l
erj
awscompar
edt
oear
li
er

v
. Hadwel
l
-dev
elopedt
humbf
orgr
aspi
ng

Remai
nsofHomosapi
enswer
efoundat
:

 El
i
yespr
ingsnearLakeTur
kana,

 Kanj
eraandKanam i
nKeny
a,

 BodoandOmor
iverv
all
eyi
nEt
hiopi
a,

 Ngal
obai
nTanzani
a.

Thr
eesubspeci
esofHomosapi
enshav
ebeeni
dent
if
ied.Thesear
e:

 TheRhodesianMan, di
scover
edinnorthernRhodesi
a(present-
dayZambi a).hewas
sti
l
lmor eapeli
ke,wi
thri
dgesoverhiseyesandabackwar dslopingforehead.Buthe
hadstrai
ghtlegsandwalkedwit
hlongst r
ides,wi
thaskullandbrainli
kemoder n
man’s.Hemadeandusedscr appingandcut ti
ngt
oolsfr
om boneandst one.

 Neanderthal
Man, discoveredinNeandervall
eyinGermanyi n1856andinAsia,north
Afri
ca,Fr
ance,Belgi
um, Gibr
alt
ar,
Ital
y,f
ormerYugoslaviaandotherpartsofEurope.
Hewasahunt er
-gatherer.Thoughheavi
lybui
ltwit
hat hi
ckskull,
broadshoulder
sand
bushyeye-br
owsl i
keanape, hemadeandusedski lf
ull
ychippedstonetoolsand
pract
isedceremonialbur i
alj
ustli
kemodernman.

 Cro-MagnonMan, di
scover
edinEurope.Thisonecookedusi
ngfir
eandwasahunter
-
gather
er,pai
nterandcav
edweller.Heresembledmodernman,exceptt
hathewas
tal
ler
,str
ongerandwithbushyeyebrows.

Homosapi
enssapi
ens

Thesemayhaveappearedaroundfi
ft
ythousandyear
sagoandareassociat
edwi
thnew
inv
ent
ionsi
nmili
tar
yt echnol
ogy
,medici
ne,agr
icul
tur
eandi
ndust
ries.

Homosapi
ensSapi
ensar
edi
ff
erentf
rom Homosapi
ensi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 Theyhav
eamor
eadv
ancedf
acul
tyf
orcur
iosi
tyandi
ntel
l
igence,

 Theypl
anahead,

 Theymakeaccur
atef
orecast
s,

 Theyst
udyst
arsandgal
axi
es,

 Theyt
hinkandi
nvent
.

Mor
erecentdi
scov
eri
esofear
lymani
ncl
ude:

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 33
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 TheMil
l
ennium man,
discov
eredi
n2000i
nBar
ingo:
Keny
a,whi
chdat
esbackt
osi
x
mil
li
onyear
sago.

 The6-
7mill
i
ony ear
soldTr
umai,foundinChadin2002AD,whi
chindi
cat
esthatman
mayhavest
art
edev ol
vi
ngsepar
atelyf
rom apesmuchearl
i
erthancur
rent
lyt
hought
.

Usingtheirsuperi
ortechnology,Homosapi enswereabl
etodisperseandadaptto
areaswher eotherhomi ni
dswoul dnothavesurvi
ved,l
eadi
ngtoemer genceofvari
ous
racesofpeopl ewit
hdi sti
nctcharact
eri
sti
csinski
ncolour,
hairandfaci
alappearance,
probablyduetoisolati
onofv ari
oushumanpopul ati
onsandtheiradapt
ati
onto
diff
erentenvir
onment s.

Feat
ures

 Hi
ghi
ntel
l
ect
ual
capaci
tywi
thal
argebr
ainofov
er200cc.

 Spokewi
thwel
lref
inedspeech.

 Hadsmal
lj
awsandt
eet
h.

 Hewasabout6f
eett
all
.

 Hadwel
ldev
elopedt
humbf
orgr
aspi
ngobj
ect
s.

Racesofmanki
nd

Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
nracesofmanki
nd.Thesear
e:

 TheNegr
oid,
whi
chl
argel
ycompr
isesAf
ri
cans,
whomai
nlyoccupyAf
ri
ca.

 TheCaucasoi
d,(
Caucasians)
,whi
chi
smadeupofWhi
tesandI
ndi
ans.Thesear
e
mainl
yfoundi
nEurope,AsiaandNor
thAmer
ica.

 TheMongoloi
ds,
whoi
ncl
udeChi
nese,
Japanese,
Kor
eansandt
henat
ivesoft
he
Ameri
cas.

Cul
tur
eandeconomi
cpr
acti
cesofear
lyman
EARLYMAN’SWAYOFLIFE

Whyi
stheper
iodofear
lymanr
efer
redt
oast
heSt
oneAge?

I
twascall
edsobecauseman’
smater
ial
cult
uremai
nlycomprisedst
one.Man’
stool
s,
weaponsandot
herequi
pmentwer
emainlymadef
rom stone.

Li
stt
het
hreest
agesi
ntowhi
cht
heSt
oneAgeper
iodhasbeendi
vi
ded.

 TheOldStoneAge,
alsoknownast
heLowerPalaeol
it
hic,
whi
chl
astedbet
ween
450,
000to50,000y
earsagoandwasmai
nlycharact
eri
sedbymaki
ngafewsimpl
e
tool
s.

 TheMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge(
Middl
ePal
aeol
i
thi
c),
alsocal
l
edt
heMesol
i
thi
c,whi
chl
ast
ed
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 34
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

bet
ween2,
00,000-
10,
000y
ear
sagoandi
smai
nlyassoci
atedwi
thHomoer
ect
usand
Homosapi
ens.

 TheNewSt oneAge(UpperPalaeol
it
hic)
,al
soknownast heLat
eSt
oneAge,
which
l
astedbet
ween15,000-1500yearsagoandisassoci
atedwit
hHomosapi
ensand
HomosapiensSapiens.

1996p2qn2Li
stt
woeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esofear
lymandur
ingt
hest
oneAgeper
iod
(2mar
ks)

i
.Hunt
ingwi
l
dani
mal
s

i
i
.Gat
her
ingwi
l
dfr
uit
s,r
oot
sandv
eget
abl
es

i
i
i.Fi
shi
ng

i
v.Cr
opf
armi
ng

v
.Admi
nist
rat
ion

v
i.Tr
adi
ng

v
ii
.Maki
ngst
onei
mpl
ement
s

v
ii
i.Pot
ter
y (
2mr
ks)

1997p2qn2Ident
if
ytwoaspect
soft hecul
tur
eoft
heear
lymant
hathadt
hei
ror
igi
nsi
n
thel
ateSt
oneAge. (2marks)

i
.Gr
owi
ngcr
ops/agr
icul
tur
e

i
i
.Est
abl
i
shi
ngper
manentset
tl
ement
s

i
i
i.Maki
ngmi
crol
i
thi
ccomposi
tet
ool
se.
g.spear
s

i
v.Domest
icat
ingani
mal
s

v
.Begi
nni
ngofr
eli
gionandgov
ernment

v
i.Begi
nni
ngofgov
ernment

v
ii
.Pot
ter
yandbasket
ing

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 35
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

2003p2qn1.I
dent
if
ytwoway
sinwhi
chear
lymanusedst
onet
ool
s.

i.Fordiggingupr oots
i
i.Forconst ructi
ngshel t
er/cav
es
ii
i.Ski
nning/ scaping/peeli
ng
iv.Cutt
ing/choppi ng
v.Sewing
vi.Makingcont ai
ners
vi
i.Sharpening
v
ii
i.Forprotect i
onagai nstenemies/
weapons

i
x.Forhunt
ingandgat
her
ing

2005p2qn18.(
a)Whatwer
ethest
agesi
nthedev
elopmentoft
ool
sbyear
lypeopl
e?

i
.Theear
li
estt
ool
swer
emadef
rom st
ones

i
i
.Peopl
ehunt
edani
mal
sandusedbonesandi
vor
ytomaket
ool
s

i
i
i.Lat
erpeopl
eusedshar
penedst
icksast
ool
s

i
v.Aspeopl
eimpr
ovedi
ntechnol
ogyt
heydev
elopedi
ront
ool
s

(Any3x1=3mar
ks)

2007p2qn2.St
atetwomet
hodsusedbyEar
lyMant
ofi
ndf
ooddur
ingt
heSt
oneAge
per
iod.(
2mar
ks)

i
. Hunt
ing

i
i
. Gat
her
ing

i
i
i. Far
ming

i
v. Fi
shi
ng

2009p2qn2St
atet
woway
sinwhi
cht
heear
lymanobt
ainsf
ood
i
.Hunti
ng

i
i
.Gat
her
ing

i
i
i.Gr
owi
ngcr
ops/f
armi
ng

i
v.Li
vest
ockkeepi
ng/r
ear
ingani
mal
s

v
.Fi
shi
ng

2011p2qn2Gi v
et wor
easonst
hatmadeear
lyhumanbei
ngst
oli
vei
ngr
oupsduri
ngthe
StoneAgePeri
od. (2marks)

i
.Forcompani
onshi
p

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 36
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i.Forsecur
it
y
i
i
i.Toshareresour
ces
i
v.Tohelponeanother Any2x1=2mar
ks

2012p2qn18.(
a)St
atedi
sadv
ant
agesofhunt
ingasaneconomi
cact
ivi
tyoft
heear
ly
man. (
3marks)

i.I
tisdif
ficul
ttolocat
e/spott
heanimal
s
i
i.Ani
mal sareat hr
eat/
dangeroust
ohumans
i
i
i.I
trequir
esmanypeopl e
i
v.Hunti
ngi st
imeconsumi ng
v.I
tisti
resome/ cumbersome
v
i.Ani
mal srunfastert
hanman

TheOldSt
oneAge(Lower-
Pal
aeoli
thi
c)
Descr
ibet
wophasesint
owhichtheOldSt
oneAgewasdi
vi
ded.

 TheFi
rstPhase,
whi
chi
sassoci
atedwi
thOl
duwan(
pebbl
e)t
ool
s.

 TheSecondPhase,
whi
chwaschar
act
eri
sedbymaki
nganduseofAcheul
l
iant
ool
s.

Name/descr
ibet
het
echni
quebywhi
chear
lymanmadeweaponsandt
ool
sdur
ingt
he
Ol
dStoneAge.

Itwas“LaVal
loi
s”Techni
que(shapi
ngf
lintbybl
ows)
,char
acter
isedbyuseofeasi
l
y
avai
labl
emateri
alsuchasst
oneinmakingweaponsandtool
s.

Name/
descr
ibet
heear
li
estwel
lfi
nishedmanmadet
ool
.

I
twastheFist-
Hatchet,whi
chwasaFlint
-st
onethatwasbr
oadatoneendbutnar
row
andsharpattheotherandbasi
cal
l
yservedasacutti
ngt
ool
,thoughi
twas
mult
ipur
pose.

I
dent
if
y/descr
ibet
wot
ypesoft
ool
smade/
usedbyear
lymandur
ingt
heOl
dSt
oneAge.

 Olduwan(pebbl
e)tool
s,madefr
om fai
rl
ylar
ger
oundstones.Theywer
emadeand
usedonlyi
nAf r
icabyAust
ral
opi
thecusandHomohabi
l
is.

 Acheul
li
antools,whi
chwerefi
rstdi
scover
edatSaintAcheulv
all
eyinnort
her
nFrance,
whichexpl
ainsthebackgr
oundofthei
rname.TheyappearedinEastAf
ri
caaboutone
andahalfmill
ionyear
sago.

Out
li
net
hreeexampl
esofOl
duwant
ool
s.

 Fl
akes,

 Chopper
s,
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 37
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Fi
st-
hat
chet
s.

I
dent
if
ythepl
aceswher
eOl
duwant
ool
swer
efound.

 Ol
duv
aiGor
gei
nTanzani
a,

 Koobi
-For
anearLakeTur
kanai
nKeny
a,

 Omor
iverv
all
eyi
nEt
hiopi
a,

 Kaf
uval
l
eyi
nUganda,

 Shabapr
ovi
ncei
ntheDemocr
ati
crepubl
i
cofCongo,

 Al
ger
ia,

 Mor
occo,

 Tuni
sia.

Ol
duwant
ool
swer
ewi
del
yspr
eadi
nsout
h,cent
ral
andNor
thAf
ri
ca.

I
nwhatpl
aceswer
eAcheul
l
iant
ool
sfound?

Acheul
li
antool
sappear
edi
nEastAf
ri
caaboutoneandahal
fmi
l
li
ony
ear
sagoandhav
e
beenfoundi
n

 Tanzani
a

 Uganda,

 Mal
awi
,

 Zambi
a,

 Zi
mbabwe,

 Mozambi
que,

 Sout
hAf
ri
ca,

 Nor
thAf
ri
ca,

 Keny
a,

 TheMedi
ter
raneanbasi
n,

 TheMi
ddl
eEast
,

I
ndi
a,

 Engl
and.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 38
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

I
nKeny
a,Acheul
l
iant
ool
swer
efoundat
:

 Kar
iandusi
,

 Ol
orgesai
l
ie,

 Ki
l
ombe,

 Chesowanj
a,

 Mt
ongwe,

I
seny
a,

 Lewadowns.

Expl
ainhowAcheul
l
iant
ool
swer
emade.

Acheull
i
antool
s,whichareassoci
atedwi
thHomoer ect
us,weremadebyfl
akingthecor
e
-st
oneonbothsidestoproduceashar
p-poi
ntedendandlongercut
ti
ngedges.

I
dent
if
yanyt
woAcheul
l
iant
ool
s.

 Hand-
axes

 Cl
eav
ers.

St
atet
heusesofAcheul
l
iant
ool
s.

 Cut
ti
ng,

 Di
ggi
ng,

 Ski
nni
ng,

 Scr
appi
ng.

Descr
ibeMan’
sli
fedur
ingt
heOl
dSt
oneAgewi
thr
egar
dto:

(
a)Cl
i
mat
eandCl
othes,

(
b)Shel
terandf
ood.

CLI
MATEANDCLOTHES

I
nOl
dSt
oneAge,
manwal
kednakedbecause:

 Hehadnoty
etl
ear
nedhowt
omakecl
othes.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 39
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Theopengr asslandi
ntheSavannah(i
nwhichearl
ymanl
i
ved)hadcl
i
mat
ethatwas
warm enought omakelackofclot
hesbear
able.

 Hehadahai
rybody
.

 StoneAgemusthav
ebeencol
dert
hani
tist
oday
,whi
chexpl
ainswhyman’
sbodywas
hair
y.

SHELTERANDFOOD

 Mansl
eptontrees,
int
ree-
tr
unks,st
one-
cavesandr
ock-
shel
ter
sforpr
otect
ionf
rom
pr
edat
ors.Hehadnotyetl
earnthowtobui
l
dhouses.

 Manf edonplant
s,bi
rds’
eggsandi
nsect
s,whi
chheat
erawsi
ncef
ir
e-maki
nghadnot
yetbeeninv
ented.

 Hehadaki
ndofhome-
base,
wher
eheof
tenbr
oughtsomeofhi
sfood.

Descr
ibeman’
shunt
ingmet
hodsdur
ingt
heOl
dSt
oneAgeper
iod.

 Chasi
ngandt
hrowi
ngst
onebol
arst
oent
angl
eandcat
cht
heescapi
ngpr
ey.

 Di
ggi
ngl
argepi
tsi
nthepat
hofbi
gani
mal
stot
rapt
hem ast
heywentt
odr
inkwat
er.

 Chasi
ngorher
dingani
malsov
ersteepcl
i
ffsorint
omuddyorswampyl
akesf
oreasy
cat
chi
ng.Manthenski
nnedhi
spreyandatethemeatr
aw.

 Hunt
ingwasagr
oupact
ivi
ty.I
twasaki
ndofl
i
fet
hatr
equi
redst
rongpeopl
e.

 Asmenhunt
ed,
womengat
her
edf
rui
tsandber
ri
es.

Namet
hehomi
nidst
hatt
heOl
dSt
oneAgei
sassoci
atedwi
th.

 Aust
ral
opi
thecus,

 Homohabi
l
is,

 Homoer
ect
us.

2006p1qn18b)
Descr
ibet
hewayofl
i
feofear
lyHumanBei
ngsdur
ingt
heOl
dSt
oneAge
Per
iod

(
i)Theymadesi
mpl
est
onet
ool
sfordomest
icuse/ol
dul
vant
ool
s

(
ii
)Theyl
i
vedi
nsmal
lgr
oupsi
nor
dert
oassi
steachot
her

(
ii
i) Theyobt
ainedt
hei
rfoodt
hroughhunt
ingandgat
her
ing

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 40
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
iv) Theyusedsi
mpl
ehunt
ingmet
hodssuchaschasi
ngwi
l
dani
mal
sandl
ayi
ngt
raps

(
v)Theyat
erawf
oodbecausef
ir
ehadnotbeendi
scov
ered

(
vi) Theyhadnospeci
fi
cdwel
l
ingpl
aces

(
vii
) Theyshel
ter
edf
rom pr
edat
orsbycl
i
mbi
ngt
reesandhi
dingi
ncav
es

(
vii
i
) Theywor
enocl
othi
ngbutt
hei
rhai
rybodi
eskeptt
hem war
m

(
ix) Theyl
i
vednearr
iver
sandl
akes

(
x) Theycommuni
cat
edbyuseofgest
uresandwhi
stl
i
ng

(
Any5x2=10mar
ks)

TheMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge(Middl
e-Pal
eol
i
thic)
Namet
hehomini
dst
hatt
heMi ddl
eStoneAgei
sassoci
atedwi
th.

 Homoer
ect
us,

 Homosapi
en.

I
dent
if
ythr
eet
ypesoft
ool
smadeanduseddur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge.

 Sangoantool
s,someofwhi
chwer ef
oundatSangobayonthewester
nsideofLake
Vict
ori
ainTanzani
a,whi
chexpl
ainswhyt
heybearthenameSangoantool
s.

 Speci
ali
zedst
one-
tool
s,madet
hrought
heMoust
eri
anst
yle.

 TheTang,
whichmayhav ebeent
hefi
rstt
ool
wit
hahandl
eandwasi
nvent
edandused
i
nNorthAfr
icaabout40,
000year
sago.

I
dent
if
ythet
echni
quesusedi
ntool
maki
ngdur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge.

“
LaVal
l
ois”t
echni
que,
usedi
nmaki
ngSangoant
ool
s.

 TheMoust
eri
anst
yle,
whi
chwasusedi
nmaki
ngspeci
ali
zedst
one-
tool
s.

I
dent
if
ythedi
scov
eri
esori
nvent
ionsmadebyHomoer
ect
usdur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge.

I
nvent
ionanduseoff
ir
e.

I
nvent
ionanduseofbet
terweaponsandhunt
ingmet
hods.

 Cooki
ngoff
ood,
whi
chr
ender
edpr
evi
ousl
ypoi
sonouski
ndsedi
ble.

 Manwor
eanimalski
ns,
shel
l
sandneckl
acesascl
othi
ngandor
nament
sinst
eadof
wal
ki
ngnaked.

 Devel
opmentofl
anguagef
orcommuni
cat
ion,
whi
chst
rengt
henedman’
scul
tur
eand
soci
albonds.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 41
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Devel
opmentofRockart
.Manpaintedpi
ctur
esoft
heanimalshehuntedoncav
e-wall
s,
asi
sill
ust
rat
edatKondoaandSingidaar
easinnor
th-
cent
ral
TanzaniaandApol
loii
)
cav
esinOrangestat
einSout
hAfrica.

I
dent
if
yanyt
hreeSangoant
ool
s.

 Si
de-
scr
apper
s,

 Chi
sel
peaks,

 Pl
anepeaks,

 Hand-
axes,

 Fl
ake-
tool
s,

 Kni
ves,

 Spear
-poi
nts,

 Chopper
s,

 Dagger
s.

St
atet
hei
mpor
tanceoff
ir
etoear
lyman.

(
inwhatway
sdi
dthei
nvent
ionanduseoff
ir
echangeman’
swayofl
i
fe?
)

I
tpr
ovi
dedwar
mth,
par
ti
cul
arl
ydur
ingcol
dspel
l
s.

I
tpr
ovi
dedl
i
ght
ing,
mai
nlyatni
ght
.

 Mancoul
dnowcookhi
sfood,
whi
chr
ender
edpr
evi
ousl
ypoi
sonousv
ari
eti
esedi
ble.

i
v))Hunt
ingbecameeasi
erandshor
ter
,asbush-
fi
respushedani
mal
sint
oconf
ined
ar
eas.

 Wi
l
dani
mal
swer
efr
ight
enedandkeptaway
.

I
twasusedi
nhar
deni
ngt
ipsofwoodent
ool
s,whi
chgr
eat
lyi
mpr
ovedt
ool
maki
ng.

I
twasusedi
nsi
gnal
l
ingandcommuni
cat
ion.

I
twasusedi
npr
eser
vingf
ood,
e.g.i
ndr
yingf
ishandmeat
.

 Manwasabl
etomov
efr
om t
hewar
m Sav
annaht
oot
herar
eas.

 Pot
ter
ywasbakedandhar
dened.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 42
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Descr
ibeMan’
sli
fedur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
oneAgewi
thr
egar
dto:

(
A)FoodandCl
othes,

(
b)Shel
ter
.

FOODANDCLOTHES

 Bett
erweaponsandhuntingmethodswer
eused.Lar
geani
mal sl
i
keelephant
s,deer
,
rhi
nos,
pigs,
buff
aloes,
hippopot
amusandthegrazi
ngant
elopeswer
ecaught.

 Foodcoul
dnowbecooked.

 Fr
uit
s,bi
rds’
eggs,
insect
sandf
ishwer
eeat
eni
naddi
ti
ont
omeat
.

 Ani
mal
ski
ns,
shel
l
sandneckl
aceswer
ewor
nascl
othi
ngandor
nament
s.

 Peopl
epai
ntedt
hemsel
veswi
thr
edochr
eandoi
l
.

SHELTER

(
a)Manstart
edt
oident
if
yandhavepar
ti
cul
arpl
aceswher
ehi
sfami
l
ycoul
dret
ir
eand
r
estaf
tert
heday
’sact
ivi
ti
es.

(
b)Forsecur
ity
,manlat
erli
vedi
ncaves,
whichhadt hei
rent
rancescoveredwit
hani
mal-
ski
nstokeepawaywindandrai
nasfi
reburntatsuchent
rancesatnightt
okeepoff
wil
danimal
s.

I
denti
fyexamplesofpl
aceswher
eMi
ddl
eSt
oneAgemanandhi
sfami
l
ycoul
dret
ir
eand
r
estaftert
heday’
sacti
vi
ti
es.

 Anopensit
ewithatl
Eastsi
xsemi
-ci
rcul
arst
one-
set
ti
ngs,
whi
chwasf
oundatOr
angi
a
i
nsouther
nAfr
ica.

 Therock-shel
tersthatwer
escoopedoutt
ofor
m hol
l
ows,
foundatOl
orgesai
l
ienear
NakuruinKeny a.

I
denti
fyexampl
esofcav
est
hatwer
eusedasshel
ter
sbyMandur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
one
Age.

 Mat
upi
Cav
eint
heDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofCongo,

 Gambl
escav
enearLakeNakur
uinKeny
a,

 DarEsSul
tancav
einsout
her
nAf
ri
ca.

Expl
aint
headv
ancesmadebyear
lymandur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
oneAgewi
thr
egar
dto:

(
a)LanguageandRockar
t.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 43
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
b)Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion.

LANGUAGEANDROCK-
ART

 Mandev el
opedl
anguagef
orcommuni
cat
ion,
whi
chst
rengt
henedhi
scul
tur
eand
soci
albonds.

 Manpaintedpi
cturesoftheanimalshehuntedoncav
e-wal
l
s,asisi
ll
ustr
atedat
KondoaandSingidaareasinnort
h-cent
ral
Tanzani
aandApoll
oii
)cavesi
nOr ange
st
ateinSouthAfri
ca.

SOCI
ALORGANNI
ZATI
ON

 Fami
l
iesl
i
vedi
nsmal
lgr
oupsf
orsecur
it
yreasons.

 Ther
ewasef
fi
ci
entgr
oupor
gani
zat
ion,
especi
all
ydur
inghunt
ingexpedi
ti
ons.

 Withtheinvent
ionofl
anguage,
ear
lyman’
scul
tur
eandsoci
albondswer
e
st
rengthened.

I
nwhatt
woway
swasRockar
timpor
tantt
oear
lymandur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge?

 Cav
e-pai
nti
ngsshowedkeenobser
vat
ionofani
mal
li
fe.

Iti
mplieddevelopmentofsomebel i
efi
nmagic.Manbeli
evedt
hathisdrawingscould
contr
ol hi
schancesov erhispreyandthatbypai
nti
ngsuchani
mal pi
ctur
es,thehunt
wouldbesuccessf ul
.Indeed,somepictur
escontai
nedarr
owspier
cingtheanimalshe
hopedt ogetforhi
sfood.

1997p2qn15(
b)Di
scusst
hebenef
it
soft
hedi
scov
eryoff
ir
etot
heear
lyman(
11mar
ks)

i
. Thediscov
eryanduseoff
ir
emadei
tpossi
blef
orear
lymant
okeepwar
m dur
ingcol
d
ni
ghtsandseasons.

i
i
. Fi
reenhancedt
hesecuri
tyofearl
ymanasi twaskeptbur
ningt
okeepawaywi
l
d
ani
malsandotherpossi
blesour
cesofdanger.

i
i
i. I
twasasour
ceofl
i
ght
ingatni
ght
,whi
chf
aci
l
itat
edot
herpr
oduct
iveact
ivi
ti
esatni
ght

i
v. Fir
eimprovedhunt
ingact
ivi
ti
esofear
lymanasi
twasusedt
ohar
dent
het
ipsoft
he
tool
sforhunti
ng

v
. Ear
lymanusedt
oext
ractpoi
sonf
rom pl
ant
s.Whi
cht
heyusedf
orhunt
ing

v
i. Fi
rewasusedasasour
ceoff
oodpr
eser
vat
ionmet
hodf
orExampl
edr
yingmeator

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 44
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

f
ish.

v
ii
. Fi
rewasusedt
ocookf
oodandmakei
tpal
atabl
eandmor
enut
ri
ti
on.

v
ii
i. Fi
rewasusedt
obakeandhar
denwoodf
orspeci
alusee.
g.st
ool
sandhoe-st
icks

i
x. Fi
rewasusedasameansofcommuni
cat
ion

2003p2qn17.
a)Whatwer
etheadv
ant
agesoft
hedi
scov
eryoff
ir
ebyt
heear
lyman?

i
. I
tenabl
edear
lymant
ocookf
ood

i
i
. Fi
rewasusedt
okeeppeopl
ewar
m

i
i
i. I
twasusedt
opr
otectpeopl
eagai
nstwi
l
dani
mal
s/secur
it
y.

i
v. Fi
rewasusedt
ocl
earbushest
ofaci
l
itat
eset
tl
ement

v
. Fi
rewasusedf
orl
i
ght
ingatni
ght

v
i. Fi
rewasusedt
oshar
pent
het
ipsoft
ool
s

v
ii
. Fi
rewasusedf
orhunt
ing

v
ii
i. Har
deni
ngpot
s

i
x. Ext
ract
ingpoi
sonf
rom pl
ant
s

x. Communi
cat
ion

Any3poi
nts1mar
k=3mar
ks

2004p2qn2St
atet
wousesoff
ir
ebyear
lyman.(
2mar
ks)

i
.Itpr
ovi
deswar
mth

i
i
.Itwasusedt
oscar
eani
mal
s/secur
it
y

i
i
i.I
twasusedf
orcooki
ng/r
oast
ing/pr
eser
vingf
ood

i
v.I
twasusedf
orpr
ovi
dingl
i
ght

v
.Itwasusedf
orhar
deni
ngt
ool
s/pot
s

v
i.I
twasusedf
orcommuni
cat
ion

v
ii
.Itwasusedf
orhunt
ing

v
ii
i.I
twasusedf
orext
ract
ingpoi
son.

2007p1qn2.
Stat
etwoadv
ant
agesoft
hedi
scov
eryoff
ir
ebyear
lyman.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 45
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
2mar
ks)

i
. Manusedf
ir
etocookf
ood.

i
i
. Fi
repr
ovi
dedl
i
ghtatni
ght
.

i
i
i. Manusedf
ir
etokeephi
msel
fwar
m

i
v. Fi
rewasusedt
ohar
dent
ipsoft
ool
s.

v
. Fi
rewasusedt
ofr
ight
en/
keepof
fdanger
ousani
mal
s.(
Any2x1=2mar
ks)

2009p2qn18(b)Descr
ibesi
xway
sinwhi
cht
hedi
scov
eryoff
ir
ebyEar
lyMani
mpr
oved
hi
swayofl
if
e

i
. Thef
ir
ewasusedt
oroast
/cookt
hushest
oppedeat
ingr
awf
ood

i
i
. Fi
rewasusedt
opr
ovi
dewar
mthatni
ghtwheni
twascol
d

i
i
i. Fi
rewasusedt
opr
ovi
del
i
ghti
nthedwel
l
ing/si
tes/cav
es

i
v. Fir
eimpr ovedhunt
ingasmancoul
dusei
ttopushani
mal
stoconf
inedar
east
huski
l
l
them easil
y.

v
. Fi
rewasusedt
ofr
ight
enani
mal
sfr
om man’
sdwel
l
ingpl
acest
husi
mpr
ovedsecur
it
y

v
i. Tool
maki
ngwasi
mpr
ovedt
hrought
heuseoff
ir
etohar
denshar
pent
ipsoft
ool
s

v
ii
. Communi
cat
ionbet
weenpeopl
eli
vi
ngatdi
ff
erentpl
aceswasmadepossi
blebyt
he
off
ir
eandsmokesi
gnal
s

v
ii
i. Ear
lymanpr
eser
vedf
oodbydr
yingi
tov
ert
hef
ir
e

i
x. Fi
reenabl
edmant
ohar
denpot
ter
ywhi
chwasusedf
orst
orage/cooki
ng/t
rade

(
Any6x2=12mar
ks)

Regi
onal
Var
iat
ioni
nMi
ddl
eSt
oneAgeofAf
ri
ca(
cour
tesyJ.
D.Cl
ark)

Thenewst
oneage(Neol
it
hic)
Nametwohomini
dswit
hwhot heNewSt
oneAgewasassoci
ated.

 Homosapi
ens

 Homosapi
ensSapi
ens.

Descr
ibet
hemai
ntool
whoseusemar
kedt
heNewSt
oneAge.

TheNewSt oneagewasmarkedbyuseofmicr
olit
hsi
.e.smal
lpiecesofsharpstone
fi
tt
edandgluedint
owoodorbonehandl
es,e.
g.theCr
escentorlunet
te.Several
microl
i
thswerefi
xedt
oget
herinwoodenorboneshaf
tst omake“composite”tool
s.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 46
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

I
dent
if
yot
hert
ool
sthatwer
euseddur
ingt
heNewSt
oneAgeapar
tfr
om Mi
crol
i
ths.

 Ar
rowheads,

 Si
ckl
es,

 Spear
s,

 Bows,

 Ar
rows,

 Sl
i
ngs,

 Har
poons,

 Kni
ves,

 Swor
ds,

 Boneneedl
es,

 Dagger
s.

Descr
ibet
hecul
tur
eofear
lyMandur
ingt
henewSt
oneAgewi
thr
egar
dto:

(
a)Foodandagr
icul
tur
e,

(
b)Languageandr
eli
gion.

FOODANDAGRI
CULTURE

 Withbett
ert
oolsandweapons,
man’sfi
shi
ngtechniquesi
mpr
oved,
alt
houghhe
conti
nuedhunt
ingandgat
heri
ngfr
uit
sandrootsforfood.

 Domest
icat
ionofpl
ant
sandani
mal
sbegan,
whi
chi
mpr
ovedman’
sli
fe.

 Adequat
eandbal
anceddi
et,
duet
owhi
chman’
spopul
ati
oni
ncr
easedt
remendousl
y.

LANGUAGEANDRELI
GION

 Manbegant
odependmoreonnatur
alfor
cessuchasrai
nforf
ert
il
it
yandpr
oduct
ivi
ty
ofl
and,
awar
ethatdr
oughtcoul
deasi
lycauset
hei
rrui
n.

 Manbegant
oponderov
eri
ssuessuchasl
i
feaf
terdeat
h.

 Manperf
ormedrit
esandceremoni
esbel
i
evi
ngt
hatt
heycoul
dinf
luencer
ain,
drought
,
deat
handothernat
ural
for
ces.

I
dent
if
yAr
chaeol
ogi
cal
sit
esi
nKeny
awher
eev
idenceofNewSt
oneager
eli
gious

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 47
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

pr
act
iceswasf
ound.

 AtHy
raxhi
l
l,

 Nj
oror
ivercav
enearNakur
u.

Apar
tfrom humanfossi
lremains,i
dent
if
yotherNewSt
oneAgei
temst
hatwer
e
di
scover
edattheplacesyou’vementi
oned.

 Tool
s,

 Seeds,

 Food.

Descr
ibet
hesoci
alor
gani
zat
ion/
adv
ancesofear
lymandur
ingt
heNewSt
oneage.

1.Manset
tl
edi
nvi
l
lages,
eachofwhi
chcompr
isedabout1000member
s.

2.Pr
acti
cessuchasbodydecorat
iondevel
oped.Redochr
ewasusedasbodymake-
up
whi
lebeadsmadeofseeds,bonesandostr
ichegg-
shel
lswer
eworn.

3.Si
mpleart
sandcraf
tsli
kebasketr
yandsmel t
ingofbr
onzeandir
ondevel
oped.Pot
s
weremadebyshapi
ngclayandbakingithardusingfi
re.Manwasabl
etospinand
weavecl
othi
ngfr
om fl
axandothernatural
fibres.

4.Man-madeshel
ter
susingtr
eebranchesandgrass,decor
ati
ngwal
lsandr
oof
swi
th
ani
malpai
nti
ngs.Othert
hancav
esandr ock-shel
ters,
manbuil
thut
s.

5.Languageandr
eli
giondev
elopedasmanset
tl
ed.

Li
stt
heeconomi
cadv
ancesmadebyear
lymandur
ingt
heNewSt
oneage.

 Manmadeandusedbet
tert
ool
sandweapons,

 Man’
sfi
shi
ngtechni
quesi
mpr
oved,
alt
houghhecont
inuedhunt
ingandgat
her
ingf
rui
ts
andr
oot
sforf
ood.

 Domest
icat
ionofpl
ant
sandani
mal
sbegan,
whi
chi
mpr
ovedman’
sli
fe.

 Adequat
eandbal
anceddi
et,
duet
owhi
chman’
spopul
ati
oni
ncr
easedt
remendousl
y.

Expl
ainear
lyman’
spol
i
tical
adv
ancesdur
ingt
heNewSt
oneAge.

 Asaf armer
,manst
art
edl
eadi
ngaset
tl
edl
i
fe.Hebui
l
timpr
ovedsemi
-per
manent
shel
ters.

 Becauseofhi
ssoci
alwayofl
i
fe,
rul
esandl
awswer
esetup,
whi
chl
aterf
ormedt
he
basi
softheci
vil
soci
ety
.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 48
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Becausenotever
yonetookupf
armi
ng,
somepeopl
especi
ali
sedi
nleader
shi
p,r
eli
gion
andthemakingofcraf
ts.

2010p2qn2. Statetwousesofst onetoolsbyear

lypeopledur
ingtheOl
dSt
one
Ageperi
od.
i
. Forskinninganimal saft
erhunting.
ii
. Fordigginguproot s
i
ii
. Forcutti
ngmeat
i
v. Forsharpeningone/ wood
v. Forscrapinganimal sskins/
softening
vi
. Forkil
li
ngani malsdur i
nghunt i
ng
v
ii
. Forprotecti
ng/defence any2x1=2
marks
2011p2qn18( b)Explainsi
xculturalpract
icesofHomoSapiensduri
ngtheNewSt
one
Age (
12mar ks)

i
. Mademi croli
thictoolswhi chwer esmal landmor eef fi
cientthatt heear l
iertools
ii
. Livedi nrockshel t
ers/cave/hatst opr otectt hemsel v esf rom harshweat her/wild
animal s
iii
. Decor atedshel terswi t
hani mal paintings/ hunt ingscenes
iv. Begant odomest icateanimal s/pl
ant si nor dert oensur eregularfoodsuppl y
v. Dev elopedspeechwhi chmadecommuni cat ioneasi er
v i
. Dev elopedgov ernmentbyset ti
ngupr ules/laws
vii
. Dev elopedr eli
gionasev i
dencebyt hepr act iceofbur y i
ngt hedeadwi t
ht heir
possessi ons
v
iii
. Theypr acti
cedsi mpl eArtandCr aftwor k/pot tery/basket ry/
weav ing
ix. Theyst art
edaset tl
ewayofl ifewher et heyest abl i
shedv i
ll
ages
x. Theywer eav ari
etyofgar ment s/clot hing
xi. Theydecor atedt heirbodieswi thredochr e/wor eor ama (any6x2=12mar ks)
2012p2qn18( b)Expl ai
nsi xbenef i
tsofset t
lingi nv il
lagesdur i
ngt heLat eSt oneAge
period.
i
. Ther ewassecur i
tyaspeopl epr otectt hemsel vesagai nstenemi es
ii
. Livi
ngasal argegr oupenabl edpeopl et owor kt oget herhenceaccompl i
shingwi th
ease
iii
. Settli
nggi nv il
lagesassur edmanofper manentdwel li
ngt herebyr educingmov ement
iv. Mandomest i
catedani mal swhi chpr ov i
dedani mal pr oduct sther
ebyr educinghunt i
ng
activi
ties
v. Livi
ngi nv i
llagespr omot edinteractionst herebyi ncr easi ngsocial cohesionsi deas
v i
. Peopl ewer eabl et oexchangegoods/ ser viceshenceget t
ingwhatt heydi dnothav e
vii
. Itenabl edthem t obui l
dbet t
ershel tert herebypr ot ect ingt hemsel vesf r
om har sh
condi ti
ons

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 49
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions.

1.Identi
fyt
het heoriesthatexplaintheorigi
nofhumanbeings.
2.Whyi sAfri
car egardedtoast hehomeofear l
yman?
3.Discusstheeconomi candcul tur
alacti
v i
ti
eswhi
chtookplacedur
ingt
hefol
lowi
ng:
i
) OldStoneAge
i
i) MiddleSt oneAge
i
ii
) LateStoneAge
4.Howwasf i
reuseddur i
ngt heMi ddl
eSt oneAge?
5.Discussthecul t
uralandeconomi cpracti
cesofear
lymanduringt
hefol
lowi
ng
evolut
ionstages:
i
) HomoHabi l
is
i
i) Homoer ectus
i
ii
) HomoSapi ens

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 50
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

DEVELOPMENTI
NAGRI
CULTURE
Devel
opmentofear
lyAgr
icul
tur
e
2011p2qn3Identi
fyt
woway sthr
oughwhi
chear
lyagr
icul
tur
espr
eadi
nAf
ri
ca. (
2
marks)

i.Thr
oughmigr
ati
on
i
i.Thr
ought
rade
i
i
i.Thr
oughi
nter
marri
ages
i
v.Thr
oughwars

Defi
nit
ionofAgricul
ture
Agri
cultur
eisthegrowingofcropsandrear
ingofli
vest
ock.Agri
cul
tur
ebegunasman
begunt ogetsett
ledli
feandstophunt
er-
gathert
osettl
edli
fe.

Ori
ginofAgri
culture
Theori
esthatexplai
nhowmandi
scov
eredcr
opgr
owi
ngandani
mal
keepi
ng.

 TheDiff
usi
ontheor
y,whi
chstat
esthatcr
opgr owingandani
mal
keepi
ngdev
elopedi
n
sout
h-westAsi
aandthenspr
eadtotherestoftheworld.

 Thatwhi
chstat
est
hatagr
icul
tur
emusthav
edev
elopedi
ndependent
lyi
nvar
iouspar
ts
ofthewor
ld.

1999p2qn19( a)Whatfact
orsf
avouredthebegi
nni
ngofagr
icul
tur
edur
ingt
heNew
StoneAge?
(i
)Developmentoft
ool
s–modernizedtool
s&woodenplough

(
ii
) Set
tl
edl
i
feofdev
elopmentofset
tl
ement
s

(
ii
i) I
ncr
easeofpopul
ati
onl
eadi
ngt
ohi
ghdemandoff
ood

(
iv) Hunt
ingandgat
her
ingwasbecomi
ngt
ir
esome

(
v) Changei
ncl
i
mat
ewhi
chmadenat
ural
foodscar
se

(
vi) Av
ail
abi
l
ityofseedsi
nvar
iet
ye.
g.wheat&bar
ley

(
Any3poi
nts,
1mar
k)(3mar
ks)

Thebeginni
ngofdomest icat
ionofani
mals
2010p2qn3. I
denti
fythemet hodusedtopl
antcer
eal
cropswhenear
lyagr
icul
tur
ebegan.
i
. Thebroadcast
ingmet hod 1x1=1mar k
NBTHEFI RSTANI MALTOBEDOMESTI CATEDWASTHEDOG.
Benef
it
sofdomest icat
ionofanimals

 Regul
arf
oodsuppl
ye.
g.meatandmi
l
k.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 51
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Cl
othi
ng,
beddi
ngsandot
herpr
oduct
sfr
om ani
mal
ski
ns.

 Hoovesandhor
ns,
whi
chwer
eusedascont
ainer
s,communi
cat
ionandmusi
cal
i
nstr
uments.

 Ani
mal
bonesf
ormaki
ngt
ool
s,or
nament
s,needl
esandweapons.

 Camels,
donkeysandhor
sesenabl
edmant
otr
avel
longerdi
stancesf
ast
erwi
th
heav
ierl
oads.

I
ncr
easedcr
opy
iel
dsasoxenanddonkey
swer
eusedf
orpl
oughi
ng.

 Ani
mal
spr
ovi
dedmanur
efort
hecr
opf
arms.

 Useoft
hedogf
orpr
otect
ionf
rom danger
ousani
mal
s.

 Mannowl edamoresett
ledli
feashunti
ngwasnowl
i
mit
edsi
ncet
heani
mal
she
neededf
orfoodwereathisdoorst
ep.

 Mannowl
i
vedi
nfami
l
iesandv
il
lages.

Domest
icat
ionofpl
ant
sandani
mal
soccur
redi
ntheNeol
i
thi
cper
iod,
alt
houghani
mal
domest
icat
ioncamefi
rst
.

Thebegi
nni
ngofcropgrowing
Fact
orsf
orthedomest
icati
onofani
mal
sandcr
ops

1998p2qn1Nametwofact
orswhi
chi
nfl
uencedear
lymant
obegi
ndomest
icat
ing
ani
mals?(
2marks)

i
.Economy
.

i
i
.Manf
oundsomeani
mal
sfr
iendl
y.

i
i
i.Changesi
ncl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
onsr
esul
tedi
nar
idi
tywhi
chf
orcedani
mal
stomi
grat
e.

i
v.Ov
erhunt
ingbyear
lymanl
edt
other
educt
ionofani
mal
popul
ati
on.

v
.Incr
easei
nhumanpopul
ati
onf
orcedt
heani
mal
stomi
grat
efur
theraway
.

v
i.Adopt
ionofset
tl
edl
i
fenecessi
tat
eddomest
icat
ionofani
mal
.

Any2poi
nts,
1mar
keach.

2010p2qn18.a)Statefi
vereasonswhyearl
ypeopl
edomest i
cat
edcr
opsandani
mal
s
dur
ingt
heNeoli
thicperi
od.
i
. Duetoi
ncr
easedHumanpopul at
ionmor
efoodwasrequi
red.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 52
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i. Therewascompet it
ionf orfoodbetweenhumanbei ngsandani mals.
ii
i. Overhuntingdevel
opedst ocksofanimal onwhichhumanbei ngsreli
edonforf
ood.
iv. Huntingandgatheri
nghadbecomet i
resome/insecure.
v. Calamiti
essuchasbushf ir
e/fl
oodsdestroyedvegetation/dr
oveawayanimals.
vi. Somecr opsandanimal shadeconomi cv al
ue.
vi
i. Animalswer edomesticatedtoprovi
desecur i
ty.
v
ii
i. Therewasachangei nclimatewhichcausedar i
dity
/ weathersometimeshi
nder
ed
gatheri
ngandhunting. Any5x1=5mar ks

2004p2qn18.(
a)Whatmadet
heear
lymant
odomest
icat
ecr
opsandani
mal
s?(
3
marks)

i
. Theneedtosuppl
ementhunt
ingandgat
her
ingwhi
chwast
edi
ous/
needt
oleada
set
tl
edli
fe.

i
i
. Ther
eal
i
zat
iont
hatsomeani
mal
swer
esoci
ale.
g.cat

i
i
i. Thediscov
eryt
hatsomecr
opst
ookashor
tti
met
omat
ure/
presenceofi
ndi
genous
crops.

i
v. Thedi
mini
shi
ng/
migr
ati
oni
nnumberofwi
l
dani
mal
smademant
oseekanal
ter
nat
ive.

v
. Cl
imaticchanges/
nat
ural
whi
chcausedoccasi
onal
cal
ami
ti
es/
poorf
rui
tsandr
oot
yi
elds.

v
i. Thedev
elopmentofi
mpr
ovedt
ool
swhi
chenabl
edef
fect
ivecul
ti
vat
ionofcr
ops.

v
ii
. Popul
ati
oni
ncr
easel
edt
odemandf
orf
ood

v
ii
i. ForSecur
it
ye.
g.dog

2003p2qn17.b)Expl
ainsi
xway
sinwhi
chear
lyagr
icul
tur
echangedt
hel
i
vesofear
ly
peopl
e.

i
. Agri
cul
tur
eprov
idedpeopl
ewi
thast
eadysour
ceoff
oodi
nst
eadofdependi
ngon
hunt
ingandgat
heri
ng

i
i
. Peopl
ewer
eabl
etol
eadset
tl
edl
i
vesbecauseoft
heav
ail
abi
l
ityoff
ood

i
i
i. Avai
l
abili
tyoffoodenabledsomepeopl
etospeci
ali
zei
nski
l
lssuchascr
aft
s/l
ocal
i
ndustr
ies/di
vi
sionoflabour

i
v. Product
ionofexcessagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
sledt
othedev
elopmentoft
radebet
ween
communi t
ies

v
. I
tledt
oani
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
onaspeopl
ehadenoughf
oodt
oeat
.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 53
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

v
i. Concent
rat
ionofpeopl
einset
tl
ement
sledt
othedev
elopmentofear
lyur
ban
cent
res/
growthoftowns

v
ii
. Peopl
ewer
eabl
etobui
l
dmor
eper
manenthousesandt
hisensur
edt
hei
rsecur
it
y.

v
ii
i. I
tledt
othedev
elopmentofsoci
alsat
rat
if
act
ion/
classes

i
x. Dev
elopmentofpol
i
tical
syst
ems/
gov
ernment

Any6poi
nts,
2mar
ks=12mar
ks

Earl
yAgr
icul
tureinEgypt
2006p2qn2I denti
fyonear
eai
nAf
ri
cawher
eagr
icul
tur
ebegan

i
. Al
ongt
heNi
l
eVal
l
eyi
nEgy
pt (Any1x1=mar
k)

Fact
orsthatleadtoearl
yAgri
cul
tur
einEgy pt
Expl
aint
hef actor
sthatpromot
ed(faci
l
itat
ed)agr
icul
tur
einanci
entEgy
pt.

 Ther
iverNi
l
e,whi
chpr
ovi
dedt
hewat
erneededf
ori
rr
igat
ionandf
ordomest
icuse.

 Thef
ert
il
esoi
landt
hewar
m cl
i
mat
eoft
heNi
l
eVal
l
ey.

I
nventi
onanduseofi
rr
igat
iont
echni
que,
char
act
eri
sedbyShadoofandBasi
n
methods.

 Avai
labi
li
tyoff
oodcr
opst
hathadal
readybecomei
ndi
genoust
oEgy
pt,
e.g.wheatand
barl
ey.

 Av
ail
abi
l
ityofmanyt
ameabl
eani
mal
sinEgy
pte.
g.goat
sandsheep.

 Goodandablepol i
ti
call
eaders,whodi
rectedagri
cul
turalpr
oduct
ion,di
str
ibut
ionof
foodandothercraft
s.Thegov er
nmentownedhugegr anari
esandgo-downsfor
stor
ageofgrain,
animals,cl
othandmetalsforuseinti
mesofscar ci
ty.

 Natur
alprot
ecti
onoftheNileval
l
eyfrom f
orei
gninvasi
onbytheLi
byandesertt
othe
west,
theNubiandesertandtheNil
ecatar
actst
ot hesout
handtheharbour
lesscoast
oft
heNi l
edelt
aonthenor t
h.

 Egy
pt’
scloseproxi
mityt
oMesopotamia(
thef
ir
stcent
reofagr
icul
tur
aldev
elopment
),
whi
chencouragedalotofbor
rowi
ng.

 Useofi
mplement
sli
kesti
cks,
kni
ves,
axes,si
ckl
es,
woodenandbr
onzehoesand
ot
hersoft
hei
rki
nd,whi
cheasedf
arming.

 Far
mershadsev
eralseasonsi
nay
earand,
becauseofi
rr
igat
ion,
nol
ongerdepended
onannual
Nil
eVall
eyfl
oods.

I
ntr
oduct
ionandadopt
ionofir
ontechnologyinAfr
icaby1000AD,
whichenabl
edthe
Egy
pti
anstomakeanduseirontool
slikeploughs,
whichmadefarmi
ngmor eef
fi
cient

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 54
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

1997p2qn3Identi
fyt
wofact
orswhi
chf
avour
edt
hedev
elopmentofcr
opgr
owi
ngi
n
anci
entEgy
pt.(
2marks)

(
i)Av
ail
abi
l
ityofr
eli
abl
esour
ceofwat
er

(
ii
)Exi
stenceofi
ndi
genoust
ypeofgr
ains

(
ii
i) Exi
stenceoff
ert
il
esoi
l
sal
ongr
iverNi
l
e

(
iv) Thei
nvent
ionanduseoft
heShadooff
ori
rr
igat
ionandot
herf
orm ofi
mpl
ement
s

(
v)Exi
stenceofast
abl
egov
ernmentunderPhar
aoh

(
vi) Exi
stencewr
it
inghel
pedt
hem t
okeepaccur
ater
ecor
dsofseasonsandv
olumeof
f
ood

(
vii
) Useofsl
aveascur
rency
.

(
vii
i
)Inv
ent
ionanduseoff
armi
mpl
ement
s.

Descr
ibef
armi
ngact
ivi
ti
esi
nanci
entEgy
pt.

 Vari
ouscr
opsweregrown,suchaswheat,bar
ley,f
rui
ts,
flax
,beans,
veget
abl
es,
cucumber
s,oni
ons,
,l
enti
l
s,dates,
figsandgrapes.

 TheBroadcast
ingmethodofpl
anti
ng(scat
ter
ingseedonland)wasused.Animal
s
weredri
venoverthef
iel
dstocovert
heseedineart
hforgerminat
ionorbuddi
ng.

 Shi
fti
ngcul
ti
vati
onwaspract
isedbef
orethehumanpopul
ati
oni
ncr
eased,
butmor
e
set
tl
ercul
ti
vati
onwasencouragedasday
swentby.

 Vari
ousani
mal
swer
ekeptsuchascat
tl
e,sheep,
goat
s,pi
gs,
donkey
s,,
poul
tr
yand
bees.

 TheKingwasr
egar
dedastheguar
dianf
orfoodsuppl
yforall
.somesenior
gover
nmentof
fi
cer
swereassi
gnedther
esponsi
bil
i
tyofensuri
ngfoodsecuri
ty.

Descr
ibet
hei
rr
igat
ionmet
hodspr
act
isedi
nanci
entEgy
pt.

Ir
ri
gationtechni
queinancientEgy ptwascharacteri
sedbyShadoofandBasinmet hodsin
addit
iontoconstructi
onofdy kestodir
ectwatert othefar
msduri
ngdr ought.AShadoof
i
sawoodendev iceconsist
ingofal ongpoleswi ngi
ngupanddownbet weent wo
supporti
ngwoodenpost s.Ononeendoft hepol ewashungaheav yweightandaski n
bucketattheother.Thebucketwaspul l
eddownanddi ppedi
nwat erbyaper son.The
weightont heot
hersidewoul dthencausethebuckett ori
seuptoanotherper sonabove,
whowoul dempt ythewaterintothecanals,
whi chthendir
ect
edittothefiel
ds.

Descri
betwoseni
orgover
nmentof
fi
cerst
hatwer
eassi
gnedt
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyof
ensuri
ngf
oodsecuri
tyi
nanci
entEgy
pt.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 55
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 TheMast
erofLar
gessewasr
esponsi
blef
oral
ll
iv
est
ocki
nthecount
ry.

 Theheadoftheexchequerensur
eddi
str
ibut
ionofseedsandl
i
vest
ockwhen
agr
icul
tur
alout
putwaspoor .

2007p2qn3.Gi
vet
hemai
nreasonwhyear
lyagr
icul
tur
edev
elopedi
nEgy
pt(
1mar
ks)

i
. Av
ail
abi
l
ityofwat
erf
rom t
heRi
verNi
l
e

i
i
. TheRi
verNi
l
eal
sobr
oughtr
ichf
ert
il
esi
l
tfr
om t
hehi
ghl
ands

2008p2qn3. Nameonemet
hodofir
ri
gat
ionusedi
nthedev
elopmentofear
ly
agr
icul
tur
einEgy
pt. (1mark)

i
. Basi
n

i
i
. Canal

i
i
i. shadoof

Any1x1=1mar
k

I
mpact sofearl
yAgricul
tur
einEgypt
1998p2qn17( b)Explai
ntheresul
tsoft
hedev
elopmentofear
lyAgr
icul
tur
einEgy
pt
(10marks)

i
. Ther
ewasi
ncr
easedpr
oduct
ion,
hencef
oodsuppl
ywasr
egul
ar.

i
i
. Suf
fi
cientandnut
ri
ti
onal
foodsl
edt
oincr
easei
npr
oduct
ion.

i
i
i. Sur
plusagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
ionr
esul
tedt
otr
ade.E.
g.f
oodwasexchangedwi
thpot
s
andtool
s.

i
v. Therewasinv
entionofwrit
ing,
ari
thmet
icandgeomet
ryduet
otheneedt
okeep
recor
dsi.
e.hi
erogly
phics.

v
. Shadoofi
rr
igat
ionmet
hodswer
edev
elopedt
hatputmor
elandi
ntouse.

v
i. Ur
bancent
resemer
ged,
e.g.Memphi
s,Thebes.

v
ii
. Far
mer
sset
tl
edmor
eper
manent
lyandi
mpr
ovedt
hei
rli
vi
ngst
andar
ds.

v
ii
i. Reli
giondevel
oped,
e.g.godwasassoci
atedwi
thf
armi
ng.Of
fer
ingt
ogodswas
pract
ised.

Any5x2=10mar
ks

2009p2qn9.Gi
vet
wor
easonswhyt
heear
lyur
bancent
resi
nanci
entEgy
ptdev
eloped

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 56
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
ntheNi
l
eVal
l
ey

i
. Wat
erf
rom t
her
iverwasusedf
ort
ranspor
tat
ion

i
i
. Wat
erf
rom t
her
iverwasusedf
ordomest
icuse/i
ndust
ri
aluse

i
i
i. Ni
l
eval
l
eycont
ainedf
ert
il
esoi
lforf
armi
ng/av
ail
abi
l
ityoff
ood

i
v. Ni
l
eval
l
eyhadcool
temper
atur
ewhi
chencour
agesset
tl
ement

v
. Veget
ati
onal
ongt
her
iverpr
ovi
dedbui
l
dingmat
eri
als

(Any2x1=2mar
ks)

Ear
lyAgr i
culturei nMesopot amia
I
nMesopot ami a, whichtodayispartofIraq,
foodpr oducti
onbeganaround8000BC
havingbeeni ntroducedbyset t
ler
sf r
om theIrani
anpl at
eau.Jar
moi ntheKurdish
foothi
ll
sr epresent stheearl
ieststageofAgricult
ure.Asmenwenthunt ingand
gatheri
ng, thewoment heyl
eftbehindmayhav eexperimentedwit
hwildgrassesthat
grewar oundt heircompoundunt i
l t
heyfoundoutandgr ewtheedi
bleplant
s,paving
thewayf oror gani zedagri
cult
ure.

FACTORSTHATFACI
LITATEDAGRI
CULTUREI
NMESOPOTAMI
A

 Useofwat erf rom theTi grisandEuphr atesef orirr

igat i
on.Atf i
rst,
Sumeri nsout hern
Mesopot ami awasunsui t
ableforf armingasi thadv er ylitt
lerain.ButtheSumer ians
skil
ful lydugcanal stochannel wat erfrom t het wor iverst osummer ,
boost edbyt he
ShadooforBucketmet hodofi rr
igation.
 Ther i
chf erti
lesi l
tdeposi tedont hel owerTi grisandEuphr ateser i
vervall
ey sandsoi l
s
i
nt her egion, whi chwer emost l
yf erti
le.
 Goodl eader shipby ,amongot hers, Sargont hegr eatandHammur abithelawgi ver .
I nvent ionanduseoff armingimpl ement sl
iket heox- drawnpl oughandt heseed- dril
li
n
placeofdi ggingst icksandst onehoesf ast enedwi thst ickyearthont oashor twooden
handl ef ort i
lli
ngt hel andaswel lasbakedcl aysi ckles, basketsandpot sinr eaping
andst or i
ngt hehar vest.
 Thef actt hatt her egionwasendowedwi thi ndigenouscr opsandani mal slikewheat ,
dates, fi
gs, olives,vines,palms, onions, mel ons, cucumber ,ducks,pigs,gees, horses,
cattle, sheep, goats,av arietyofveget ablesandav arietyofgr ains.
 Heav yr ai
nsi ntheZaggi roesmount ains,whi chcausedt hemuchneededf loodsont he
Euphr atesandTi gri
sr iv
erv all
eys.
 Recl amat i
onofmor elandf oragriculturalpur posesbyski l
ful
lydraini
nganddi recting
wat ert hroughdy kes,ditchesandcanal sf rom swampyl andtot hedryland, maki ng
bothcul ti
v able.
FARMI NGACTI VI TI
ESI NMESOPOTAMI A
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 57
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 TheSumer i
anci vi
l
izat
ion,whichwast hriv
ingi nMesopot amiabyaround3000BC
compr isedt welveseparatecitystat
es.Far mi ng,fi
shing,cr
aftsmakingandkeepi ngof
l
ivestockwer emostpr acti
sed.
 Theci tystateswer esurroundedwi thwal l
s, outsi
deofwhi chwer efarmingfi
elds,on
whicht heur banpeopledepended.
 Mostl andwasi nthefor m oflar
geest atesbel ongingeit
hert ot
herulersortothe
wealthycl asses.Thewor kerswer egi v
ensmal lplotsandseeds,farmi mplementsand
l
ivestocki nreturnforlabourandsur pluspr oducet othelandowner s.
 Wheel edcar tswer eusedtot r
anspor tfarm producet ovariousstor
agepoi nt
s.
 Goatsandcat t l
eprovi
dedmi l
kwhi l
esheepsuppl iedwool :Mesopotamia’smaintexti
le
fabri
c.
 City
-statesof tenfoughtov erwaterrights.
Whatwer et heconsequences/ RESULTSofear l
yagricult
ureinMesopot amia?

 Adopt i
onofsedent aryl i
fest y
le.
I nvent i
onofwr i
ting( Cunei form)andAr i
thmet i
cforbet t
erf ar
mi ngmanagement ,e.
g.
account sonr ent spai dbyTennantf armer s, thesi zeoft heher ds,etc.
I ncreasedf oodpr oduct i
on.
 Popul ationi ncr ease, particularlyal ongr iverv all
eys, arisingf r
om heal thyfeeding.
 Urbani sation/ Emer genceofur bancent r
esl ikeUr uk, Eridu, Nippur,Ki
shandBaby l
on.
 Trade/ Dev elopmentandexpansi onoft r
adeduet osur plusagr icul
turalproduce.
 Divisionofl abour /Speci alizationi ncr afts,religionandot hernon- f
oodpr oducing
endeav ours, asnotal l couldengagei nfarmi ng.
 Soci alclasses.Wi thast r
at i
fiedsoci etyhav i
ngmaj orityoft heweal thpeopl eandt he
poor .
I nvent i
onanduseoft hewheel ,whi chimpr ov edtr anspor tandpot ter
y .
 Educat ion.Dev elopmentofsci enceandmat hemat i
cs, parti
cularl
yinmeasur ementof
time, distanceandar ea.
I nvent i
onandi mpr ov ementoff armi ngtool ssuchast hepl ough,whicheasedand
i
ncr easedagr icultur e.Forexampl e, i
treducedt henumberofpeopl eneededt o
cultivateal ar gepi eceofl and.Di scov eryanduseofmet alstomakef armt ools,which
revolutionizedagr icul tur
e.Br onzet ool swer emadeandusedi nMesopot ami aasear ly
as3000BC.
 Dev elopmentofr eligi on.Dev el opmenti nast ronomy , arisingfrom theneedt opredict
rains, f
loodsandecl ipses, whi chl edt othei nv entionoft hecal endar.Adv ancesin
reli
giouspr act ices.Mesopot ami anshadmanygods, mostofwhower econnect edt o
agr i
culture,e. g.Ni nur tathegodoff loods.

 Devel
opmentofl
awandgov er
nment.Governmentdev
elopedf
rom t
heneedfor
secur
it
y.
Expl
aint
womai nf
actor
sthatf
acil
it
ateddev
elopmentoflawinMesopot
amia.

 Advancesinrel
i
giouspract
ices.Mesopot
amianshadmanygods,
mostofwhower
e
connectedt
oagricul
tur
e,e.
g.Ni nur
tat
hegodoffl
oods.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 58
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Compi
l
ati
onofcor
dsofl
awt
oli
mitconf
li
cti
nthei
rci
vi
li
zat
ion,
e.g.Hammur
abi
’
slaw.

Factor
sthatledtoearl
yAgr i
cul
tureinMesopotami a
2012p2qn3. Stat
etwoway si
nwhi chtheSumer i
ansinMesopot
ami
arecl
aimedl
andf
or
agri
cul
ture. (2marks)
i. thebuil
tbanks/dykesalongriver
stostopfl
oodi ng
i
i. Theydugdi t
chestodrainwaterfrom swamps
i
i
i. Theyusedcanalstoirr
igatetheland
i
v. Theyusedshadooft odrawwat ertoir
ri
gat
et heland
(2marks)

I
mpact sofear
lyagri
cult
urei
nMesopotamia
2000p2qn3I denti
fytwosimi
lar
it
iesbet
weenear
lyagr
icul
tur
einMesopot
ami
aand
Egypt.(
2mar ks)

i
. I
nbot
hcount
ri
esagr
icul
tur
ewaspr
act
icedal
ongt
her
iverv
all
eys

i
i
. Far
mer
sdependedonf
loodwat
erf
orf
armi
ng

i
i
i. Theydev
elopedsy
stemsofi
rr
igat
ion

i
v. Theyusedf
armi
mpl
ement
smadeofst
one,
woodandl
atermet
al

v
. Theyt
radedi
nfar
m pr
oduce

v
i. Pl
ant
edi
ndi
genouscr
ops

v
ii
. Usedbot
hhumanandani
mal
labour

v
ii
i. Dev
elopedasy
stem ofst
orageandpr
eser
vingoff
oods

2011p2qn3I
dent
if
ytwoway
sthr
oughwhi
chear
lyagr
icul
tur
espr
eadi
nAf
ri
ca.

(
2mar
ks)

i
. Thr
oughmi
grat
ion

i
i
. Thr
ought
rade

i
i
i. Thr
oughi
nter
mar
ri
ages

i
v. Thr
oughwar
s

TheAgrari
anrevoluti
on
 Agr
arianRevoluti
onrefer
stor
adi
cal
changesandi
mpr
ovement
sinagr
icul
tur
eand
ani
mal domesticat
ion.

Charact
eri
sti
csofagr
icul
tur
einEuropebefor
etheagr
ari
anrev
olut
ion
 Landbelongedt
othefeudall
ords,t
hechurchandt
heroy
alfami
ly.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 59
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Landwasr entedoutt opeasant s,

whopai dbythei
rlabour
.
 Pathsandcar ttrackscr i
ss-cr
ossedt heland.
 Farmersusedt heBr oadcasti
ngmet hodsofplanti
ng.
 Smallscalefarmi ngandi nter
cropping(growi
ngofmor ethanonecr
oponapi
eceof
l
andatt hesamet i
me)waspr acti
sed.
 Farmerspractisedt heOpenFi eldsystem.
THEOPENFI ELDSYSTEM

 Api eceofl andwasdi v i

dedi nt ot hreepor ti
ons: oneforgr owi ngcor nandwheat ,the
secondf orbeans, peas, bar ley ,oat sandbushwheat ,whi lethet hir
dwasl eftfal
lowt o
regai nf erti
lity
.Somet i
mes, thist hirdpi ecewasl eftforgr azingandhomes.
 Eachpor ti
onofl andwasdi videdi ntosev eralstr
ips,dependi ngont henumberof
peasant si nav i
l
lage.
 Eachpeasanthadhi sownst r i
p, onwhi chhewasmeantt ocul tivat
ej ustenoughf or
theneedsofhi sf ami l
ysi nceagr iculturehadnoty etbeencommer ciali
zed.
Di
sadv antagesofopenf ieldsy stem
 I tdidnotal l
owef f
ici
entf ar mi ngasl andwasnotf ul
lyutil
ized.
 Di visionofl andi ntosmal l stripsdi scour ageduseoff arm machi nery.
 Theexi stenceoff all
owpi ecesofl and, cartt
racksandpat hsthatwentt hrought he
unf encedf iel
dswast edl and.
 I twasdi f
ficulttocont rol diseasesort opractiseselectivebr eedingsi ncelivest
ock
grazedt oget her.
 Thebr oadcast i
ngmet hodofpl ant i
ngl edt owast ageofseedsassomewer eeat enby
birdsandr odent s.
 Fami l
ieshadt ot ravellongdi stancest oreacht heirfi
eldsaspi ecesofl andwer e
scat teredal lover .
 Agr icultural yi
eldwasl owandcoul dnotmeett hegrowi ngur banpopul ati
on’sfood
demand.

Agrari
anrevolut
ioni
nBri
tai
n
Character
ist
icsofagr
ari
anrev
olut
ion

 Thelandencl osur esystem (fenci ngandhedgi ngofpl ot

s),whi chr eplacedt he
OpenFi eldsy stem in1750.
 Mechani zati
on, i.e.useofnewf armi ngmet hods, whichrequiredl argef armsas
opposedt ot hepr evi
oussmal lstrips.
 Aboli
tionoff allows.Far mer scoul dnol ongerl eavethelandf allowt or egainits
fer
til
i
tyaswast het raditi
on.Incr easei npopul ationmeantdemandf ormor efood,
whichr equir
edmostoft helandt obeputt ouse.
 I
ntroduct i
onofcr opr otati
on.Lor dVi scountTownsenddev el
opedaf our-
course
rot
ationsy st
em cal l
edt heNor folk, whichconsi stedofbar l
ey, clover, t
urnipsand
wheatont hesamepl otoflandov eraf our-
y earperiod,bywhi chl andr etainedor
gai
nedbutwoul dnotl oseitsfert i
li
ty.
 Theintroduct i
onofi ntercr
opping.I twasdi scov eredthatgrowi ngcr opsl ikemaize
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 60
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

andbeansonagi venpieceoflandatt hesamet i

meenabl edl andtoregainfert
il
it
y,
sincesuchcr opsdi dnotrequir
et hesamenut ri
entsfrom thesoi landtheygrew
wel li
fplantedt ogether.
 Useoff er
ti
lizer.Thiswaspi oneeredbyLor dVi scountTownsend, who
recommendedmanur i
ngoflandt oincreasey i
eldsperhect are.
 Useofmachi nes.Thischangedagr i
cul
turef r
om asmal lscal esubsistenceacti
vit
y
toal argescal ebusinessforbot hsubsistenceandcommer cialpurposes.
 Sel ectivebreedi ngofli
vestock.Thiswasi nvent edbetween1725- 1795byRober t
Bakewel l.
 I ntroducti
onandal l
-ti
meav ail
abili
tyofcat t
lefeed,whichhel pedensur esupplyof
freshmeatal ltheyearround.
Theanimal breedst hatresult
edfrom Rober tBakewel l’
sSelect
iveBr eedingtechnique.

 Newi mprovedcattlebreedsl
ikeDevon,
theShort-Horn,Herefor
d,Ayshir
eand
Aber
deenAngus
 Sheepbreedssuchast heLei
cester
,Shr
opshi
re,SuffolkandOxf or
d.
 Pigbreedsli
keYor kshir
e,Ber
kshi
reandTamwor th.
Thei
nventi
ons/
innovat
ionst hatwer
emadedur i
ngAgrarianrevoluti
oninBrit
ain.

 JethroTul l
’si
nv ent ionoft heSeedDr i
l
l andthehor se-
dr awnhoei n1791,,with
whichseedscoul dbesowni nr ows, whi cheasedi nterrowcr oppi ngandkeptt he
l
andbet weent her owscl ean.
 Int
roduct i
onoft heI ronploughi npl aceoft hewoodenpl oughi n1825.
 Format ionoft heRoy alAgr i
cul t
ural Soci et
yin1838, whichpubl icisednewi deas
andt echni quesoff armingall overBr i
tain.Thisencour agedadopt i
onofmoder n
met hodsoff ar mi ng.
 Openi ngofasuperphosphat esf act or
yi nLondoni n1843bySi rj ohnBennet
Lawes, foll
owi ngt heear li
erdi scov erybysci entiststhatNi trogenPhosphor us( i
n
phosphat es)andPot assium ( i
nPot ash)ar enut ri
entsforal lplant s.
 Andr ewMei kles’ inventi
onoft heMechani calThr esherin1876, whi chimproved
PatrickBel l’
sear lierinventionoft heMechani cal Reaper ,whi chr eplacedthesickl
e
i
nhar vestingcor n.ABi nderwasaddedt other eapersot hatcor nwascutand
boundatt hesamet i
me.Ot hermoder nmachi nesliketract orsandt hecombi ned
harvest ercoul dr eapandt hreshcor nsi multaneousl y.

THELANDENCLOSURESYSTEM

Howt
heEncl
osur
esy
stem ser
veasanagr
icul
tur
all
andmar
kinBr
it
ain

Itwasnecessitat
edbyuseofnewf armi
ngmet hodsthatrequi
redl
argefarmsas
opposedtotheprevi
oussmall st
ri
ps.
 Richfar
mersboughtupallthelandand,t
hroughtheEnclosureMovement,demanded
thatl
andbeenclosedbyfencing.
 ThroughtheEncl
osureactof1750,theBri
ti
shgov er
nmentmandatedf ar
merstofence

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 61
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

theirland.Thi senabl edt her icht oacqui real otmor elandandcr eatedl argef armst hat
wer eeasi l
ymanagedasf armer scoul dspecializeincr oporani mal product ion,whi ch
washi ghlypr ofitable.
 Thef ar mer sthatboughtupt hel andgott it
ledeeds, whicht heycoulduset obor r ow
moneyf rom firmst oimpr ov et hei rfarms.
 Peasant s,whocoul dnotbuyt hei rownest ateswer eev i
ctedf r
om andl ostt heirland,
whichwassol dof ftor i
chl andl or ds.
 Ther ewasdi spl acementandal otmor ehardshi pforthosewhol ostt heirlandast hey
hadt osel lt
hei rlabourt ot her ichf ar
mer sandt othef actoriesintheur banasot hers
emi gratedt ot heUSA, Canada, Aust ral
ia,NewZeal andandSout hAfrica.
 Ther ewer emanychangesi nl i
f esty l
easagr i
culturewast ransformedf rom asi mpl e
humanoccupat i
ont oacompl exhi ghlyprofitablebusiness.
 Fall
owl andwascul ti
v atedandwast elandr eclaimed.Foodcoul dnowbegr ownr ound
they earduet oi ncr easedi rr
igat ion.
 Cultivationmet hodsandequi pmenti mpr oved, whichmeantadequat eandsur pl
us
foodpr oduct i
on.
 By1800, allf
ar ml andi nBr i
tainwasencl osed, whichgr eatlyreducedt her i
skofani mal
andcr opdi seases.Aggr essi vef armer scoul dnowi ncreasepr oductionwi thoutt he
hindranceoft heirnei ghbour s.

Fact
orst
hatl
edt
oagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nBr
it
ain

1997p2qn5Namet woway si
nwhi chtherai
lwaytr
ansportcont
ri
butedtotheAgrar
ian
revoluti
oninWester
nEur ope.(2mar ks)
i
.Rai lwayprovi
dedeffi
cientandrel i
ablemeansoftransportf
oragri
cul
tur
al pr
oduct
s.
i
i.Prov i
dedeffi
ci
enttr
ansportforf arm machi
neryandlabourandfar
mi mplements.
i
ii
.Prov i
dedeffi
ci
enttr
ansportoff armt i
li
ng.

1998p2qn3St at
eonewayi nwhi chtheAgr ari
anRev olut
ioncontri
butedtor
ural-urban
migrati
oninEurope.(1mark)
i
. Mechani zati
onoffarmingrenderedpeasant sjoblesssot heymigr
atedtourban
centr
esinsearchofjobsopportuni
ties.
i
i
. Theencl osuresystem mademanypeopl elandless.
Any1poi nt,1mar k.
1999p2qn2.St ateonemai nwayi nwhichtheAgr ar
ianRev ol
uti
oncontri
but
edt othe
developmentofurbancentresi
nEur ope.

i
. Theencl
osuresyst
em/t
heconsol
i
dat
ionoff
armsf
orcedpeopl
etomi
grat
efr
om t
he
rur
alar
eastourban (1mark)

1999p2qn19(b) Explain si
xfact
orswhi
chpr
omot
edpl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ngi
nEur
ope
dur
ingt
heagrar
ianr
ev ol
uti
on

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 62
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
. TheI
nvent
ionofmachi
nesf
orex
tensi
vef
armi
nge.
gseedl
i
nghor
sedr
awn

i
i
. pl
ough,
ironhoe.

i
i
i. Di
scov
eryoff
ert
il
izer
swhi
chl
edt
ohi
ghy
iel
ds/manur
e

i
v. Di
scov
eryofpest
ici
desandf
ungi
cideswhi
chf
aci
l
itat
econt
rol
ofcr
ops

v
. Di
seases.

v
i. I
mpr ov
ementintr
anspor
tespeci
all
ytherai
l
waywhi
chf
aci
l
itat
etr
anspor
tat
ionofbul
ky
goods/far
m pr
oductsandfar
m workers

v
ii
. Hi
ghdemandf
orf
oodbyr
api
dlygr
owi
ngur
banpopul
ati
on.

v
ii
i. Demandf
oragr
icul
tur
alandi
ndust
ri
alr
awmat
eri
als

i
x. Dev
elopmentofnewbr
eadsofcr
opsasar
esul
tofr
esear
chi
nagr
icul
tur
e

x. Theencl
osureact
s/system pushedpeopl
eoutoft
her
ural
areasandcr
eat
edr
oom
forpl
ant
ati
onagri
cul
ture.

2000p2qn19(
b)Expl
ainf
ouradv
ant
ageoft
hel
andt
enur
esy
stem i
nBr
it
ain(
7mar
ks)

i
. I
tledt
othedev
elopmentofl
argescal
efar
mingt
husbr
ingi
ngmor
elandunder
pr
oducti
on

i
i
. I
tledt
oincr
easedf
oodpr
oduct
ionsi
ncemor
elandwasbr
oughtundercul
ti
vat
ion

i
i
i. I
ncr
easedf
oodpr
oduct
ionl
edt
oani
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
on

i
v. I
tfaci
li
tat
edthemechani
zat
ionofagr
icul
tur
ee.
g.t
heuseofseeddr
il
lmechani
cal
t
hresherandcombi
nedharv
ester

v
. I
ncreasedagr
icul
tur
alproducti
onledtotheestabli
shmentofi
ndust
ri
eswhi
ch
pr
ov i
dedemploymentopportuni
ti
estothedisplacedpoor
.

v
i. I
tenhancedcontr
olandspr
eadofpestanddi
seasesandl
edt
othepr
oduct
ionofhi
gh
qual
i
typroduce.

v
ii
. I
tledt
otheappr
eci
ati
onoft
hev
alueofl
and

v
ii
i. i
mpr
ovedt
ranspor
tsy
stem t
otr
anspor
tagr
icul
tur
alpr
oducet
othemar
ket

i
x. Inv
ent
ionofnewmet
hodsofmai
ntai
ningsoi
lfer
ti
li
tye.
g.Useofmanur
e,cr
opr
otat
ion
andusefer
ti
li
zer

x. Ledtotheestabli
shmentofor
ganizati
onsthatdissemi
nat
edi
nfor
mat
ionaboutnew
agri
cul
tur
alinventi
onse.
g.Royal
agr i
cult
uralSociet
y

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 63
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

xi
. Newmet
hodsofani
mal
husbandr
ywer
epr
act
icede.
g.sel
ect
ivebr
eedi
ngofl
i
vest
ock

xi
i
. Mechani
zat
ionofagr
icul
tur
eledt
othegr
owt
hofl
ocal
andi
nter
nat
ional
trade.

Resul
tsofagrar
ianr
evol
uti
oninBr
it
ain
Theresul
tsofAgrar
ianr
evol
uti
onI
nBritai
n

I mpr ovedf ar mi ngmet hods, whichl edt oi ncreasedf oodproduct i

on.
 Popul ationi ncr easeasf oodwasabundant .Lifeexpectancywashi ghertoo.
 Al argev arietyofcr opse. g.clover,pot at oes, beans, maize,vegetablesandci trusfrui
ts.
 Newani mal br eedssuchast heFr iesiancowaswel lasLeicesterandSuf f
olksheep,
amongot her s.
lar gescal ef armi ngi npl aceofsubsi st encef arming.
 Mechani zationoff ar mi ngascul t
ivationofl argefarmswasadopt ed.
 Rur al-
urbanmi grationaspeasant swer ecompel l
edbyt heEncl osur emovementt osell
theirlandt or ichf ar mer s.
 Av ail
abilit
yofr awmat er ialsrequi r
edi nt heagr obasedi ndustr
ies,thuscontributingto
thei ndustrial r
ev olution.
 Expansi onofbot hlocal andi nternat i
onal t r
ade
 Expansi onoft het ranspor tnet work.
 Enhancementofr esear chandsci entifici nnov ati
ons.
 Mi grati
onofsomeoft hel andlesst ot heUSA, Canada, Austral
ia,NewZeal and, and
Sout hAf ri
caandot herpl acesov erseas.
 Mi nimizationofpest s,diseasesandepi demi cs.
 highst andar dofl i
fe, par ticul
ar l
yforf armer sduet oincreasedagr icul
tur
al i
ncome.
 Av ail
abilit
yoff oodandf eedsr oundt hey ear .
 Briti
shcul tur ewasspr eadandadmi ni st er edov erseas.
 Emer genceandgr owt hofmor eandmor eur bancent r
esduet or i
seofanon- food
produci ngpopul ati
on.

Thenegat
iveef
fect
soft
heAgr
ari
anr
evol
uti
on.

 Landwasconcent ratedint hehandsofaf ewr i

chpeopl e,l
eav i
ngt hewidermaj or
it
y
underpovertyandi nsecurityduet of or
cedsal esoft hei
rland.
 Thefactthatwor k,forwhi chthosewhol ostt heirlandhadt olook,wasnoteasyt o
fi
nd,fort
hel andlessout number edt helandl ordsbyagr eatermar gin.
 Mostofthosewhomi gr
atedov erseasdi edduet oexposur etost r
angecl i
mat es.
 Someoft heemer gentnon- foodproduci ngpopul at i
onindul gedintopermi ssiveand
unbecomingbehav i
our ,
al otofwhi chremai nst odat e.
 Somef er
til
izerandpest icides,suchasDDT, becamedest r
uct i
vetot heenv ir
onment .
 Urbancentreswer eov ercrowded, withpoorl i
v i
ngcondi ti
onsduet oinfl
uxofpoor
l
andlesspeasant sintotowns.
 Theideaofcol onizati
onst emsf rom Agr arianr ev oluti
onsinceal mostal lplaceswhere
Bri
ti
shemi grantswentt oaf t
ertheAgr arianRev olution,suchast heUSA, Canada,

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 64
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Aust
ral
i
a,,
NewZeal
and,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
etc.becameBr
it
ishcol
oni
es.

Theagr
ari
anr
evol
utionint
heUnitedSt
atesofAmeri
ca
1996p2qn6Namet womaincashcropsthatwer
egrowni
nNor
thAmer
icadur
ingt
he
Agr
ari
anev
olut
ion.(2marks)

i
. Tobacco

i
i
. Cot
ton

i
i
i. Cor
n/Mai
ze

i
v. Wheat

Factor
sthatledtoagrar
ianr
evolut
ioninunit
edstatesofAmeri
ca
2001p2qn20.( a)Descri
bethr
eefactorst
hatfaci
li
tat
edthedevel
opmentofagr
icul
tur
e
inAmericabefor
e1800

i
. Eur
opeani
mmi
grat
ioni
ntot
her
egi
onl
edt
opopul
ati
oni
ncr
easeanddemandf
orf
ood.

i
i
. Eur
opeani
mmi
grat
ioni
ntr
oducednewmet
hodsoff
armi
ng

i
i
i. I
ntr
oduct
ionofnewcr
ops

i
v. Av
ail
abi
l
ityofsl
avel
abourt
ocl
earf
orest
sandt
ofar
m

v
. Sui
tabi
l
ityofcl
i
mat
eforagr
icul
tur
e

v
i. Pr
esenceofsui
tabl
esoi
l
sfordi
ff
erentt
ypesofcr
ops

v
ii
. Set
tlementofent
erpr
isi
ngEur
opeanemi
grant
swhowi
shedt
omakeal
i
vingt
hrough
agr
icul
tur
e.

v
ii
i. Av
ail
abi
l
ityofi
ndi
genouscr
ops

i
x. Useofr
iverf
ori
rr
igat
ion

(
Any3poi
nts,
1mar
k(3mar
ks)

2001p2qn20(
b)Di
scusst
hef
act
orst
hatl
edt
otheAgr
ari
anRev
olut
ioni
nNor
th
Ameri
can

i
. Thei
ntr
oduct
ionoftheencl
osur
esystem i
nBri
tai
nf or
cedl
andl
esst
omi
grat
etoNor
th
Amer
icawheretheyi
ntr
oducednewfarmingmethods.

i
i
. Avai
l
abil
i
tyoflandf
orthef
armi
ngofdif
ferentcropvar
iet
iessuchast
obacco,
cot
ton
andwheat/
recl
amati
onofwast
elandofir
rigat
ion.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 65
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i
i. Sui
tabi
l
ityofl
andf
ordi
ff
erentcr
opv
ari
ety

i
v. Governmentrecognit
ionofindi
vi
dual
landowner
shi
p(t
heHomest
eadAct1860)
encouragedsett
ler
stof ar
m

v
. Thegr
ant
ingoff
inanci
alai
dtof
armer
stobuyanddev
elopl
and/
credi
tfaci
l
iti
es.

v
i. Thei
ntr
oduct
ionofsl
avel
abourensur
edadequat
esuppl
yofl
abourf
orf
armi
ng

v
ii
. Det
erminati
onbytheEuropeani
mmi
grant
stosucceedi
nagr
icul
tur
east
her
ewasno
ot
hersourcesofl
i
v el
i
hood.

v
ii
i. Theincreasei
ndemandforagri
cult
uralr
awmat er
ial
sbyEuropeanindust
ri
ali
sts
encouragedexpansi
oni
nagri
cult
ure/av
ail
abi
l
ityoffor
eignmarket
.

i
x. Thei
nvent
ionoft
hecot
tongi
nin1993byEl
iWhi
neyl
edt
oincr
easedcot
tonacr
eage.

x. Themechani
zati
onofagr
icul
tur
est
imul
atedpr
oduct
ivi
tye.
g.t
hest
eel
ploughandt
he
mechani
calr
eaper.

xi
. Thedevel
opmentoff
oodpreser
vat
ionmet
hodsofcanni
ngandr
efr
iger
ati
on
encour
agedfar
merst
oproducemore.

xi
i
. Theapplicat
ionofscienceandresearchtoagri
cult
ural(
e.g.biotechnol
ogy
developmentofnewf oodsf r
om exi
sti
ngcrops,useofferti
l
izersandgeneti
c
engineer
inginli
vest
ockpr oduct
ion)f
acil
i
tatedtheAgrari
anRev oluti
on.

xi
i
i. I
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
oncr
eat
eddemandf
orf
oodwhi
chl
edt
oexpansi
onofagr
icul
tur
e

xi
v. Di
scov
eryofcont
rol
l
ingofani
mal
diseasesl
edt
oincr
easepr
oduct
ion.

(
Any6poi
nt1mar
k(12mar
ks)

Ef
fectsofagr
ari
anrevol
uti
oninUnit
edStat
esofAmer i
ca
 Div
ersi
fi
cat
ionofagri
cul
tur
ethrought
heint
roduct
ionofnewcr
opsandani
mal
sfr
om
Bri
tai
n.

I
nvent
ions,
e.g.t
hest
eel
ploughbyJohnDeer
eandt
her
eaperbyCy
rusMcCor
mick.

 Useoff
ert
il
izer
sandhi
ghbr
eedseeds.

I
mpr
ovedf
oodpr
oduct
ion.

 Expansi
onofagr
icul
tur
e-r
elat
edi
ndust
ri
es.

 Mechani
zat
ionoff
armi
ngt
orepl
acesl
avel
abour
.

I
mpr
ovementandexpansi
onoft
ranspor
tnet
wor
k.

I
ncreasedpopul
ati
onduet
oadequat
efoodsuppl
yandemi
grat
ioni
ntot
heUSAf
rom
WesternEur
ope.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 66
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Enhancementofr
esear
chandsci
ent
if
ici
nvent
ions,
par
ti
cul
arl
yint
hef
iel
dof
agri
cul
tur
e.

I
ncr
easedt
radebet
weent
heUSAandWest
ernEur
ope.

Thef
oodsi
tuat
ioni
nAf
ri
caandt
her
estoft
hedev
elopi
ngwor
ld

Fact
orsthathav
econtri
but
edtoshor
tageoff
oodinthedevel
opi
ngwor
ld
2001p2qn14.St at
etwowaysinwhi
chpoortr
ansportsy
stemshav
econt
ri
but
edt
ofood
shor
tageinAfri
ca.

i
. Poort
ranspor
thav
eledt
ohi
ght
ranspor
tat
ioncost
s,l
eadi
ngt
ohi
ghpr
icesoff
ood.

i
i
. Poort
ranspor
thav
eledt
opoordi
str
ibut
ionoff
ood.

i
i
i. Poortr
ansportsyst
emshav
eledt
odel
aysi
nthet
ranspor
tat
ionoff
oodl
eadi
ngt
o
wasteandlosses.

i
v. Poortr
anspor
tsy
stemsdi
scour
age/
demor
ali
zesf
armer
sandt
hisi
ntur
nleadst
o
off
icer
s.

v
. Poort
ranspor
tsy
stem under
minesef
fect
ivenessofagr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
onof
fi
cer
s.

v
i. Agr
icul
tur
ali
nput
sdonotr
eadi
l
y/r
each/l
eadi
ngt
opoorpr
oduct
s.

(
Any2poi
nts,
1mar
k(2mar
ks)

2004p2qn18(
b)Expl
aint
hecausesoff
oodshor
tagesi
nthet
hir
dwor
ldcount
ies(
12
marks)

i
. Overdependenceoncashcr
opshast
akenov
erl
andt
hatwoul
dhav
ebeenusedf
or
cul
ti
vati
onoffoodcrops.

i
i
. Adver
secli
mati
cchangessuchasdroughtandf
loodsdest
roy
cr
ops/fr
ost
/ear
thquakes,
landsl
i
des.

i
i
i. Somear
eashav
einf
ert
il
esoi
l
s,whi
chl
i
miti
ntensi
vecul
ti
vat
ion

i
v. Rapi
dgr
owt
hofpopul
ati
onofpopul
ati
onhasov
ert
akent
hepaceoff
oodpr
oduct
ion.

v
. Rur
al-ur
banmi
grat
ionhasdepr
ivedt
her
ural
areasofast
rongwor
kfor
ce

v
i. Poori
nfrast
ruct
urehasi
ncreasedthecostoffar
mingdi
scouragi
ngf
armer
s/hi
nder
s
themarketi
ngofgoods/
fooddistr
ibut
ion/
incr
easesf
armingcost
s.

v
ii
. Lackofcapi
tal
tobuyf
armi mpl
ement
sli
mit
stheamountoff
oodt
hatcanPr
oduced
/heav
yforei
gndebt
sburden.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 67
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

v
ii
i. Poorf
armi
ngmet
hodsl
eadt
olowy
iel
ds

i
x. Pr
eval
encetopl
antandani
mal
sdi
seasesr
educef
oodpr
oduct
ion/
pest
se.
g.
Ti
cks/
tset
sefl
y/l
ocust
.

x. Dest
ruct
ionhumanact
ivi
ti
eshav
eledt
osoi
ler
osi
onr
esul
ti
ngt
opoory
iel
ds.

xi
. Thedecli
ningpopular
it
yofi
ndigenousanddough-resi
stantcr
opshasmadefar
mers
nottoproducethem/sel
ect
ingeati
nghabi
tsdiscouragepeoplef
rom gr
owi
ngfood
theydon’
tli
ke.

xi
i
. I
nsomepartsoft
heThirdwor
ldcount
ri
espoli
ti
cali
nst
abi
l
ityhascr
eat
edi
nsecur
it
y
t
huspeopl
earenotabl
etoengageinf
oodproduct
ion.

xi
i
i. Overdependencyondonat
ionsandf
orei
gnai
dandhasn’
tandpeopl
etober
eluct
ant
t
ogr owfoodcrops.

xi
v. Poori
mplement
ationoff
oodpol
i
cieshasl
edt
oinadequat
efoodpr
oduct
ion/poor
gover
nmentpol
i
cies.

xv
. HI
V/AI
DSpandemi
chasr
educedwor
kfor
cel
eadi
ngt
olowpr
oduct
ion.

2010p2qn18b) Expl ainf ivecausesoff oodshor t

agest oAf ricat oday .
i
. Manypar tsofAf ricaexper iencel i
ttl
eornor ainatal loversev eral yearsleadi ngt ocrop
fail
ureandhencef oodshor tages/ natural hazar ds.
ii
. Ther apidpopul at iongr owt hr atehasov ertakenf oodpr oduct i
onr ater esul ti
nginto
foodshor tages.
i
ii
. Inadequat e/food st or age f acil
iti
es had cont ri
but ed tof ood wast ages as f armers
cannotst oref oodf oral ongper i
od.
i
v. Poorst ateofr oadsi nmanyAf ri
cancount rieshi nderst ranspor tationoff oodf rom the
areasofsur plust ot hoseofdef ici
t.
v. Low pr i
cesoff oodst uf fhasdi scour agedmanyf armer swhomayhav ei nvestedso
muchcapi tal l
eadi ngt of oodshor tages.
vi
. Manyf armer si nAf rical ackenoughcapi tal tobuyr equiredf armi nputs.
vii
. Duet ocr opdi seasesandpest ,al otoff oodi sdest r
oy edei t
heront hef armsori n
storesr esul t
ingt of oodshor tages.
vi
ii
. Theemphasi soncashcr opf armingatt heex penseoff oodcr opshascont ributedto
lowf oodpr oduct ionl eadi ngt of oodshor tages.
ix. Environment aldegr adat iont hroughdef or est ation/ov ergrazingofani mal shadl edto
soilerosi onl eadi ngt owast eland, hencel owf oodpr oduct i
on/ deser ti
fication.
x. Civi
lwar si nmanyAf ricancount r
ieshav edi splacedpeopl ef rom t heirf armsand
therefor ediv ertedt hei rat tentionf r
om f armi ngr esul ti
ngi nf oodshor tages.
xi. Poorf oodpol icieshav edi scour agedf armer sast heyar enotgi venenoughi ncent i
ves
incaseofcr opf ailur e/ pooreconomi cpl anni ng.
xii
. They oung- ablebodi edper sonsmi gratet our bancent rest husl eav ingf armi ngt othe
agedwhoar enotabl et ocont r
ibutemucht owar dsf oodpr oduct i
on.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 68
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

xi
i
i. HIV and AI DS pandemic has impact ed negati
v el
y on the l
abourforce i
nf ood
producti
on.
xi
v. Poorlandtenuresy st
em/ l
andfragmentationhasr educedtheacr
eagethatwouldhave
beenusedf orproducti
onscarcit
y.
xv. Overreli
ance/dependenceonf aminerel i
effood/otherfor
msofai dhasmadepeopl e
nottolookforper manentsol
uti
onstof oodshor t
ages.
xv
i. Lackofmoder nf armi
ngmet hodsherledt olowfoodpr oducti
on.
Any5x2=10mar ks

Ef
fect soff oodshor tagei nthedev elopingwor ld
 Starv at
ion,whichhasbeenwi delyexperienced.
 TheRef ugeecr i
sis.Aspeopl efleeormi gratefrom t heirhomecount ri
esmainlydueto
starv at
ion,count r
iest owhi chtheyflee(host -
countr i
es)st rai
nt heirresour
cesintry
ing
toaccommodat esuchr efugees.
 Soci alproblemssuchascat t
leraidsamongpast oralistcommuni ti
es, whi
chhave
causedheav yl
ossofl if
eandpr operty.
 Dependenceonf oodai d.
 Disruptionofchi ldren’seducat i
onduet oconst antsear chf orfood.
 Pooreconomi cdev elopmentashungr ypeoplecanhar dlyconcent rateonwork.
 Stagnat ionoftheagr obasedi ndust r
iessuchassugarmi l
l
ingf actori
es.
 Al otofunempl oy mentsi ncemosti ndust r
iesint het hir
dwor ldar eagr obasede.g.
bakingandconf ectionery,milkprocessing, et
c..

2007p2qn18.a)Statet
hreewaysi
nwhi
chpeopl
eindev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esar
eaf
fect
ed
byfoodshor
tages. (3mar
ks)

i
. I
thasl
edt
odeat
hsofhundr
edsofpeopl
eduet
ofami
ne.

i
i
. I
ncr
easedsuf
fer
ingasmanypeopl
eduet
ofami
ne.

i
i
i. I
thasl
edt
osoci
alpr
obl
emsl
i
ker
aidsandt
hef
t.

i
v. I
thadcausedmi
grat
ionofpeopl
eaf
fect
edbyf
oodshor
tage.

v
. I
taf
fect
sagr
icul
tur
albasedi
ndust
ri
es.

Solut
ionstofoodshor
tagesint
hedevel
opingworl
d
2007p2qn18.b)Explainsixwayst
hatthedevel
opi
ngcount
ri
escanuset
oreducet
he
problem off
oodshort
ages.(
12marks)

i
. Landr
ecl
amat
iont
hroughi
rr
igat
ionordr
aini
ngswamps.

i
i
. Extensi
ver
esearchonbet
terqual
i
tyani
mal
andcr
opbr
eedsandonhowt
ocont
rol
pestsanddi
seases.

i
i
i. Est
abl
i
shmentofagr
icul
tur
alt
rai
ningi
nst
it
utest
otr
ainagr
icul
tur
alof
fi
cer
s.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 69
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
v. Soi
lconser
vat
ionandr
est
orat
ionaswel
lasf
orest
ati
onandr
e-af
orest
ati
on.

v
. Encour
agi
ngpeopl
etoeatdi
ff
erentt
ypesoff
oodespeci
all
yindi
genousf
oods.

v
i. Cont
rol
ther
ateofpopul
ati
ongr
owt
hthr
oughf
ami
l
ypl
anni
ng.

v
ii
. Useofdemocr
acyanddi
plomacyt
osol
vepol
i
tical
probl
ems.

v
ii
i. Thegov
ernment
sar
etr
yingt
osubsi
dizebypr
ovi
dingf
armer
swi
thseedsandt
ool
s

Rev
isi
onQuest ions
1.Whatf actorsenabledear l
yagricul
turetodev elop?
2.Descr i
bet hedev el
opmentoft heearlyagri
cultureinEgy ptandMesopot amia.
3.Whatwer ethebenef it
softhedomest i
cati
onofani malsandplantstotheearly
man?
4.I dent
if
yt heimpactoft hedevelopmentofear lyagricult
ureinEgyptand
Mesopot ami a.
5.Howdi dt heAgr ari
anRev ol
uti
oni nBrit
aincont ri
butetot heAgrar
ianRevolut
ionin
USA?
6.a)Ex plainthecausesoff oodshortagesinthedev elopi
ngcount r
ies.
b)Howhav et hegov ernmentsconcernedtriedt orectif
yt hepr
oblemsoffood
short
agesi nt hedev el
opingcountri
es?

THEPEOPLESOFKENYAUPTOTHE19TH CENTURY
Backgr
oundtothepeopl
eofKenya
Kenyaismadeupofpeoplef
rom di
verseor
igi
nsmai
nlyi
mmigrant
sfrom ot
herpartsof
Afr
icaandt
hewor l
d.Theear
li
esti
nhabit
ant
sofKeny
aarebel
ievedtobetheKhoisani.
e.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 70
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

thesanandKhoi
kho(Bushmen)ofsout
her
nAf r
ican.Theremnant
soft
hesegr
oupsar
e
theNguye,
Okuroofwester
nKenya,t
heDorobo/Athi
/Ogi
ekofKenyat
heHadzaand
SandaweofTanzani
a.

Evidencest
hatprov
edt
ohav
ebeeni
nhabi
tedbyhumanki
ndasf
arbackast
womi
l
li
on
yearsagoorearl
i
er

 Toolsattri
butedt oHomohabi l
iswerefoundinKoobi ForanearLakeTur kana.
 Handaxes, cleaversandot hertool
sat t
ri
butedt oHomoerect ushav ebeenf oundat
Olorgesail
i
enearLakeMagadi ,MtongwenearMombasa, aroundl akesVi ctori
aand
TurkanaandatKar i
andusi
.
 Toolsassociatedwi ththelateStoneagesuchast heCrescent ,ar
r owheads, pott
ery
,
bonehar poonsandor namentaleggshellshav ebeenfoundnearl akeNai vasha,l
ake
Nakuru,Lukeny ahi l
l
sandAt hiri
ver.
 Microli
thtools,axeheads,pol i
shedstones,stonebowels, pl
attersandgr inding
stoneshav ebeendi scover
edal loverKenya.
 Ir
onwasusedasf arbackas270AD.Ev i
denceofi r
onusehav ebeenf oundatUr ewe
nearNg’iyainSiay aandinKwal eatthecoast.
 Animalssuchascat t
le,
sheepandgoat swer edomesticatedi nKeny aduringthelat
e
stoneage.

Li
festyleoft heear l
iesti nhabi t
ant sofKeny a
 Thei rlanguager esembl edt hatoft heKhoi san.
 Theyor iginallywer enomadi cpeopl es.
 Theygat heredf ruitsanddugupt ubersandr ootstosuppl ementt hei
rdi et.
 Theyusedst onet ools, bowsandar rows.
 Theyf i
shedi nr i
v ersandl akes, usinghar poons.
 Theyl i
vedi nr ockshel tersandcav es.
 Theymadeandusedpot tery.
 Theybur i
edorcr emat edt hei rdead.
 Becauseoft heirnomadi clifestyl
e, t
heyl i
vedi nseasonal campsandhadno
permanenthomes.
 Bei nghunt er-gather ers, theywer ev eryfew, withveryfewbel ongi
ngsi.e.av ari
etyof
stonet ools,bowsandar rows.
t
h
 Byt he7 cent uryBC, theyhadl earntandpr acti
sedf i
shing.Theyst art
edl i
vi
nginsemi
permanenthomesofr ockshel tersandcav es.
 Af teracqui ringtheski l
l offoodpr oduct i
on, t
heyset tl
eddowni nmoreper manent
homesandownedmor emat eri
alssuchasgr i
ndingstones, pestl
esandst onebowel s,
potsandcal abashes.
 Theykepthumpl essl ong- hor nedcat tl
eandgr ewf ood-cropsl i
kesorghum andmi ll
et.
 Theypassedonmanycust omssuchasci rcumci si
on,age- setorgani
zat ion,t
hetaboo
againsteat ingf i
sh, et c.Ther ewasal otofcul t
uralexchangebet weenthem andt he
newcomer s.
Theseear lyinhabi tant sofKeny amayhav ebeensubduedbyot herst
r ongerpeoples,

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 71
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

par
ti
cul
arl
ytheBant
uandt
heNi
l
otest
hroughi
nter
mar
ri
age,
assi
mil
ati
onandwar
.

Communi
ti
est
hatdescendedf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
inhabi
tant
sofkeny
a

 TheIrakandBur ungiofTanzania,
 TheBoni ,DahaloandSany eoftheRi verTanabasi n.
 TheNguy eandOkur oinwest ernKeny a.
Somer emnantsoft heseearlyinhabi
tantsspeakt helanguagesofthegroupsnearor
wit
hwhom t heyliv
e.E.g.somespeakKi kuyuwhi leothersspeakOl
maa: t
helanguage
oftheMaasai.Amaj or
ityofthem speakKal enji
ndi al
ects.TheKal
enj
inref
ertothem as
Okiekwhil
etheMaasai callt
hem Dor obo.Inwest ernKeny a,
theNguyeandOkurower e
tot
all
yassimil
atedbyt heLuoandBant ugr oups.

Li
ngui
sti
cgr
oupsi
nKeny
a

TheBant
u

TheNi
l
otes

TheCushi
tes

Racesi
nKeny
a

 Afri
cans.
 Europeans.
 Asians.
 Arabs.

Ori
ginofthepeopl
eofKeny a
TheBantuori
ginat
edf r
om aregi
onbet
weentheNi
ger
-Del
ta-
Chad-
Kor
dof
anand
Cameroon.Theyfi
rstsett
ledont
heCongofor
est
.

TheNi
l
otesor
igi
nat
edi
ntheEt
hiopi
anhi
ghl
andsandSudan.

TheCushi
tesor
igi
nat
edf
rom Hor
nofAf
ri
ca.

Mi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementoft
hepeopl
eofKeny
a

TheBantu
Theyhadasimil
arsoundoftherootwordforpeopl
ehasa‘ nt
u’,
‘ndu’
,‘t
u’andthenames
ofli
vest
ockareal
ike.Thebant
uarethelar
gestgroupinKenyaandaredi v
idedint
otwo
groupsvi
z:
WesternBant
uandEast er
nBantubasedonhowt heyenter
edKeny a.

Fact
orsformi
grati
on
200418.(a) Whydi dtheBantumigr
atefr
om thei
rori
ginal
homeland?(
5mks)
i
. Ther
ewasani ncreaseinpopul
ati
onthustheneedforl
andforset
tl
ement

i
i
. Theywer
elooki
ngf
orl
andf
orcul
ti
vat
ion

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 72
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

ii
i. Theyneededl andf orgrazi
ng/pasture
iv. I
nternalconfl
ictsforcedthem tomigrate
v. Theywer eattackedbynei ghbouri
ngcommuni t
ies/ext
ernalat
tacks
vi. Outbreakofdiseasesl edtomi gr
ati
on/outbreakofepidemics
vi
i. Theymi grat
edduet odroughtandfamine
v
ii
i. Somepeopl emi gratedforthesakeofadv entur
e (5x1=5mks)

West
ernBantu
 Abasuba

 Abal
uyi
a

 Abakur
ia

 Abagusi
i

19995.Namet woBant
ucommunit
iesinKenyawhoseancest
orsset
tl
edi
ntheMount
El
gonareabefor
emigr
ati
ngt
otheirpr
esenthomel
and.(
2mks)
i
. Abagusi
i

i
i
. Abakur
ia

i
i
i. Abal
uyi
a/anyAbal
uyi
aspeaki
nggr
oup

(
Any2poi
nts.1mar
k)

20123.Namet woBantugroupsinKeny
awhi
chset
tl
edinMountEl
gonar
eabef
ore
migrat
ingt
otheirpr
esenthomeland. (
2marks)
(
i)Abal
uhya

(
ii
)Abagusi
i

(
ii
i)
Abakur
ia

Abal
uyi
a

 Luhyi
aoralt
radi
ti
ont r
acest hei
rori
gintoanareacall
edMi si
ri
.Histor
icalevi
dence
showsthatAbal
uhyiaresultedf
rom int
ermarr
iagebetweenvariousethni
cgr oupsin
thecour
seoftheirmigrati
onintoKenya.Bul
uhyiai
sanar eainwhichNi l
otes,Bant
u
andsomeCushitesinteract
ed.

 Luhyiamigrati
onandset tl
ementi nt
oKenyastart
edaround300AD.Thei
rmostrecent
ancestorsspreadfrom EasternUgandafr
om around1300AD.Mostofthem mayhave
ori
ginatedfrom themountEl gonregi
onandthensettl
edinBukhayo,
Marama,Ti
riki
,
Bunyore,Wanga, Maragoli
,Mar achi
,Ki
sa,
Sami a,
Idakho,
Isukha,
Bungomaandother
Bukusuar eas,Bunyal
a,Busonga, et
c.

 Astheymigr
ated,t
heyassi
mil
atedothergr
oups,
suchast
hesout
her
nandEast
ern
Cushi
tesaswellasSout
hernNi
lotes.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 73
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Between1550-1750AD,
Luhy
iasoci
etybegant
otakeshape.By1883,
Abal
uhy
iahad
ful
l
yemer gedasacommunity.

 Abaluhyi
aint
eract
edwithNil
oti
cspeakerssuchast
heMaasai
,Kal
enj
i
nandLuo,
whichledtoalotofcul
tur
alexchange.

 Theint
eract
ionofAbal
uhy
iawit
hsev er
alot
hercommunit
iesperhapsexpl
ainswhy
ther
eexist
ssomanyclansanddial
ectsamongAbal
uhyi
a.Infact,t
heter
m Luhyi
a
meansFami l
y.Abal
uhy
iameansPeopleOftheFami
lyorFamily
-peopl
e.

Ei
ght
eenmaj
ordi
alect
sconst
it
uteAbal
uhy
ia.

 Ti
ri
ki
,

 Mar
agol
i
,

 I
sukha,

 I
daho,

 Bany
ore,

 Ki
sa,

 Bat
sot
so,

 Mar
ama,

 Wanga,

 Bany
ala,

 Bat
ura,

 Kabar
asi
,

 Bukusu,

 Tachoni
,

 Khay
o,

 Mar
achi
,

 Basonga,

 Sami
a.

Eachoft
hesedi
alect
sconsist
sofsever
alcl
ansandtendedtoexisti
ndependent
ly,
thr
oughr
emotel
yconnectedti
estother
estofAbal
uhyia.I
nfact
,Abaluhyi
awere

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 74
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

const
it
utedasacommuni t
yin1947,whent
heBri
ti
shcoloni
algov
ernment
admini
ster
edal
ltheseLuhyi
adial
ect
sasasingl
eenti
ty.

Abagusi
i

 Abagusi
imayhaveor
igi
natedf
rom apl
aceknownt
othem asMi
sir
i,undert
hei
rrul
er
andancest
orcal
l
edKwitu.

 Fr
om Misi
ri
,Abagusi
iandsomeAbal uhy
iagr
oupsmi
grat
edt
otheMountEl
gonr
egi
on
wher
etheyli
vedforsever
algener
ati
ons.

 Around1500AD,Abagusi
i,
Abakuri
aandasect
ionofAbal
ogoli
migr
ateddownNzoyi
a
ri
verval
leyandset
tl
edatGoy ei
nYimboandnearRamogihi
l
landotherar
easont
he
Easter
nshoresofl
akeVictor
ia.

 Duetoarr
ivalofLuoAncest
orsI
nthelaker
egi
onar
ound1550AD,
Abagusi
iwer
e
pushedt
oAl ego,Ki
sumu,andSakwaandAsemboar
eas.

 Shortl
yafter1600AD, droughtforcedAbagusii
t omigr
ateandset t
leintheKanoplai
ns.
Theirfar
thermigrationEastwardsbroughtthem int
oconfl
ict
swi ththeKipsi
gis.
Becauseoft hi
s,theymov edtot hefert
il
eKisi
ihighl
andsandot herpart
softheir
presenthomeland, suchasKitutu,SouthMugirangoandothers.

 I
nspiteofconfl
ict
swi t
htheLuo,MaasaiandKipsi
gis,
Abagusiiexhi
bit
edand
pract
isedgoodint
eracti
on,duetowhi
chtheyinter
marri
ed,
tradedandhadother
formsofexchangewiththesecommunit
ies.

Abakur
ia

 Abakur
ial
ivei
nsout
hNyanza.Thei
rtr
adi
ti
onsi
ndi
cat
ethatt
heyar
erel
atedt
othe
Abal
ogoli
ofAbal
uhyi
aandAbagusi
itoo.

 Theyal
sot r
acet
hei
rori
gint
otheMountEl
gonr
egi
onandmai
ntai
nthatt
heycame
fr
om aplacecal
l
edMisi
ri
.

 Theymovedthr
oughchepal
ungu,
Lol
gor
ienandset
tl
edi
nkur
ial
andbet
ween1580
and1660A.C.
E.

 Abakur
iamayhav emi
grat
edal
ongsi
deAbagusi
iupt
o1500ADwhent
heyt
ookt
hei
r
separ
atedi
rect
ion.

 Abakur
iasett
ledbr
iefl
yaroundtheshoresofLakeVi
ctor
ia,wher
etheyi
nter
act
edwi
th
theLuoandtheSouthernCushit
es.Abakur
iamayhavepickedupthepr
acti
ceof
cir
cumcisi
onandAge-setorgani
zati
onfrom t
heSout
hernCushit
es.

 Someoft
heKur
iacl
ansmayhav
ecomef
rom nor
ther
nTanzani
a.e.
g.abai
regi
from
musoma.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 75
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 By1800AD,Abakur
iahadallset
tl
edinsout hNyanza,wher
etheyagainmetand
cont
inuedi
nter
acti
ngwithAbagusii
.Indeed,someclansofAbagusi
iori
ginal
l
yset
tl
ed
t
h
i
nKur i
ater
ri
tor
yinthesecondhalfofthe18 century.

Kur
iacl
ans

 Abai
regi

 Abagumbe

 Abahi
ri
chacha

 Wasi
mbet
e

 Abany
abasi

 Wat
obor
i

 Abaki
ra

Abasuba

 AbasubaoccupyMf anganoandRusingai
slandsonl
akeVictori
a,wheretheyset
tl
ed
fr
om 1750AD,aft
erarri
vingasref
ugeesfl
eeingfr
om Buganda.OtherSubapeopl
e
weredispl
acedbytheincomingLuo.

 Subami grati
onwasmai nlytr
iggeredbyfight
inginBugandaandBusoga, f
oll
owingthe
assassinati
onofKy abbagubysomeofhi schil
dren.KyabbaguwasKingofBuganda.
Asar esultoftheassassinati
on,therewasast ruggleforsuccessi
ont
othethrone,
whichmadesomeoft hegr oupsar oundLakeVictori
atoflee.

 I
nthei
rmigrat
ionf
rom BusogaandBuganda,
mostoft
heSubaspokeei
therLuganda
orl
usoga.

 TheSubal ateri
nteractedwit
htheLuoastheyent
eredKenya,al
thoughtheyatf
ir
st
sawt heLuoasat hreatt
othem.Theyt
radedandinter
marr
iedwiththeLuoamong
otherpract
ices.

 SomeAbasubasett
ledatGwasi
andKaksingi
rii
nlat
eryear
s.Theyadopt
edt
hesoci
al
cust
omsoftheLuo.Today,
mostAbasubahaveadoptedLuocult
ure.

 BecauseofLuoi
nfl
uence,
Abasubahav
eal
mostl
ostt
hei
ror
igi
nal
languageandway
ofli
fe.

East
ernBant
u
Migr
ati
onandsett
lement
199817.a)Descri
bethemigrat
ionandset
tl
ementoft
heEast
ernBant
uspeaki
ng
Communiti
esi
nKeny aunt
o1800.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 76
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
. Theymigr
atedfr
om t
heori
ginal
homeintheCongoBasi
nandset
tl
edi
ntheTai
ta
Hil
lsar
eaaroundMountKi
l
imanjar
obythe2ndCent
uryAD.
i
i. Someoft hem l at ermi gr atednor t
hwar dsal ongt hecoastt oShungway ai npr esent
daySomal ia.Thesewer et heancest orsofMi j
ikenda, pokomoandTai ta.
ii
i. Theancest orsoft heMountKeny agr oupsmov edi ntot heinterioralongtheTana
Ri ver .
iv. Fr om about1450t hecommuni t
ieswhi chhadset tledi nShungway awer ef orcedto
disper sef rom t hear eaduet oext er nal pr essur ef rom t hecushi tes.
v. Theancest orsoft heMi ji
kendaandTai tamov edsout handest abli
shedt heir
set tlemental ongt hecoastwhi let hoseoft hePokomomi gratedintothei nteri
or
andset tledal ongr iverTanawhi let heAmer umi gratedt ot heslopesofMount
Keny a.
Any5poi nts,( 1mk)( 5mks)
20073. Namet hedi sper sal areaoft heEast ernBant u.
-Shungway a 1x1=1mk
199917.( a)Whydi dt heBant umi gratef r
om t hei rcoast al settl
ementatShungway ai n
thesi xteent hcent ur y?( 3mks)
i
. I nv asi onoft heset tlementbyt hei ncomi ngcushi tes
ii
. I nter nal conf li
ct s/f euds
iii
. Popul ationi ncr ease
iv. Out breakofdi seases/epi dermics/nat ural cal ami ties
v. Sear chf ormor el andf orset tl
ementandpast ure
(Any3poi nt s, 1mr k) (3mks)
20012. Oner easonwhyt heMi j
ikendacommuni tymi gratedf rom theirsett
lementat
Shungway adur ingt hePr e-col onialper iod.
i. I nv asi onoft heset tlementbyt hei ncomi ngcushi tes
i
i. I nter nal conf l
ict s
ii
i. Out breakofepi demi c
iv. I nsecur i
t yint hear ea
v. sear chf orpast ur e
Any1poi nt ,1mar k(1mk)
201318.a)Gi v ef iv er easonsf ort hemi gr ationoft heMi jikendaf rom Shungway adur ing
thepr e-col oni al per iod.
i. Duet oat tacksbyt heOr omo/ Cushi ti
cspeaker s.
i
i. Duet oi ncr easedpopul at i
on.
ii
i. Duet oi nt ernal conf l
ict s/fami ly/
clanf euds.
iv. I nsear chf orl andf orcul ti
vation.
v. Duet odr ought /fami ne.
vi. Duet oout breakofdi seases/ epidemi cs.
v i
i. Duet ol ov ef oradv ent ure.
Any5x1=5mar ks
20112 Whatwast hemai nr easonf ort hemi gr ationoft heEast ernBant ufrom
Shugway adur ingPr e-col oni al period.(1mar k)

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 77
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Duet
oat
tacksbyt
heGal
l
a
1x1=1mar k
Theyar ecomposedoft hecoast al andhi ghlandBant u.
Coast alBant u
Theyi ncludet hef ollowi ng:
 Mi jikenda
 Pokomo
 Tai ta
Theywer et hef irstBant ut osettleinKeny a.Theyent er edKeny af rom thei rdi spersal
pointbet weenTai tahi l
lsandMt .Kilimanj aro.Theyf ol l
owedt henor thEast erndi r
ection
andset tledi nshungway a.
Miji
kenda
Miji
kendai saKi swahi l
iwor dthatmeansni necl ans.TheMi j
ikendacompr iset henine
communi t
iest hator iginall
yinhabi tedt heni neset tlement scal ledKay aint hei mmedi at
e
coastal hint erland.
Communi tiest heconst i
tutetheMi ji
kenda
 TheGi riama,
 Kauma,
 Chony i
,
 Kambe,
 Ri be,
 Ji bana,
 Rabai ,
 Dur uma,
 Di go.
Migrat i
onandset t
lement
 TheMi jikendabyt he15thcent ur yhadset t
ledar oundMt .Ki li
manj aroandTai taHi l
ls
duet oconf lictst heymi gratednor t
hwar dst oShungway a,whi chi nBant umeans“ To
bedr ivenaway ”.Somewher ebet weenr i
versJubaandTana.
 Fr om Shungway a, theBant uwer ef orcedt omov esout hwar dsbyt heOr omo, who
t
h
alsost oppedt heirnor t
hwar dmi grati
onar oundt he16 cent uryAD.TheSomal ialso
joinedt heOr omoi nf orci
ngt heMi ji
kendaoutofShungway a,fr
om wher et he
Mi ji
kendamov edi nsmal lgroups, whi chexpl ainswhyt heyset t l
edindi fferentplaces
andwhyt odayt heMi ji
kendaexi standar ei dentifiedbyt hei rsmal lgr oupsorcl ans.
 TheMi jikendaset tledi nforti
fiedv ill
ages, j
ustinl andf rom t hecoast .Eachoft henine
groupsset t l
edi nt heirownsepar ateridges, whichar ecommonl yrefer r
edt oasKay a,
awor dt hatmeans‘ towns’.Thet erm Mi j
ikendai tsel fexpr essest hatt hecommuni t
y
consi stsofni ner el atedgroups.
 EachKay awasf or tif
iedwi t
ht reet runks.Ev enaf terset tl
ingi nt heirpr esenthomel and,
theirmai nenemi eswer etheOr omoandt heSomal i.
t
h
 Byt he19 cent ur y, t
heMi ji
kendahadi nteractedandest abl ishedt hemsel v esas
mi ddlemeni ntheLongDi stancet r
adebet weent heAkambaandt heWaswahi liatthe

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 78
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

coast
.

201318( b)Expl ainf ivesoci al ef fect soft hemi grationandset tlementoft heMi ji
kendain
thei
rpr esenthomel and.( 10mar ks)
i. Theyi ntermar riedwi thot hergr oupst herebyst r
engt heni ngr elati
onshi ps.
i
i. Ther ewascul tur al exchangeduet ot heirinter actionwi thot herpeopl e/
assimi l
ation/ absor ption.
ii
i. Ther ewasani ncr easei npopul at i
oni nt hear easwher et heyset t
led.
iv. Ther ewer ei nt er-communi tyconf li
cts/war si nt hear east heyset tl
ed.
v. I tcausedr edi stribut ionofpeopl ei nt hear east heyset tledl eadingt of urther
mi gration/ displ acement .
vi. Somewer econv er tedt oI sl am duet ot heirint eracti
onwi t
hAr abs.
vi
i. I tl
edt ot heest ablishmentofKay a/vill
ageswhi chwer ef ortifi
edinor dert opr ot
ect
themsel vesagai nstext er nal attacks.
Any5x2=10mar ks
Pokomo
Ancest orsoft hePokomol ivedwi tht hoseoft heMi j
i
kendaatShungway a,butt he
Pokomomov edsout hwar dsandset tledal ongr i
v erTana, wher et heyinter actedwith
Cushi ticcommuni ties.Popul at ionpr essur eandOr omoat t
ackswer ethemai n
reasonsf orPokomomov ementf rom Shungway a.
Taita
Thr eehi llsinhabi tedbyt heTai t a.
 Mangeahi ll
,wher et heyf irstset tled.
 Dav ida,
 Sagal la,
 Ki sigan.
Mi grationandset tl
ementoft heTai tai ntoKeny a
 TheTai taar eapeopl eofmi xedor igi n, t
houghmostoft hem t racet heiror i
ginto
Shungway a.
 Theyf ir
stset tledonMangeahi llint he16thcent ur y
, f
rom wher et heymi gratedt othei
r
presenthomear eas.
 Theyl i
veont hr eehi llsi .e.Dav ida, Sagal laandKi sigan.
Taitacl ansandt hei ror i
gi ns
Accor di ngt ot hei ror al tradi tion, Tai tacl ansar eoft hefol l
owi ngor i
gins:
 TheWasadu, whoor iginat edf rom t heOr omo.
 TheWany any a, whoor iginat edf rom t heMaasai ,Or omoandAkamba.
 TheWany a, whoor i
ginat edf r om t heMi j
ikenda, Agi kuyuandShambal a.
 TheShambal a, whoor i
gi nat edf rom Tanzani a.
 TheWasann, whoor iginat edf rom t hePokomo, AkambaandShambal a.
 TheWasasadu, whoor iginat edf rom t hepar ei nTanzani a.
 TheWai kumi ,whoor iginat edf rom t heMaasai andAkamba.
 Thesecl ansemer gedasapeopl eaf termanyy ear sofint eraction.
HighlandBant u/ cent ral/Mt .Keny agr oup
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 79
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Theyi ncl ude:

 Agi kuy u
 Amber e
 Aembu
 Amer u
 Akamba
Agikuy u
TheAgi kuy uar et hel argestpopul ationofal ltheEast ernBant u.Theyi nhabi ttheCent ral
provinceofKeny a.
Legendsormy thst hatr ef ert oGi kuy uor igin
 Thatwhi chpr esent st heAgi kuy uashav ingor i
gi nat edf rom Mukur weWaGat hanga,
wher et heirancest ors( Gi kuy uandhi swi femumbi )wer eset tledaf terGodcr eat ed
them.Accor dingt ot hisl egend, Gi kuy uandmumbi begatni nedaught ers, whomar ri
ed
andmot heredt heni necl ansoft hepr esentAgi kuy u.
 Thatwhi chst at est hatt heAgi kuy umayhav edescendedf r om oneoft hef oursonsof
aMbeer eman, t heot hert hreeofwhi chmayhav emot her edt heAkamba, Athi and
Maasai .
Migrat i
onandset tlementoft heAgi kuy ui ntoKeny a
 By1200AD, TheBant uhadal readyset t
ledi nt heCent r
al prov inceofKeny a.Howev er ,
theor iginalinhabi tant soft hear eawer ehunt er-gat her ers, suchast heAt hi (Dor obo)
andt heGumba.Thesemayhav ebeent her emnant soft heor i
ginal inhabi t
ant s.The
At hiandt heGumbai nt eract edwi tht heAgi kuy u, whol aterassi mil
at edthem.
 TheAgi kuy umayhav emov edsout h- westf rom t hecoastar ound1400AD, probabl yt o
av oidhost i
lenei ghbour s, suchast heOr omo.Theyal somayhav emov edi nsear ch
forcul ti
vablel and.Theyf ollowedt heTanaRi ver .
 Ast heymov ed, somegr oupsbr okeof fandset t l
edi ndi f
fer entpl aces.Thosewho
set tl
edi nt heEastbecamet heThar akawhi let hosewhoset tl
edi nt hesout h-west
becamet hembeer e.Theyhadar ri
v edandset tledi nMbeer eandChukaf r
om a
t
h
nor ther ndirect i
onbyt he16 cent ur yAD.Onegr ouppr oceededt ot heconf luenceof
t
h
theTanaandThi kar iver sbyt hebegi nningoft he18 cent ury.Thi swast hegr oupof
Gikuy uancest or st hati sassoci at edwi tht heMukur weWaGat hangat r
adi ti
oni n
Mur ang’ a.
 TheAgi kuy ulatermov edt ot heMwey apl ains, wher et heywer ej oi
nedbyt heAkamba
andt heThagi cu.Far therexpansi onoft heAgi kuy uledt ot hedi splacementoft heAt hi
andGumba, someofwhower eassi mi l
at edwhi leot hersr ani nt otheNy andar uaand
MountKeny af or est s.
 I nt hef irsthalfoft he19thcent ury ,theAgi kuy uoncemor emi gratedt oOt hay aand
Agut hi.Theyal somov ednor th-East war dst oMat hi
raandTet ui nNy eri
.Theyspr ead
andset tl
edi ndi ff erentpar t
sofCent ral prov inceandr eachedasf arasKi ambuand
Ny andar ua.Thei rset tl
ementi nKi ambuandNy andar uawasi nterrupt edbyt hecomi ng
th t
h
oft heEur opeansi nt he19 cent ury.Howev er,theywer est il
lmi gratingbyear ly20
cent ur y.
 Ast heymi grated, theAgi kuy ubor rowedi deasf rom t heCushi tes,theMaasai ,t he
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 80
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

GumbaandAt hi
.TheGumbaandAt hiwerelat
ert oget herknownast heOkiek.
 TheMaasai seri
ousl
yopposedorr esi
stedAgikuyui nvasion.Howev er
, t
heAt hi
welcomedandwer eongoodt ermswi t
htheAgi kuyu.TheAgi kuyuborrowedmany
economi candsocialaspectsf
rom theAthi,
e.g.ironwor king,cir
cumcision,
cl
it
oridectomy( f
emalecircumci
sion)andsomeage- setfeatures.

Amer u
Di
alectst hatconst i
tut e/makeupt heAmer u
 TheTi gani a,
 I gembe,
 I ment i,
 I goj i
,
 Chuka,
 Thar aka,
 Mut hambi ,
 Mui mbi .
Di
scuss/ anal ysemi grationandset t l
ementoft heAmer ui ntoKeny a.
 TheAmer ucl ai m apl acecal ledMbwa, whi chi ssomewher eatthecoast( pr obably
Mandai sland)ast hei rareaofor igin.Howev er,hist oriansbel i
evet hatthist raditi
onof
Mbwaf itsv er ywel l withBant udi spersal fr
om Shungway a.
th
 Byl at e15 cent ur y,ancest orsoft heAmer uhadbegunar rivi
ngi nMer u.Amer u
mi gr ationf rom t hecoastwasmai nlyduet oOr omopr essure.
 Fr om Shungway a,theAmer umov edwest war dsal ongt her iv
erTanaandpushedi nto
IgembeandTi ganiar egions.Ar ound1400AD, t
heAmer uandot herMountKeny a
gr oupswer el i
v i
ngashunt ersandpast or ali
st s.
 Theymov edf artheri ntothei nter i
or,crossi ngr i
v erTana.Some, especi all
yt heThar aka,
finallyset tl
edt ot heEastofRi verTanaasot herssuchast heChuka, Mui mbi ,
Iment i,
Tigani aandI gembeset tl
edi nt hear eawestoft heRi verTana.
 TheAmer uandAgi kuy uarebel iev edt ohav einitiallymi gratedasonegr oupunt i
lthe
th
15 and16t hcent uries,whent heAgi kuyut ookt hei rsepar atedirection.Thet raditi
ons
oft het wogr oupsandt hoseoft heAembuandMbeer eseem t oconf ir
mt hisv iew.
 Aembuandmbeer eancest orsar ebelievedt ohav ei niti
all
ymi gratedwi t
ht hoseoft he
Amer uandAgi kuy uf rom theKi limanj aroar eabef oregoi ngt heirsepar ateway .
 By1500, theMbeer ehadset tledi nt heirpresenthomel and.Howev er,theAembu
crossedRi verThuci andmov ednor th-west war dst ot hear eaEastofmountKeny a,
wher et heyset t
ledandi nteract edwi t
ht heAt hiandGumba, whot heyl ater
assi mi latedandf rom whot heyl earntthear tofbeekeepi ng,ironwor ki
ngand
circumci sion.

Akamba
Migrat
ionandsett
lementoft heAkambaintoKenya
TheAkambat r
acet hei
rori
gintotheareaaroundMountKili
manjar
o,f
rom wher
ethei
r
ancest
orsmigrat
edt othegreatbendoftheriv
erTana.TheythenmovedtoTai
tahi
ll
s
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 81
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

andf i
nal
lyreachedTsav owest .Aroundmi 15thcent
d- ur
yAD, theAkambaf ollowedthe
Easternbanksofr i
verAthi,fr
om wher eonegr oupmov edacrosstheAt hit
oUl u.Dueto
Oromoat tacks, anot
hergr oupoft heAkambamov edsout htotheGalanariverand
sett
ledinther egionaroundChy uluhil
lsnort
hofMountKi li
manj ar
o.Duet odroughtint
he
Chyuluarea, someAkambami gr atedandsettl
edintheMbooni hil
lsnearMachakos
th
aroundmi d-16 cent ury.
Soon,duet opopul ati
onincrease, someAkambami gratedfart
hertoIveti
,Kil
ungu,
MasakuandMakueni .

Inthecour seoft heirmi grati

onandset tlement,theAkambametandi nteractedwi t
ht he
Agikuy u.
Inwhatway swasAkambami grati
onandset tl
ementi nfluencedbyt heenv i
ronment ?
(Explainhowandwhatenv i
ronment alf
actorsinfl
uencedAkambami grati
onand
settl
ementi ntoKeny a).
 Thosei nMbooni regiontookupagr icult
ureduet osoi lf
erti
li
tyandampl er ainfal
lin
thear ea.
 TheAkambawhomov edt odr i
erareaslikeChy ul
uhi llsbecamehunt ers.
 Ot hersmov edtoKi tuiandadopt edpastorali
sm andhunt i
ng.Iti
st hisgroupt hatlater
par ti
cipatedi ntheLongDi st
ancet radebypr ov i
dingiv oryandslav estot hecoast al
th
tradersi nt hee19 cent ury.
Akambai nt eractwi t
ht heAgi kuy uinthecour seofAkambami grati
onandset tlementi nto
Keny a
 Theyexchangedt radei t
ems.
 Theyi nt ermar r
ied.
 Theyadopt edcul turalaspect sli
kelanguageanddr essing.
 Theyr ai dedandf oughteachot her.
 Theybeganspor tingact i
viti
essuchaswr estl
ingandar chery.

Eff
ectsoft heirmi grati
on
199717b) . Di scussther esul
tsoft hemi gr
at i
onandset tl
ementoft heEast er
nBantu
int
oKeny aby1900.
i
. Thei ncomi ngBant ucommuni t
ieshadi ronweaponswhi chenabl edt hem to
displacesomeoft hecommuni ti
eswhicht heycameint ocontactwi t
hf orexample
theGumbai nthesl opesofMountKeny a.
ii
. Theyi ntermar r
iedwi t
htheirneighbours/thosepeoplet heycamei ntocontactwit
h
suchast heCushi tesandNi l
otes.
i
ii
. Thei rset tl
ementl edtotheexpansi on/dev elopmentoft r
adebet weent hem and
theirneighbor se.g.TheAgikuyut radedwi ththeMaasai .
i
v. Ther ewascul t
uralexchangebet weent heBant uandt heirCushiticandNi l
oti
c
neighbor s.
v. Expansi onoft heBant ucreatedpressureov erl
andwhi chledtoi nter
communi ty
conf l
ict
sandwar s.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 82
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

vi
. I nt
ercommunityconfl
ict
sledtol
ossofli
vesanddestr
uct
ionofpr
oper
ty.
v
ii
. Adopt ionofsomeagr i
cul
tur
alpr
act
icesfr
om theBant
u.
Any5points,
2mar kseach (10mks)

TheNi l
otes
TheNi l
otesaregroupsofpeoplewhoseor i
ginisassoci
atedwit
hr i
verNil
eandwhohav e
si
mi l
ari
tiesinthel
anguagestheyspeak.Thisiswhytheyareref
erredtoasNi l
oti
c
speakers.Theyori
ginat
edfrom theSouth-
westernfri
ngeoftheEthiopi
anhighl
ands.I
n
Kenya,theyarethesecondlar
gestlanguagegroup.
Classi
fi
cationsoftheNil
oti
cspeakers

 TheRi
ver-
lakeNilotes,
 Thepl
ainNilot
es
 TheHi
ghlandNi l
otes.

Ri
verandLakeNilot
es
Communiti
esthatbelongt
otheRi
ver
-LakeNi
l
otesgr
oup

TheKenyaLuo,
whomai nl
yoccupyLuoNyanzaandpar
tsofWester
nprov
ince.Theyare
someti
mescall
edSouther
nLuoinordert
odist
ingui
sht
hem f
rom ot
herRi
ver-
lakeNil
otes
i
nUgandaandsouther
nSudan.

 TheDi nka,
 Shi l
uk,
 Bor ,
 Anwak,
 Al ur
,
 Achol i,
 Jopal uo,
 Padhol a,
 Nuer ,
 TheLuoofUganda.
KenyanLuo
migrati
onandset tl
ementoft heLuointoKeny a

TheLuoor iginatedfrom Bahr -
El-
Ghazal,areai
nSouthernSudan,fr
om wherethey
mov edandset tledatPuBungui nnorthernUganda.

Theythenmov edt oPakwach, wheretheyhadsett
ledby1450AD.Itwasfrom
Pakwacht hatt heylatermi gr
atedint
oKeny a.
 th
Bythe15 cent ury,theLuohadbegunt omov etopresent
-dayKenya.

Thought heyal l cl
aim commonancest ryinRamogi,Theymigrat
edandsettl
edin
Kenyai nfourmai ngr oups.Thesewer e:
(a)JokaOwi ny,
(b)JokaJok,
(c)JokaOmol o,

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 83
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
d)Abasuba.

Migrati
onandset tlementoft hefourLuogr oupsint oKeny a
JOKAJOK
Theterm“ Joka”means“ Peopl eof ”.“JokaJok”means“ peopleofJok” .
 Jokandhi speopl ewer et hef i
rstt omov eEast war dsoutofUganda.Theywer ethe
fi
rstLuogr oupt oar ri
vei nKeny a.
t
h
 Byt he15 cent ur y,t
heyhadset tledatRamogi hill
sofKadi moi nYimboi npr esent-
daySi ay adi strict.
 Lat er, twoofJok’ ssonsf l
edt osout hNy anzaacr osst heWi nam gul ft ofor mt he
Kar achwony oandWanj areclans.
 Fr om Ramogi hil
ls,JokaJokal sospr eadt oSakwa, Alego,Asemboandot herpar t
s
ofNy anzapr ov i
nce.JokaJokmi gr at
edasar esul tofinternalconflictsamongot her
factor s.
JOKAOWI NY
 Owi nyandhi sgr oupmayhav emov edf rom Ugandai nlate16thcent ur yAD.They
passedt hroughMbal e,Tor oandt heMountEl gonr egionandev entual l
yset tl
edi n
Sami a.
 Byear ly17thcent ury,theyhadar r i
vedatSi gomai nAl ego, fr
om wher et heyspr eadt o
Uyoma, Kisumu, Ny akachandsout hNy anza.
 BecauseOwi nywasagr eatf i
ght erandl eader,hispeopl ebecamepopul arl
yknownas
JokaRuot h.Hi snamewasmer gedwi tht hatofSi goma( t
heplacewher eOwi nyand
hispeopl ef irstset tledinAl ego)t of or
m Owi ny-Sigoma.
JOKAOMOLO
 JokaOmol ocamef r
om t henor ther nBuny ororegi oni npresent-dayUganda.They
settl
edt empor arilyinIbandaandBukol ibeforemov i
ngont oSami a, Ugeny aandGem.
 By1600, theyhadr eachedYi mbo, from wher et heyspr eadtoAl egoandot herar eas.
 Ast heymi grat ed, theyencount eredAbagusi andAbal ogoli,
whom t heypushedoutof
Yimbo.
 Byear ly18thcent ury,someJokaf ami lygroupshadmov edacrossWi nam gul finto
sout hNy anza.
ABASUBA
 Thoughassoci atedwi tht heLuo, Abasubawer eor igi
nal l
yBantu.Mostoft hem
th
migr atedf r
om Bugandai nlate18 cent ur y.
 Theyi nt ermar riedwi t
ht heLuoandset tledintheGwasi areaandont heLakeVi ctori
a
i
slandsofMf anganoandRusi nga.Mostoft hem adopt edLuocul ture.

Or
 TheyareRi v
erLakeNi l
otes.Theycamef r
om Souther
nSudanar oundBahr-el
-Ghazel
 Theymi grat
edSout hwardstoPubunguorPakwachi nUgandawher etheyset
tl
edby
1450A. D
 By15thcentury,
theLuobegant omov eintoKenyain4dif
ferentgroupsnamely:
Joka-
Jok,JokOwi nyandJokaOmol oandtherefugees
 Joka-Jokwer efi
rsttomov eoutofUganda.Theysett
ledf
irstatRamogi hi
l
lsandlat
er
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 84
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

spreadtoSakwa, Al
ego,Asemboandot herpar t
sofNy anza
 JokOwi nymov edoutofUgandaandset tl
edinSi gomai n17thcentury
.Theyspr eadto
Kisumu,NyakachandSout hNy anza
 JokOmol ocamef rom SouthernBunyoro.Theyset tl
edi nIbadaandBukol ibefor
e
mov i
ngt oUgenyaandGem.Ast heymov edtheydisplacedt heAbagusiiandAbalagol
i
outofYimbo
 Lat ercamether ef
ugeeswhoset t
ledamongt heAbasuba
20062. Nameonecommuni tyinKenyat hatbelongstot heRiverLakeNilotes
(i
)TheLuo (1mk)
20103.St atethefir
stsett
lementareaoft heLuodur i
ngt hei
rmi gr
ati
onfrom Sudan.
-Pubungu/Pakwach 1x1=1mar k

Factorsf ormi gration


Sear chf orf reshgr az i
ngl andandwat erfort heirlargeherd,probablyduet o
over stockingi n2.i i)Nat ural cal
ami tiessuchasdr ought,
famine, pests,etc.

Fami l
yfeuds( i
nt ernal conf l
icts/r
ivalry).

Popul ationpr essur ei nthei rcradleland.

Host il
iti
esandt hreat saswel lasat tacksf rom nei ghbouringcommuni ties.

Out breakofdi seasesandepi demi cs, whi chaf fl
ictedbothpeopl eandl i
v estock.

Thespi r
itofadv ent ure.

Sear chf orbet terfishingar eas.
200718. a) Gi vef i
ver easonsf orthemi grat i
onoft heLuof rom theiror i
ginal
homel andi nt oKeny a.
i
. Theywer el ooki ngf ornewset tl
ement sasar esultofoverpopulation
ii
. Di seasesandnat ural disast ersforcedt hem t omi grate.
i
ii
. Theymi gr atedi nor dert oescapei nter nal conf li
cts.
i
v. Ov erstocki ngandOv ergr azingledt hem t ol ookf ormor epasture.
v. Theymov edt osear chf orf erti
lelandswi thf avour abl
eclimate.
vi
. Somepeopl emi grat edf oradv enture( spir itofadv ent
ure)
v
ii
. Sear chf orf ishinggr ounds.
Any5x1=5mks

Eff
ect soft heirmigrati
on
200218. a) Whatwer et her esult
soft hesettl
ementoftheLuoinKeny aduri
ng
thepre- col
onialperiod?
i. Assi mi l
ati
onofsomecommuni tiestheyfoundi nthear
ease.g.Abasuba
i
i. Intermar ri
agewi ththeneighbour se.g.Abaluyia
ii
i. Nei ghbor i
ngcommuni ti
esl ostsomeoft heirlandtotheincomingLuo.
iv. Displ acementofsomecommuni ti
ese.g.Abagusii.
v. Increasedconf lictsovercont rolofresourcesbet weentheLuoandtheirnei
ghbours.
vi. Expansi onoft radewi t
hthenei ghboringiron/i
rontool
s
vi
i. Occupat i
onoff erti
lel
andi nfluencedt heLuot oadoptfarmingonal ar
gescale.
v
ii
i. Cul turalexchangebet weent heLuoandt heirnei
ghbori
nge.g.l
anguage,naming
7x1=7mks

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 85
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

200718(b) Whatt hesoci alef

fectsoft heexpansionoft heLuoi nt
oWesternKeny
a?
(10mks)
i. Theyintermarriedwi t
htheirneighbour s,suchasLuhy ia,Kalenj
in,
Abagusi
iand
Kuri
a.
i
i. Theyshar edthename‘ Nyasaye’ withsomeLuocommuni tiesasati
tl
eofGod
ii
i. Theyhadsi milarfuneralri
tesandbur i
alcustomswi t
ht heirnei
ghbour
s
iv. Theyassi mil
atedot hercommuni t
ies.
v. Theydisplacedot hercommuni t
ies
vi. Theirmov ementandset tl
ementi ncreasedconf l
icts.
vi
i. Theirsettl
ementi nWest ernKeny aledt opopulationincrease.
vii
i. Theyinfluencedtheirneighbourst oadoptt hei
rlanguageandnami ngsyst
em.
Responsestobewr i
tt
eni nprose. Any5x2=10mks

Thepl
ainNilot
es
20082.Namet wocommunit
iesi
nKenyawhobelongtothePlai
nNil
otes.(
2mks)
i
. Iteso
ii
. Sambur u
i
ii
. Tur kana
i
v. Maasai
v. Nj emps Any2x1=2mar ks
20092. Apar tf
rom t
heMaasainameoneot
herplai
nNilot
esfoundinKeny
a
i
. Tur kana
ii
. Sambur u
i
ii
. Nj emps
i
v. Iteso
(Any1x1=1mk)

Factor
sf ormigrati
on
201018.a)Gi vefivereasonswhichinfl
uencedthemi
grati
onoftheplai
nNi
l
otest
o
Kenyadur i
ngthepre-coloni
alperi
od.
i
) Theymov edinsear chofpastureandwaterf
ort
heirl
ivest
ock.
i
i) Duetoout br
eakofdi sease/
epidermi
cs
i
i
i) Pr
essur
e/r
aidsf
rom ot
hercommuni
ti
esf
orcedt
hem t
omov
etosaf
erar
eas.
i
v) Fami l
y/cl
andi sputesforcedthem tomigrat
e
v) Ther
ewasov erpopulation/
populati
onpressur
eint
hei
rori
ginal
homel
and.
vi
) Theymov edduet odr ought
/famine
vi
i
) Thespi ri
tofadv entur
emadet hem sear
chfornewl
ands.
Migr
ati
onandset t
lement

Maasai

 TheMaasai andtheorigi
nalKalenj
i
nspeakersf
irstl
iv
edinthenorther
nLakeTur kana
area.Theymayhav eenter
edEastAf r
icaar
ound1000AD.Beingnomadi cpastor
ali
sts,
theyprobabl
ymigratedmainlyduetotheneedforfr
eshgrazi
nglandandwat erfor
thei
rlargeher
d.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 86
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Inspi
teofthei
rcloseassociat
ionwit
htheori
ginal
Kal
enj
inspeaker
sintheNorthern
LakeTurkanaregionandelsewher
e,theMaasaimayhav
edev el
opedseparat
ely,as
shownbyt hediff
erentl
anguagesandcul
tur
esamongandbet weenthem andtheir
previ
ousassociates.

 Ar
ound1500AD,theMaasaibegantomovewithi
ntheareabet
weenmountEl
gonand
mountKamal
ingaandreachedtheUasi
nGishupl
ateau.

 Around1700AD, t
heywentsouthwardsandestablishedthemsel
vesinthear
ea
previ
ouslyoccupi
edbytheKalenj
in,
whohadmi gratedaheadofthem.They
assi
mi l
atedsomeofthepeopletheyconquer
ed, suchast heSi
ri
kwa.

 By1800, theMaasai hadoccupiedmuchoft heCentralKenyaplai

nsandnorth-
centr
al
Tanzania.Bythatti
me, theyweregrazingt
heirl
i
vestockthroughoutEastAf
ri
ca,
especial
lyintheRif
tv al
ley.Theymetandwagedwaragai nstcommuniti
essuchas
theKalenji
n,AkambaandAbagusi .Theywereveryf
iercewar r
ior
sandcouldnotall
ow
astrangerint
ot hei
rland.

 Becauseoft
hei
rnomadi
cli
fest
yle,
theywer
enotabl
etof
orm aki
ngdom.

 Towards1750,
theMaasai
communi
tywer
eweakenedbyi
nter
nal
riv
alr
y,amongot
her
probl
ems.

 Bri
ti
shcol
oni
zat
ionofKeny
aatt he19thcent
heendoft urybr
oughtMaasai
powert
o
anend

Descr
ibet
womai
ngr
oupsi
ntowhi
cht
heMaasai
aredi
vi
ded.

(
a)ThePur
ko(
Il
maasai
),whoar
est
ri
ctl
ypast
oral
i
sts.

(
b)TheI
loi
kop(
Kwav
i)Maasai
,whopr
act
isemi
xedf
armi
ng.

Pr
obl
emsexper
iencedbyt
heMaasai
towar
ds1750AD

 Nat
ural
disast
ers,
especi
all
ydr
oughtandf
ami
ne.

 Di
seasessuchasSmall
-pox,
cholera,
Pleur
a-Pneumoni
aandRi
nder
pest
,whi
chki
l
led
l
argenumbersofpeopl
eandliv
estock.

 Aseriesofci
vilwarsbet
weentheI
loi
kopandIl
maasai,
especi
all
yaf
tert
hedeat
hof
Lai
bonMbat i
an,whenhistwosonsLenanaandSendeyowerei
nvol
vedi
na
successi
ondispute.

 Fr
equentwar
sbetweentheMaasai
andt
henei
ghbour
ingcommuni
ti
essuchast
he
Agi
kuyuandtheNandi
.

 Ri
seoft
heNandi
,whoexpandedt
hei
rpowerov
ert
heal
readyweakMaasai
.

 Br
it
ishr
ule.Br
it
ishcol
oni
zat
ionofKeny
aatt he19thcent
heendoft urybr
ought
Maasai
powertoanend.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 87
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

201018.b)Explainf
iveresul
tsoft
hemi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementoft
heMaasai
inKeny
a
duri
ngthepr
e-coloni
alperi
od.

i
. Theydi
spl
acedsomecommuni
ti
est
hatt
heyf
oundi
nar
east
hatt
heyset
tl
ed.

i
i
. Thei
rset
tl
ementl
edt
oincr
easedpopul
ati
oni
nther
egi
on.

i
i
i. Theyi
nter
mar
ri
edwi
tht
hei
rnei
ghbour
s.Thi
sst
rengt
henedt
hei
rrel
ati
ons.

i
v. Somesect
ionoft
heMaasai
(Kwav
i)becamecul
ti
vat
ors/
assi
mil
ated

v
. Ther
ewaset
hni
cconf
li
ctduet
ocat
tl
erai
ds/
landf
orset
tl
ement
.

v
i. Ther
ewasbor
rowi
ng/
exchangeofcul
tur
alpr
act
icesamongt
hecommuni
ti
es

v
ii
. Ther
ewasi
ncr
easedt
radebet
weent
heMaasai
andt
hei
rnei
ghbour
s.

v
ii
i. Theyinf
luencedthesoci
o-poli
ti
cal
or gani
zat
ionoft
heNandi
whocr
eat
edt
he
i
nsti
tuti
onofOr koy
oitsi
milart
oOloibonoftheMaasai
.

Tur
kana

 Theyorigi
nat
edfr
om t
hear
eaar
oundMt
.Mor
otoamongt
heKar
amoj
aofUgandai
n
t
h
the17 centur
y.

 Theymov
edt
othenor
thEastt
osear
chf
orpast
ureandwat
er

 Theyset
tl
edsout
hwestofLakeTur
kana.

 Theyexper
iencewar
far
ewi
tht
heRendi
l
e,andSambur
uov
erwat
er,
past
ureand
l
ivest
ock.

I
teso

Fact
orsformi grati
on
19971.GIVETWOf actorswhi chl edtothemi grat
ionandsett
lementoftheItesoint
o
Kenyaby1800.
i
. Sear chf orland/pasture/wat erf
ort hei
rherds
ii
. Fami ly/cl anfights/internalconfl
icts
i
ii
. Ext er nalattacks/pressur e
i
v. I ncreasei npopul ati
on
v. Out br eakofdi seases/epi demics
vi
. Nat ur alcalami t
iese.g.dr ought
v
ii
. Spi ritofadv enture
200119.(a)St atef i
vef act
or sthatledtot hemigrati
onoftheItesof
rom thei
rorigi
nal
homei nt heLakeTur kanar egiontotheirpresenthomel
and.

i
. Popul
ati
oni
ncr
easei
nthear
eaf
orcedt
hem t
osear
chf
ormor
elandf
or

i
i
. set
tl
ement

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 88
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i
i. I
nter
nal
conf
li
ctsandf
eudscr
eat
edasenseofi
nsecur
it
yandmadesome

i
v. cl
ans/
communi
ti
est
omi
grat
e.

v
. Dr
oughtandf
ami
necausedsuf
fer
ingandmadepeopl
etomi
grat
e.

v
i. Out
breakofcat
tl
edi
seasesandepi
demi
cs

v
ii
. I
nvasi
onandat
tacksoft
hei
rset
tl
ement
sbyt
hei
rnei
ghbour
s.

v
ii
i. Sear
chf
orpast
ureandwat
erf
ort
hei
rani
mal
s.

i
x. Desi
ref
oradv
ent
ure.

(
Any5poi
nts,
1mar
k(5mar
ks)

Mi
grat
ionandset
tl
ement

 TheIt
esobeganmigrat
ingf
rom Kar
amoj
a,inl
ate17thcent
uryandeary18thcent
l ur
y.
Bet
ween1652-1731,
theyar
riv
edatKumiandSorot
i,fr
om wheretheyspr
eadt owards
mountEl
gon.

 Bythe19thcent
ury,
theI
tesohadsett
ledI
nWesternKenya,
wheret
heyinter
acted
wit
htheBabukusuandBagisuthr
oughint
ermar
ri
age,t
rade,
agr
icul
tur
e,keepi
ng
l
iv
estock,i
ntert
ri
balwar
s,et
c.

 I
twasasar esultofsuchinter
acti
ont
hattheIt
esoadoptedagricult
ureinaddi
ti
ont
o
pastor
ali
sm.Theygrewcr opssuchassweetpotat
oes,
gr oundnuts,cassav
aand
vari
eti
esofvegetabl
es.Thisenabl
edtheI
tesotobemoreset tl
ed.

200119(
b)Expl
ainf
iveef
fect
sofmi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementoft
heI
tesoi
nKeny
a

(
i) Theset
tlementoft
heI
tesoi
nthei
rpr
esenthomel
andl
edt
oincr
easei
npopul
ati
on
i
nthearea.

(
ii
) I
tint
ensi
fi
edconf
li
ctsbet
weencommuni
ti
esi
nthear
eaov
erl
i
mit
edr
esour
ces.

(
ii
i) I
tledt
oint
ermarr
iagebetweent
heI
tesoandt
hecommuni
ti
est
heyf
oundi
nthe
ar
easuchastheAbaluy
ia

(
iv) Cul
tur
eint
eract
ionbetweentheI
tesoandt
hecommuni
ti
est
heyf
oundi
nthear
ea
gav
eriset
oenrichedcul
tur
e.

(
v) I
tledtot
hedispl
acementofsomecommuni
ti
esf
rom t
hear
eae.
g.t
heMaasai
,
Luhyi
aandsomeKalenj
incommunit
ies.

(
vi) Theyassi
mil
atedsomeoft
hecommuni
ti
esl
i
vingi
nthear
ea.

(
vii
) Thei
rset
tl
ementenhancedt
radebet
weendi
ff
erentcommuni
ti
esi
nthear
ea.

(
vii
i
) TheI
tesoadopt
edagr
icul
tur
easar
esul
tofi
nter
act
ingwi
thot
hercommuni
ti
esi
n

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 89
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

t
hear
ea.(
Any5poi
nts,
2mar
ks(
10mar
ks)

Eff
ectsofthei
rmi grati
on
200018.(a)Expl ainfiv
er esul t
soft hemi grat
ionandset t
lementoft hepl ai
nni l
otesin
Kenya
i
. Thei rsettlementi ncr easedconf l
ict
sandi nsecur i
tyintheareaast heyr i
valedother
communi tiesovert hecont rol ofresources
ii
. Theyi nfluencedt hewayofl i
feofot hercommuni tiest
heyf oundi not herareas
i
ii
. Theydi spl acedsomeoft hecommuni ti
est heyf oundint heareasuchast he
SouthernCushi t
es
i
v. Thei rsettlementl edt oani ncr easeinpopul ationi ntheregiont hereforefacing
somecommuni ti
est omi grate
v. Theypr omot edcommer cei nthear eaast heyt radedwi ththeirneighbour ssuchas
theNandi ,
AkambaandAgi kuy u
vi
. Pl ai
nNi loteswer ei nfluencedbyHi ghlandNi lotesandBant unei ghboursto
practi
ceagr i
cult
ur e.Forexampl etheKwav isectionoft heMaasai ,I
tesoand
MountEl gon.Maasai adoptedagr i
cult
ure
v
ii
. Thepl ainNi l
otesint ermar r
iedwi ththeirneighbour ssuchast heMer u,Abaluyi
a
andKal enjin
vi
ii
. Somecommuni ti
esbor r
owedt hepol
it
icalsy
stemsfr
om theMaasaiforexample
thedevelopmentoftheof f
iceoftheOrkoi
yotamongtheNandiwasduet otheir
int
eracti
onwiththeMaasai .
i
x. Itl
edtot heenr
ichmentoft hel
anguagesspokenint
heregionastheyint
eracted
withothercommunities.
x. Somecommuni ti
es/clanswereassimilat
edbythei
ncomingplai
nsnil
otes.
Any5x2=10mar ks

Hi
ghl
andNil
otes
Maincl
assi
ficat
ionsoft
heHi
ghl
andNi
l
otes

 TheKal
enj
i
n.
 TheJi
e.
Namethecommuni
ti
est
hatbel
ongt
oeachoft
het
womai
nHi
ghl
andNi
l
oti
cgr
oups.

TheKal
enj
i
nconsi
stof
:

 Tugen,
 Keiyo,
 Mar akwet,
 Nandi ,
 Kipsigi
s,
 Sabaot ,
 Pokot ,
 Elgon.
TheJiecomprise:
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 90
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

TheKar amojong,
Kumam,
Iteso,
Tur kana,
TheJi et hemselv
es.
Analyse/di
scussmi gr
ati
onandset
tl
ementoft
heHi
ghl
andNi
l
otesi
ntoKeny
a.

 Highl andNi loteswer epast oralists.Thei rancest orsmayf i

rsthav el ivedi nKar amoj a
bef oretheyspl i
tintov ariousgr oups.
 TheHi ghlandNi l
otesmayhav ebeent heear l
iestNi loti
cspeaker si nKeny a.Theymust
hav eoccupi edmostofwest ernKeny a,becauset heirneighbour sspeakal otabout
them.Theyar ement ionedi nt alest oldoft heirwar l
i
kenat ure,e.g.t heLuost oryof
LwandaMager e(ast r
ongLuowar rior )whowasev entual l
ybet ray edbyaNandi l
ady
i
nor derfort heNandi togai nv ictor yov ert heLuo.
 Kal enji
nt radi t
ionsi ndicatet hatt hei ror i
gi nalhomel andl ayatapl acet ot henor t
h-
west ernpar tofKeny a, betweenSudanandEt hiopia, f
rom wher et hehi ghlandNi lotes
mayhav ebeganmi gratingdur ingt hel astmi ll
enni um.TheDadogofTanzani aandt he
pioneerKal enj i
nemi grant sinKeny asuchast heSi r
ikwamayhav eoccupi edt heRi f
t
Val l
eyby700AD.
 Highl andNi loti
cr emnant sther efor espr eadt owar dsthewest er nmountEl gon
highlands, nextt otheKeny a-Ugandabor der.Thesebecamet heancest orsoft he
Kal enji
nspeaker swehav et oday .
 TheKal enjinf irstli
vedasasi ngl ecommuni tyonmountKamal ingat ot henor th-
west
t
h
oft helakeTur kanar egi on.Inthe17 cent ury,theybeganexpandi ngsout hwar dst o
thesl opesofMountEl gon, wher esomeoft hem r emai nedasot her smov edon.The
Bok, BongomekandKonyar eamongt hoset hatr emai ned.I ndeed, i
twasf rom the
Kal enji
nt hatt heBant ugotsomecul tural practices, suchasci rcumci sion.
th
 Byear l
y17 cent ury,theKal enjinhadi nhabi tedNandi ,
Al dai,Kamasi y a,Elgon, etc.As
past orali
st s, t
heyr oamedandgr azedi nt heirnewhomel and, whi chl edt o
i
nt ermar r
iagebet weent hem andt heUasi ngishu, theMaasai ,
theSi ri
kwa, etc.
THENANDI

TheNandi mayhav emov edfrom t hemountEl gonr egi

onbet ween1700- 1800AD.
th
Int hel asthal
foft he19 cent ury,theyemer gedasoneoft hestrongestgr
oupsin
West ernKeny a.Forinst ance,apartfr om otherwar far
e,theyconduct edrai
dsfor
l
ivestockagai nstAbal uhyia,t
heLuoandev entheUasi ngishuMaasai .
Ther iseoftheNandi topowerwasf acil
i
tatedbyt hedecl i
neoft heMaasai,who
wereweakenedbyci v i
lwar samongot hercalamities.
th
Byt heendoft he19 cent ury,t
heNandi haddomi natedal mostal l
thecommuniti
es
i
nt her if
tvall
eyapar tfrom theKi psigis,whoser vedast heirall
ies.Nandipoweronl
y
declinedwhencol oni alrulewasi mposedonKeny a.Butev enthen, t
heNandi
resi
st edcoloniali
ntrusionf orsixyear s.
THEKI PSIGIS

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 91
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

TheNandi andt heKi psigismayhav esepar atedfrom otherKal enjingroupssuchas

theBok,Bongomekandt heTugeni nthemountEl gonar eaaround1600AD.They
mov edsouth-EasttoTeonearl akeBar ingo.
Duet oMaasai hostili
ty,theymov edwest wardst oTambach, wher etheyst ayedfora
l
ongper i
od.
From Tambach, theywentf art
hersout htoRongai nearNakur u.
DroughtandMaasai raidsareamongt hefactorsthatcausedNandi separationfrom
theKipsi
gis.
From Rongai,theKipsi gismovedsout ht oKer i
chowhilet heNandi mov ed
westwardst oAldai.Thi swaspr obablydur i
ngthesecondhal foft he18thcent ur
y.
Settl
ementoft heKi psigisatKipsigi
sHi llmarkedtheest abli
shmentofast rong
communi ty.Theyassi mi l
atedthegroupst hattheyfoundatKi psigishil
l,suchast he
Sir
ikwa,someMaasai andsomeGusi i
.

Factorsf ormigration
 Sear chforcultivablelandaswel laspast ureandwaterf
ort hei
rli
vest
ock.
 Dr ought ,f
ami neandot hernaturalcalamiti
es.
 Rapi dpopulationi ncrease.
 Di seasesandepi demi cs,whichaf f
lictedbothpeopl
eandl i
vest
ock.
 Inter nalconfl
ictsandr ival
ries.Forinstance,t
heKaramojongandTur kanaexer
ted
pressur eonot hergr oups, suchast heI t
eso.
 Pr essur eorattacksf r
om host il
enei ghbouri
ngcommunities.
 Adv entureanddesi reforlootandpl under.

200618. (a)Whydi dthehi ghlandNi lot

esmi gratefrom t
heirori
ginal
homel anddur
ing
thePr
e-colonial
period?
(i
) Theymov edinsear chofwat erandpast ureforthei
rli
vestock
(i
i
) Theout breakofdi seases/epi demi csf orcedthem tomov e
(i
i
i) At t
acksfrom theircommuni t
iesforcedt hem tomov e/externalat
tacks
(i
v) Ther ewaspopul ationpr essureint heirorigi
nalhomeland
(v
) Theymov edduet odr aughtandf ami ne
(v
i) Fami ly
/clandisput e/conf l
ict
sf orcedt hem tomi gr
ate/int
ernalconfl
ict
s
(v
ii
) Theymov edforadv enture

Eff
ectsoft heirmigrati
on
200618.( b) Expl ainfiveresult
soft hemi gr
ationandsettl
ementoftheHighl
and
Nilotessi nKeny a
i. Theydi splacedsomecommuni tiest heyfoundi nthear
eawher etheyset
tl
ede.g.
Abagusi i
,theKwav i
,Maasai andt heAbal uyi
a(exampl eamust )
i
i. Somehi ghlandNiloteswer eabsor bed/assimi l
atedbytheBantusuchatheTer i
kiand
theTachoni
i
i
i. TheHi ghlandNi l
otestradedwi tht heirnei
ghbour s/t
heyexchangedanimalproducts
forgr ainsf r
om theAbal uyi
aandt heAbagusi i.Thisl
edtotheexpansionoftr
adeinthe
region.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 92
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
v. Thei
rsettlementi
ncreasedthepopul
ati
onoftheregi
on
v. ThehighlandsNil
otesinter
marr
iedwit
htheLuo,Abagusi
iandAbal
uyi
a.Thi
s
st
rengthenedthei
rrelat
ions.
vi
. Therewer
eethni
cwar s/conf
lict
sduetocatt
ler
aids
v
ii
. Therewascul
tur
alexchangeleadingt
oenri
chmentoft
hei
rli
ves
(Any5x2=10mks)

Ef
fect
sofNi l
otes’ migrati
on
 Therewasassi milati
onofcommuni ti
es.
 Therewaschangei ntheeconomi cact i
vi
ti
esofsomecommuni tiesf orexampl ethe
Luobecamef ishermen.
 Therewer eint ermarriageswi t
hot hercommuni ti
esespeciall
yt heirnei ghboursf or
exampletheAbagusi iandt heAbaluhyia.
 Therewasi nteractionwi t
hcommuni t
iestheNil
otescameacr oss.
 Therewasconquestanddi spl
acementofsomecommuni ti
es.
 Warsincreasedbet weencommuni ti
es.
 Therewasbor rowingofcul tur
alpract
icesbythepeoplewhocamei ntocont actwith
theNil
otes.
 Somecommuni t
iesdev el
opednewpol i
ti
cali
nst
itut
ionsf
orexampl e‘Oloiboni’bythe
Maasaiandt hei nstit
utionof‘Orkoyi
ot’bytheNandi.
 Therewasenr i
chmentofl anguagethroughwordbor r
owi
ng.

Cushit
es
TheCushit
esenteredKenyafr
om theNort
hEasterndi
rect
ion.Theywer
ecomi
ngf
rom
thehornofAf
ri
cawhi chwasthei
rori
ginal
homeland.
TheCushit
esmaybespl i
tint
otwocategori
es:
i
) TheEasternCushi
tes

i
i
) TheSout
her
nCushi
tes

Souther
nCushi t
es
Thesemi gratedintoKenyaf
rom theEthi
opi
anHighlands.Theywentsouthwar
dsand
set
tledbet weenKeny aandNort
hernTanzani
a.
Thi
scat egoryincludest
heSanye,Dahall
oandBonilivi
ngatthemouthofRiverTana.
20122.I denti
fyonecommuni t
yinKeny awhi
chbelongstotheSouthernCushi
ti
cgroup.
.Dahall
o/ sanye(1mark)

20132.Namet hecommuni
tyi
nKeny
at hatbel
ongst
otheSout
her
nCushi
tes.
-
TheDahal
l
o( Sany
e)1x1=1mar k

Easter
nCushi t
es
Thiscategor
yincl
udestheOr omo,Somali,
Rendil
e,Gabbr
a,Shangil
laandBur j
i
.
THEOROMO
 Theyar ri
vedinKenyainthe16thcent
uryandsettl
edontheEasternshoresoflake
Turkana.
 Theyt ri
edtomov eEastwardsbutwerestoppedbytheSomali.Theytheref
ore
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 93
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

mov edsout h-East war dsandr eachedt hecoasti nar ound1600AD.

 I nthear eaar oundShungway a, theyconf ront edandf orcedtheMi j
i
kendaand
Pokomot oleav e.Theyoccupi edMal indi andKi lifi.
 Ev enbef or ethei rarr i
val i
nKeny a,theOr omohadconf l
ictswitht heSomal i,whi ch
th
continuedupt oear ly20 cent ur ywhenbot hsignedanagr eementbywhi cht hey
settl
edint hei rpr esenthomel and.Today ,theOr omoar efoundont hesout hernpar t
ofther i
v erTanaandar eneighbour st ot hePokomo.
THEBORANA
 TheBor ana, whoar epar toftheOr omo- speaki ngpeopl eofsout hernEt hiopia,
th
migratedi ntoKeny ai nthelastquar teroft he19 andt hefi
rstquar teroft he20th
century.Theywer erunni ngawayf rom t heheav yt axat ionandr ul eofMenel i
ki i).
 Theyspr eadi ntoKeny aandset t l
edi nWaj ir,Mar sabitandMoy ale.
 About1000AD, mor eBor anagr oupsmi grat edi nt opr esent-
dayKeny af r
om Somal i
a
duet owarbet weenSomal inat ional istsandBr itishcol oniali
sts.
THESOMALI
Trace/discusst hemi grationandset tlementoft heSomal iint
oKeny a.
 th
TheSomal iwer el i
vingi nMogadi shubyt he10 cent ur yAD.Ar oundt hatt ime, they
begant omov esout hwar ds,,pr obabl ybecauset heOr omopr esent edat hreat ,or
becauset heywer el ookingf orpast ure,si ncet heywer enomadi cpast oralists.

Betweent het wel fthandt hef our teent hcent uri
esAD, manyoft heSomal iconv erted
toIsl
am andest abl ishedt heAj uranst atenearMogadi shu.
he17thcent

Byt ur y,
t heSomal i pushedt heOr omooutoft heirtraditional homel and
nearr i
verJuba.TheOr omor espondedbymi grat ingi ntoKeny a.

20083.Whatwastheor
igi
nal
homel
andoft
heEast
ernCushi
tes? (
1mk)
Ethi
opi
anhi
ghlands (1mk)

Fact
orsf
ormigr
ati
on
200518a)Gi
vefi
vereasonswhi
chledtot
hemi gr
ati
onoft
heCushi
tesf
rom t
hei
ror
igi
nal
homel
andi
ntoKenyaduri
ngthepre-
col
oni
alperi
od?

i
. Theymov
edi
nsear
chf
orpast
ureandwat
erf
ort
hei
rli
vest
ock.

i
i
. Ther
ewasdr
oughtandf
ami
nei
nthei
ror
igi
nal
homel
and.

i
i
i. Ther
ewasout
breakofdi
seasesandepi
demi
csi
nthei
ror
igi
nal
homel
and.

i
v. Toescapef
rom const
antat
tacksf
rom t
hei
rnei
gbour
s/orext
ernal
att
acks

v
. Theymov
edi
nsear
chofl
andf
orset
tl
ement
sast
hei
rpopul
ati
onhad

v
i. i
ncr
eased.

v
ii
. Theymov
edt
oknowwhatwasbey
ondt
hehor
izon/
adv
ent
ure.

(
5x1=5mks)
199617.a) Whatf
act
orswhi
chmadet
hecushi
test
omi
grat
eint
oKeny
adur
ingt
hepre-

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 94
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

col
oni
alper
iod.
(
i) Host il
eneighbour sintheirhomel and
(
ii
) Successi ondi sputes/f
euds/f ami l
yconfli
cts
(
ii
i) Searchforpast uredfortheirl
ivestock.
(
iv) Naturalcal
ami t
iessuchasdr ought /
disease
(
v) sear chforlandf orsett
lement
(
vi) Populati
onpr essur e
(
vii
) Spiri
tofadv enture.
Any5x1mar ks
20002.Economi creasonswhyt hecushitesmigratedfrom t
heirorigi
nalhomeland
Keny a
i.Theywer erunningawayduet ocattl
ediseasewhi chwereinterferi
ngwiththei
r
cattl
ekeepi ngeconomi cact i
vi
ty
i
i.Theywer erunningawaytol ookf orbett
erfarminglandsast herewasdr oughti
n
thear eaoforigi
n.
20042.Gi vetwor easonsfort hemi grat
ionoft heBor anafr
om Et hiopi
aintoKenya.(2
mks)
i
. External at
tacks
ii
. Int
er nalconfli
cts
i
i
i. Drought /famine/wat erPasture

Eff
ect
soft hei
rmi gr at
ion
199715. a) Namet her esultoft hemi grati
onandset tl
ementoft heSomal i
i
ntoKenyaby1800.
(i
) TheSomal i peopleinter mar r
iedwi tht hepeopl et heycamei nt
ocont actwithsuch
asthePokomoandBor ana/I ntermar riedwithnei ghbour s
(i
i
) Thei rsettl
ementi nKeny aledt ot heexpansi onoft radei ntheregion.
(i
i
i) Demandf oragr i
culturalproducebyt heSomal il
edt ot heexpansi onoft radeinthe
regi
on.
(i
v) Thei rsettl
ementl edt oi ncreasedconf lict
sbetweencommuni ti
esov erresources
suchaspast ureandwat er
.
(v
) Thei rmi grationandset tlementl edt ot akedisplacementandr edi stri
buti
onof
peopleinar eawher et heyset tled.
(v
i) Ledt ocultur alexchangebet weent heSomal iandt hepeopl et
heycamei nto
contactwi th.Forexampl ethenei ghbour i
ngcommuni tiesandadopt edIslam fr
om
theSomal i.
(v
ii
) Assi milati
onofsomecommuni t
iestheycamei ntocont actwi
the. g.Oromo.
(v
ii
i) Theirsettl
ementi nhi ghagr iculturalpot ent
ialarease. g.r i
verv
alleysencour aged
someoft hem t opr acticecr opf arming.
Any4poi nts2mar kseach( 8mks)

Eff
ect
sofCushitesmigr
ation
199617.b)Expl
ainf
iveresul
tsoft
heset
tl
ementoft
hecushi
tesi
nKeny
adur
ingt
hepr
e-
col
oni
alperi
od.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 95
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
. Thecushi tescamewi tht heirownl i
v estockandsoencour agedl ivestockf armingi n
areaswher et heyset t
led.
ii
. Thei rset tlementl edt oi ncr easedr ivalryandconf l
ictsf orowner shi pofl and
iii
. Somecushi teswhohadbeenconv ertedt oIslam spr eadt hereligi onint heareas
wher et heyset tl
ed.
iv. Thecushi t esat tackedt heEast ernBant ucommuni tieswhohadset tl
edatshungway a,
andf orcedt hem t omov et ot heirpr esenthomel andi nKeny a.
v. Thecushi tesi ntermar riedwi tht hecommuni ti
est heyf oundi nt hear easwher et hey
settled.
v i
. Thecushi t esat tackedt heEast ernBant ucommuni tieswhohadset tl
edatshungway a,
andf orcedt hem t omov et ot heirpr esenthomel andi nKeny a.
vii
. Thecushi tesi ntermar riedwi tht hecommuni ti
est heyf oundi nt hear easwher et hey
settledi nKeny a.(Ther ewasi ncreasei npopul at i
on)
v
iii
. Tr adedev el opedbet weent hecushi tesandt heexampl etheyexchangedl ivestock
product ssuchasmi lkandbut t
erwi tht heBant uandi nr eturnt heyobt ainedgr ains
from t heBant u.
ix. TheBant ubor rowedsomet ot hecul turalpracticesoft hecushi t ese. g.Circumci si
on.
x. Cushi tesl ear ntmi xedf ar mi ng
i. Any5x2mar ks
19982.I nwhatTWOway st heKeny ancommuni t
iesi nt eract eddur ingt hepr e-colonial
period?
(i) Thr ought rade
(ii
) Thr oughwar far e
(ii
i
) Thr oughi ntermar riage
(iv
) Thr oughcommonf est ivals/cer emoni ese.g.wr est li
ngcul tur alexchangee. g.
l
anguage (
2mks)
20001.Way si nwhi cht heAkambai nter actedwi t
ht heAgi kuy uint hepr e-colonialperiod
(i) Tr adi ngact i
v i
ties
(ii
) I nt ermar riages (2mks)
20011. St atet woway si nwhi cht heNandi andt heAbal uyi
acommuni ti
es
i
nt eract eddur ingt hepr e-col onial per iod.
i
. Thr ought rade
ii
. Thr oughwar s/r aids
iii
. Thr oughspor tingact i
vities
iv. Thr oughi nt ermar riage
Any2poi nt s, 1mar k(2mks)
20021. Stat eonewayi nwhi cht heAbagusi iandt heKi psi gisinteract eddur i
ngthepr e-
coloni al per iod.
(i) I nter mar riage
(ii
) Tr ade
(ii
i
) Rai ds/ war f are Any1poi ntmkeach=1mk
20032. Giv eonewayi nwhi cht heknowl edgeofi r
onwor kinghel pedi nthemi gr
ationof
theBant u.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 96
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i. I
tenabl
edthem tocl
earthei
rwayastheymoved.
i
i. Thei
rsuper
iorweaponsenabl
edthem t
odef
eatthei
renemi
es.
i
i
i. Theywereablet
ogrowenoughfoodcropst
osustai
nthem.
Any1x1=( 1mks)
200318.a) Stat
et hr
eeway sthroughwhi chcommunit
iesi
nKeny
ainteractedduringthe
pre–colonialperi
od.
(i
)Communi ti
esexchangedgoodst hroughtr
ade.
(i
i
)Theyrai
dedeachot herforliv
estock
(i
i
i) Theyf oughtwar swi t
heachot her.
(i
v) Theyi nter–mar r
ied
Any3x1=( 3mks)
20041.Statetwoway sinwhichKeny ancommuniti
esi
nter
act
eddur
ingt hepre-coloni
al
peri
od(2mks)
i
. Thr ought rade
ii
. Theyi ntermar ri
ed/mar ri
age
i
ii
. Thr oughr aidsforliv estock
i
v. Theyf oughtwar swi theachot her
v. Spor tse.g.wr estl
ing
200518( b)Expl ainfi
v er esultoft hei nteractionbetweentheBant uandt heCushit
esi n
thepre-colonialperiod.
i
. I ntermar r
iageswhi chst rengt henedr elationshipsbetweencommuni t
ies.
ii
. SomeBant uadopt edI slam from t heCushi tes.
i
ii
. SomeBant ucopi edsomecust omsoft heCushi tessuchasci rcumcisionandageset
systems.
i
v. TheBant uandCushi t
esr aidedot herforcat tl
ewhichledtol ossofpr opertyand
l
ives/i
ncreasedwel f are.
v. Cushi tesat t
ackedt heBant uwhi chledt of urt
hermigrati
on(e. g.Or ma/ Oromo
Oromo/ Gal l
apushedt heEast ernBant uf rom Shungway a).
/Displ acement
vi
. Thecushi tesandt heBant uexchangedgoodswhi chledtothedev el
opmentoft rade.
v
ii
. SomeCushi teswer eabsor bed/ assimilatedbyt heBantu.
Any5x2=( 10mks)
20113Gi vet wor easonswhyKeny anCommuni ti
esfoughtagai nsteachot herdur
ingthe
pre-Colonialperiod. (2mar ks)
i
.Compet
it
ionf
orl
andf
orcul
ti
vat
ion/
set
tl
ement
.
i
i
.Compet
it
ionf
orwat
er/
past
ure.
i
i
i.Todemonst
rat
ethei
rmi
l
itar
ypower
.
i
v.Tor
aidf
orcat
tl
e.Any2x1=2mar
ks

Rev
isi
onQuesti
ons
1.HowdidtheKeny acommunit
iesi
nter
actdur
ingt
hei
rmi
grat
ionsandset
tl
ement
s?
2.Descr
ibet
hemi grat
ionoft
he:
a) Cushi
tes
b) Bantu

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 97
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

c) Ni
l
otes
3.Ident
if
ythei
mpactoft
hemi
grat
ionsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

a) Bantu
b) Nil
otes
c) Cushites
4.Describet
heeffectsoft
heint
eract
ionsoft
heAgi
kuy
uandt
hepeopl
etheycamei
nto
contactwi
thduringmigr
ati
on.

5.Descr
ibet
hecour
seandef
fect
soft
hemi
grat
ionoft
heLuo.

6.Whydi
dtheBant
umi
grat
efr
om Shungway
a?

SOCI
AL,
ECONOMI
CANDPOLITI
CALORGANI
SATI
ONOFKENYAN
TH
SOCI
ETI
ESI
NTHE19 CENTURY
TheBant
u

TheAgikuyu
Pol
it
icalor
gani
sat
ion

i
.Theywer
epol
i
tical
l
ydecent
ral
i
sed.

i
i
.Thebasi
cpol
i
tical
uni
twast
hecl
an.

i
i
i.TheKikuy
uwereor
ganisedi
ntocl
ans-
eachmadeupofsub-
clanscal
l
ed“
Mbar
i”
.
Usual
l
yalongoner
idge.

i
v.TheKi
kuyucommuni
tywasdecent
ral
i
sedandithadthei
nsti
tut
ionofthe‘
Mur
amat
i’
(cl
anl
eader
).‘
Mur
amati
’co-
ordi
nat
edall
theacti
vi
ti
esofthesub-cl
an.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 98
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

v
.Ther ewerewarrior
swhodefendedt
hecommunity
.TheKikuyuhadacounci l
ofelder
s
(Ki
ama)whi chmaintai
nedl
awandorderandmadefi
naldeci
sions.Itpresi
dedover
rel
i
giousfuncti
ons.Caseswer
ehandl
edby‘Ki
ama’composedofi ndivi
dualwhoacted
asjudges.

v
i.Thecounci
lofseni
orel
der
swassel
ect
edf
rom anumberofcounci
l
stoser
veasa
cour
tofappeal
.

20094.St atetwopol i
ticalf
uncti
onsofthecounci
lofel
der
samongt
heAgi
kuy
udur
ing
thecolonialperi
od
i
. Toset tl
edisputes(l
andandinheri
tancedi
sput
es)
i
i
. Tomakel awsfort hecommunity
ii
i
. Topuni shthelawbr eaker
s/wrongdoers
iv
. Todecl arewar/makepeace.( 2x1=2mks)
Social
or ganisati
on

 TheKi kuy uwer eor ganisedi nt ocl ans.Ther ewer eni neclans.Someoft hem wer e
Anj ir
u, Ambui , Acera, Angar i
, Angeci andAi r
imu.
 Thef ami lywast hebasi csoci al unitbecausei tact edast hebasisoftheKi kuyu
communi ty
.
 Rel atedf ami liesf ormedacl an( mbar i
)abov et hef ami l
ywast he“mbari”orsub-
clanunder“ Mur amat i
”orcar etaker .
 TheKi kuy uhadagesetwhi chwasacqui redfrom t heGumba.
 Theyconduct edbi rthandmar r i
agecer emony .
 TheKi kuy ui nitiated( cir
cumci sed)boy sandgi rlstoadul thood.
 Theywor shi pedaGodt heycal led‘ Ngai ’whol ivedonMountKeny a(Kir
inyaga).
 TheKi kuy uof feredsacr i
fi
cest ot heirGodf ort hanksgi vinginsacr edplaces.
 Theywer esoci al l
yor ganisedi ntoage–setsy stemscomposedofboy swhower e
initi
ated.
 Theysl aught eredgoat sandsheepassacr i
fi
ce.
 Theyhadmedi cinemen, rainmaker sandpr ophet s.
 Amedi cinemanwasknownas“ MunduMugo”andhecur eddiseases.
 Theyal sobel iev edinancest ral spi ri
ts.
 Finallyt heypai ddowr yinform ofcat t
le,sheepandgoat s.
200318.b) Descr i
bet hesoci alor gani zationoft heAgi kuyudur i
ngt he
Pre–col onial period.( 12mks)
i. Thesmal lestsoci al uni
twast hef ami ly.
i
i. Several r
elat edf ami l
iesfor medacl an( mbar i
)whi chl i
vedi nadef inedarea.
i
i
i. TheAgi kuy upr act icedci rcumci sionf orboy sandcl i
ctoridectomyf orgirl
s.
i
v. TheAgi kuy uhadage–setsy stem ( riika)madeupofboy sandgi rl
swhower einit
iat
ed
att
hesameper iod.
v. Member soft heagesetwor kedt oget herandconsi deredeachot herasbrothersand
si
sters.
v
i. Marri
agewashi ghl yr egar dedamongt heAgi kuyuasonewoul draiseafami l
yandalso
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 99
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

ownproperties.
vii
. TheAgikuyubel i
evedi ntheexist
enceofasupr emeGodcal ledNgaiwholi
vedon
MountKeny a( Ki
ri
ny aga)
v
iii
. TheAgikuyuhadpr ayedandmadesacr if
icestoGodonv ari
ousoccasi
ons.
ix. TheAgikuyual sobel i
evedintheexist
enceofancestral
spiri
twhoactedas
i
nter
medi ar
iesbet weenGodandt hepeopl e.
x. TheAgikuyuhadsacr edplacesofwor shi
psuchasgr ovesandfigtr
ees.
xi. TheAgikuyuhadsomespeci ali
stssuchaspr ophet
s,medici
nepeopleandrai
nmaker
s
whower econsul t
edi ntimeofneed.
Any6x2=( 12mks)

Economi
cor
gani
sat
ion

 Cul
ti
vat
ionwasthemai
neconomicact
ivi
ty.Mencl
ear
edthel
andaswoment
il
ledt
he
l
andTheAgikuy
ugrewcropssuchasmil
l
et ,
sor
ghum,ar
rowr
ootsandy
ams.

 Local
tradewascommonbetweentheri
dgesandt
heyalsot
radedwi
tht
hei
r
nei
ghbourssuchast
heMaasai
,theAkambaandogiek.

 Theysmel
tedi
ronformaki
nghoesandaxesandal
soweav
edandpr
act
icedbasket
ry
aswell
aspott
ery
.

 TheAgi
kuy
umenhunt
edandgat
her
edt
osubst
it
utet
hei
rdi
et.

 Theykeptbeehi
vesandhar
vest
edhoney
.

 Theykeptl
i
vest
ockf
orexampl
ecat
tl
e,sheepandgoat
s.

 Womenpr
act
isedbasket
ryandpot
ter
y.

TheAmer u
Pol
it
ical
organi
sat
ion

 Firstlevelofaut hor
it
ywast hef amilyeachwi thheadwhosol v eddi sput esand
mediatedbet weenmember s.
 Fami li
esf ormedt heclanwhi chwasundercounci lofelders(Gaar ue- Ki
ama)
 Kiamaexecut eddeci onmadebymer
si uparliamentset tl
eddi sput es.
 Themi li
taryforce–Ramar eenforceddecisi
onshouseofel der s, par li
ament,
maintainedlawandor der, defendedsoci et
yf rom out si
deat tacks.
 Thehouseofel derssentr epresentati
vestot heNj uriNcheke–t hemostpower ful
i
nsti
tutionwhi chpassedl awf ort hecommuni ty,admi nist
eredj ust ice,
 NjuriNchekewasf i
nal cour tofAppeal –solv edl andi nheri
tancedi sputes
 Thepeopl ecal edAgambi
l representedtheaccuseroraccusedbef oret heNjur
i
Ncheke.
 Themer umonar chyleadbyRai bonwascer emoni al,hewasconsul tedonlegal
matters,waschi efpoli
tical arbit
rator,
hadpr ophet i
cpower s
20013. Givet woreasonswhyt hecounci lofelder samongt heAmer uwas
importantbef oretheest ablishmentofcol onial r
ule.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 100
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(i
) I tsol veddi sputesi nt hecommuni ty
(i
i
) I tmedi atedi ndisput esi nvol
vingtheMer uandt heirnei
ghbours
(i
i
i) Itensur edt hesaf ecust odyoft hecommuni ty’shistor
y,tr
adit
ionsandv
alues/
heri
tage.
(i
v) Itsanct i
onedwar s
(v
) Act edasr i
tuall
eader s
(v
i) Gui danceofcounsel i
ngcommuni tymember s
(v
ii
) Keptl awandor der .
(v
ii
i) Any2poi nts,1mar k(2mks)
20022. St atetwof unct ionsoft hecouncilofelders(NjuriNeheke)oft
heAmeru.
(i
) Sol vel andandi nher i
tancedi sput
es.
(i
i
) Act edast heCour tofAppeal
(i
i
i) Pr esidedov erreligiousf uncti
ons
(i
v) Or gani zedsoci alf unctions
(v
) Adv isedwar r
iorsonwhent ogotowar s/r
aids
(v
i) Negot iatedpeaceset tl
ement s
(v
ii
) Madel awst ogov ernt hecommuni ty
Anyt wopoi nts,
1mkeach2mks
20084.St atet wosi milar i
ti
esi nthepolit
icalor
ganizationoftheAmer uandAbagusi
iof
Kenyadur i
ngt he19t hcent ur y
. (
2mks)
(i
) Thecl anformedt hebasicpol i
ti
calunit
(i
i
) Leader shi
pwasbyt hecounci l
ofelders
(i
i
i) Bothhadagesetsy stems
(i
v) Thecouncilofelder
ssettleddisputes
(v
) Theyhadwar ri
orswhodef endedtheircommuni
ti
es Any2x1=2mar
ks
Soci
alor
gani
sati
on

 TheAmer uwhocompr i
sedt heChuka,Thar aka,Mwimbi
,Mut hambi,I
menti,Tigani
a
andIgembewereor
ganisedi ntoclans.
 Thefamil
ywasanimpor tantsocialinsti
tut
ion.Famili
esli
vedinv i
l
lages(nt
uura)each
wit
haf ar
mforcul
ti
vati
on.
 Theywerealsoorganisedi ntoage- setsy stems(Nthuke/
Irua)comprisi
ngofage
mates.

 TheAmer uconduct ediniti

ati
onceremoniesi nform ofci r
cumci sion.BothGirl
sand
boyswer ecircumcised.
 Theywor shipedGod( Murungu)undert hesacredFi g(Mugumo)t r
eesandt heyalso
per
for
medsacr i
fi
cestot hei
rGod.
 TheAmer uhadmedi cinemen, r
ainmakers,f
ortune-t
ell
ersandpr ophet s.
 Educationwasal ifel
ongpr ocessgir
lsweretaughtbyt heirmot hersasuncircumcised
boysjoinedKami chuaatt heageofsev enwher etheywer et rai
nedhow t olocate
hi
ddenobj ects.Atage10j oinedKigumi wheretheylearneddiscipli
neanddut y.
 Atage15t heyj oi
nedGat uuriwheretheyweret r
ainedresponsibil
ityandrespect.
Economicor ganisati
on

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 101
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 TheAmer ugr ewcr opssuchasmi l

letandsor ghum.
 Theykeptliv
est ocksuchascat tl
e,sheepandgoat s.
 They(athi
-professi
onal hunters)hunt edwildanimalsandgatheredrootsandfrui
ts.
 SomeAmer ut r
adedwi ththeirneighbour ssuchast heAkamba,Mber eandEmbu.
 Theywer eengagedi nt raditi
onalcr af
tssuchaspot t
ery,basketry
,weav i
ng,cloth
making.
 Theyironsmel ti
ngwhi chenabl edt hem tomakekni v
es,spear
s, ar
rowheadsandi ron
hoes.Theykeptbeehi vesandhar vestedhoney .
TheAkamba
Pol
it
ical
organi
sat
ion

 Theyhaddecent rali
sedsy stem ofgov ernment
 Thecl anwasf ormedaccor dingt othei roccupati
one. g.Amuunda( farmersAt wi
i
(ir
onwor kers)et c
 Thecl answer er ulesbyacounci l
ofel ders–Ther ewer ev ari
ousgr adesofelders
accordingt oagoe. g.j
uniorelder s,medi um, f
ullandseni orelders
 Themedi um (Nt hele)ful
lelders(ki valo)eldersdeal twi t
hadmi ni
strati
onwor kand
passingj udgment. Theyalsomai ntainedlawandor der
 Theseni ormostel ders(thembo)deal twithreli
giousf unct i
onsandot herser
ious
mattersaf fecti
ngt hecommuni tyli
kewar
 Thejuni orwar r
iors( Anake)for medt hemi l
it
aryor ganizationtheydef endedthe
communi tyandconduct edr aids
 Thesmal lestpoliti
calunitwast heclan
 Poli
ti
cal l
yt heAkambawer eor ganisedi ntoclansmadeupofsev eralrel
atedfamil
i
es.
Theyhadcounci lsofelderseachent itledto“NzamaSy aUt ui”.

 Akambawar
ri
orsdef
endedt
hecommuni
ty.

200418.(b) Descr i
bethepol
i
ticalor
gani
zat
ionoft
heAkambadur
ingt
hepr
e-col
oni
al
per
iod.(10mks)
i
. Thebasispol
it
ical
unit
swastheclan

i
i. Thecl
anwasruledbyclanel
ders/councilofel
ders
i
i
i. TheAkambasociet
ywasdividedint
ovar i
ousage-gradeandage-setsThel
owestage
-gr
adewasthatofjuni
orel
derswhodef eatedt
hecommuni ty
/warrior
s
i
v. Thenexti nrankwast heelder swhopr esidedovermi norcasesFull
elderspresi
ded
overthemaj orcases/council ofelderssettl
eddisputes
v. Ther eti
redadvi
sedseniorelder soni mpor t
antmat t
ersaffect
ingcommuni ty
v
i. TheAkambahadadecent ralizedsy st
em ofgov ernment/autonomouscl ans
(5x2=10mks)
19961.Gi v et
wof uncti
onsoft hecounci lofelder
samongt heAkambadur i
ngthepre
colonialper
iod.
(
i) Theyhadpower stodecl arewarandmakepeace/ preparedyouthforwar
(
ii
) Theypr esidedoverreligiousandot herri
tualf
unctions
(
ii
i) Theyof fer
edadv i
cet ot hecommuni tywhenneedar ose
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 102
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
iv) Theyr
uledt
hecommuni
ty/set
tl
edi
sput
es
Any2poi
nts1mar
keach(2mks)

20102I
dent
if
yoneage-
gradef
orel
der
samongt
heAkamba.

i
i
i) Juni
orel s/anake
der
i
v) I
nter
mediat
eelder um Nt
s/medi hel
e
v
) Ful
lel s/At
der umiamaKiv
alo/I
thembo
v
i) Seni
orel
ders/AtumiamaIt
hembo
any1x1=1mar
k
Soci
alor
gani
sat
ion

TheAkambawer eorganisedintoclansmadeupofsev eral

rel
atedfamili
es.Theyhadage
-gr
oupsandage-
setsy stem.Theypr act
icedci
rcumcisionasaninit
iati
onr i
te.
Theybeli
ev ed i
nwi tchcraf
tand had medi ci
nemenand di v
iners.TheAkamba
conduct
edtr
adit
ionalceremonies.Final
ly,t
heyworshippedGodandper f
ormedsacri
fi
ces
tohim.
Economicor
ganisati
on

 ThosearoundMbooni ,vetihil
l
spr acti
cedf ar
ming
 I
nthedr yareast heypracti
cedl i
vestockf arming.
 Theywer eskil
l
edhunt erse. ghuntedel ephantsantel
opeandl
eopar
d/gat
her
s.
 Theypracti
cedt radi
ngact i
viti
eswi ththeirneigbour
s.
 Theypracti
cedwoodcar ving,maki ngtool sandshiel
ds
 Theyengagedi npot t
ery,makingpot s,jugse. t
.c.
 Theywer eweav ers,makingbasket s,mat se.t.
c
 Theywer ebeekeeper sforhoneywhi cht heysold.
TheAbagusii
Pol
it
ical
organisat
ion

 Theclanwast hebasi cpol it

icaluni
t.
 Roleor ganizedbasedoncl ansmadeupofr el
atedfami l
ies.
 Hadher edit
arychiefscal ledOmogambi .Hehadaspeci alstool(egetumbe)andhad
anador nedcr ownknownasChi ndogote
 Hadcounci lofelderswhi chper f
ormeddut i
essuchas: -e.gsolvinglanddi
sputes
 Maintaininglawandor der .
 Disci
plininglawbr eaker s.
 Hadcl an’schiefswhopr esidedourr el
igionsceremonies.
 Hadwar ri
orswhodef endedt hecommuni t
y.
 Hadageset swhicht heyj oinedafterinit
iati
on. (2x5=10mks)
20084.St atetwosi mil
ar it
iesi nthepolit
icalorganizat
ionoft heAmer uandAbagusiiof
Kenyadur i
ngthe19t hcent ury. (
2mks)
(
i) Theclanformedt
hebasicpol
it
ical
unit
(
ii
) Leadershi
pwasbythecounci
lofelder
s
(
ii
i) Bot
hhadagesetsyst
ems

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 103
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(i
v) Thecouncil
ofelder
sset
tl
eddisputes
(v
) Theyhadwar r
ior
swhodefendedthei
rcommuni
ti
es Any2x1=2mar
ks
Soci
alor
gani
sat
ion

 Thecl anwast hebasi csoci al unitbasedonsev eral l

ineageswi t
heachcl anhavi
ng
thirownt ot em, usual l
yawi ldanimal .e.g.bogi rango( leopard)
 Theybel iev edi sasupr emebei ngknownasEngor owhol iv
edi nt hesky .
 Theypr ay edt hr oughancest r
al spir
its(ebirecha/ chi sokor o),whoi nturnexpressed
theirwishest hr oughdr eams.
 Thei rwi sheswer ei nterpretedbyadi viner(omor agori),whosuggest edappr opr
iat
e
appeasement .
 Theyconduct edi nit
iati
oncer emoni esinf orm ofci rcumci sionforboy sand
clit
oridectomyf orgi rl
s.
 Pol y
gamywasav erycommonsoci alpracticeamongt heAbagusi i
.
 Mar ri
agewasexogamous.( Mar r
iagebet weencl answasnotal lowed)
 Theyhadmedi cinemen, rainmaker sandpr ophet
 Theyconduct edcer emoni esmar ki
ngbi rt
h, init
iat i
onanddeat h.
 TheAbagusi i
wer eor ganisedi ntoclans.Thei rsoci alor ganisati
onwasbasedont he
extendedf ami lywhosemember sclaimedt ohav eacommonancest or.
 Thesun( er ioba)wasconsi deredsacr edandpr ay erswer edirectedthr oughi
t.
20014. Themai nsi gnifi
canceofci rcumci sioni nsomeAf ri
cant radit
ionalsoci
eti
esi
n
Keny a.
(i
) I tmar kedt heendofchi l
dhoodandt hebegi nni ngofadul t
hood(1mk)
Economi cor gani sat ion

20063.St
at etwoeconomi cact i
vi
tiesoftheAbagusi
iinKeny
adur
ingt
hePr
e-col
oni
al
peri
od
i. Theygrewcr ops
i
i. Theykeptli
vestock
i
i
i. Theyhuntedanimalsandgat heredwil
dfrui
ts
i
v. Theytr
adedwi ththei
rneighbours
v. Theymadehandi craf
ts/Basketry
v
i. Ir
onwor ki
ng
(Any2x1=2mks)

TheMi
j
ikenda

Poli
ti
calorganisat
ion
199917.( b)(i
)DescribeThepol i
tical
or ganizat
ionoft heMij
ikendadur
ingthepr
e-
coloni
alperi
od( 6mks)
v i
. TheMi j
ikendawereor ganizedintobet ween4- 6clanswit
hmanysub-Cl ans
vii
. Eachmanl i
vedinprotectedvil
l
agesknownasKay a
v
iii
. Youngmenbecamemember sofage–set saftergoingt
hroughcir
cumcisi
on
ix. Seniorage–setmember smadeupt hegov ernmentcouncil,Kambi

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 104
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

x. Thecounci lwasr esponsi

blefort
headmini
strat
ionofaclan
xi. Counci lmeet i
ngswer echairedbyheadmen
xii
. Thej uniorage-setmember smadeupt hewarri
orgroupwhichwaschargedwith
defendingt hecommuni ty
(Any6poi nts,1mk) (6mks)
Socialorganisation
 Theycompr isedofninediffer
entcommunit
iesi.
e.gri
ama,kauma,r
ibe,
r abai
,
kambe,
chony i
,ji
bana, duruma,anddigo.

 Theyl
i
vedi
nfor
ti
fi
edv
il
lageskay
awhi
chwast
hebasi
csoci
aluni
t.

 TheMi j
i
kendabel
iev
edintheexi
stenceofonesupr
emeGodwhom t
heycal
l
ed
Mulungu,whom t
heypr
ayedtothr
oughancestr
alspi
ri
t koma)
s(

 Wer
eor
gani
zedi
ntocl
ansmadeupofsev
eral
react
edf
ami
l
ieswhi
chwer
emat
ri
li
neal
.

 Pr
ayer
swer
emadedi
rect
lyt
oMul
ungu

 Theyof
fer
edsacr
if
icest
oappeaseMul
ungu

 Pr
iest
spr
esi
dedov
err
eli
giouscer
emoni
esandr
it
ual
s

 Ot
herpeopl
esuchast
hemedi
cinemen,
div
iner
spl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
oleamongt
he
Mi
ji
kenda

 Theybel
iev
edintheancestr
alspi
ri
tswhogav
egui
dancet
ofami
l
iesandal
so
mediat
edbetweenthem andthei
rGod.

 Pr
act
icedpol
ygamy
.

 I
nter
mar
ri
agebet
weendi
ff
erentcl
ansal
l
owed

 Soci
alcer
emoni
eswer
emar
kedwi
thsonganddance.

 Hadt
woage-
setMar
ikaandKambi

 EachKay
awasheadedbyaseni
orel
derseenast
heowner
sofal
lthepr
oper
ty.

 Theel
der
lymember
soft
hesoci
etyi
mpor
tedsoci
etal
val
uesandnor
mst
othey
out
h.

 Di
vi
sionsofLabourpr
act
icedwher
eChi
l
drenl
ookedaf
terl
i
vest
ock,
youngmenbui
l
dhouses,
cat
tl
esheds,
hunt
edandcl
ear
edt
hebush.

 Hadpr
ophet
scal
l
edWaf
isi

 Hadr
it
ual
exper
tsandRai
nmaker
s

 Cir
cumcisi
onwascarri
edoutonceaft
erev
eryf
oury
ear
sthei
nit
iat
esj
oinedanage
setandparent
schooseabri
defort
hem.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 105
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

199917.(b)(i
i
)Descr
ibeThesoci
alor
gani
zat
ionoft
heMi
j
ikendadur
ingt
hepr
e-
col
oni
alperi
od(6mks)

i. TheMi jikendabel i
ev edi nt heexi stenceofonesupr emeGodwhom t heycall
ed
Mulungu
i
i. Pray erswer emadedi rect lytoMul ungu
ii
i. Theyof feredsacr i
f i
cest oappeaseMul ungu
iv. Priestpr esidedov err eligiouscer emoni esandr i
tual
s
v. Ot herpeopl esuchast hemedi cenemen, div
iner
splayedanimportantrol
eamong
t
heMi j
ikenda
20003.Whyt heMi ji
kendal i
v edi nt heKay a
Toenhancet heirsecur ityast heycoul dnoteasi lybeatt
ackedwhent heywereli
ving
toget
herint heset tlement .
Economicor gani sation
 TheMi jikendaf ishedi nt heIndi anOcean.
 Theykeptl i
vestocksuchascat tl
e,sheepandgoat s
 Hunt edandgat her edf ruits,honeyandv egetabl
es.
 Theywer eengagedi nt radi t
ional i
ndustriessuchasweav ingandbasketr
y.
 TheMi jikendagr ewcr opssuchasmi ll
et
 Tradedwi t
ht heSwahi li
sandt hepeopleoft hei
nter
iorsuchastheAkamba
 Theypr acticedsal tcollect i
ng.
TheNi
l
otes

TheLuo
Pol
it
ical
organi
sat
ion

 TheyLuower eadecent rali

zedcommuni t
y
 Thef amilywast hel owestpol iti
caluni
theadedbyJaduong( Father
)
 Theywer eor ganizedi ncl anseachwi t
hacommonancest ry
 Ther ewasal ineagecounci l“Bunchdhook”whosedut ywast osett
ledomest i
c
disput es
 Thecl ans,j
oined, toforml argeruni tsknownasGweng”whower eself-
governi
ng
 Theywer eruledbyacounci lofelderswhoadmi ni
steredjusti
ceandconduct ed
reli
giouscer emoni es
 Sev eralGwengj oinedt oget hert oform sub-tr
ibeknownas“ Oganda” (
13subt ri
bes)
 Thechi efel
derat‘ Oganda”l ev elwascal l
ed“Ruoth”.Hewasassi stedbyacounci l
of
elderscal l
ed“ buchpi ng”
 Buchpi nyhadt her esponsi bil
ityofsettingmaj ori
nter
-cl
anconf li
ctsdisci
pli
ned
criminal se.g.mur der
er s.
 Theyhadacl assofwar ri
or s“ Thuondi(bull
s)whodef endedthecommuni tyand
carriedourr aidsonnei ghbour s (5x1=5mar ks)

200218b) Descr
ibet
hepol
i
tical
organi
zat
ionoft
heLuodur
ingt
hepr
e-col
oni
al
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 106
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

per
iod
i
. TheLuower eorganizedint ocl ans,eachwi t
hacommonancest ry
ii
. Thecl answereor gani
zedi nt olargeunits(Gweny e)whichwereself
-gover
ning
i
ii
. EachGwengewasadmi nister edbyaCounci lofElder
s
i
v. Thecounci ladminist
eredj usticeandser vedast hef i
nalcour
tofappeal
v. Thecounci lco-
ordinatereligiousf uncti
ons
vi
. Theyhadasy stem ofchief tai
nshi p(Ruoth)whoadmi ni
ster
edwit
ht hehel
pof
CouncilofEl
ders
Soci
alor
ganisati
on

 Thefamil
ywast hebasicsoci
alunit
.
 Theybeli
evedintheexist
enceofoneGod“Nyasay
e”wor shi
ppedi
nsacr
edpl
aces
 Theyprayedtohimthroughpri
ests.
 Theyhadspecialshr
ineswheretheywor
shi
ppede.g.undertr
ees.

 Theybeliev
edi nancestr
alspir
it
s.(juogi)
 Theypracti
cedi ni
ti
ati
onrit
ese.g.remov alofsixl
owerteeth
 Theycelebratedimport
antoccasionsl i
keharvestormarri
age
 Theywer eri
tualexper
tse.g.di
viners,medici
nemenheal ers.
200218b) Descr i
bethesocialorganizat
ionoftheLuodur i
ngt
hepr
e-col
oni
alper
iod
i
. Ther
ewer
eri
tual
exper
tssuchasdi
vi
ner
s,medi
cinemenandheal
ers.
i
i
. Ther
ewer
eri
tual
exper
tssuchasdi
vi
ner
s,medi
cinemenandheal
er.
i
i
i. Theybel
i
evedi
ntheexi
stenceofOneGod(
Nyasay
e).
iv. Theyprayedt oGodt hroughpri
ests
v. Theyvenerated/wor shippedtheancest r
alspiri
ts
vi. Theyleadsacr edplacessetasi def orworship
vi
i. Theypracti
cedi ni
ti
at ionri
tese.g.removal ofl
owerteet
h/ f
rontteet
h
v
ii
i. Theycelebratedimpor t
antoccasionse.g.harvest
,marr
iagethroughdr
inki
ng,
eat
ing,wrestl
inganddanci ng (
8x1=8mks)

Economi
cor
gani
sat
ion

 TheLuocul ti
vatedcropssuchasbeans, sweetpotatoes,peas,mill
et,groundnutsand
sorghum.
 Theyhunt edwil
dani mal
sandcollectedfrui
ts,
vegetablesandroots.
 TheLuobusi nessment radedwiththeirnei
ghboursf orexampleAbal uhyia,Abagusi
i,
Nandi andKipsi
gis.
 TheLuosmel t
edironandmadei rontools
 Engagedt hemselvesinthetradi
ti
onalindustr
iessuchaspot t
ery,basketryandcl ot
h
making.Theyf i
shedi nLakeVict
oriaandi ntheriverspassingthrought heirt
erri
tor
y
e.
g.Riv er
sSondu, Nzoi
a,Nyando,KujaandYala.
TheNandi
Pol
it
ical
organi
sat
ion

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 107
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Basi cpol iti

calunitwast hecl an
 Sev eral clansjoi
nedt oget hertof orm alongerandhighestpoli
ti
calunit-t
heprophet
 Thecl anwasgov er nedbyj uniorcounci l
ofelderswhosettl
edmi nordisputes
 Eachpr ophetwascont r
ol l
edbyacounci lofelderswhodecidedinseriousmat t
es
 I
tset t
ledmaj ordisput esasi twast hehighestcourt
 Theyhadani nfl
uent iali
nst i
tutionoft heorkoiy
otwhoalsoplayedani mportant
politi
cal r
oeasadv isingt hecounci lofelders any(5x2)=10mks
Ageset samongt heNandi traditi
onal society
 Mai na
 Chuma
 Sawe
 Kor ongor o
 Ki pkoi met
 Kapl elach
 Ki mny inge
 Ny ongi
20074. Stat etwodut iesoft heOr koyotamongt heNandi. (2mks)
(i
) Hepr esidedov err el
i
gi ousf unctions
(i
i
) Hef oretol
dfutur eev ents/seer .
(i
i
i) Hewasamedi cineman.
(i
v) Hewasar ai
nmakerAny2x1=2mks
Socialor gani sati
on

 Thebasicsoci alunitwast hef amily

 Famil
ymember soft hesamepat ernal l
i
neagef ormedacl an
 Member soft hesamecl anwer eprohibit
edf rom mar ry
ingbecauset heywererelatedbyblood
 Theypracticedcircumci sionf orbothboy sandgi r
lswhent heyreachedpuberty
 Duri
ngthei nit
iati
onboy sandgi rl
swer egi veninformededucat ionbyeldersaboutt he
communi ty’sval
uesandt r
adi ti
ons.
 Af t
erini
tiati
onst heboy swer eadmi ttedintooneoft hecy cl
icalage-
setetc.
 Theyhel dv ari
ouscer emoni est omar kdifferentsocialeventsi.
e.birt
h,marri
ageet c.
 TheNandi wor shipedasupr emeGod( Asis)
 Theybel ievedinancest ral spiri
tswhom t heyhonour edthroughl i
bati
ons
 Theyof feredsacr if
icestoGodi nti
mesofbl essingorappeasehi mi nti
mesofmi sfor
tunes
 TheNandi hadi mpor tantreligiousleaderssuchasdi vi
ners,rai
nmakersetc.
 Theyhadaf amousr eli
giousl eaderknownOr koiyot.
Economicor ganisati
on

 TheNandipracti
cedmi xedf armingbecauset heygr
ewcrops
 Theykeptl
i
vestocksuchascat t
le,sheepandgoats.
 Theysmelt
edi r
onandmadei ront oolsandweaponssuchasspear s,cattl
ebell
sand
hoes.
 TheNanditr
adedwi ththeirneighbourssuchast heLuhyi
a,Maasaiandt heLuo.
 Theywereengagedintr adit
ionalindustr
iessuchasweav i
ng,
basketr
yandpot ter
y.
 SomeNandi peoplehunt edandgat heredrootsandfr
uit
saswellasv egetabl
es.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 108
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Af
ewot
her
shar
vest
edhoneybecauset
heykeptbeehi
ves.
TheMaasai
Pol
it
ical
organi
sat
ion

200018( b) Descr ibet hepoliticalorganizati

onoft heMaasaidur ingt hepre-col
onial
per
iod.
(i
) TheMaasai wer eruledbyt hecounci lofel
der s.Thecounci lconsi st
edofr i
tual
leaders,clanheadsandf ami lyheadsamongot hers.
(i
i
) Thecounci lofel der swasr esponsi bleformai ntaininglawandor der,making
decisionaboutcer emoni es,decl ari
ngwar sandset t
li
ngdi sputes.
(i
i
i) Theagesetsy stem wasani mpor tantinst
itutionamongt heMaasai .
(i
v) Ther ewer esev eralageset sandeachhadal eader /
spokesman.Theageset s
exercisedl eader shiprolesint urns.
(v
) Ther eexi stedacl assofwar riors,themor ans, whower eusedt ocar ryoutrai
ds
andal sodef endt hecommuni ty.
(v
i) Ther ewer eritual leadersamongt heMaasai .Theirfunctionwast opr esi
deov er
reli
giousf unctionsandadv isethecommuni tydur ingcrises.
(v
ii
) Themosti mpor t
antr i
tualheadwast heOl oiboni.Byt hemi d19t hcent urythe
i
nsti
tuti
onoftheOl oi
bonihadbecomemoreinf
luent
ial
.Someoutst
andi
ngwere
MbatianandLenana.
20043.Statetwofunct
ionsoftheLaibonamongt
heMaasai duri
ngpr
e-col
oni
alper
iodi
n
Keny
a.(2mks)
i
. Hepresi
dedov err
eli
giouscer
emoni es

i
i
. Heradv
isedt
hecounci
lofEl
der
spol
i
tical
headofMaasai

i
i
i. Hebl
essedwar
ri
orsbef
oret
heyunder
tookr
aids

i
v. Hef
oret
oldf
utur
eev
ent
s/act
edasapr
ophet

v
. Headmi
nist
eredj
ust
ice (2mks)

20124.Stat
etworel
igi
ousfunct
ionsper
for
medbyOl
oibonoft
heMaasai
duri
ngthe
pre-col
oni
alper
iod. (2marks)

(i
) Hef oretoldthef ut ur
e/consultedGod
(i
i) Hepr esidedov err eli
giousceremoni es/acti
vi
ties
(i
ii
) Heof feredpr ayersonbehal foft hecommuni ty
(i
v) Hebl essedwar ri
or sbeforegoi ngt owar (
2mar ks)
20133.Statet wopol i
tical f
unctionsoft heOl oibonamongt heMaasaidur
ingt
he19t
h
centur
y.
(i
)Headmi nister
edt heMaasai l
and/ actedasuni f
yingfactor.
(i
i)Hesett
leddi sputes.
(i
ii
)Hedeclaredwaragai nsthisenemi es/ Advi
sedandbl essedwarri
ors.
(i
v)Advi
sedt heCounci l ofElders.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 109
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Any2x1=2mar
ks

Soci
alor
gani
sat
ion

201118(b)Descri
bethesocial
organi
zati
onoft heMaasaidur
ingthepre-
coloni
alper
iod
(10mar
ks)
i. Thelowestsocial
unitwasthefamilywhichcompri
sedofthefat
her,his
wife/
wivesandchil
dren.
i
i. Several
rel
atedfamili
esformedaclan.
i
i
i. TheMaasai wereorgani
zedint
oagegr oupsagesetswhichweremadeupof
peoplewhower ecir
cumcisedatt
hesameper i
od.
iv. Therewasawar r
iorcl asswhosedut ywast odefendthecommuni ty
/conduct
rai
ds.
v. TheMaasai bel
ievedi nt heexist
enceofasupr emeGodEnkai ,whowast he
creat
oroft heuniver se.
vi. Therewasar el
igiousl eader,Lai
bonwhomedi at
edbetweent hecommuni t
yand
Enkai.
vi
i. Theyofferedsacr i
ficest oGodi nspecial
places/cel
ebrat
edthecenturyt
hatmark
graduati
onofMor an/ eunot o
v
ii
i. Theybelievedintheexi stenceofancestr
alspir
it
swhom t heyrev
ered.
Any5poi sx2=10mar
nt ks
Economi
corgani
sat
ion

 Tradingwi t
htheirneighbourse.g.Abagusii
,Agiki
yutogethoneygr ai
ns.
 Pastor alism –keepi ngofl i
vest
ockformi l
k,meat,blood.
 Culti
vat ionofcr opse. gtheKwav igr
oupofMaasai cult
ivat
edcropse.g.v
egetabl
es,gr
ains.
 Gather ingofr oots,vegetables,f
rui
t.
 Several craft
swer epr acti
cedbytheMaasai e.g.i
ronwor ki
ngtoproducespearsarr
owheads,
hoes, or nament s,swor dsetc.
 Raidi
ngnei ghbourse.g.Luo’s,Nandisforcatt
le.
19992.I denti
fyt
het woeconomi cacti
vi
ti
eswhichthemaasaiacqui
redasar
esul
tof
i
nteract
ingwiththeAgikuyuduringthei
rsett
lementi
nKenya(2mks)
i
. Somemaasai secti
onse.g.t
heKwav ibecameagri
cul
tur
e/farmer
s
i
i
. SomeMaasai becametraders
(Any2poi nt
s,1mr k) (
2mks)

TheEast
ernCushi
tes

TheBorana
Pol
it
icalor
gani
sat
ion

 TheBoranaweredividedintotwohal
vesormoiet
ies/Ki
nshi
p.
 Themoieti
eswer esub-di
videdint
osub-
moiet
ieswhichwerethendi
vi
dedi
ntocl
ans
compri
singrel
atedfamili
ti
es.
 Aheredi
taryl
eaderknownsKakuheadedeachmoi et
y .

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 110
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Kall
u’
scl anwast hespi r
it
ualandpoliti
calcentr
eofmoi ety.
 TheKalluwasbot hthespiri
tuall
eaderandt hejudgewhoar bit
ratedmajordisputes.
 Therewasanage- setsystem onwhi chmili
tar
yor ganizati
onwasbased. /Theyhad
warri
orsder i
vedfrom theageset sforcommuni ty’sdefenseandexpansi onl and
underit
soccupat ion.
 TheBor anaal sohadaGadasy stem comprisi
ngel evengrades.EachGodacl ass
l
asted8y earsandpassedt hroughelevengradesf rom bi
rthtodeat h.
 Member soft heGadael ectedGadacounci lwhichmadedeci si
ons./Theyhada
council
ofel derswhichelectedtheGadaandassi stedtheKal l
u/pettl
eddisputes
 Handingov erofleadershipwasdonet hroughtheper formanceoft hebuttacer emony.

Soci
alor
gani
sat
ion

 Theyareor ganizedint oclans.

 Eachclanswasheadedbyt hecouncil ofelders
 Theyhadagesetcal ledgada
 Youngmenser v edaswar ri
or s
 Theyhadr it
ualcer emoni eswhi chunitedt hem
 Theyhadexogami esmar riages/marriedfrom diff
erentclans
 Thesystem ofi nheritancewaspat ri
lineal/propert
ywasi nheri
tedf
rom f
athert
otheson.
 Theywor shipsupr emecr eat orgodcal l
edWak.
 Howeveri n19thcent urymaj orit
yofthem wer econvert
edt oI
slam.
Economi
cor
gani
sat
ion

201118 (a) St atefiveeconomi

cact
ivi
ti
esoft
heBor
anadur
ingt
hepr
e-col
oni
al
peri
od.(
5mar ks)
i. Theypar ti
cipatedi nt rade.
i
i. Theykeptl ivestock.
ii
i. Theyhunt edwi ldani mals.
iv. Theywer egat her s.
v. Theypr acti
cedcr afts.
vi. Theypr acti
cedf ishi ng.
vi
i. Theymadei ront ool s.
v
ii
i. Theygr ewf oodcr ops.
Any5mar ksx1=5

TheSomali
Pol
it
ical
organi
sat
ion

 Thebasicpoliti
cal uni
twast heclan
 Itcl
anwasunderacounci l
ofelder s
 Thecouncilofel dersmaintai
nedl awandor deramong’ otherduties
 Theydevelopedanagesetsy st
em f rom whichtheyderivedtheirwarri
ors
 Thewar r
iorsdefendedt hecommuni tyagainstexter
nalattacks
 Theyhadal eadercal l
edsultanwhoser ol
ewasmai nlyadv i
sory
 Latert
heydev elopedsheikhsascommuni tyleaders
 Wi t
hthecomi ngofI sl
am, t
heirpolit
icalsystem wasbasedonI slamicshari
ahl
aws
19991.Whatwast
hebaseoft
hepol
i
tical
organi
zat
ionamongt
heCushi
tesdur
ingt
he

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 111
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

pr
e-col
oni
alper
iod?(
1mk)
 Theclan

199715b) Descr i
bet hepol it
icalorganizationoftheSomal iinKeny aduringthe
Pre-
col
onial peri
od.
(i
) Thebasi cpoliti
caluni toft heSomal iwasthecl an.Eachcl anhaditsnameand
occupi edspeci f
ict erri
tories/ar eas.
(i
i
) acounci lofel der swasi nchar geoft hedaytodayaf f
air
soft heclane.g.maki ng
maj orclandeci sionsandset t
leddi sputes.
(i
i
i) Thecounci l mai ntainedl awandor derandwast hef inalcour tofappeal.
(i
v) Theage–setsy stem wasani mpor tantinst
it
utionamongt heSomal iandal lmale
member soft hesoci et ybelongedt ot heage– set .Eachage–setper f
ormed
specificrol
es/dut ies.
(v
) TheSomal ihadl eader scalledSul t
anwhoser olewasmai nl yadvisor
y.
(v
i) Ther eexistedwar ri
orswhosemai ndut ywast opr ot
ectt hecommuni tyagainst
externalattacksandacqui r
epossessi onsforthecommuni ty.
(v
ii) Ther eexistedpeopl ewi thspeci alresponsibi
lit
ye. g.Shei khsandmedi cinemen.
Theywer ehi ghl yr egar dedi nt hecommuni tyandt heiropi nionswer esought
beforei mportantdeci sionswer emade.
Any4poi nt s2mar kseach( 8mks

Functi
onsoft hecouncilofelder
samongt heSomaliduri
ngthepr
e-col
oni
alper
iod
 Maintenanceofl awandor der
 Settl
ementofdi sputesamongdi fferentcl
ans
 Promot ingandpr eser
vingSomalicul t
ure
 Ensuredef f
ecti
veuseofgr az i
nglandandwat erpoi
nts
 Presidedov err
eligi
ousceremonies
 Theywer et
hehighestcour tofappeal
Social
organisati
on

 Theywer edi videdint osixcl

ansi .e.Ogaden,Degodi
a,Gurreh,Ajuran,Hawi j
ahandGosh.
 TheSomal i believedi ntheexistenceofGod( wak)whowasal l
power ful
.
 Theyconduct edpr ay er
stothei rGodandsacr i
fi
cedtohim whenneedar ose.
 Theywer esoci al
l
yor gani
sedint oclansmadeupofr elat
edf amili
es
 Theyconduct edinitiati
onofboy sandt hengr
oupedthem intoageset s
 Clanswer eheadedbycounci l ofelderswhosettl
edclandisputesmai ntainedlaw&orderet
c.
 Theyhadr eligiousl eaderswhomedi at
edbetweenthepeopl eandt hei
rGod.
 Theypractisedpol ygamousmar ri
age
 I
nt he16thCent ur
yt heywer econv ertedint
oIsl
am henceadopt i
ngI sl
ami ccult
ure.

Economi
cor
gani
sat
ion

 Nomadi cpastor
ali
sm –keptcatt
le,camel
s,sheepandgoat sf ormeat&bl ood
 Pract
icedtrade–localt
radeandexchangeoflivestockproducts,l
eathergoods,wooden
i
temsandmat s,t
otheneighbour
ingagri
cul
turalcommuni ti
esi nexchangeforgrai
ns,basket
s,
i
rontoolsandsalt.
 Weaving–Thi swasdonebywomenusi ngbothv egetabl
efibr
eandani mal hai
rtomakemat s

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 112
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

coveringtheroofsoft hehutsandspr eadingont hefl

oor.
 Woodwor kdonebyski ll
edwoodwor kerstoproducewoodenheadr ests,woodencombsand
eati
ng, dri
nki
ngandst or
ageut ensi
ls.
 Somewer einvolvedinironwor ki
ng.Blacksmi t
hsmadei r
ontools,
arrowheads, spears
swor ds,kni
vesandor nament s.
 SomeSomal isub-clanshuntedgamef orfoodandgat her
edroots,vegetabl
eandf rui
ts
 Thosewhol i
vednearoasesandal ongt heriverval
ley
spract
icedcropf armi
ng–cul t
ivat
ed
i
ndigenousgr ains,i
ncludingwheatandmi l
l
et,bananasanddates
 Pottery
 Leatherwor k
20093.Whatwast
hemaineconomicact
ivi
tyoft
heCushi
tesi
nthepr
e-col
oni
alper
iod?
 Past
oral
i
sm/li
vest
ockkeepi
ng(1x1=1mk)

Rev
isionQuest
ions
1.Identi
fyt
heeconomi
cor
gani
sat
ionofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdur
ingt
hecol
oni
alper
iod:

a) Bant ucommuniti
es
b) Cushi t
es
c) Ni l
otes
2.Descr
ibethepol
i
tical
organi
sat
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

i
) Luo

i
i
)Akamba

i
i
i)Abagusi
i

3.Whatwast
her
oleoft
hecounci
lofel
der
samongt
heAmer
u.

4.Whywast
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
heOr
koi
yoti
mpor
tantamongt
heNandi
.

5.Di
scusst
hesoci
alor
gani
sat
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

i
) Ki
kuy
u

ii
) Bor
an
ii
i
) Maasai
6.Whatprobl
emsdidthemi
grat
ingcommuni
ti
esencount
erdur
ingt
hepr
e-col
oni
al
per
iod?

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 113
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

CONTACTSBETWEENEASTAFRI
CAANDTHEOUTSI
DEWORLDUP
TH
TOTHE19 CENTURY
Sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionont
hehi
stor
yoft
heEastcoastofAf
ri
ca
Sour
cesofHi
stor
ical
inf
ormat
ionaboutt
heEastAf
ri
cancoastbef
or he7thcent
et uryAD.

 TheGr eco-Romandocument ary

,whi
chonl ymakesani ndir
ectref
erencetot heEast
Afri
cancoastbef or
et heestabli
shmentofi nt
er nat
ionalcontactsi
ncei ti
sapr oductof
i
nternationalt
rade.
 ThePer ipl
usoft heEry t
hreanSeaabookwr i
tt
enabout120ADbyaGr eekcommer ci
al
agentinEgy pt.Thisdocumentdescr i
best hetradebet weent heAfri
canandf orei
gn
merchant satthecoast .
 Ptol
emygeogr aphy -
Thewr i
ti
ngbyClaudiusPt olemy(aGr eekscholar)inthe2ndcent ur
y
AD,whi chentail
edgeogr aphyanddescr ibescommer ci
al acti
vi
ti
esatt hecoast .Ptol
emy
att
empt edt odrawt hefirstmapofAf r
ica.

 Document sbyAr abmer chant

ssuchasI bnBatutaandAl-Masudiaswel l
assomeSwahi l
i
hist
ori
esandchr oniclessuchasthehistoryofPat e,
Lamu, MombasaandKi lwa.
 Theexisti
ngar chaeol ogi
calevi
denceinEastAf ri
ca,whichincl
udetheremai nsofpott
ery,
i
rontools,beads, coinsandothersthatpr ovethepresenceofint
ernati
onal tr
adebetween
thecoastandt heout si
deworld.
 TheChr i
sti
anTopogr aphybyCosmosI ndico-
Pletust
es,whichwaswr i
ttenint hef
ir
sthalf
ofthe6thcenturyADandsuppor tsPersiandomi nati
onofIndianOceanTr ade.
 Oraltr
adit
ions,whi chwer eusedandreliedonf oralongtime,par
ti
cular
lybycommuni t
ies
thatl
ackedt heski l
lofwr i
ti
ng.

Reasonswhyt heEastAf
ri
cancoasthasbeensubj
ect
edtoalonghist
oryofcommerci
alcont
act
,
cul
tural
inf
luenceandpopul
ati
onmov ementst
oandfrom l
andsacr
osstheIndi
anOcean.

 Thecoastwaseasi l
yaccessi
blefr
om thesea,whicheasedcontactwit
htheoutsi
deworl
d.
 Developmentofasuitabl
emarinetechnol
ogy(boatmaking),whi
chboostedvoyages.
 Harnessi
ngoft hewindsandcurr
entsoftheIndi
anOcean, bywhichtr
adersknewwhento
tr
aveltoandfrom t
hecoast.

KCSE
19962.St atetwof actorswhi chmadei tpossiblefortheArabtraderstocomet othe
Kenyacoastbef ore1500. (2mks)
i
) Accessibilit
yoft heKeny anCoastv iathesea
i
i) Availabi
li
tyoff undst of i
nancet heirj
ourney
i
ii
) Av ailabi
li
tyofdhows
i
v) TheMonsoonwi ndswhi chpower edtheirdhowst othecoast.Any2poi nt
s,1mark
each( 2mks)
200918.(a)Givet heev idencewhi chshowst hatearlyvi
sit
orsreachedt heKenyancoast
befor
ethe15t hcent ury (3mks)
(i) TheGr eeksandChi nesecoi nswer efoundattheKeny anCoast
(ii
) Ther ear efragmentsofChi nesePot t
erywhichhav ebeenpreserved
(ii
i) Document sthatment ionthepr esenceofearl
yv i
sitor
st ot
heKeny a
coasthav ebeenpr eser ved
(iv) Pr esenceofmonument sconst r
uctedbytheear l
yv i
sit
ors

(
Any3x1=3mks)

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 114
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

20055.Gi vetwoev i
denceswhichshowt hatChinesetrader
sreachedt
heKeny
ancoast
before1500A.D.(2mks)
(i
) Remai nsofChinesecoins
(i
i
) Fr agmentsofChi nesepott
ery
/Fossil
s/Arti
facts
(i
i
i) I nfor
mat i
onintheperipl
usoftheEri
treansea.Any2x1=( 2mks
Ear
lyv
isi
tor
stot
hecoastupt
o1500
Descr
ibet
heear
li
estv
isi
tor
stot
heEastAf
ri
cancoast
.

TheGr eeks,whower eat t

ractedt othetradei niv ory.
TheRomans, whoi ncreaseddemandf oror i
ent al (
EasternAsian)commodi ti
esint he
Medit
erraneanr egionandwer edeterminedt obr eakAr abmonopol yov erori
entaltrade.
Theygavewi ne,v ar
iouski ndsofgl assandwheatt othecoast al peopl einretur
nf orivory
,
sl
avesandr hinoceroshor ns.
TheChi nese,whosecoi nsandpot t
eryhav ebeenf oundatsev er al placesatt hecoast .
Theycamef orgol d, i
vory,leopardskins,tortoiseshel l
sandr hinocer oshor ns.
ThePer sians,whot ogetherwi ththeArabs, settleddownandst ar t
edt ownssuchasLamu,
MombasaandZanzi bar.Theywer elat
erdr i
v enawaybyt heAr abswhooccupi edal lthe
coast
altowns.
TheAr abs,whoseset t
lementatt hecoastaf fectedt heli
vesoft hei nhabitantstheyf ound
i
nmanyway s, whichmakest hem themosti mpor t
antofal l
visitorsatt heEastAf r
ican
coast
.
ReasonswhyAr abswer ethemosti nfluenti
alofallear lyv i
sit
orstotheEastAf ri
cancoast

Theywer ekeenandv eryskil

lf
uli
ntradeandsai
li
ng.
Theywer emor eaccust omedt ot
heMonsoonwi ndsthananyotherpeopl
e.
Theywer egoodnav igators.
Thepor tsofsouthernAr abi
aweregoodcalli
ngplacesonthejour
neybetweent
heEast
andtheWest.
Thedeephar boursatt heEastAfri
cancoastwereidealf
orthei
rshi
pstoanchor
,ref
uel
andgetthem suppli
es.
Reasonsforthecomingoft heAr abstot
heEastAfri
cancoast

Totradeandcontrolcommer ci
al acti
vi
ti
esalongt
heEastAfri
cancoast
.
Somecameasr efugeesfleeingr el
igi
ousandpoli
ti
calper
secut
ionsi
nArabi
a.
Theycamet ospreadtheirreli
gionI sl
am.
ToexploretheEastAfri
cancoast .
Toestabli
shsett
lementsal ongt heEastAfri
cancoast
.
Pl
acest
hatearlyvi
sit
orstotheEastAf ricancoastcamef r
om

Ar abia
Egy pt ,
Sy ri
a,
India,
Sr ilanka,
Mal di
veislands,
Spi ceIslands,
Gr eece,
Chi na,
Per sia,
Italy,
Bur ma,
Thai l
and.
Fact
orsthatenabl edtheAr
abst
ocomet
otheEastAf
ri
cancoast

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 115
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

TheMonsoonwi nds,whi
chhel pedt
hem sai
l
.
Accessibi
li
tytothecoastbysea.
Avai
labi
lit
yofDhowsandsai l
ingshi
ps.
Fundstof i
nancetradeacrossthesea.
Exi
stenceofskil
ledpersonnelwhocouldsai
ltheshi
psacr
osst
hewat
erov
erl
ong
di
stances.

KCSE

200918.( a)Givet heevidencewhi chshowst hatearlyvisi

torsreachedt heKenyancoast
befor
ethe15t hcent ur
y (3mks)
(i
) TheGr eeksandChi nesecoi nswer efoundatt heKeny anCoast
(i
i
) Ther ear efragment sofChi nesePot t
er ywhi chhav ebeenpr eser
ved
(i
i
i) Document sthatment i
ont hepr esenceofear l
yvisitor
st ot heKenyacoast
hav ebeenpr eserved
(i
v) Pr esenceofmonument sconst ructedbyt heearlyv i
sit
ors
20055.Gi v
et woev idenceswhi chshowt hatChi nesetradersr eachedt heKenyancoast
befor
e1500A. D.( 2mks)
(i
) Remai nsofChi nesecoins
(i
i
) Fr agment sofChi nesepot t
er y
/Fossils/Artif
acts
(i
i
i) I nformat ionintheper i
plusoft heEr i
treansea.Any2x1=( 2mks

Reasonsfort
hecomi ngofear l
yv isit
ors
 Theywant edtoparti
cipateint het rade/cont
rolt
hecommer ci
alacti
vi
ti
esalongthe
coast
.
 Somecameaspol iti
cal/reli
giousr efugees/r
eli
giousper
secut
ioninArabi
a.
 Somecameasexpl orers/ wantedt of i
ndoutaboutt her
esour
cesalongthecoast
 Theywant edtospreadt heirreligi
onI sl
am.
 Accessibi
l
ityofthecoastbyseaenhancedmov ementbyuseofdhows
 Theywa ntedtoestabli
shset tlement salongthecoast

KCSEQUESTI
ONS

201019(a)Givet
hreereasonswhyt heear lyv isit
orscamet otheKenyan-
coastbefor
e
1500A.D. (3mar ks)
i) Theywantedtoparticipateint het rade/contr
olthecommer ci
alact
ivi
ti
es
alongthecoast.
ii
) Somecameaspol i
tical/reli
giousr efugees
ii
i
) Somecameasexpl orers/ wantedt of indoutabouttheresour
cesalong
thecoast
iv
) Theywant edt ospr
eadt heirreli
gion.
v) Theywantedt oest
ablishset tlement salongthecoastAny3x1=3mar ks

20044.Ident
if
yonefact
orthatfaci
li
tatedcont
actbet
weent heKenyancoastand
theout
sideworl
dbytheendoft he16thCent
ury
.(1mk)
(i
) Themonsoonwi ndsenabl edt
heearl
yvisi
tor
st ot
ravelt
oandfrom t
he
Coast

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 116
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
ii
) Theadv ancementi nboat sandshi pbuildingt echnologyledt omaki ngof
str
ongerv essel s
(i
ii
) Av ail
abil
ityofTr adegoods (1mk
20125. Gi vetwof act orst hatenabl edt heear l
yvisi
tor stocomet otheKeny ancoast
by1500A. D. (2mar ks)
I
. Exi stenceofnat ural har bour s
II
. Accessi bil
it
yoft heEastAf r
icanCoast
III
. Exi stenceofmonsoon/ t
radewi nds
IV. Knowl edgeofboatmaki ng/sai li
ngshi p/dhows (2mar ks)
201019( a)Gi vethreer easonswhyt heear l
yv i
sitorscamet ot heKeny an-coastbefore
1500A. D. (3mar ks)
i)Theywant edt opar ti
cipat eint het rade/cont r
ol t
hecommer cialactivi
ti
esalong
the
coast .
ii
)Somecameaspol i
t i
cal /reli
giousr efugees
ii
i)Somecameasexpl or ers/ want edt of indoutaboutt her esourcesal ongthe
coasti v)Theywant edt ospr eadt hei rreligi
on.
v)Theywant edtoest ablishset tlement salongt hecoastAny3x1=3mar ks
20125. Gi vetwof act orst hatenabl edt heear l
yvisi
tor stocomet otheKeny ancoast
by1500A. D. (2mar ks)
I
. Exi stenceofnat ural har bour s
II
. Accessi bil
it
yoft heEastAf r
icanCoast
III
. Exi stenceofmonsoon/ t
radewi nds
IV. Knowl edgeofboatmaki ng/sai li
ngshi p/dhows (2mar ks)
19962.St atetwof actorswhi chmadei tpossi blefortheAr abt r
aderstocomet othe
Keny acoastbef ore1500. (
2mks)
i
) Accessi bi
li
tyoft heKeny anCoastv iat hesea
i
i) Availabil
it
yoff undst of i
nancet hei rjourney
i
ii) Av ailabil
it
yofdhows
i
v ) TheMonsoonwi ndswhi chpower edt heirdhowst othecoast .
Any2poi nts,1mar keach( 2mks)
20023.Apar tf r
om trade, giv eoner easonwhyt heArabsmi gr
atedt othe
Keny ancoastbef ore1500A. D.
(i
) Toescaper eligiousconf lictsbet weendi ff
er entIslamicsect sinArabia/ci
vi
l
wars.
(i
i) Toescapef rom pol i
ti
cal per secut i
oni nArabi a
(i
ii
) Tospr eadI slam
(i
v) Foradv ent ure/ expl oration Any1poi nt,
1mk( 1mk)
Tr
adebet
weenEastAf
ri
caandt
heout
sidewor
ld-
Indi
anOceant
rade

Devel
opmentoft rade
i
) Avail
abil
ityofitemsoft r
adeencour agedt r
aderstocomet othecoast.
i
i) Thehighdemandf orgoods/ tr
adeitemsf rom Kenyancoastbyconsumer si
nthe
outsi
dewor ldledt oincreasedtrade.
i
ii
) Theexi stenceofl ocal t
radeamongt heAf r
icansal
ongthecoastpr ov
idedabase
uponwhi chIndian Oceant radedeveloped.
i
v) TheMonsoonwi ndsf acil
i
tatedthemov ementofvessels/
shi
pst oandfrom t
he
coastthusenabl i
ngt hemer chantstot akepartint
hetrade.
v) TheIndianOceanpr ov i
dedaccesst otradersfrom Asi
aandEur ope.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 117
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

v
i) Ther elativepeace/ polit
icalstabili
typrovidedconduci v
eenv i
ronmentf ortrade.
v
ii
) Theav ai l
abili
tyofcr editfacili
ti
esfrom IndianBany ans/moneyl endersenabled
manypeopl etot akepar tint r
ade.
vii
i
) Exi stenceofent erprisi
ngmer chantsatt hecoast /
forei
gnlandspr omot edtradi
ng
li
nksenabl edtradet of l
ourish.
i
x) Thenat uralharbour salongt hecoastensur edsafedockingofshi psforloading
andunl oadi ngofi temsoft rade
x) Adv ancementi nshi p/boatbui l
dingledt obet t
ersail
i
ngv essel
st husincreased
tr
adi ngact ivi
ti
est oandf r
om t hecoast .
KCSEQUESTI ONS
200818( a)Giv ethreef actorswhi chcont ri
butedtot hedevelopmentoft radebetween
th
theKenyancoastandt heout sidewor l
dbyt he16 cent ury.(3mks)

(i
) Theav ailabi l
ityoft radei tems
(i
i) Thedemandf orgoods
(i
ii
) Exi stenceofent er prisingmer chant s
(i
v) Theaccessi bili
tyoft hecoast
(v) Theexi st enceofl ocal trade
(vi
) Ther ewaspol it
ical st ability
(vi
i) Theexi st enceofnat ural harbour s
(vi
ii
) Theoccur renceofmonsoonwi nds
201019( b)Expl ainsi xf act orst hatcont ri
butedt ot hedevelopmentoft rade
betweent heKeny ancoastandt heout sidewor dby1900.(
l 12mar ks)
xi
) Av ailabili
tyofi temsoft radeencour agedt r
aderstocomet othecoast .
xi
i) Thehi ghdemandf orgoods/ t
radei temsf rom Keny ancoastbyconsumer sinthe
outsidewor ldledt oi ncr easedt r ade.
xi
ii
) Theexi stenceofl ocal tradeamongt heAf r
icansalongt hecoastpr ovidedabase
uponwhi chI ndian Oceant radedev eloped.
xi
v) TheMonsoonwi ndsf aci l
itatedt hemov ementofv essels/shipstoandf r
om the
coastt husenabl i
ngt hemer chant stot akepar tinthetrade.
xv) TheI ndianOceanpr ov i
dedaccesst otrader sfrom AsiaandEur ope.
xvi
) Ther elati
v epeace/ pol i
tical stabi li
typrov idedconduci veenv ir
onmentf ortrade.
xvi
i) Theav ai l
abili
tyofcr edi tfaci li
ti
esf r
om I ndianBany ans/moneyl endersenabled
manypeopl et ot akepar tint r
ade.
xvi
ii
) Exi stenceofent er prisingmer chant satt hecoast /
forei
gnl andspr omot edtradi
ng
l
inksenabl edt radet of lour ish.
xi
x) Thenat uralhar bour sal ongt hecoastensur edsafedocki ngofshi psforloading
andunl oadi ngofi temsoft rade
xx) Adv ancementi nshi p/boatbui l
di ngledt obet tersail
ingv esselsthusincreased
tr
adi ngact ivi
tiest oandf rom t hecoast . Any6x2=12mar ks
Organisati
onoft r
ade
~Theear l
iestforeigntradersmusthav ebeentheRomanswhot radedwiththeIndians
i
nt heFarEast .Theymadest opoversatt heeastAf r
icancoastf orivor
ywhose
demandhadgr ownt remendously.
~Musl im Ar absact edasi nt
ermedi
ari
esintheIndianOceant radebetweenthe
I
ndiansandt heRomans.Theyal soexportedfranki
ncenseandmy r
rhamong
otherthings.
~Tr adersfrom Per sia,
Ar abi
aandSy r
iabroughtglassbeakersandbowl s,swords,pots,

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 118
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

gr ains, sugar ,clot handbeadsi nexchangef orpal m oi l,tor t

oi seshel ls,ivoryand
slav es.
~TheGr eek, r
omanandChi neset rader sbr oughtpor celainbowl s,dagger s, swords,
pot ter y,cowr ieshel l
s, gl
asswar e,beadsandsi lkinexchangef ori vor y,r
hi noceros
hor ns, beewax , t
or toiseshel ls, coconutoi landmangr ovepol es.Cowr i
eshel lswer e
obt ainedf r
om Mal di vesislandswhi lespi cescamef rom Spi ceI sl and.
~EastAf r i
caal soexpor tedleopar dski ns, gold, ostrichf eat her s, copal ,copperand
iron.I v orywasusedi nAsi atomakebangl es, bracel et s,pi anokey sandf or
decor at i
ons
~Thet r ader sreliedont hemonsoonwi ndst obl owt hei rshi pst oandf rom t heeast
Af ricancoast .
~TheI ndi anOceant radewasconduct edt hrought hebar tersy st em butl atercoins
wer eusedasamedi um ofexchange.Dur i
ngbar ter ,thef or eigner sbar teredt heir
goodswi t
hgol d,
ivor yandsl av es.Sey yidsai dl aterintroducedcopperandsi lvercoi ns.
~Themi ddl emeni nt het radei ncl udedt heAr absandSwahi liwhoor ganizedcar avans
tot hei nteriort oacqui r
elocal goodswhi cht heysol dt ot rader satt hecoast .
~Ast her ewasnocommonl anguagespoken, tradingwasconduct edsi lent l
y,hencet he
name
‘silentt rade’
~Capi t al fort het r
adewaspr ov idedbyt heAr abs.Lat ertheI ndi anbany ansst art
ed
giv ingcr editf acili
tiest othet raderswhi chi ncr easedt hev ol umeoft rade.
~Thesul tanofZanzi barpr ov i
dedsecur itytot heAr abt rader s, enabl i
ngt hem t o
penet rat ethei nteriort oacqui regoods.
~Thet r adest imul ateddev elopmentoft ownsal ongt hecoast l
ine.E. gRhapt a(probably
locat edbet weenpangani andDaresSal am) , EssinaandSar apionwer et heear l
iest
townst o
gr ow.LamuMal i
ndi Mombasa, pateandBr av aal sodev eloped.
~Themer chant sset tledatv ariouspl acesont hecoastandont hei slandsand
inter act edwi tht hel ocalsl eadi ngt odev elopmentoft heSwahi l
icul ture.

KCSEQUESTI
ONS

20044.I dentif
yonef actorthatfaci
li
tat
edcont actbet weent heKeny ancoastandthe
th
outsi
dewor ldbyt heendoft he16 Cent ury.(1mk)
(i
) Themonsoonwi ndsenabledt heearlyv i
sit
orst otr
av elt
oandf r
om the
Coast
(i
i
) Theadv ancementi nboatsandshi pbui ldi
ngt echnologyledtomakingof
str
ongerv essels
(i
i
i) Av ail
abil
it
yofTr adegoods (1mk
20114 I
denti
fythetwomai nit
emsoft radefr
om t heinteri
orofKeny adur
ingthelong
di
stancetrade.(2marks)
i
. I
vory
i
i
. Sl
aves

I
mpact
softhetr
ade
 SomeAfri
canpeopl
eli
vi
ngal ongt
heKenyacoastwereconver
tedtoIsl
am.
 Thevol
umeoftradei
ncreasedbet
weenthei
nteri
orandthecoastal
towns

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 119
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Arabsi
ntr
oducedIslami
ccul
tur
e/ar
chit
ect
uretothecoast
alpeopl
e
 TheArabsint
roducednewcr
opswhichwerel
ateradopt
edbythecoast
alPeopl
e.

 Demandf
ori
mpor
tedgoodsl
edt
othedecl
i
neoft
radi
ti
onal
indust
ri
es

 Somecommuni
ti
essuchasAkambar
esor
tedt
olongdi
stancet
radei
nsear
chof
commodi
ti
es.

 Ther
ewasani
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
onasmanyt
rader
sset
tl
edatt
hecoast

 TheAr
absest
abl
i
shedci
tyst
ates/t
ownsatt
hecoast

 TheI
slami
clawandsy
stem ofadmi
nist
rat
ionwasi
ntr
oducedbyAr
absatt
hecoast

 Ther
ewast
hedev
elopment–Ki
swahi
l
ilanguageasar
esul
toft
hei
nter
act
ion
bet
weenAr
absandCoast
alpeopl
e

 I
nter
mar
ri
agebet
weenAf
ri
cansandAr
absl
edt
oemer
gencyofWaswahi
l
ipeopl
e.

KCSEQUESTI
ON

200918(b)Expl ai
nsixresul
tsofthei nt
eracti
onbetweent hepeopleoftheKenyanCoast
andtheArabs (12mks)
(i
) SomeAf r
icanpeopleli
vi
ngal ongtheKeny acoastwer econver
tedtoIsl
am.
(i
i) Thev olumeoft r
adeincreasedbetweent heinteri
orandthecoastalt
owns
(i
ii
) Ar absintroducedIsl
amicculture/archit
ect
uret othecoast
alpeople
(i
v) TheAr absintr
oducednewcr opswhi chwerelateradopt
edbyt hecoast
alPeopl
e.

(
v) Demandf
ori
mpor
tedgoodsl
edt
othedecl
i
neoft
radi
ti
onal
indust
ri
es

(
vi) Somecommunit
iessuchasAkambar
esor
tedt
olongdi
stancet
radei
nsear
chof
commodi
ti
es.

(
vi) The
i r
ewasani
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
onasmanyt
rader
sset
tl
edatt
hecoast

(
vi) TheAr
i
i absest
abl
i
shedci
tyst
ates/t
ownsatt
hecoast

(
ix) TheIsl
ami
clawandsy
stem ofadmi
nist
rat
ionwasi
ntr
oducedbyAr
absatt
he
coast

(
x) Therewasthedev
elopment–Kiswahi
l
ilanguageasar
esul
toft
hei
nter
act
ion
betweenAr
absandCoastalpeopl
e

(
xi) I
nter
mar
ri
agebet
weenAf
ri
cansandAr
absl
edt
oemer
gencyofWaswahi
l
ipeopl
e.

Coast
alci
tyst
ates

Fact
orsfort
her i
seofthecoastalcit
yst
ates
 Thecomi ngandestabl
i
shmentofset tl
ement sal
ongthecoastbyear
lyv
isi
tor
s.
 Thedev el
opmentoftheIndianOceantrade.
 Somet ownswereestabli
shedonIslands/securi
ty.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 120
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Exi
stenceofdeep,wellshel
teredhar bours.
 Cli
maticcondi
ti
onswer efavourable.
 I
ncreaseinpopulat
ionduetoi nt
ermar r
iages.
 Thesettl
ementofMusl i
mr efugeesf rom Arabi
a.
 Eff
ecti
veadministr
ati
onbyt herulersoft hetownsenabl
edt
hem t
oexpand.

KCSEQUESTI
ONS

200719.a)I
denti
fyfivef act
orst hatledt ot hegrowt hoft ownalongthecoastofKenya
befor
ethe19thCent ury. (5mks)
(i
) Thecomi ngandest ablishmentofset tl
ement sal
ongthecoastbyearl
y
visi
tors.
(i
i) Thedev elopmentoft heI ndi anOceant rade.
(i
i) Somet ownswer eest ablishedonI sl
ands/ securi
ty.
(i
ii
) Exi stenceofdeep, wel lshelteredhar bours.
(i
v) Cl imaticcondi ti
onswer ef avourable.
(v) I ncreasei npopul ati
onduet oi nt
ermar r
iages.
(vi
) Theset tlementofMusl imr efugeesf rom Arabia.
(vi
i) Effecti
veadmi nistr
ationbyt herulersoft hetownsenabledthem t
oexpand.
Any5x1=5mks.
Feat
uresofthecoastalcit
ystat es
 Kiswahil
iwasusedast hemai nmedi um ofcommuni cat
ionint
hecoastal
towns.
 Isl
am wast hemai nreli
gionpr acti
cedi nt hetowns.
 Isl
amiclaw/ Shar
iawasusedi nadmi nistrati
on.
 Houseswer econst r
uctedusi ngAr abicar chit
ecture.
 Tradewast hemai neconomi cact i
vi
tyi nthet owns.
 Inthecit
yst at
eswer egener all
ydividedi ntotwosect i
ons,oneMusl
im andother
Af
ri
can.
 Thecitystateswerer ul
edbyI mams/ Sul t
ans/ shei
khs.
 Thecitystateswereindependentpol it
ical enti
ti
es.
 Townsmi ntedandusedt heirowncoi ns/money .
 Peoplewor ewovenandsi lkclothes.
KCSEQUESTI
ONS

199918( a) Descr ibet hechar acteri

sti
csoft hecoast altownsby1500( 5mks)
(v) Ki swahi l
iwasusedast hemai nmedi um ofcommuni cati
oni nthecoastal
towns.
(vi
) I slam wast hemai nr eli
gionpr acti
cedi nt het owns.
(vi
i) Islamiclaw/ Shariawasusedi nadmi nistration.
(vi
ii
) Houseswer econst ructedusi ngAr abicar chi t
ecture.
(i
x) Tr adewast hemai neconomi cact i
vi
tyi nt hetowns.
(x) I nt hecit
yst at
eswer egener all
ydividedi nt otwosect i
ons, oneMuslim andother
Afri
can.
vii
) Theci tystateswer er ul
edbyI mams/ Sul tans/ sheikhs.
(i
x) Theci tystateswer eindependentpol it
ical entiti
es.
(x) Townsmi ntedandusedt heirowncoi ns/ money .
(xi
) Peopl ewor ewov enandsi lkclothes.
200019.( a) Descr ibet hewayofl if
eoft hepeopl ewhol ivedint hecoast
alcit
y
statesby1500.(7mks)
(
i) Thepeopl eli
v edinset tlement sthatwer epol i
ti
call
yi ndependenceofeachot her
.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 121
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Theset tlementwer er uledbyMusl imsl eaders/sultans

(
ii
) Themaj orityoft hei nhabi tantsoft hecitystateswer eMusl ims
(
ii
i) Thepeopl ewhol i
v edi nt heci tyst atesspokeKi swahi l
i
(
iv) Theypar t i
ci patedi nt heI ndi anOceanTr ade
(
v) TheAr chi tect ural desi gnsoft heirhouseswer einf
luencedbyAr abi
anand
Per
siandesi gns
(
vi) Theypr act icedmi xedf armi ng.Theygr ewbananas, yamsandcoconut s.
(
vii
) Theyf ishedi nt heI ndi anOcean-Fi sh/seaf oodwasamaj orpartoft hei
rdiet
(
vii
i) Theypr act icedspi nni ngandweav ing
(
ix) Theci tyst ateswer er uledaccor dingt otheIslamicl aws/shar i
a
(
x) Thei rwayofdr essi ngwasi nfluencedbyAr abianwayofdr essi
ng/buibui
(
xi) Or i
enteddi et .
200719b) Descr i
bet hewayofl ifeint heCoast al t
ownsofKeny abefor
et he19th
Cent ur
y. (
10mks)
(i
) Eacht ownhadal eaderwhoset i
tlewast heSul t
anorshei kh.
(i
i) Thet ownswer egov ernedusi ngI slami cLaws/ Sharia.
(i
ii
) Peopl edev elopedandspoket heKi swahi lil
anguage.
(i
v) Womenwor e‘ Bui bui’ andmenputon‘ Kanzu’
(v) Themai nr el igionpr act i
cedwasI slam.
(vi
) Thepeopl eadapt edAr abi candPer sianar chit
ecturaldesigns.
(vi
i) Theyat eor ient al foods.
(vi
ii) Theycar riedoutt radewi thEur opeansaswel laswi t
ht hecommuni t
iesinthe
inter
iorofKeny a.
(i
x) Theypr act icedmi xedf ar mi ng/ orgr ewbananas, cashewnut saswell keptani
mals.
(x) Theycar riedoutf ishing.
(xi
) Educat i
onwaspr ovidedi n‘Madr asa’ Any5x2=10mks

20005.Givet
hemainreasonwhymostoft
heear
lyur
bancent
ersal
ongt
heKeny
an
coastwer
ebui
ltoni
slands.(
1mk)
i
. Forsecur
it
yreasonsast
heycoul
deasi
l
yseet
heenemi
esast
heyappr
oachedbysea
20064.Gi
veoner
easonwhi chledtot hedecl
i
neofGedi
dur
i he15thcent
ngt ury(
1mk)
(i
) Ext ernalat
tacks
(i
i) Inadequatewat ersupply
/Drought
Fact
orsforthedecl ineoft hecoast alcitystates
199918(b) Expl ainf iv
ef actorswhi chledt ot hedecl ineoft hecoast altownsaf t
er
1500 ( 10mks)
(i
) Di srupt i
onoft radebyt hePor tugueser esul t
edi nl ossofr evenue
(i
i
) Const antwar fareandconf li
ctsbet weent hePor t
ugueseandt hecoastal t
ownsl ed
tothet otal dest ructionofsomecoast alset t
lement s
(i
i
i) I nvasionofcoast alset t
lementbyt heZi mbal edt ot hedi srupti
onofeconomi c
activi
tiesoft hecoast alset
tlement .
(i
v) I ncreasedconf l
ictsbet weent heci t
yst atesdi scour agedt radersfrom theint
eri
or
tobr i
ngt radegoodst othecoast .
(v
) Thedr aughtspel lhinderedfarmi ngact iv
ities
(v
i) Conf l
ictsbet weent heMazr uifami l
yandt heAIBusai difami l
yov erthecontrolof
thecoast al set t
lement .
(v
ii
) Taxesl ev i
edont hecoast alset t
lement sbyt hecor ruptPor tugueseadmi nist
rat
or s
weakenedt heeconomi cbaseoft heset tlement s.
(v
ii
i) Rivalr
ybet weenEur opeanNat ionsf orthecont roloft het r
adeal ongtheEast

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 122
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

AfricanCoastl edt ot hedecl i

neofsomecoast al towns.
200019( b) Expl ai
nf ourf actorswhi chl edtot hedecl i
neoft hecoast al
sett
lement sbet ween1500and1700.( 8mks)
(i
) Ri valryforthecont rol oftheIndianOceant r
adeweakenedt hecoast alsettl
ements.
Eachoneoft hem want edtodomi nat ethet rade.
(i
i) War sofconquestbyt hePor tugueseagai nstt hecoast al settl
ement s.
(i
ii
) Dest royedandwakenedmanyoft hem.
(i
v) Est abl i
shmentofPor tugueser uleatt hecoastl edt odi sr
upt i
onoft heIndian
Oceant rade–t hemai neconomi cbaseoft het owns.ThePor tugueseal so
divertedt r
adet oPor tugal l
eav i
ngt hem wi thl i
ttl
er evenue.
(v) I nvasionoft heset tlement sbyt heZi mbaawar ri
orcommuni tyf rom theZambezi
val
ley–t heycausedwi despreaddest ruction.
(vi
) Occasi onal unf avour ablecl i
mat i
ccondi ti
onswhi chchar acteri
zedt heperi
odl etto
i
nadequat er ainfallandshor t
ageofwat erinsomecoast alsettlement s.For
exampl eGedi whichsubsequent lydeclined.
(vi
i
) Conf l
icts/war sbet weenOmanAr absandt hePor t
ugueseov ert hecontrolofthe
coast alsettlement saf fectedeconomi cact i
v i
tit
iesint hear ea.
(vi
i
i) SomeAf ri
cami ddlemendi vertedt radegoodst oNor thernr outesby–passi ngthe
townst hatwer eunderPor tuguesecont rol.
Any4poi nts,2mar ks( 8m

Thecomi
ngoft
hePor
tuguese
 ThePortugueseinv
adedtheEastAfri
cancoastin1498,whent heTurks,throught hethen
Ott
omanempi reoccupi
edmostofthemiddl
eEastandblockedov er
landroutesfrom Europe
toI
ndia.Itwasther
efor
ever
ydiff
icul
tandexpensi
veforEuropeanstoacquiregol d,si
l
kand
spi
cesfrom Asi
a.

 Wi ththeinventi
onofnewshi psbyt hePortuguese, TheEuropeansfoundandusednewsea
routestotheFarEast .Forinstance,i
n1497, VascoDaGammal ef
tPor t
ugalwit
hthreeshi
ps
onanexpl or
ationexpedi ti
ontof i
ndasear outetoI ndi
a.
 Thepeopl eofEastAf ricawerenotawar eofthepr esenceofEuropeansacrosstheI
ndian
Oceanunt i
lthecomi ngoft hePor t
uguesein1498whenVascoDaGammaandhi st
eam
arri
vedattheEastAf ricancoast.ThePor t
uguesewer eouttocontr
oltheportsandthesea-
wayt osecuretheiruseoft helucrati
vecoastaltr
ade.
FactorsThatFacil
itat
ed/LedTot heComi ngOfThePor tugueseToTheEastAf r
icanCoast

 Toest ablishandobt ainat radingempireintheEastandt r

ade- goodsf rom China,I
ndiaand
EastAf ri
ca.
 Tocar ryChr i
stianit
yt ot heEastAf ri
cancoasttoconv ertMusl im andot hernon-Christ
ian
groups.
 Theirdiscov eryoft hesear outetoIndi
aduet otheirexperiencei nexpl orati
onandv oyages.
 Tost opt heTur ksandAr absfrom ri
val
ingthem inEastAf ricantrade.
 Touset heEastAf ri
cancoast( whichwasst r
ategicall
yimpor tant)asabasef ortheirtr
ading
andnav yshi ps, wheret heywoul dgetfreshsupplyoff oodandwat er.
 Toexpl oreandsat isfytheirloveforadventur
e,giventheiradv ancedshi pbuildi
ngt echnology
.
 Tocount erthegr owingI slamicinfl
uenceandt oav engeear li
erdefeatbyt heMusl i
ms, who
hadoccupi edtheI berianpeni nsul
arandSpai n,
forcingthem t oconv erttoIsl
am.
 Tof orm anant imusl i
m al li
ancewi t
hPrestaJohn:aChr ist
ianl egendar yrulerinEthiopia.
 Tocol onizet heEastAf ri
cancoasti nordertoprotecttheirt r
adingi nterests.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 123
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

KCSE
200219.(a)WhywerethePort
ugueseint
erest
edinest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hei
rcont
rol
overt
he
Kenyancoastdur
ingt
hesixt
eenthcent
ury?(3mks)

(
i) Tocont rol tradewi t
ht hecoast altowns
(
ii
) Tospr eadChr i
stianity/rev engeont heMusl i
mswhohadconquer edand
controll
edt hei rhomel andf orov er700y ears/lookf orpastorJohn
(
ii
i) TheKeny ancoastwasst rategicall
yl ocatedont hewayt ot heEastand
couldactasabasef ortheirt r
adingandnav yshi ps.
(
iv) Tocont rol theI ndiaOceant rade (3x1=3mks)
201119 ( a)St at
ethreer easonsf ort hecomi ngoft hePor tugueset otheKeny anCoasti
n
the15t
hCent ury
.(3marks)
i) Theywant edt of i
ndasear out et oIndia.
ii) Theywant edt ospr eadChr istianity
/reducet heMusl im
i
nfluence.
iii
) Theywant edt ot akepar ti
nt heCoast al t
rade.
iv) Tocont r
ol strategi cpoint sont heEast -Afri
canCoastf r
om other
Europeanr i
v als/ t
oactasasuppl ybasef ortheirsaili
ngv essel
s.
v ) Duet odesiref orexpl orati
on/ adv enture.
Any3x1=3mar ks
20056.St atethemai nr easonf ort hecomi ngoft hePor t
ugueset otheKeny ancoastin
t
h
the15 century.(1mk)
Tocontroltheindianoceant rade
Por
tugueseconquestandr
uleandr
uleoft
heEastcoastofAf
ri
ca
St
epsi
nwhi
cht
hePor
tugueseconquer
edt
heEastAf
ri
cancoast

 In1498, VascoDaGammasai l
edt ot heEastAf ri
cancoastandwaswar mlyr ecei vedin
Mozambi queandMal i
ndi,t houghhemetahost il
erecept ioninMombasa.AtMal i
ndi,hewas
givenaGuj erati pil
ot:AhmedI bnMaj i
d,whosuccessf ull
ygui dedhi m andhi scompani onst o
India.
 In1499, VascoDaGammar eturnedt oPor t
ugal wit
hnewsofhi ssuccessful v oy aget oIndia,
thel ucrati
v etradebet weent hefarEastandt heEastAf ricancoastaswel last hedi sunity
amongcoast al townsofEastAf rica.TheKi ngofPor tugal decidedt oconquert heEast
Africancoasti nor dert of i
rml ymonopol i
zeandcont r
ol t
het rade.
 In1500, PedroAl varesCabr al l
edanexpedi ti
onaimedatcapt uringSof al
a,buthef ail
ed.
 In1502, VascoDaGammal edanex pediti
onagai nstKilwa, whichhesuccessf ul l
yconquer ed.
 In1503, RuyLaur encoRav ascowassentt oZanz i
bar,whi chhedef eatedandf or cedt osend
tri
but etot heki ngofPor tugal .
 In1505, KingEmanuel t
heFor tunat esentaf l
eetoftwent yshi pswi thanexpedi tionof1500
menunderFr anci scoDe’ almei dat oSof ala,Kil
waandMombasa, whichtheysuccessf ully
conquer ed.
 Between1506- 1507, Tri
st aoDaCunhaat t
ackedOj a,Brav a,Pate, SokotraandLamu.I n1509,
thei sl
andsofMaf i
a, PembaandZanzi barwer ebroughtunderPor t
ugueser ule.Wi ththis,the
entirecoastwasbr oughtunderPor tuguesecont rol.
 Between1585- 1588, ar ebel l
ionbr okeoutf oll
owingthear ri
valofAmi rAliBey : aTur kish
capt ain,whowassentasanenv oyoft heSul tanofTur keyt ofreet hecoast al townsf rom the
Port uguese.ThePor tugueseat t
ackedt hetownsofPat e, SiuandPembaaswel l asManda.
Theycompl etelydest royedMandaandi mposedheav yfinesont heot herthree.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 124
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 I
n1589, thePor
tugueseestabl
ishedthei
rheadquar
ter
sinMombasa,
wher
etheybui
l
tfor
t
Jesusin1593.
ReasonswhythePortuguesebuil
tFortJesus

 Thef ortwasusedasawat chtowerforspot t

ingandpreparingtofacetheenemy .
 I
tser vedasami l
it
arybase,of feri
ngf ood, securi
tyandprotecti
on.
 I
twasusedasanar mamentdepor t.
 I
tatt i
messer vedasapr i
sonf orwarandot hercaptiv
es.
 Portuguesemonopol ywassoonchal l
engedbyt heDutch,theBrit
ishandtheFrench,but,
usingFor tJesusandt hei
rwi denaval experti
se,thePort
uguesemanagedt okeepthem off
theEastAf ri
cancoast .
 Thebui ldi
ngofFor tJesusfacili
tat
edPor t
ugueseconquestofHor muz,whichenabledthe
Portugueset ocontrolseatraff
icinthePer sianGulf,t
heGul fofAdenandt heArabi
ansea

KCSEQUESTIONS
200316.(
a) Out
li
net
hest
agesi
nthePor
tugueseconquestoft
hecoast
alt
ownsupt
o
1510(3mks)
i
) I
n1500Pedr
oAl
ver
esRasCabr
alconquer
edSof
ala.

i
i
) I
n1502VascoDaGamaat
tachedt
het
ownofKi
l
waanddemandedt
ri
but
e.

i
i
i) I
n1503Zanzi
barandot
herCoast
alt
ownswer
econquer
edbyRuyLour
encoRav
asco.

i
v) I
n1505MombasaandKi
l
wawer
econquer
edbyFr
anci
scoD’
Almai
da.

v
) Bet
ween1506–7Lamuwasconquer
edbyTr
ist
aodaCunha.

v
i) 1509Maf
ia,
PembaandZanzi
barwer
ebr
oughtunderPor
tugueser
uli
ng.

Any3x1(
3mks)
.

20075.Givet hemai nreasonwhyt herulersofMal i

ndiwelcomedt hePort
uguesei
nthe
16thcent
ury . (
1mk)
-Theywantedsecur i
tyf rom Mombasa/ therewerer i
val
rybet weenMal i
ndiandMombasa
19984. St atetwor easonswhyt hePor t
uguesebuiltFortJesus( 2mks)
i
. Toactashi dingpl aceagainst/attacksbyt hei
renemi es.
i
i. Tousei tasabaseofsendi ngexpedi t
ionsagainstresisti
ngcommuni ti
esoft
he
coast/ administrationbase.
i
ii. Usei tforstoringar mament s/storageofitemsbef oretransport
ati
on.
i
v . Useasawat cht ower .
Reasonsf
orPor
tuguesesuccess
 Rut hlessnessandcr ueltywi t
hwhi chPor t
ugalattackedherenemi es.
 Super i
ori
tyofPor t
uguesear mssuchasCar avells,Carr
acksandhandguns.
 WeaknessofTur kishandPer siannav i
esi ntheI ndianocean, whi
chthwar t
edthecoastal
towns’ hopef orassistanceagai nstthePor t
uguese.
 Goodmi li
tar
yt rai
ningandt acti
csont hePor t
uguesesi deunl i
kethedisorgani
zedand
disuni t
edcoast alcommuni ti
es.
 Por tugueser einforcementf rom t hei
rheadquar tersinGoa: I
ndia.
 Rivalryandst eefcompet i
ti
onamongt hecoast al t
owns, whichenabl
edt hePortugueseto
attackandconquert hem onebyone.
 ThePor t
ugueseor ganizedsur priseattacksandf oughtwi t
hdet er
mination.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 125
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Portugueseall
iancewit
hsomel ocalpeopleE.G.t
hoseofMal
indi
,PembaandZanzi
bar,who
assi
stedt hem i
nthei
rconquestacti
vit
ies.
 Portugueseuseofharboursasbasesf orthei
rshi
psandtr
oops,whi
chstr
engt
henedtheir
campai gns.
 Fail
ureofsomecommuni t
iestoresi
stt hePort
uguese.

KCSEQUESTI
ONS

199818.(
a)Whywer
ethePor
tugueseabl
etocont
rol
theKeny
acoastbet
ween1500and
1700?(
3mks)

(
i) Disuni
ty/
rival
ryamongt hecoast alt
ownsenabl edthePortugueset
opl ay
oneagainsttheot here.gMombasaandMal i
ndi.
(
ii
) Mi li
tar
ysuperiorit
y-thePortuguesehadbet terweaponsandt hei
rsoldi
ers
werebettertr
ainedandor gani zed(surpr
iseatt
acks)½
(
ii
i) Theconst r
ucti
onoff or
tsbyt hePor t
uguesee.g.FortJesusmadet hem
abletosustai
nt heircontr
ol overthearea.
Por
tugueser
ule
 In1507, t
hePor tuguesemadeMoz ambiquet hei
rheadquarter
sandputi tunderacaptain
answerabletot hePortuguesevi
cer
oyst at
ionedatGoai nsouther
nIndia.
 Later
,thePor tuguesedivi
dedtheEastAfri
cancoastintotwoandappoi ntedanothercaptai
n,
whom t heystationedatMombasa.Het oowasanswer abletothePortuguesev i
ceroyatGoa
i
nsout hernIndia.

 ThePor tugueseappl iedthe“ Di vi

deandr ul
e”poli
cybyset ti
ngonet ownagai nstanot her.For
instance, theyall
iedwi t
hMal indi agai nstMombasa.
 Byconst ructi
ngFor tJesus, theyst rengthenedtheirmil
itarymi ghtandef fectivelyestabli
shed
theircont roloverthecoast al region.
 Por t
ugueser ulewashar shandcr uel.ThePor t
uguesei solatedthemsel vesfrom peopl eand
behav edast hought heywer eofasuper i
orrel
igi
onandr ace.Theyl ivedintheirown
settlement sandhadt heirownchur ches.Theywer eonlyi nter
est edinexploiti
ngt hegol d
trade.
 Duet opoori nter
action,thePor tuguesef ai
ledtofostergoodr elati
onswi ththepeopl eofthe
EastAf r
icancoast .Asar esul t,
Por tugueserul
eatt heEastAf r
icancoastwasr eject
edand
fier
cel yresisted.
Rol
e/dutiesofPor t
uguesecapt ainsst ationedinMozambi queandMombasa.

 Theycol
lect
edtri
butefr
om thelocalrul
ers.
 Theyimposedcustomsdutiesonimpor t
sandexpor t
s.
 Theywereinchargeofput
tingdownr esi
stanceandrebell
i
ons.
 Theysuperv
isedandmonitoredrul
ingfamili
esinthecit
ystat
es.
.

Decl
i
neoft
hePor
tugueser
ule
 Por t
ugueseof f
ici
alswer ei neffi
cientandcorr
uptastheyamassedper sonalwealthi
nsteadof
effecti
v el
yadmi ni
ster i
ngt hear ea.
 Por t
ugal fail
edtoest abli
shasy stematicfor
m ofgovernmentanddidnotattemptt o
admi nistertheint
erior.
 Rev enuef rom gol
ddecl inedsi ncet r
adersshi
ftedawayfrom t
hePortuguese-admini
stered
areas,causi ngfai
lureoft hePor t
ugueseinmeet i
ngtheexpensesofadmi ni
steri
ngtheir
possessi onsont heEastAf r
icancoast.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 126
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Const antr ebell

ionsbyt hecoast al peoples,par t
icularl
yt hoseofMombasa, whichweakened
thePor tuguesef urther.
 Por tugal wasasmal lcount rywi t
hasmal lpopulat i
on, unabl etor ai
seal argearmyand
personnel toadmi nistert hear ea.
 Por tugal coul dnotgetr einforcement songoodt imef orpr ot
ect i
onofherpossessi onssince
shewast oof arfrom t heEastAf ricancoast .
 Annexat ionofPor tugal bySpai nbet ween1590- 1640,whi chledt oneglectofPortuguese
i
nterestsatt heEastAf r
icancoastupt owhenPor t
ugal regainedherindependence.
 I nvasionoft heEastAf ri
cancoastbyMusl im nationssuchasTur keyandOmanamong
others.
 At tackin1588byt heZi mba: aman- eatercommuni tyfrom Mozambi que.
 Tr opical diseasessuchasMal aria.
 Appear anceoft heEngl i
sh, Dut chandFr enchi ntheI ndi anOcean, whobr oughtcommer cial
effi
ciencyandsuper i
orski ll
sinnav alwar far
e, bywhi cht heyoutcompet edandunder mined
Portuguesepoweral ongt heEastAf ri
cancoast .
 The1696Omani siegeonf ortJesus, whi chlastedf or33mont hsandcausedsuf feri
ngand
deatht omostoft hePor tuguese.Thef allofFor tJesusmar kedt heendofPor t
ugueser ule
overt her egionnor thoft heriverRuv uma.
KCSEQUESTI ONS
20095.Namet wogr oupst hatrivalledt hePor tuguesef ort hecont roloft heKeny ancoast
i
nthe16t
hcent
ury (2mks)

i
. Egy
pti
ans

i
i
. Tur
ks

i
i
i. Ar
abs
i
v. Per
sians
v
. TheBr
it
ish
v
i. Dut
ch

v
ii
. Fr
ench

(
Any2x1=2mks)
200316(b) Expl ai
nsi
xfact
orst
hatl
edt
othedecl
i
neoft
hePor
tugueser
uleont
he
Kenyancoast
.(12mks)
i
. Thedecl
i
neoft
heI
ndi
anOceant
radedeni
edt
hem r
evenuet
osuppor
tthei
rrul
e

i
i
. I
n Port
ugueseof
fici
alswer
ecor
ruptandpocket
edf
undswhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenusedt
o
managetheempi
re.

i
i
i. Por
tugueseoff
icerswerecr
uel/ruthl
esst
otheAf
ri
cansandAr
abswhor
esent
edt
hem.
Andther
efor
edi dnotco-
operat
ive.

i
v. Ther
ewer
econst
antr
ebel
l
ionagai
nstt
hePor
tugueseandhi
sweakenedt
hecont
rol
.

v
. Combi
nedat
tacksf
rom Per
sians,
ArabsandTur
kspr
ovedf
ormi
dabl
efort
hePor
tuguese.

v
i. ThePort
uguesef
acedst
if
fcompet
it
ionf
rom t
heBr
it
ishandDut
chwhi
chr
educedt
hei
r
prof
it
s.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 127
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

v
ii
. ThePor
tuguesehadi
nadequat
eper
sonnel
toef
fect
ivel
ymanaget
heext
ensi
vecoast
.

v
ii
i. Por
tugal
lackedcapi
tal
topayt
headmi
nist
rat
orsatt
hecoastandt
hedemor
ali
zedt
hem.

i
x. ThePor
tuguesel
ackedadmi
nist
rat
iveski
l
lswer
eunabl
etoacor
rect
ivel
y.

x. Por
tugal
wasf
orcef
ull
yuni
tedwi
thSpai
nandt
hisr
educedheraut
onomy
.

xi
. ThePor
tugueseatt
hecoastwer
eat
tackedbyWazi
mbaandt
hisr
educedt
hei
rpopul
ati
on.

xi
i
. Di
stancef
rom Por
tugal
del
ayedr
einf
orcement
.

Any6x2=(
12mks)

199617bExpl ai
nsixf
actor
swhichledtothedecl
i
neoft
hePor
tugueser
uleont
he
Kenyancoastbytheendofthesev
enteent
hcentury
.

(
i) Thehar shPor tugueser uleprov okedr esent mentf r
om t hecoast alcommuni ties.
(
ii
) Coast al communi t
ies.Somecoast alcommuni t
iesor gani
zedaser iesofr ev olts
againstt hePor tuguese
(i
i
i) Col onial admi nist r
atorsembezzl edr ev enueandsot heymadei tdifficultfor
Por t
ugal t
or unt heirpossessi onsont heKeny acoast /ineffi
ci
ent/noncommi tt
ed
admi nistrat i
on.
(i
v) Tr adeal ongt heKeny anCoastdecl inedt her
eforethePor tuguesef oundr etaining
theircont rol ov ertheEastAf ricancoastal i
abi
li
ty.
(v
) ThePor tugueseset t
lement swer eat tackedbyt heZi mbat er
rori
st sf r
om t hel ower
Zambezi valleywhol oot edpr oper tyandki ll
edpeopl e.Thismadel ifedi f
fi
cul tfor
Por t
uguesemanyoft hem andsot hosewhosur vivedwer eunwi ll
ingt ocont i
nue
tost ayatt heEastAf ricancoast .
(v
i) Thecoast alAr absandt heSwahi l
i obt ainedsuppor tfrom theTur ksandOman
Arabs–t heirf ellowMusl i
mswhohel pedt hem todr i
v eawayt heChr isti
an
Por t
uguesecol onists
(v
ii
) Del ayi nr einfor cementduet odi stance.
(v
ii
i) Composi t
ionofot herEur opeanpower s.
(Any5x2)
200818( b)Whatr easonsl edt ot hedecl ineoft hePortugueser ulealongt heKeny an
coastdur
i he17thcent
ngt ury
. (
12mks)

i. Thecoast al cit
yst atesor gani zedconstantrebelli
onsagainstthePor tuguese
i
i. ThePor tugueseadmi nistrator swerecorrupt/
mi susedthef undsmeantt ofi
nance
theadmi nistration
ii
i. Por t
ugalwast oosmal l toprov ideenoughsoldiersandadmi ni
str
atorst ocontrol
thewhol eofi tsempi r
e
iv. Mal i
nditheirt r
adi t
ional all
yr efusedtosupportthePor tuguesebecauset heywere
crueltothem
v. Decl i
neoft heI ndianoceant radesinceitwasthemai nsourceofincomef orthe
empi re
vi. Theannexat ionofPor t
ugal bySpai nweakenedPor t
uguesecont r
ol oft hecoast
vi
i. I
nt ensecommer ci
alri
val ryfrom theDutcht heBr i
ti
shandt heFrenchr educed
Por t
uguesesour ceofr evenue
v
ii
i. Thedef eatandcapt ureofFor tJesusbyt heOmanAr absbr oughtPor tugueserul
eto
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 128
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

anend

I
mpact
soft
hePor
tugueser
ule
 Disrupt ionoft radebet weent hecoastandPer sia,Ar abiaandI ndia,fort hePortuguese
wer ebot hgr eedyandcor rupt .
 Subj ect i
onofpeopl etoheav ytaxationandbr utali
ty,causi ngdeclineandof tendisint
egrat
ion
ofcoast al towns.Fori nst ance, Gedi wasbur ntdown, Ki l
wawasdest r
oy edwhi l
eMombasa
wasl oot ed.
 Int
roduct i
onofnewcr opssuchasmai ze,potat
oes, pi neapplesandguav as.
 Attempt st ospr eadChr i
stiani t
y .
 Addi tionofsomePor tuguesewor dst oKiswahi l
i.E.G.TheKi swahi l
iwor df orwi
nei s“Mv i
nyo”,
gotf rom aPor t
uguesewor d: “
Vi nho”.
 Const ruction/ bui l
dingofFor tJesusandt heVascoDaGammapi llar
,whi chbecameandst i
ll
aret ouristat tractionsi t
est ot hisday .
 Lossofl if
eanddest r
uctionofpr opertyduet ocont i
nuousPor tugueser aids.
 Goodr elati
onsbet weent heEastAf ri
cancoastandI ndi a.
 Europeancol oni zat i
onoft her egi onbymi d19thcent ur y
.
 Hindr ancet ot hedev el
opmentofcommer ceandagr icultureatthecoast .
 Africanacqui sitionoft hepr acticeofusi ngani mal wast easf erti
li
zer.
 Const antupr isingsandr ev oltsbyt hel ocalpeople.

KCSEQUESTI
ON
199818(b)Descr i
bet her esultsoft hePor tugueser ul eoftheKeny aCoast(12mar ks)
i
) I
ntroduct ionofnewcr opssuchasmai zesweetpot atoesandbananas/ manure
i
i) I
ntroduct ionofnewar chit
ectur aldesigns/fortJesus
i
ii
) Absor ptionofPor tuguesewor dsi nt
ot heKiswahi l
iandIndi a
i
v) Di srupt ionoft heIndi anOceant r
ade/ gol
dt rade
v) Decayofmanycoast altownse. g.Gedi
vi
) Est abl ishmentofacl oselinkbet weenKeny aandI ndia
vi
i) Introduct ionofgunsandot herweaponsal ongt hecoastl eadingt osl
avetradeand
i
nsecur ityint hearea.
vi
ii
) Decl inei nt r
adebet weenAr abiaandt heKeny ansandAr abshav eanegat i
ve
i
mpr essi onofChr istianit
yandEur opeans
i
x) Thei rhar shnessmadeAf r
icansandAr abshav eanegat iveimpr essi
onof
Christi
ani tyandEur opeans
Any6poi nts2mks (12mks)
19996.Stat etwobenef i
tsofPor tugueser uleovert hecoast alsettl
ement( 2mks)
(i
) SomePor tuguesewor dswer eaddedt oKiswahi l
i
(i
i
) Por tuguesear chi
tect urewasi ntroducedatt hecoast
(i
i
i) ThePor tuguesei ntroducedcr opssuchasmai zeandcassav a/newf arming
(i
v) Met hods
(v
) ThePor tuguesebui ltFortJesusandVascoDaGamaPi llarwhichhav ebecome
hi
stor i
csi tes
(v
i) Linksbet weencoast al set
tlementandI ndiawer estrengthened

200219.(
b)Expl
ainsi
xef
fect
sofPor
tugueser
oleont
heKeny
ancoast(
12mks)

i
) I
tledtot
hedecli
neoftheIndi
anOceant rade/decl
i
neofgoldtr
ade
i
i
) I
tledtot
hedecli
neandruinoftowns
i
i
i) I
tledtol
ossofli
feduri
ngthei
rconstantraidsoncoastalt
owns
i
v) Theheav
ytaxesthatwereimposedont hecoastalpeopl
eshi
nder
edt
he

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 129
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

developmentofcommer ci al andagr icul tur

al r
esour cesatt hecoast
v) Theybui ltFor tJesuswhi chbecameahi stori
cmonumenti nthesubsequenty ears
vi) Theybr oughtnewcr opst ot hecoaste. g.mai ze,groundnut sandpi neappl es
vii
) Theyi ntr oducedt heuseoff ar myardmanur e
vii
i) Theirlanguageenr ichedt heKi swahililanguage
i
x) Thei nt roduct ionofgunsandot heradv ancedweaponsbyt hePor tuguese
contri
but edt oi nsecur it
yi nt her egion
x) Commer ci al linksbet weent heKeny ancoastandt heAr abianPeni nsularwer e
al
mostcompl et el ycutof f .
xi) SomeAf r i
canwer econv er tedt oChristianity.
xii
) Cl oserl inksbet weent heKeny ancoastandI ndiadev eloped
xii
i) Theirconquestoft heKeny ancoastexposedt heareat oot herEur opeanpower s.
(Any6poi nts,2mks=12mks)
201119 ( b)Expl ainsi xef fect soft hePortugueser uleont heEastAf ri
canCoast .
(12mar ks)
i
. ThePor tuguesebui ltfor tJesusf ordef encepur posewhi chlaterbecamea
touristat tract ion.
i
i. Thei rhar shandcr uel mannerofsuppr essingr ebell
ionsl edtolossofl ives.
i
ii
. Theyi nt roducednewf oodcr opswhi char estaplef oodsf ormany
Keny ans.
iv. Const antr ebel lionsagai nstt hePor tugueser uleinterferedwi t
ht het rading
activitiesl eadi ngt oitsdecl ine.
v. Thecoast al t ownst hatr esi stedPor tugueser ulewer edest royedandl efti nrui
ns.
vi. Theyeducat edt hecoast al peopl eonhowt ouseani mal manur einf armi ng
andt husi ncr easi ngcr opy ields.
vi
i. Somewor dsbor rowedf r om Por tuguesel anguagewer eusedt oenr ich
Kiswai lilanguage.
vii
i. ThePor t uguesei mposedheavyt axationwhi chimpov eri
shedt hecoast al people.
ix. Theyf ost er edgoodr elationbet weent heE. AandI ndia
Omanr
ule
Est
abl
i
shmentofOmanr
uleal
ongt
heEastAf
ri
cancoast

 Fr om t heexpul sionoft hePor t

uguesei n1698, theEastAf ri
cancoastcameunderOman
rul
e.
 Atf irst,Omanr uleov ertheEastAf ricancoastwasenf orcedthroughlocal f
ami l
i
essuchas
theMaz rui i
nMombasaandt heNabahani nLamu.Butt heMazr uiwantedtobei ndependent
.
 TheMazr uieventual l
yest abli
shedt hemsel vesasi ndependentr ulersofMombasa, ext
ending
theirrulet oMal i
ndi ,PateandPemba.
t
h
 I nthe19 cent ury,theirpossessi onsext endedf rom Mal i
ndi i
nthenor t
ht oPangani i
nthe
sout h.TheMazr ui all
iedwi thMi j
ikendacommuni ti
esar oundMombasa,wi thwhosehel p
theyat tackedandconquer edLamuamongot herpl aces.
 TheMazr uiwereev entuallytr
ickedint osubmi ssionbyKhal id”asonofSey i
dSai d,t
heKing
ofOman, whodepor t
edt hem f r
om Mombasaandbr oughttheEastAf r
icancoastunderfull
Oman
Reasonswhyt heOmanAr abswer eunabl etocont roltheEastAf r
icancoastaf terthedefeatof
thePortuguese.

 Ci
vi
lwar
sinOman.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 130
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Rebell
i
onbycoastalt
owns.
 Threat
sofPer
sianinvasi
on.
KCSEQUESTION

20126. NameoneAr abfamil

ywhichr
uledt
heKeny
ancoastonbehal
fofOman.
(i
)Mazr ui
(i
i)Nabali
ani
(i
ii
)Busai
di (1mar
ks)
19973.Statetwomainr
easonswhytheOmanruler
swerei
nter
est
edinest
abl
ishi
ngt
hei
r
contr
olovertheKeny
ancoast. (
2mks)

(
i) Toexpandt hei
rcommer ci
alempir
e
(
ii
) Toest abli
shpoli
ti
calcontr
olovertheKeny
ancoast
(
ii
i) Toassisti
nendingthePortugueserul
e

Sey
yidSai
d’
srei
gn1804-
1856
Theomanr ul
ewasmadeeff
ect
ivef
ir
stbySeyy
idSaid.Hewant
edt obethemast
erofthewhol
e
i
ndianoceant r
adetodot
hishetr
ansfer
redhiscapit
alf
rom Zanzi
bartomuscatduetothe
fol
l
owingreasons:

 Zanzi barsupportedhi
sef for
tt ocapt ureMombasa./loyalt
ohi m.
 Zanzi barwasgoodandpl easant, withagoodcl i
mate,unli
keMuscat ,
whi chwashotand
dry .
 Zanzi barhadgood( deep-water)har boursinwhichshipscouldanchor.Herwaterwas
alsocl ean.
 Hewant edt ocontr
olIndi
anOceant radeandthetownsoft heEastAfricancoast
.
 Zanzi bar’
spositi
onwasconv enientf ortradewit
hthemai nlandandwithMombasa.
 Zanzi bar’
sgoodcl i
mat eandf ert
ilesoilfavour
edcult
ivati
onofcloves,whichwereusedas
spices.
 Bei ngani sl
and,Zanzi
barassur edt heOmanAr absofprotecti
on.
ExplainSey i
dSaid’
sinfl
uenceont radeal ongtheEastAfri
cancoast.

SinceSey i
dSaidcontroll
edt hewhol eofthecoast,
hedevelopedtradel
inkswi
ththe
Keny ani
nteri
or,i
nwhi chhei nvolvedtheAkambaandMi ji
kenda.
Slaves,i
voryandcloveswer et hemaj orexpor
tsfr
om EastAfri
ca.Carav
answeresentint
o
theinter
iortocoll
ectslavesandi vory.
UnderSey i
dSaid’sinfl
uence, Zanzibarbecamethecommer ci
alcentref
ortheent
ireEast
Afri
cancoast .I
mpor t
sincludedbeads, guns,
ammuniti
onandhar dware.
KCSE
20016.Gi v
eoner easonwhySey yidSaidtookdirectcontr
oloftheset t
lementsalongthe
coastofKenyain1806.( 1mk)
(
i) Toensur er ev enuef rom taxeswasr emi t
tedtoOman
(
ii
) Topr eventt her ulers/gov er
norsofthecoast al
settl
ement sform decl
ari
ng
t
hemsel v esi ndependent .
(
ii
i) Maxi mum economi ccontrol
(
iv) Cont rolIndianOceant rade(Any1poi nt,1mark)(1mk)
20076.Givetwof actorswhi chi nfl
uencedSey yi
dSai dtodevelopagricult
ureinZanzi
bar
i
nt he19thCentury. (
2mks)
(i
) Zanzi barhadf av ourablecli
mat eforcl
ov egrowing.
(i
i) Av ail
abil
ityoflabour /slavelabour

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 131
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(
ii
i) Zanzibarhadanat uraldeephar bourwhi chwoul dpromot etradeinagri
cultural
pr
oducts.
(
iv) Zanzibarhadf ert
il
esoi ls. Any2x1=2mks
200419.(a) Whatf actorsinfluencedSey yidSaid’
sdeci siont otr
ansferhi
s
capi
talt
oZanzi
bar .(
3mks)
(i
) Thecl i
matei nZanzi barwaspl easantascompar edt oMuscatwhi chwas
hotanddr ythroughoutt heyear
(i
i) Theneedt ocont rol thetownsal ongtheEastAf r
icanCoastmor eeffectiv
ely
(i
ii
) Zanzi barhadawi dedeepandwel l
shelteredhar bourinwhichshipscould
anchor
(i
v) Zanzi bar’
sst r
ategicposi ti
onwasconv enientfort r
adewi ththemainland
(v) Zanzi barhadf ert
ilesol i
dsfort heculti
vationofcl oves
(vi
) Zanzi barhadcl eanandsweatwat erfordr i
nking
Ef
fect
sofOmanr
ule
 Est
abl
ishmentoft
heOmanr
ulel
edt
otheest
abl
i
shmentofcl
ovepl
ant
ati
onsi
nZanzi
barand
Pemba.

 I
tledtot
hedevel
opmentofsl
avet
radeatt
hecoastbecausesl
aveswer
eusedasl
abour
ersi
n
t
heplant
ati
ons.

 I
tledt
otheest
abl
i
shmentofacommer
cial
empi
real
ongt
heEastAf
ri
cancoast
.

 I
tsti
mul
atedthedev el
opmentoft
hel
ongdi
stancet
radeamongt
heYao,
Akamba,
andt
he
NyamweziofTanzania.

 I
tledt
othegr
owt
handexpansi
onoft
ownsl
i
keKi
l
wa,
PembaandZanzi
bar
.

 TheSwahi
l
icul
tur
ewasi
ntensi
fi
edal
ongt
hecoast
.

 I
tledt
otheest
abl
i
shmentofst
rongpol
i
tical
empi
reundert
her
uleoft
heSul
tan’
satt
hecoast
.

 TheIndi
antrader
s(Bany
ans)i
ntr
oducedt
heRupeeast
hecur
rencyf
oruseal
ongt
heEast
Afr
icancoast.

 Theslav
etradewhichwasintensi
fi
edbytheOmanr ul
ersbr
okedownfamil
iesi
nmostofthe
areaswher
eraidstookpl
ace.Therewasalsosuf
fer
ingandl
ossofpr
opert
yduetobur
ningof
housesdur
ingrai
ds.

KCSE
20035.St at
ethreeeconomi cbenefitsoftheOmanrul
ealongtheKeny
ancoastdur
ing
theninet
eenthcent
ury.(3mks)
(i
)I tl
edtotheexpansionoftradebet weenKenyaandArabi
a.
(i
i)Ledtogrowthoftownse. g.Zanzibar
(i
ii
)Ledtothegrowthofslavetrade.
(i
v)Ledtogrowthofplantat
ionagricultur
e.
Any3x1=( 3mks)
Pl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ng
 Pl
antat
ionagr
icul
turewast
hemaj
orcauseofincr
easedsl
avet
radei
nEastAf
ri
ca.By1840,
sl
aveswereheavilyusedi
ncl
ovepl
antat
ionsinZanzi
barandPemba.Thesl
aveshadto

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 132
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

prov idef orbot ht hemselvesandt heirmast ers.

 Inear ly19th cent ury,theAr absandt heSwahi l
istartedgrowi nggrainslikesemesemeand
mi ll
et.Sl av esspentl ongwor kinghour sonsuchpl antati
onsundert hesupervisi
onofsl ave
ov erseer s.
 Plant ationsl av erywasi ntensiv elypracticedar oundMal i
ndi,wher ether
ewer elargetractsof
farml and.I nMombasa,cul t
ivat i
onofcoconut swaspr eferredasf armst hereweresmal l
er.
Coconut sr equiredl essrainwhi letheiryieldswer ehigher.
 TheMi ji
kendat radedwi ththeAr absi nivor y,cattleandgr ai
ns.Ar abspreventedtheMi j
ikenda
from owni ngther ichcoast alfar mland.
 Slavesof tentriedt oescapef r om plant ationsduet otheirbadwor ki
ngcondi ti
ons.Theywer e
groupedi ntodi fferentclassesandwer enotequal .
 Thosesl av esthatr anawaywer eempl oy edbyr ichArabsandt heSwahi l
itof i
ghtagainstthe
Sul t
an’ sgov ernment .Thoset hatr emai nedbehi ndbecamemor est
ubbornanddi dnotwor k
ashar dast heywer erequi r
ed.Theydi sobey edor dersandr ef
usedt oacceptt hei
rmast ers’
cultur e.
 Becauseoft his,t herewer eeff ortstoimpr ov etheirconditi
ons.
 Howev er,thecomi ngofcol onial i
sm endedt heuseofsl avesint heplant
ati
ons.

Fact
orsf
ort
hedev
elopmentofpl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ng
 Exi
stenceoff ert
il
esoils,whichf
avouredlargescal
efarming.
 Adequater ai
nfal
landsui t
ablecl
imate,whichpromotedfarming.
 Sult
anSey i
dSaid,whoencour agedsettl
ersf r
om OmanandZanzi bartosett
lei
nMombasa,
Malindi
andLamu.
 Easi
lyav ai
labl
eslav el
abour.
 TheMi j
ikenda,whogav el
argetr
actsoflandaroundMalindi.
 Avail
abi
lityofmar ketf
orgrainsinZanzi
bar ,
Arabi
aandthear i
dcoastofSomal
ia.

Ef
fect
sofpl
ant
ati
onf
armi
ng
 I
ncreasedsl avetradeandsl avel abour.
 Emer genceofacl assofwealthymer chant
samongt heArabsandSwahili
.
 I
nternationaltr
adeduet oexportofcr opssuchascl oves.
 I
ntroduct i
onofnewcr opssuchascl oves,coconutsandmai ze.
 Developmentoft ownsl i
keMal i
ndi ,
PembaandZanzi bar.
 Poorwor ki
ngcondi ti
onsandl onghour sofwor kamongt heslaves.
 DevelopmentofAgr obasedindust r
ies.
 Promot i
onoft rade.
 Populationincreaseduet oincr easedf oodproducti
on,owingtot heagr
obasedeconomyas
wellasSey i
dSai d’sencouragementofpeopl efrom Omant osettl
eatthecoastt
odevel
op
pl
antationagr i
culture.

Longdi
stancet
rade
Or
igi
nofLongDi
stancet
rade

 Byt he19thcent ur y,t

hereal r
eadywast radeamongKeny ancommuni t
iesandbet weenKeny a
andot hercountries.
 Longdi stancet radeconnect edt heEastAf r
icani nt
er i
ort othecoasti nKeny a.Twomaj or
commodi ti
es(ivoryandsl aves)werev aluedatt hecoast ,wheret heywer eexchangedf or
cloth,ut ensi
ls,
ironwar eandbeads.
 Unt i
l t
he1860s, TheAkambaser v
edasmi ddl
emenbet weeni nteri
orandcoast alcommuni t
ies.
Theirt radingactivit
iestookt hem fr
om t heMountKeny ar egiontoasf arasBar i
ngoandt he
shor esofLakeVi ctori
a.Theyest abli
shedgoodr elati
onshipwi tht hel ocalcommuni t
ies
through whose t errit
ori
es t hey passed,t hough t hey di scouraged ot her people and
communi ti
esfrom par ti
cipati
nginthetrade.Forinst ance,theyspr eadmal icioustalesabout

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 133
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

botht
heint
eri
orandcoast
alcommunit
ies.
ReasonswhytheAkambapart
ici
patedi
nLongDist
ancet
rade

 Ukambani regionhadpoorandunr eli

abler ai
nfalltosupportfarming.
 Theout breakoff aminein1836compel ledthem tot r
ade.
 Theircentral posi
ti
onbet weent hecoastandt heinteri
orfaci
li
tatedt heirpar
ti
cipati
oni
ntr
ade.
 Experiencedl eader
ssuchaschi efKivoi spearheadedt r
ade.
 Demandf orgoodsf rom theinteri
oratt hecoastmadet hem geti ntotrade.
 Goodsf ortr adesuchasi voryandslav eswer eav ail
abl
e.
Inthe1860s,Ar abandSwahi l
itrader
sst artedpenet rat
ingtheinteri
orofKeny a.Theyevent
ual
ly
tookcontr
olofLongDi stancetradef r
om t heAkambaandst ar
tedor ganizingcaravanst
oasfar
asUganda.

Communi
ti
esi
nEastAf
ri
cawhi
chpar
ti
cipat
edi
nthel
ongDi
stancet
radei
nthe19thcent
ury

 TheAkamba,
 Mi ji
kenda,
 Ny amwezi ,
 Khar toumers,
 Waswahi l
i,
 Yao,
 Ar abs
 Baganda.
Fact
orsthatledtothedecl
i
neofAkambadomi
nancei
nLongDi
stancet
rade

 Lossoft r
adingpartner
ssuchastheAembuandt heAgikuyuduet oOr omorai
ds.
 Bri
tishcoloni
zati
on,whichunder
minedthetrade.
 Abolit
ionofslavetr
ade,duetowhichthemainitem ofexchange(slaves)was l
ost.
 AttacksbytheMaasai andOromoont hetr
ader out
es.
 Compet i
ti
onf rom ArabandSwahilit
rader
s,whopenet rat
edt heinteri
ortogetgoodsf
rom
thesources.
KCSE
20053.Nameonecommunit
yinKeny
awhi
chpl
ayedal
eadi
ngr
olei
nthel
ong
di
stancet
rade.(
1mk)
(
i) Akamba
(
ii
) Agi ri
ama(
MIJI
KENDA)
Dev el
opment
Tradebet weent heKeny aCoastandot herout sidecount ri
esbeganv eryear l
y .I
twasi n
the19thcent urythatt hi
st radeexpandedr api
dlyespeci al
l
ydur i
ngther ul
eofSey yi
dSai d.
Thisinternational t
radel edt othedev elopmentoft helongdi st
ancetrade.
Thel ongdi stancet radei nvolvedt radebet weent heEastCoastofAf ricaandt heinterior.
I
tdev elopedduet ot hedemandf orsl av esinAr abiaandt hedemandf orI
v oryinEur ope.
Thepeopl ei nvolvedi nthist r
adewer emai nlytheAkambaandt heMi j
ikendaofKeny a, t he
Ny amweziandYaoofTanzani a,thecoast alArabsandt heSwahi l
i
sandt heBagandaof
Uganda.
Themai ncommodi tiesoft r
adeobt ainedi nthei nteri
orofEastAf r
icai nthe19thcent ury
wer eivoryandsl aveswhi chwer eingr eatdemandatt hecoast.Thesewer eexchanged
withcloth, beads, gl
asswar eut ensils,ir
onwar eandcar pets.TheArabandSwahi l
itr
ader s
wer eatfirstwaitingf ortradegoodst obesuppl iedt othem atthecoastbutl at
erin1860s
theyst ar
tedpenet r
at i
ngi ntot hei nterior.Theyt ookcont r
olofthel ongdi stancet rade

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 134
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

fr
om t heAf ri
canssuchast heAkambaandt heNy amweziandt heytravell
edi nt
ot he
i
nt eri
orasf arasBugandaandt heDemocr at i
cRepubl icofCongo.
Thet r
ader smov edi ncar avansf orsecur i
tyr easons.Thegoodst heyobt ai
nedwer e
shippedacr osst heI ndianOceanandt akent oAsi ancount r
iessuchasI ndia,Persia,
ArabiaandChi na.
199919.( a) Whatf actor sencour agedt heAkambat opart
ici
pateinthelong
distancetradedur ingt heni net eent hcentur y?(5mks)
(i
) Demandf ortheircommodi t
ies
(i
i) Av ailabi l
ityoft radegoods
(i
ii) Unsui tabl eclimat i
ccondi tionsf orfarmi ng
(i
v ) Pr oxi mi t
yt ot hecoast
(v) Exi st enceofent repr eneur sl i
kechiefKi v oi
(vi) Exi st enceofawel lor gani zedl ocaltrade
20024.St atet wof actorswhi chencour agedt heAkambat opar ti
ci
pateinthe
l
ongdi stancet radedur i
ngt heni neteenthcent ury .
(2mks)
(
i) Exi stenceofent erprisingl ocaltrader samongt heAkamba
(
ii
) Demandf orsomecommodi ti
esoft rade
(
ii
i) Tospr eadI slam
(
iv) Exi stenceoft r
ader out es
(
v) St rategicmi ddleposi ti
onofAkambal andbet weenthecoastthehi nt
erland.
(
vi) Unf avorabl eclimat i
ccondi t
ionsofAkambal and
Any2poi nts, 1mkeach=2mks
Or
gani
sat
ion
 Tr ader out est othei nt
eriorwentupt oKilimanj ar
o, t
hemountKeny aregionandt heshor esof
LakeVi ct or i
a.Maasai regionswer eav oi
dedduet oper ceivedMaasai host i
l
itytost r
anger s.
 LongDi st ancet rader smov edintot hei nteri
orincar avans,usingpor t
ers,whower eei t
her
slavesorf reemen, wit
hgoodst oandf r
om t heEastAf r i
cancoast .
 Theyst oppedt or estandr epl
enishfoodsuppl yatv ari
ouscent ersinthe interiorE.G.Tav eta,
Mbooni hi l
ls,LakeBar i
ngo, Mumi asandBuganda.
 Fr om t hecoast ,t het radersbr oughtguns,Cot toncl oth,beads,glass,swor ds,Por celai
n
vessels, br acel
etsandbangl es.From thei nter
ior,theygoti vor
y,rhi
nohor ns,slaves, hi
desand
skins.
 Longdi stancet radewasf i
nancedbyt heAr absandSwahi li
,whoempl oyedAkambaand
Mi j
ikendat raders.Themodeoft r
adewasBar ter,alt
houghCowr ieshell
swer eintroducedas
currencyi nl ate19thcent ury.
Reasonsf ori ncr easeddemandf orslavesalongt heEastAf ri
cancoastdur i
ngt helongDi stance
tr
ade

 Plantat
ionagr
icultureatthecoastdependedonslav el
abour .
 FrenchsugarplantationsinReuni
onandMaur it
iusincreaseddemandf orsl
aves.
 Demandf orsl
av estowor kasdomest i
cservantsandsol di
ersinArabi
a.
 Por t
uguesepl
ant ati
onsinBrazilr
equi
redlabour
.
Descr
ibehowslaveswer eobt ai
nedduri
ngthelongdistancet r
adealongtheEastAfr
icancoast
.

 Slaverai
ds.
 War f
are.Captiv
eswer esoldint
osl avery .
 Saleofcr i
minalsbychief
stoslavedeal ers.
 Kidnappingofchildr
enandl onetravelers.
 Youngchi ldr
enwer eenti
cedwithsweet sandwerethencaptur
edassl
aves.
 Debtorswhocoul dnotpayt hei
rli
abili
t i
eswer esoldasslav
es.
St
atetheeffectsofsl
av et
radeont hepeopl eofEastAfr
ica.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 135
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Growt hofpl antationf armingasar esul

tofslavelabour.
 Increasedsuf f
ering,fearandv i
olence.
 Heav ylossofl ife( manydeat hs).
 Depopul ati
oni nt heint eri
or.
 Increasedint ercommunal warfaretocaptur
eslaves.
 Tradei nivoryandcopperi ncreasedasslaveswereusedaspor t
ers.
 Freedsl avecent er sofBagamoy oandFr eetownwer esetupfoll
owingtheabol
it
ionofsl
aver
y
andsl avetrade.
 Dest r
uctionofpr operty .
 Displacementoff amiliesandcommuni ti
es.
 Intr
oduct i
onofnewgoodssuchascl ot
handgunst otheregi
oninexchangef
orslav
es.
KCSE
20127.Namet heAfri
cancommuni t
ythatorganizedlongdi
stancetradeinKenyadur
ing
thecol
onial
period.
TheAkamba (1mar k)
20008.Identi
fytwomet hodswhi
chlongdistancetrader
susedt oacquir
eslaves
duri
ngtheninet
eenthcentury
.(2mks)
(
i) Exchangingslav
eswithothergoods/buyi
ngsl
av esf
rom Af
ri
can
(
ii
) Raidingothercommuniti
esfrom sl
aves
(
ii
i) Enticementandgif
ts (Any2poi
nts,1mk)(2mks)
199919( b) Expl aintheeffectsofsl avetradeont heAf ri
cancommuni t
iesinKenya(10
mks)
i
. Ther aidsf orslavesbyt radersledt oinsecurityandf earmakingpeopl
eabandont hei
r
economi cactiviti
es.
ii
. Abl e-bodi edpeopl eweret akenawayassl avesl eav i
ngt heweakwhocoul dnotwork
effectively
.
iii
. I tl
edt othedeat hoff amilymember sdeny ingthef amilythemuchneededwor kf
orce.
iv. Ledt ol ossofski ll
edlabourf orcee.g.ir
onsmi t
hs
v. Met hodsusedi nacqui ri
ngsl avessuchasbur ningofhousesl edtodestr
ucti
onofthe
env i
ronmentandhumansuf feri
ng
v i
. Sl aver aidsandsl av eofpeopl eledtodepopul ation/di splacement
vii
. Pr omot edinteractionbetweenAf ri
cancommuni ti
ese. g.theAkambaandAgi kuy
u
v
iii
. Ledt ot hespr eadanduseofKi swahilii
nt heinteriorofKeny a
ix. Ledt ot hespr eadofI sl
am andI sl
amiccul tur
e
x. Openedupt hei nteri
orofKeny af orEuropeanpenet r
ati
on

I
mpact
s
 Emer genceofacl assofweal thymerchant samongAf ri
can,SwahiliandAr abt r
ader sE.G.
ChiefKivoi ofUkambani ,Nyunguy aMaweamongt heNy amwezi andTippuTi pofZanzi bar
.
 Developmentoft ownsl i
keLamu, ZanzibarandMombasa.
 Newcr opssuchasr iceandmangoesamongot herswereintroducedinEastAf r
ica.
 I
ntroductionofI sl
ami cr el
igi
onandcul t
urebyAr abtr
aders.
 Europeancol oni
zationofAf r
icafoll
owingr eportsgivenbyt heLongdi stancetrader sabout
theimpor tanceoft heEastAf ricancoast.
 Developmentoft rader outesandmar ketcenters.
 DevelopmentofPl ant at
ionagricul
turei
nMombasaandMal indiduetotradeinslaves.
 I
ntroductionoff oreigngoodsl ikebeads,clothandglasswaret othepeopleofEastAf t
h
ri
ca.
200419(
b) Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofl
ongdi
stancet
radei
nKeny
adur
ingt
he19

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 136
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

centur
y .(
12mks)
(i
) Commer cialrelationsbet weendifferentKeny ancommuni ti
eswer eestabli
shed
strengthened
(i
i) I tl
edt ot her i
seofacl assofwealthyAf ri
cansf orexampleKi v
oi,Mewendwaof
KituiandKar uri waGakur e.
(i
ii
) Thel ocal peopl edev elopedat ast
ef orimpor tedgoodssuchascl ot
hes, brass,
wire,gunsandgunpowder
(i
v) I tl
edt oadecl inei nl ocal cr
aftandi ndustr
yast hepeoplepreferr
edimpor ted
product s/decl i
nei nagr icul
ture
(v) I tl
edt ot hei ntensi fi
cat ionofthesl avetradewhi chcausedunt ol
dsufferingto
manycommuni ties/depopul at
ion
(vi
) TheI nteriorofKeny awasopenedupt hef oreigners
(vi
i
) I sl
am andSwahi liculturewer espreadi ntointer i
orbytraders
(vi
i
i) Newcr opsi ntroducedi ntotheinteriorfrom t hecoast(cassav a,maize,guv as)
(i
x) Thet radel edt odev elopmentofgr owt hoft heur bancentersinKenya
(x) I tl
edt oi ntermar riagesbet weencommuni ti
es.(6x2=12mks)
I
nter
nat
ional
trade
WhenSeyidSaidtookcontr
olofZanzi
bar,
heencouragedforeigntraderstotr
adewit
hZanzi
barin
ordert
odevelopnewmar ketsforpr
oduct
sfr
om theEastAf ricanmai nl
and.Hestr
ivedt
oatt
ract
I
ndianmoneyl ender
s(Banyans)tocomeandsettl
ei nZanzibar,whichincr
easedthevol
umeof
tr
adeinEastAfri
ca.

Factorst hatpr omot edi nternati

onal tradealongt heEastAf ri
cancoast
 TheMonsoonwi nds,whi chfacil
itatedt r
anspor t.
 Tr adebet weent hecoastandt hef arEast,whi chexistedbef oret he19thcentury.
 Demandf orgoodsatt hecoastandt heout sidewor ld.
 Av ailabili
tyoft r
adegoodsl i
kei vory,gold,slaves,beadsandguns.
 Pr ot ect i
onofAr abandSwahi l
itradersbyt heSul tan.
 Thedeephar boursandgoodbeachesaswel lasaccessi bi l
it
yoft her egionbysea,whi ch
attract edt raders.
 I mposi ti
onofauni f
iedcust omsdut yof5%byt heSul t
an, whichencour agedt r
ade.
 I ntroduct ionofamoni torysy stem bySey id Said,whi chf acil
it
ated trade.Coppercoi ns,
Spani shCr ownandMar i
aTher esadol l
arswer eused.
 I ndianBany ansorBal uchis(moneyl enders),whof inancedt radebygi vingcreditfaci
l
iti
esto
thet rader s.
 Tr ader out esandmar ketsli
keKi lwaandMombasa, whichboost edtrade.
 Si gni ngoft reatiesbet weenSey idSai dandWest erncount ri
es.Sey idSaidsignedt r
eati
eswi t
h
France,Br itain,andt heUni t
edSt atesofAmer i
caamongot herpower s,thusopeningupEast
Africat owor l
dt rade.

Tradegoods
EXPORTS

 Coconuts,
 Gum copal,
 I
vory,
 Sl
aves.
I
MPORTS

 Guns,
 Ameri
cancl
oth,
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 137
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 beads,
 Har dware.
Alt
houghSey idSai
ddi
dnotbui
ldapoli
ti
calempi
reintheint
eri
or,heli
nkedanddev
elopedt
he
exi
sti
ngtradingnet
wor
kswi
thpeopl
eli
ketheAkamba,Agi
kuyuandMij
ikenda.

I
mpactsofi nternat
ionaltr
ade
 I
topenedupt heEastAf r
icancoasttot heoutsideworl
dr esult
ingincol
oni
sati
on
 I
tl edt ointroducti
onandspr eadofChr i
sti
anityduetoexi stenceofIsl
am andslavetr
ade
whi chthemi ssi
onariescamet oabol i
sh.
 Newgoodssuchasgunsandcl otheswer eintr
oduced.
 I
ntroduct i
onofnewcr opssuchasr iceandmai ze.
 Trader sbecameweal t
hyandt heirl
i
v i
ngstandar dsi
mprov ed.
 Suff er
ing,lossofl i
fe,destr
uctionofpr opertyduet ointensifi
edwarfar
e,ETC,al
lresul
ti
ng
fr
om sl avet r
ade.

Chr
ist
iani
ty
The Port
uguese werethe fi
rstChristi
an missi
onar
ies to come to Kenya.Howev er,l
ong-
est
abli
shedIslamiccul
tur
eandr el
i
gionov erwhel
medt hei
ref f
ors.The19th cent
t ur
yRev i
v al
MovementinBr i
tai
nandWest er
nEur opeinspi
redmissi
onari
est ogooutt ootherpartsofthe
worl
dfortheendoftheworl
dwasper ceivedtobecomingsoon.

Reasonsf
ort
hecomi
ngofChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
ies
 TospreadChristi
anity,
west er
neducationandci vi
l
ization.
 TocounterthespreadofI slam,whichhadt akenrooti nt heregion.
 Toaboli
shslaveryandsl avetradeandreplaceitwithlegitimatetrade.
 Toexplorether egion.Missionari
esli
keLudwi gKr apfandJohannRebmannwer et hefi
rst
Eur
opeanstosi ghtandexpl oremountKeny aandmountKi li
manj ar
orespect
ivel
y.
 Emergence ofmi ssi
onarysoci et
ies i
n West ern Eur ope,whi ch competed to send t
heir
member souttoAf ri
ca.
 Advent
ure,forsomedesi redt obethef i
rsttounr avelt hemucht hatwas unknownt othe
out
sideaboutAf ri
ca.
KCSE
200118.(
a)WhydidChr i
stianmi ssionar
iescomet
oKeny
aint
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury
?(5
mks)
(i
) Tospr eadChr isti
ani t
y
(i
i) Tohelpabolisht hesal vetrade
(i
ii
) Toexplor
et her egion
(i
v) Tospreadwest ernciv i
l
izat
ion
(v) Promotelegiti
mat et rade
(i
i) Educat
eAf ri
cans
Mi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
esi
nKeny
a
 Vari
ousmi ssionar
ysoci et
iesmer ged tof or
mt healli
anceofMi ssi
onarysoci
eti
esinBri
ti
sh
EastAfri
ca.
 Missi
onar ywor kinKeny astartedin1844wi t
ht hear ri
valofJohannLudwi gKrapffr
om
Germany .Kr apfwassentbyt heChur chMi ssi
onar ySocietyofEngl and.Hebeganhiswork
amongt hecoast alpeoplebeforeadv ancingi
ntot heint
eri
or .
 Togetherwi t
hJohannesRebmann,Kr apfst ar
tedandest abli
shedami ssi
onbaseatRabai
nearMombasa i n 1846.I n 1849,t hey were accompani ed by Jacob Erhar
dt.They
unsuccessf ull
ytri
edtopr eachtot heAkambaandTai t
a.Kr apfencouragedotherChri
sti
an
soci
etiestohel pinspreadingChrist
ianit
y .
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 138
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 In1862, ThomasWakef ieldandmember soft heUni t

edMet hodistChur chf r om Brit
ainar rived
andopenedmi ssionst ati
onsatRi be,Jomv uandi nLamu.TheCMSopenedst at i
onsat
Sagal lainTaitaandatTav eta.
 Initi
all
y ,i
twasdanger oust ost artmi ssionst ati
onsf arinland.E. G.Kr apft ri
edbutdi dnot
managet ostartami ssionst at
ionatKi tuiduet oAkambaangerwhenChi efKi v
oiwaski l
led
whi letraveli
ngwi t
hhi m.Howev er,inlate19thandear y20thcent
l ury,theint er i
orbecamemor e
peacef ulandsaf erformi ssi
onariest omov eaboutspr eadingChr isti
anity.
 In1891,t heChur chofScot landMi ssionbeganwor katKibwezii nwhati snowMakueni ,but
theyl atermov edt oKi kuyui nCent ralPr ovi
nceaf tersever almissionar iesdi edatKi bwezi.
Member soft heAf ri
caI nlandMi ssionf rom theUni tedStat esofAmer i
caopenedt hei rfi
rst
stat i
onatNzauii nt het henMachakosdi stri
ct.Theylaterext endedtoKi jabe, Nandi,Kabar net
andNy akach.
 In1899,someFr enchCat holi
cmi ssi
onar i
es openedSai ntAust in’sMi ssionst at i
onnear
Nai robi.
 In 1902- 1903,t he Chur ch MissionarySoci etyf rom Engl and and t he Consol ata opened
Mi ssionst at
ionsi nNy eri
.Theywor kedinMer uandCent ralKeny a.
 By1914,t heChur chOfGodmi ssion,TheSev enthDayAdv enti
sts,theFr iendsMi ssi onand
ot herChr i
sti
ansoci eti
eshadr eachedwest ernKeny a.
Mi
ssionarysoci eti
est hatmer gedt of ormt heAl l
ianceofMi ssionarySoci etiesi nBr itishEast
Af
ri
ca.

 TheChur chofScot l
andMi ssi
on
 TheChur chMissionarySociet
y(CMS) .
 TheAfri
caI nl
andMi ssion.
 TheUnitedMet hodistChurchMissi
on.
 TheBrit
ishandf orei
gnBi bl
eSociet
y .
Fact
orst
hatledtothespr eadofChrist
ianit
yinEastAf
ri
ca

 SeyidSai d’ ssuppor t.Ear lymi ssi onar i

essuchasKr apfwer egi v enintr
oduct oryl et
tersfor
assistancef r
om coast al rulers.
 SomeAf ricancommuni t
ieswer ef riendl ytot heMi ssionar i
es.
 Missionar iesv alued, studiedandwer eabl etouset hel anguagesoft hepeopl eamongwhom
theywor ked,ev entual l
ycommi tti
ngt hem t owr it
ing. Fori nstance,Kr apft ranslatedand
publishedt hedictionar yandpar t
soft hebi bleint oKiswahi l
i
, KikambaandKi rabai.
 TheChr istiant eachi ngonequal it
yandl oveforoneanot herappeal edt omanyAf ri
cans.
 Afri
canconv erts,especi allyint heFr eedSl avecent erssuchasFr eetownhel pedmi ssi
onar i
es
tospr eadt hegospel .
 Missionst ations,school sandmedi calcent ersi nfl
uencedt hespr eadofChr i
sti
anit
ysi nce
thosel i
v i
ngt her ehadt obeconv ertedt oChr istianity.
 Explorer sencour agedt hemi ssionar ies’wor k.Henr yMor ton St anley’
sr epor tonBuganda
encour agedmi ssionar iest ogot oUganda.
 Discov eryofQui nine,acur eforMal aria, enabledt hem t owor kamongAf ri
cancommuni t
ies.
 Thebui l
di ngoft heKeny a-Ugandar ailwayf acili
tatedt heirtravelingi ntotheinterior.
 Thecol oni algov ernmentsuppor tedmi ssionar ywor k.
 Relativepeaceandst abili
t yint her egi onpr omot edMi ssionarywor k.
 Emer genceofI ndependentchur ches, anAf ri
cani nit
iative,promot edt hespreadofChr i
stiani
ty.
ReasonswhyChr i
stianmi ssi onar iesest ablishedmi ssionst at i
onsi nEastAf rica.

 ToteachAfri
canshowt or eadtheBible.
 Totrai
nAfri
canCat echiststoassistinmissi
onarywor
k.
 ToconvertAfr
icanstoChr isti
anit
y.
 Tospreadwest er
nculture.
 ToteachAfri
cansf ar
mi ng, masonryandcarpent
ry.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 139
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Tocaterf
orAfr
icans’healt
hneeds.
 Tohavebasesofoperationforthemissi
onar
ies.
 Toserveasset
tlementforfreedslav
es.
 TopromoteEur
opeancol onizat
ion.
20104 Nameoneear lyChri
sti
anmissionar
ywhowor kedi
nKenya.(1mark)
JohannLudwi gKrapf
JohannRebman
 JacobErhardt
20086. Namet hemissionar
ysoci
etythatestabl
i
shedahomeforfreedsl
avesat
thecoastofKenyainthe19thcentur
y. (
1mk)
ThechurchMissi
onar ysoci
ety(C.
M.S) (1mk)

20036.St atetwoway sthroughwhi chmissi

onstati
onspr omot edt hespreadof
Chri
sti
anit
yinKeny a.(2mks)
(i
) Theneedyf oundhomesandt hustheywereconv er
ted
(i
i
) Thest ationswer ecentresoflear
ning/schoolswer elearners/catechist
swere
preachedt o
(i
i
i) Theyser v edashealthcent r
es/hospital
wheret hesickwer epr eachedto.
(i
v) Themi ssionari
esmi xedfreel
ywiththepeoplethusconv ertedt hem t
oChr i
sti
ani
ty.
199716.a)ExplainwhyChr isti
anmi ssi
onari
esestabl
ishedmi ssionst ati
onsinKenya
duri
ngthecol onialperi
od.(7mks)

(
i) Missi onst ati
onswer eest abl
ishedbyChr isti
anmi ssi
onariestoser v eascenters
forconv ertingAfri
cans.
(
ii
) Toser veascent erswher eAf ri
canswoul dbet aughtbasicli
ter acytoenabl e
them t or eadt hebible.
(
ii
i) Tot eachAf ri
cansnewmet hodsofcar pentry,f
armingandmasonr y
(
iv) Tot rainAf ri
cancatechi stswhowoul dinturnfacil
i
tat
et hespr eadofChr i
sti
ani
ty.
(
v) Touset hem ascent ersforthespr eadofWest ernEuropeancul tur
e
(
vi) Toser veasheal t
hcent er swherebasi chealthcarewaspr ovidedt oAf r
icans.
(
vii
) Toser veasset tl
ement sf orfr
eedsl avesandot herdi
splacedpeopl es.
(
vii
i
) Serveascent ersfort hepacifi
cationofAf ri
cans/centrestopr omot eEur opean
coloni zation.
(
ix) Serveasbasewher eEur opeanmi ssionar
iescouldoper at
ef r
om.
Chal
l
engesf
acedbyChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
ies
 Tropi caldiseasesl i
keMal ariaandsl eepingsickness.
 Poormeansoft ranspor tandcommuni cati
onduet olackofr oads, r ailways, v
ehiclesanda
commonorf ami l
iarlanguage.
 Inadequat esuppl yoff ood, medi cine,moneyandot heressentials.
 Host ili
tyfrom somecommuni ti
esduet o confl
ictov erAf rican t r
aditi
onalpr acticesE.G.
Pol y
gamy ,offeri
ngofsacr if
icesandf emaleci r
cumci sion.
 Insecur i
ty,causedbywi ldani malsandbycommuni ti
est hatdi dnotwantf orei
gnersi nthei
r
terri
tory.
 Isl
am, whichcompel ledmostmi ssionariestorelocatet ootherpl aces,li
keRabai .
 Scar cit
iesofper sonnel asmi ssionarieswer efewandwor kedinar east oobigf orthem.
 Interdenomi nationaldi fferences, whichl edtohat r
ed, E.G.betweenCat holi
csandPr otest
ants
duet ocompet i
ti
onf orf ollower s.
 Host ili
tyfr
om sl avetr aders, whoseact i
v i
ti
eswer eadv erselyaffectedbymi ssionarywor k.
 Languagebar ri
er,alt
houghsomet ri
edt olearnindigenousAf ri
canl anguages.
KCSE
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 140
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

199716b)Whatfact
orsunder
minedChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
esKeny
adur
ingt
he
ni
neteent
hcent
ury?(8mks)

(
i) Host il
it
ybybel ieversoft raditional reli
gionwhosawmi ssionar
iesasat hreatto
theirbeli
ef sandcul t
uralpract ices.
(
ii
) Opposi ti
onbyl eader sofI slami cfaithandot herbel
ieverswhosei nterestswer eto
adv ancetheirreli
gi onint her egion.
(
ii
i) Har shtropicalcli
mat ecoupl edwi thtropicaldi
seasese. g.malaria
(
iv) Inadequat efundsandsuppl i
essuchasf ood.
(
v) Inadequat epersonnel tocar ryoutmi ssionaryacti
vi
t i
es
(
vi) Rivalryamongdi fferentChr isti
angr oups
(
vii
) Communi cationbar r
ier/lackofcommonl anguageofcommuni cationt ofacil
it
ate
i
nt eracti
onwi thandconv ersionofAf ri
cans.
(
vii
i
) StrictChristi
andoct r
ineswhi chwer eincompat i
blewi t
ht r
aditi
onal beliefsand
pract i
ces.
(
ix) Limi t
edt r
anspor tandcommuni cationfacili
ti
es
(
x) Vast nessofar eascov eredbyi ndividual missi
onari
es
(
xi) Host il
it
yfrom Af ri
canr ulerswhoof t
eni denti
fi
edmi ssionari
eswi thcol oniali
sm
andl ossoft heirtraditi
onal aut hority.

Ef
fect
sofmi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
esi
nKeny
a

 SpreadofChr i
st i
anit
ytomostpar tsofthei nt erior.
 ErosionofAf ricancultur
eassomecul t
ur alpr acticessuchasf emal eci r
cumcisionandbur ial
ri
teswer edi scar ded.
 I
nt r
oduct ionofwest ern(
for mal )education.
 Buil
di ngofr ehabi l
it
ati
oncent ers,wherev ocat ional ski
ll
s,readi ngandChr isti
anit
ywer etaught.
 Establ i
shmentofheal thcent ersandmedi cal ser v
icesfordi sease- controlandcure.
 I
mpr ov ementoff armingt hr oughi ntr
oduct ionofnew cr opsandl ivestockaswel lasnew
farmi ngmet hods.
 Dev elopmentoft r
ansportsy stems.
 Transl ationoft heBiblei
nandi nt
roductionofwr iti
ngtoKi swahi liandot herlocallanguages.
 Emer genceofanel it
esoci alclass,anewcr eat i
ont otheAf ricanset -up.
 Explor ationandconsequentnami ngandmappi ngofmount ains,r i
versandt hei nteri
orof
Afri
ca.
 Coloni zat i
onofKeny aandt her estofAfrica.
 Riseofi ndependentchur chesandschool s, fr
eef rom Missionar yinfluence.
 Repr esent ationofAf ri
cansbyMi ssionariesi nt heLegislati
v ecounci l
.
 Establ i
shmentofi ndependentAf ri
canschool s.
 Abol i
tionofsl av er
yandsl avet radeinEastAf ri
ca.
200118(b)Expl ai
nsi xresultsoft hecomi ngofChr isti
anmi ssionari
estoKeny a.(
10mks)
i
) Christ
ianmi ssionar i
esconv ertedAf ri
canst oChr i
sti
ani t
y.
i
i) Theybuiltschool wher eAf r
icanswer etaughtt oreadandwr it
e
i
ii
) Theybui lthospi t
al swhi chhel pedt oimpr ovet hehealthstandardsofthepeople.
i
v) Theyi ntroducednewcr opsandnewf ar
mi ngmet hods.
v) Theyintroducednewv ocational skil
lse.gcarpentryandmasonr y
vi
) Tr anslat
edt heBi bleintol ocal l
anguages
vi
i) Dr ewmapoft hei nter
ioroft hegr eatLakesr egionwhi chinspi
redmanyexpl or
ers
tocomet oAfrica/ openedt hei nteri
or.
vi
ii
) Influencedthei rgov ernment stot akeinterestintheregionwhi chlat
erledto
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 141
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

colonizat i
on.
i
x) Under mi nedauthor i
tyofAfri
canl eaders.
x) Intr
oducedt hewest erncult
urewhi chunderminedAf r
icancult
ure.
xi
) Theywr otethefirstKiswahil
idictionaryandgr ammarbook.
xi
i) Est ablishedset t
lement sforfreedsl av
esandgav esecurit
ytodest
itut
e.
xi
ii
) Hel pedi nimprovingtransportsyst em bydevelopi
ngroadsconnectingthei
r
stati
ons.
xi
v) Pr omot eddisunityamongpeopl eofdi ff
erentdenominationsandnon-Chri
sti
ans
VsChr i
st i
an.
20007.St atet woway si nwhichthei nt
roduct i
onofChr i
sti
anityundermi
ned
Afr
icancultureinKeny a.(2mks)
(
i) Foritpreachedagai
nstAfri
cancust
omse. g.pol
ygamyandf emal
ecircumci
sion
(
ii
) I
talsounder minedAfr
icantr
adi
ti
onalrel
i
giousandbeli
efsasAfri
cansadapt
ed
Chri
stiani
tyandstoppedbeli
evi
ngintheancestr
alspi
ri
ts.(
2mks
19963.Ident i
fyonecont ributionofJohnKr apftothespreadofChr i
sti
ani
tyi
n
Kenyaduringtheni neteent hcent ury.
(2mks)
(i
) JohnKr apfbui l
tachur chinRabai
(i
i) Conv ertedpeopl et oChr isti
anity
.
(i
ii
) Tr anslatedt heBi bl
ei ntoKi swahili
(i
v) Tr ainedt hef i
rstcat echistwhol aterspr eadthegospel.
(v) Encour agedot herEur opean/mi ssionariestocomet oKeny a.
(vi
) Thi sexpl oit
at i
onofKeny aledtot heopeni ngupoft heinter
iorformore
mi
ssionar yact i
viti
es.
Any1point ,
1mar keach( 1mk)
20115 I
dentif
yt wocont ri
butionsmadebyt heearl
yChrist
ianmi ssi
onar
iesi
nthef
iel
d
ofeducat
ioninKeny a.(2mar ks)
i
. Theysetupschool s/encour agedAf ri
canst ogot oschool.
ii
. Theyt aughtAf r
icanshowt oread/ wri
t e.
i
i
i. Theyt
aughtAf
ri
cansv
ocat
ional
Ski
l
ls.
i
v. Theyt
ransl
atedt
heBi
blei
ntoAf
ri
canLanguages
v
. Theywr
otebooks/
dict
ionar
y
v
i. Theyt
ransl
atedt
heBi
blei
ntoAf
ri
canLanguages
v
ii
. Theywr
otebooks/
dict
ionar
y

19983.Gi
vet
hemai
nreasonwhyear
lyv
isi
tor
sfr
om Ar
abi
acamet
otheKeny
ancoast
bef
ore1500(
1mk)
- Tot
rade/
commer
ce
20006.St
atet
woreasonswhyt
hePor
tuguesewer
eabl
etoconquert
hecoast
al
set
tl
ement
sby1500.(
2mks)
(
iv) Theyhadstrongshi
pscalledcarrackswhi chtheyusedtoatt
acktheAr
abswhoused
dhows
(
v) Thepeopl ealongthecoastwer edi suni
tede.g.Mal i
ndiandMombasawerearch-
enemies
(
vi) ThePortuguesegotrei
nforcement sfrom Goat hei
rbasei
nIndi
aandalsof
rom Por
tugal
(
vii
) ThePortuguesewerewelltr
ainedandbet terorgani
zed

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 142
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

(2mk)

20004.Statetwomainfact
orswhi
chenabl
edt
rader
sfr
om Ar
abi
atocomet
othe
Kenyancoastbef
ore1500(2mks)
(
ii
i) TheIndianoceanprovidedt hehighwayt hr
oughwhi chthet
raderstr
avel
ed
(
iv) Thetradershadtheskill
sofhar nessingthemonsoonwi nds(Tradewinds)Theyknew
whattimesofthey eartocomet otheKeny ancoastandwhattimestogoback
(
v) Thetradershadmar i
net echnologye.g.hadship–buildi
ngtechnol
ogyandknewhowt o
usethecompassf orthenav i
gati
onoft heocean.

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions

1.Whydi
dtheear
lyf
orei
gner
svi
sitt
heEastAf
ri
cancoastbef
ore1500AD?
2.i
) Howwast
het
radebet
weent
heEastAf
ri
cancoastandt
heout
side
wor
ldor
gani
sedbef
ore1900AD?

i
i
)Whatf
act
orscont
ri
but
edt
othedev
elopmentoft
heabov
etr
ade?

3.i
)Ident
if
ythepr
obl
emst
hePor
tugueseencount
eredal
ongt
heEast

Af
ri
cancoast
.

i
i
) Showt
heway
sthePor
tugueset
ri
edt
oev
adet
hosepr
obl
ems.

4.a) Di
scusst
heposi
ti
veandnegat
ivei
mpactoft
hePor
tuguese

admi
nist
rat
ionont
heEastAf
ri
cancoast
.

b)Gi
veal
lther
easonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neoft
hecoast
alt
ownsdur
ingt
hePor
tugueseer
a.

5.Expl
aint
hecont
ri
but
ionofSey
yidSai
dinEastAf
ri
ca.
6.Descr
ibet
hef
act
orswhi
chf
aci
l
itat
edt
hespr
eadofChr
ist
iani
tyi
nEastAf
ri
ca.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 143
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

CI
TIZENSHI
P
Aci
ti
zeni
saper
sonwhol
egal
l
ybel
ongst
oast
ate.
Ev
eryci
ti
zeni
s:
i. Enti
tl
edt
ot herights,pr
ivi
legesandbenefi
tsofci
ti
zenshi
p,subjectt
otheli
mitssetout
i
ntheconstit
uti
on;
i
i. Enti
tl
edt
oaKeny anpasspor tandtoanydocumentofregi
strat
ionandident
if
icat
ion
i
ssuedbythestat etocit
izens.
i
i
i. Subj
ectt
other esponsibil
iti
esofci
ti
zenship.

Meani
ngofcit
izenshi
p
Ci
ti
zenshi
pist
heactofbel
ongi
ngt
oapar
ti
cul
arorcount
ry.

Methodsofbecomi ngaKenyacit
izen
200714. St atetwowaysthroughwhichaper
soncanbecomeaci
ti
zenofKeny
a.
(2marks)
 Bybir
th
 Byregist
rat
ion Any2x1=(
2marks)

200811. I denti
fyt
woway
sofbecomi
ngaKeny
anci
ti
zen. (
2mar
ks)
 Bybir
th
 Byregi
str
ation
any2x1=2mar ks
1.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbybi rt
h

Ev
erypersonborni
nKenyai
saci t
izeni
f,att
hedat
eofbi
rt
h,ei
thert
hemot
herort
he
f
atheroftheper
soni
sacit
izen.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 144
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Apersonbor
noutsideKeny
aisaci
ti
zeni
f,att
hedat
eofbi
rt
h,ei
thert
hemot
herort
he
f
atheroft
hepersonisacit
izen-

Whowasbor
ninKeny
a;orByr
egi
str
ati
onornat
ural
i
zat
ion.

I
fei
therpar
entofaper
sondiedbef
oret
hatper
sonwasbor
n,t
hatpar
ent
'sci
ti
zenshi
pat
t
hetimeofdeat
happli
es

2.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbymar
ri
age.

Apersonwhohasbeenmar ri
edt
oacit
izenforaper i
odofatl
Eastseveny
ear
sisenti
tl
ed,
appl
icat
ion,
tober
egist
eredasaci
ti
zen.Cit
izenshi
pisnotl
ostthr
oughmarr
iageor
di
ssolut
ionofmar
ri
age

3.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbynat
ural
i
zat
ion.

Apersonwhohasbeenl awful
l
yr esidenti
nKenyaf
oraconti
nuousper
iodofatl
East
sevenyear
s,andwhosatisf
iest hecondi
ti
onspr
escr
ibedbyanActofPar
li
ament,
may
applyt
obenat ur
ali
zedasacitizen

Chi
l
drenf
oundi
nKeny
aandadopt
edchi
l
dren.

Achil
dfoundinKenyawhoi
slesst
han8y ear
soldandwhosenat
ional
i
tyandpar
ent
sar
e
notknown,
ispresumedt
obeaciti
zenbybir
th

4.Dual
cit
izenshi
p

Apersonwhoi saciti
zendoesnotl
oseci
ti
zenshi
pbyr
easonofacqui
ri
ngci
ti
zenshi
pof
anothercount
ry.

Revocati
onofci tizenship
201016Gi v etwor easons'thatcanmakear egister
edpersontoloseci
tizenshipinKeny
a.
(2mar ks)
I foneisdi sl
oyal t
ot hestate.
I fduri
ngwaronet rades/communi cateswiththeenemy .
I fonerev eal
st hecount r
y ’
ssecret
st oanothercountr
y.
I foneissent encedf oraper i
odoft welvemont hswit
hinfi
veyearsf
rom t hedateof
regist
rati
on.
I fonestay soutoft hecount r
ycont i
nuouslyforsevenyearswit
houtregister
ingwit
h
theKeny anembassyabr oad.
I fregi
strati
onwasobt ainedthroughf r
aud. Any2x1=2mar ks

Ty
pesofci t
izenshi
p
 Dualci
ti
zenship
 Bi
rthri
ghtciti
zenshi
p

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 145
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

RightsandfreedomsofaKenyancit
izen
Rightsareobli
gati
onsthest
atehastoit
scit
izens
Righttoownpr oper
ty
Everyciti
zeninKenyahasari
ghttoownpropertyinanyareaoft
hecount
ry.
Li
mi t
ationsofthi
sright
:
i
.Thegov ernmentmayacquir
etheproper
tyforpubli
cuseandcompensatetheowner
.
i
i.Ifthepropert
ywasi l
l
egal
l
yacquir
editcanbet akenbygover
nment.

Righttolife
Oneshoul dnotbedepr ivedofhi sorherl if
ei ntenti
onally
.Thisimpli
esthatnoper soni s
supposedt omur deranot herorcommi tsui cide.Anyonewhodoesanyoft heset woi s
prosecutedinacour toflaw.Li febegi nsatconcept ionandabor t
ioni
snotal l
owed.
Li
mi tati
onoft hi
sright:
i
.Whent hepersonact si nself-
def enceori ndef enceofproperty
.
i
i.Whensecur it
yofficersexecut el awf ul
ar rest.
i
ii
. Whensecur it
yofficersactt opr ev enttheescapeofaper sonwhoi sl
awful
lydet ained.
i
v. Whensecur it
yofficerssuppr essar iot
, r
ebel l
ionoramut i
ny.
v.Whensecur it
yofficesactt opr ev entani ndividualfr
om commi tti
ngacrime.
vi
. Whent hecountryisatwar .
vi
i. Whenaper soni ssent encedt odeathbyacour toflaw.

Therighttoli
berty
Nooneshoul dbei mpr i
sonedordet ainedwit
houtgoodr eason.Alsonooneshouldbe
enslavedbytheot her.Apersonwhoi sarr
est edmustbet akent ocour
twit
hina
specifi
edperiod( maximum 24hour s)
.
Li
mi t
ation
i. Incaseofhav ingunsoundmi nde.g.ifapersonismadorcr azy.
i
i. Incaseaper soni sadrugaddi ct.
i
i
i. Incaseofaper sonbeinginfectedbyacont agiousdisease.
i
v. Incaseonei sunder18y ear
shecanbedeni edpersonalli
bertytoenabl
ehim acqui
re
education.
v. Incaseonei saconv ictedcri
mi nal
.

Freedom ofconsci enceandr el

i
gion
EveryKeny anci ti
zenhasar ighttot akeanact i
vepar tinareligi
onofhi sorherown
choiceandt hinkfreel
y.Thereligiononej oinsshoul dbel egallyregi
ster
ed.
Li
mi tationt othisr i
ght:
i
.Al lr
el i
giousgr oupsshouldber egist
eredbyt hegov ernment .
i
i.Rel i
gion, beli
ef sandopinionsthatcr eatehat redandsuspi cionar enotall
owed.
i
ii
. Onei snotal lowedt opreachinawaywhi chislikelytodisunitethepeopleofKeny
a.
i
v. Onei snotal lowedt ouser el
i
gionwr onglywi ththei nt
enti
onofunder mini
ngthe
gover nmenti nanywaywhat soev er.
Freedom ofexpr ession
Onei sf reetohol danopi ni
onwi thoutinterferencef rom thegov ernment.Atthesame
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 146
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

t
imeonei
snotal
l
owedt
oinci
teany
bodyagai
nstt
hegov
ernment
.

Fr
eedom ofmov ementandr esi dence
Oneisf r
eetomov et oanypar tofKeny aorl i
veinanypar toft hi
scountry.Kenyans
shouldtherefor eal l
owf ellowKeny anst omov ef r
eelywi thoutinterf
erence.
Li
mi t
ati
onoft hisr ight:
 Whenpr event ingt hespr eadofani nf ect
iousdisease.
 Whenef fectingacour tor derr equir
ingonet obear r
est ed.
 Whenoni ssuspect edofhav i
ngcommi tt
edoraboutt ocommi tacri
me.
 Whensecur i
ngeducat ionorwel f
areofaper sontheageof18.
 Whenr ehabilitatingadr ugaddi ct
.
 Whensecur i
ngt hewel far eofaper sonofunsoundmi nd.
 Therearer estrictedar eas, e.
g.mi l
itarybarracks,pri
v atepr operty
.
 Whencur fewi simposedi nt imesofwarori nsecuri
ty .
Fr
eedom ofspeech
Oneisf r
eetosayany t
hingsol ongasi tdoesnoti nt
erferewi thotherpeople'sf
reedoms
orgoagai nstt hegov ernment .
Li
mi t
ati
onsonf reedom ofspeech
i. Propagandaf orwar .
i
i. Inci
tementt ov i
olence/ Onei snotal lowedt opublishsedi ti
ousdocument sandalsot
o
i
nciteothermember soft hecommuni t
yagainstthegov ernment .
i
i
i. Hatespeech

Ri
ghtofprotect
ionfr
om discr
iminati
on
Al
lpeopl
einKeny aaresupposedtor ecei
vef
airt
reatmentir
respect
iveofthei
rsex
(
gender),
race,t
ri
be,pol
iti
calopini
onandcolour.Ever
yonetheref
oredeserv
esmutual
r
espectandhonour.

Ri
ghtofprotect
ionagainstarbit
rarysearchandentr
y
Nobodyshouldbesear chedwi t
houthisconsentoraval
idcour
twar
rant.Thepoli
cecan
searchi
ndivi
dualshousesiftheyar esuspect
edofcri
messuchastheftorift
heyhav
e
escapedfrom pri
sonandal soiftheyhousesedi
ti
ousdocument
s.Inthiscasethe
poli
cemustpr oducesearchwar rants.

Ri
ghtofpr ot
ecti
onfrom t
helawofland
Aper sonwhoischargedwit
hacr i
minalof
fencemustbeoff
eredafai
rhear
ingwit
hina
reasonablet
imebyacour tofl
aw.Thi
stimeshouldnotgobeyondt
wentyfour(
24)
hour sunl
essdur
ingpubli
choli
daysandweekends.

Ri
ghtofprot
ecti
onfrom tor
tur
eandanyotherinsecur
it
y
Nooneshouldbetortur
edforanyr
easonatallevenbypol
iceaft
erar
restbecauset
he
l
awassumesani ndivi
dualt
obeinnocentunti
lprov
edguil
tybyacourtofl
aw.
Ri
ghttofamil
y

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 147
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Everyadulthast herighttomarr
yaper sonoftheopposi
tesex.Part
iesi
nmar r
iagehav
e
equal r
ights.
Li
mi t
ationoft hi
sright:
i. Incaset hemar ri
agei sbet
weensibli
ngs
i
i. Ifthemar ri
ageisbet weenpeopleofthesamesex.
i
i
i. Ifthemar ri
ageisbet weenpeopleofbelow18y ear
s.
Howt hebi l
lofri
ght sinKenyaconsti
tuti
onprotect
sther
ightofthei
ndiv
idual
.

i
. Ani ndividual i
sguaranteedt her i
ghttolif
e.I fonemur dersorcommi tssuici
de, heis
puni shabl ebyl aw.
ii
. Ani ndividual i
sguaranteedr i
ghtt oownpr oper t
y.Ifonei nterf
er eswithanot her
per son’spr oper t
yhei sli
ablet oprosecutioni nacour tofl aw.
iii
. Ani ndividual i
sguaranteedf reedom ofconsci ence.Int hi
scaseonei sentit
ledt he
rightt ot hi
nkandwor ship.
iv. Ani ndividual i
sguaranteedf reedom ofassoci ati
onorassembl y.Indivi
dualst herefore
ar ef r
eet oassembl eandassoci at
ewi t
hpeopl eoft heirownchoi cewi t
hout
har assment .
v. Ani ndividual i
sguaranteedt her i
ghttowor shipandj oinar eli
gionofhi schoi ce.
v i
. Thebi l
l ofrightsprotectsaper sonagai nstar bit
rarysear ch,detent i
onandar r
est .
vii
. Itpr ovidesf reedom ofmov ementoft heindi vidual
.Onehasr ighttomov efreelyinany
par toft hecount r
y.
v
iii
. Ani ndividual i
sprotectedfrom beingensl av edorbei ngf orcedt osupplyunpai dlabour.
ix. Thebi l
l orrightsprovidesthei ndivi
dualwi t
hf reedom ofexpr essionorspeecht hrough
wr it
ingandt al
king.

20069.Namet hedocumentwhi chcont ainst herightsofci t

izensinKeny a (1mar k)
Theconst ituti
onofKeny a/billofright (Any1x1=1mar k)
199724( b) Expl aincircumst anceswhi chmayf orcet hegov ernmentt ol i
mitt heand
freedom oft heindi
vidual
i
. Onecanbedeni edther i
ghtt olif
eifonei sconv ictedofmur derinacour toflawor
caughti nt heactofr obber ywithv i
olence.
ii
. Ifsuspect edt obepl anningtocommi tacr i
meonei sdeniedt heirpersonal li
ber t
y/
freedom ofmov ement .
iii
. Onecanbedeni edfreedom t oownpr oper tyifthegov ernmentwi shestodev elopment
publicut i
li
tiesinthear eabutcompensat i
onmustbepai d.
iv. One’sf reedom ofwor shipcanbel i
mi tedi foneusesi ttounder minethegov ernment
orcr eatedi suni
ty.
v. One’sf reedom ofassembl ycanbel imi tedifitposesat hreattothest ate.
v i
. One’sf reedom ofspeechmaybel i
mi tedi fonepubl ishesfalseaccusat ionsabout
anotherper sonorthest ateori ncit
epeopl eagai nstthegov ernment .
vii
. One’sf reedom ofmov ementcanbel i
mi tedifinternalsecurityisthreatened.
v
iii
. Ifonei snotofsoundmi ndonecanbet akent oament alhospitalbyt hepolicef or
confinementandt r
eatment .
ix. Ifonehasani nfect
iousdi seasecanbedeni edone’ spersonal l
iberty.
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 148
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

x. Ifonehasnotat
tai
nedthestageofmat uri
tyonei
sconsi
deredaminorandt
hei
r
decisi
onsaremadeontheirbehalfbyadul
tmembersofsociet
y.
(Any6points2markseach(12mar ks)

Responsi
bil
it
ies/dut
iesofaKeny
anci
ti
zen
Poli
ti
calr
ight
s

 Obeyt helaw/ Acqui reabasi cunder st andi ngoft hepr ov isionsoft heConst it
uti
onand
promot eitsideal sandobj ect i
v es;
 Prot ectt helaw/ Respect ,uphol danddef endt heConst i
tut i
onandt hel aw.
 Promot edemocr acy ,goodgov ernanceandt her ul eofl aw;
 Part i
ci pateint hedemocr aticpr ocess/ Vot ei nel ect ionsandr ef er enda
 Mai nt ainv al
iddocument se. g.IDcar ds, passpor ts, drivi
ngl i
censeset c.
 Fost ernat i
onal unityandl iv
ei nhar monywi thot her s
 Co-oper atewi thl awenf or cementagenci esf ormai ntenanceofl awandor der
 Under standandenhancet heRepubl ic’spl acei nt hei nter nati
onal communi ty
 Part i
ci pateinpubl i
cmeet ingse. g.bar azas, t
r i
bunal sandcommi ssi ons.
Economi cr i
ght s
 Payt axes
 Nott oengagei ncor rupt ion/ fi
ghtcor rupt ion.
 Prot ectt heenv ir
onmentandconser v enat ural resour ces
 Engagei nwor kforcommongoodandcont ribut et onat i
onal dev elopment
 Dev elopski l
lst hroughacqui si
tionofknowl edge, cont i
nuousl ear ningandt he
dev elopmentofski ll
s
 Cont ribut etot hewel fareandadv ancementoft hecommuni t
y
Socialresponsi bil
ities
 Promot efami lylifeandwel f areandactr esponsi blyi nthecont extoff ami l
y
 Prot ectandsaf eguar dpubl icpr oper tyf rom wast eandmi suse
 Promot egendersensi ti
vitybyav oidingdi scr imi nat i
onsbasedongender .
 Promot egoodmor alse. g.honest y,decency ,har dwor k,r espectandmor alupri
ghtness.
 Promot egoodheal thhabi tse. g.hi ghst andar dsofhy giene.
 Taki ngcar eoft hev ulnerabl ei nsoci et ye. g.t hesi ck, phy sicallychal lengedet c.
 Helpdur i
ngemer genci es.
200524( b) Expl ainsi xr esponsi biliti
esofaKeny anci tizen.( 12mar ks)
i. Obey i
ngt helawsoft hecount ryt opr omot epeaceandhar mony
i
i. Respect ingot herci tizens, t
hei rv i
ewsandpr oper tyt oensur epeacef ulco-exi st
ence.
i
i
i. Taki ngpar tact i
viti
est hatpr omot enat i
onal dev elopmentf orexampl econt ri
buti
ng
towar dsf ami ner eli
eff und/Har ambee
i
v. Part i
ci patinginmeet ingsor gani zedbygov er nmentof fi
cial andot hercommuni ty
leader st oensur eef fectivei mpl ement at i
onofpol icies.
v. Cont ribut i
ngt ot hei ncomeoft hegov er nmentbypay ingaxes
v
i. Of f
er ingposi tivecr iti
cism t ot hegov er nmentt opr omot egoodgov ernance/
Part i
ci patingincont ributionmaki ngpr ocessandr eferendum

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 149
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

vii
. Exerci
singone’ svoti
ngrightsduri
ngpresidenti
al,parl
i
ament aryandci vi
celecti
onst
o
enhancedemocr acy.
v
iii
. Takingpartincommuni t
ypol i
ci
ngandv olunteeri
nginformationaboutcr i
minal
acti
vit
iestot hepoli
cetoenhancesecur it
y
ix. Avoidi
ngcor ruptpracti
cesandadher i
ngtoaccount abil
ityandtransparencynormsfor
sustai
nableeconomi cdev el
opment .
x. Beingloyalandpat r
ioti
ctot hecount
ryinordert opromot enati
onal secur
it
yandsocial
cohesion (Any6x2=12mar ks)
20128.Gi v
et hemai nreasonwhyaKeny anciti
zenshoul dobeyt helaw.(1mar k)
i
. Tokeeppeace

Val
uesofagoodciti
zen/
element
sofagoodcit
izen
 Pat
ri
oti
sm i
.e.Lovi
ngandseeki
ngt
ocontr
ibutetot
hedev
elopmentofone’
scount
ry.

 Nat
ional
ism i
.e.devot
iont
oone’
scountry
, seeki
ngt
ouni
tef
ell
owcount
rymenabov
e
r
aci
al,t
ri
bal,r
eligi
ousorpar
ochi
ali
nter
ests.

 Morali
tyi.
e.uphol
dinguni
versal
lyaccept
edandot
hermor
alst
andar
dsorv
aluese.
g.
honest
y ,
decencyandrespectforl
if
e.

I
ntegr
it
yi.
e.doi
ngwhatt
hel
awex
pect
satal
ltunesandi
nal
lsi
tuat
ions.

 Thr
if
ti.
e.wi
seandpr
udentuseofr
esour
cesatt
hei
rdi
sposal
,suchast
imeandmoney
.

 Ethi
csi.
e.r
ulesthatgover
nbehavi
our
.Oneshoul
dadheretoworkethi
cssuchas
account
abi
li
ty,t
ranspar
ency,
hardwork,
per
sonali
nit
iat
iveandzer
otol
erancet
o
corr
upti
on.

 Par
ti
cipat
ingi
nthedemocr
ati
cpr
ocess,
e.g.byv
oti
ng.

 Par
ti
cipat
ingi
nnat
ional
debat
es.

 Repor
ti
ngl
awbr
eaker
s.

 Bei
ngmi
ndf
ulofot
herpeopl
e’
swel
far
e.

 Pr
operuseofandpr
eser
vat
ionofpubl
i
cpr
oper
ty.

Rev
isi
onQuest
ions.
1.Whatdoestheter
m ci
ti
zenshi
pimpl
y?

2.I
nwhi
chway
smayonebecomeaci
ti
zenofKeny
a?

3.Howmayci
ti
zenshi
pbewi
thhel
d?

4.Expl
aint
heci
rcumst
anceswhi
chmaycompel
thegov
ernmentt
oint
erf
erewi
tht
he:

i
) Fr
eedom ofspeech

i
i
) Ri
ghtt
oli
fe

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 150
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

5.Out
li
net
her
ight
sandf
reedomscont
ainedi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sinKeny
a.

6.Descr
ibet
hequal
i
tiesofagoodci
ti
zen.

NATI
ONALI
NTEGRATI
ON
20116 Gi
vethemeaningoftheterm‘nat
ional
integr
ati
on’ (
1mar k)
I ti
sthepr
ocessofbr
ingingt
ogetherpeopl
eofdiversebackgr
oundsinacount
ry.

I
mport
anceofnati
onali
ntegr
ati
on
i
)Enhancescondi
ti
onsfavour
ablef
orpeaceandpr
osper
it
y.

i
i
)Pr
omot
esnat
ional
uni
ty.

i
i
i)Pr
omot
esachi
evementofr
api
deconomi
candsoci
aldev
elopment

i
v)El
i
minat
esandr
educesi
nter
-communi
tyconf
li
ctsandsuspi
cion

v
)Enhancesnat
ional
i
sm andpat
ri
oti
sm.

v
i)Cr
eat
esf
avour
abl
einv
est
mentcondi
ti
onst
oat
tr
actf
orei
gni
nvest
ors.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 151
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Nati
onal
uni
ty
Nati
onal
Uni
tyisbr
ingi
ngtogetherorful
l
yfusi
ngacount
ry’
sci
ti
zensi
ntoone,
enabl
i
ng
eacht
ohaveasenseofbelonging.

Fact
orspr
omotingnat
ional
unity
201015.I
dent
if
ytwosy mbolsofNat
ional
Uni
ty.

i
. TheNat
ional
Ant
hem

i
i
. TheCoatofAr
ms

i
i
i. TheConst
it
uti
on

i
v. TheLoy
alt
ypl
edge

v
. TheNat
ional
Flag

v
i. Par
li
ament

v
ii
. Nat
ional
hol
i
day
s.

v
ii
i. ThePr
esi
dency

Any2x1=2mar
ks

199620b) Expl ainsixf actor swhi chhav epr omot edNational UnityinKenyasi nce
1963
i. Theuseofcommonl anguagesEngl ishandKi swahi l
iwhichenabl epeopl eofdi ffer
ent
ethnicgr oupst ocommuni cate.
i
i. Theest abl i
shmentofNat i
onal school swhi chenabl epupilsf orm diff
erentpartsoft he
count r
yt omeetandi nteract /educat ioni ntegr ationof
ii
i. Intermar r
iageenabl espeopl eofdi fferentet hnicbackgrounds.
iv. Expansi onofuni versi
tyEducat i
onwhi chenabl espeople/student sfrom dif
ferent
ethnicgr oupst oi
nt er
act.
v. Expansi onofj oboppor tunitieswhi chenabl espeopl eofdifferentethnicgroupst o
meetandi nt
eractattheirpl acesofwor k.
vi. Dev el
opmentofur bancent r
eshasencour agedpeopl efr
om di f
ferentethni
c
backgr oundt omeetandi nteract .
vi
i. Dev el
opmentoft ranspor tnet wor khasf acili
tatedf r
eemov ementofpeopl eint he
count r
y .
v
ii
i. Promot i
onofspor tingandot hercul tural activit
iesthoughwhi chpeopl eofdifferent
ethnicgr oupsinteract/Di sbandi ngoft ribal d
i
x. TheHar ambeespiri
t/NyayoPhil
osophywhi chhasmadeitpossi
bleforpeopleof
di
ff
erentethnicgroup/r
eli
giousbackgroundtoworktoget
heronvariousproject
s
x. Theestabli
shmentofset t
lementschemeswhi chhasmadeitpossibleforpeoplef
rom
di
ff
erentpartsofthecount r
ytomeetandi nter
act
.
xi
. Exi
stenceoftheinsti
tut
ionofpresidencyisoneuni
fyi
ngfact
or.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 152
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

xi
i. Theuseoft henat ional flagwhi chi sr ecogni zedbyal l Keny ans.
xi
i
i. Theuseoft heNat ional ant hem whi chi nv okest hespi ritofunit yamongKeny ans.
xi
v. Thecoatofar mswhi chi sr ecogni zedbyal lKeny ans.
xv. Oneconst i
tut ion
200014.St ateonewayi nwhi cht heKeny aconst i
tut i
onpr omot esnat i
onal unity
(i
)Guaranteesequal oppor tuni tytoal lKeny ans
(i
i
)Provi
despr ot ecti
ont oindi vidualsagai nstanyf or m ofdi scri
mi nati
onBi l
lofr i
ght s
(i
i
i) Pr ov i
def oruni tar ygov er nment
(
Any1poi nt,1Mar k (1mar k)
200124( b) Expl ai nf i
vef act orsthatpr omot enat ional uni t
yinKeny a.
(i
) Theconst i
tutionpr ov i
desf orequal i
tyofal lKeny anbef oret helaw
(i
i
) Most / allpubl icschool si nKeny af ol l
owt hesamecur ri
culum whosecont ent
emphasi zesnat ional cohesi on.
(i
i
i) Thegov er nmentat tempt stopr ov idesoci alameni t
iest oKeny answi thout
bias/equi tabledi str
ibut ionofr esour ces/ spor tsandgames.
(i
v) Thegov er nmentencour agessoci al,economi cint eractionamongKeny anse. g.
mar riage, worshi pandt rade.
(v
) TheuseofKi swahi liast heof ficial l
anguageenabl esKeny anstointeractf reely.
(v
i) Thenat i
onal ant hem ani denti
t y/l
oy altypl edge
(v
ii
) Theexi stenceoft henat ionalflagsy mbol i
zesnat i
onal unity/coatofar ms.
(v
ii
i) Theconst i
tutionpr ov i
desf oronepr esidentwhoi sbot hheadofst ateand
gov ernment .
(i
x) Ur bani zat ionpr omot essoci al
izationandco- existenceamongKeny ans
Any5poi nts, 2mar kseach( 10mar ks)
200212.Gi veonewayt hroughwhi cht heeducat ionsy stem i nKeny apromot esnat ional
unit
y
(i) Useofonecur ri
cul um inal lthepubl icschool s
(ii
) Useofonemedi um ofi nst ruct i
on
(
ii
i) Cent
ral
i
zednati
onalexaminati
ons
(
iv) Cent
ral
i
zedtr
aini
nganddepl oy
mentoft
eacher
s
(
v) Exist
enceofnati
onalschool
20037.Giv
eonewayi nwhi chruralt
orur
almi
grat
ioninKenyacont
ri
butestonat
ional
unit
y.
i
)I tpr
omotesi
nter-
ethnicint
egrati
on.
i
i)Itpr
omotespeacefulcoexi
stence/har
moni
ouslivi
ngbetweendi
ffer
entcommuniti
es.
Any1x1=(1marks)

201314.St at
etwoway sinwhichtheHar ambeespir
itpr
omot
esnat
ional
uni
tyi
nKeny
a.
i
)I tencouragespeopletowor ktogether
.
i
i)Itpromotescooperation.
i
ii
)Itpromotesequit
yint hedist
ri
butionofresour
ces.
i
v)Itenhancesint
eracti
onoft hepeople.
v)Itpromotespatri
oti
sm.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 153
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

Any2x1=2mar
ks

Fact
orsl i
mi t
ingnat i
onal unity
200523( b) Expl ainsi xfactorswhi chunder mineNat ional Uni t
yinKeny a
i. Unequal distri
but i
onofnat ural
/Nat ional r
esour cescausesi mbal ancedr egional
economi cdev elopment .Thiscausesdi ssat i
sfacti
onanddi shar mony .
i
i. Diff
erentr eli
giousbel iefsandpr acti
cesmayl eadt odiscr i
mi nati
ononr el
igious
grounds.
ii
i. Thepr acticeoft ri
bal i
sm l eadst ofav ouringpeopl eofone’ stri
bei nempl oy mentand
al
locationofr esour ces.Thi screateshat redamongpeopl e.
iv. Nepot i
sm l eadst ouseofpubl icresour cest ofavourone’ sr elati
vesresulti
ngt ounfai
r
tr
eatmentofot herpeopl e
v. Askingf orandof feringofbr i
best oobt ainandgi veser vicesv iol
atespeopl e’sri
ghtto
equal t
reat ment /cor ruption
vi. Ethnicconf li
cts/di sput es/clashesdi scour ageco- operationamongt heCi tizens
vi
i. Racism leadst odiscr iminationont hebasi sofcolour/r ace.Thi screatessuspi ci
on
andhat edamongpeopl e.
v
ii
i. Discri
mi nationont hebasi sofgenderdeni espeopl ether i
ghtt oparti
cipateequal l
yin
nati
onal dev el
opment (
Any6x2=13mar ks)

200614. Gi v
etwor easonswhycor rupt
ionisbeingdiscour
agedi
nKeny
a
(i
)Topromoteeconomi cpar ty
(i
i
)Topromotepeaceandst abili
ty
(i
i
i) Topr omotenational unity
(i
v) Topr ovi
defai
rdi st
ributionofnati
onalresources
(v
)Togaini
nter
nati
onal confidence
(v
i) Topr omotepatrioti
sm andet hi
calbehaviour
s

Conf
li
ctr
esoluti
on
Conf
li
ctmayi mplyastateofwarorbat t
leorast r
uggl
eofsomeki ndoralongf i
ght.It
mayal so i
mplya si t
uat
ion wherebyideas orbel
ief
s di
ffer
.This mayr esultt o
i
deol
ogicalandreli
giousdif
fer
ences.I
tmayi mplyadisagr
eementorclash.Conf l
ict
mayalsobequarrel
sorsharparguments.

Def
ini
ti
onofconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on

Causesofconf
li
cts
Pol
iti
cal
causes

i
. I
deol
ogi
cal
orpol
i
cydi
ff
erencesamongpol
i
tical
par
ti
es.

i
i
. Fai
l
uret
ouphol
dthel
awoft
hecount
ry

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 154
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i
i. Deni
alofci
ti
zenr
ight
s

i
v. I
mpr
operconductofel
ect
ions

v
. Bor
derdi
sput
esbet
weencount
ri
es

Soci
al

i
.Rel
i
giousdi
ff
erencesamongpeopl
e

i
i
.Cul
tur
ali
ntol
erancebet
weencommuni
ti
es.

i
i
i.I
nfl
uxofr
efugeesf
rom nei
ghbour
ingcount
ri
esl
eadi
ngt
opr
essur
eonr
esour
ces.

i
v.Mi
str
ustbet
weenf
ami
l
yandcommuni
tymember
s.

v
.Tr
ibal
i
sm,
nepot
ism andr
aci
sm wi
thi
nanat
ion.

Economi
ccauses

i
.Di
spar
it
yinal
l
ocat
ionofeconomi
cresour
ces.

i
i
.Di
sput
esov
ernat
ural
resour
cese.
g.l
and,
wat
erpoi
ntset
c.

i
i
i.Di
ff
erencesbet
weenempl
oyer
sandempl
oyees.

i
v.Di
ff
erencesov
ert
radi
ngpol
i
cies

v
.Fai
l
uret
oadher
etocont
ract
ual
obl
i
gat
ions.

Ty
pesofConf
li
cts

- Poli
tical confl
icts:Exampl
esar
ewar
s,bat
tl
es,
ethni
ccl
ashes.
- Reli
giousconf li
cts.
- Culturalconfli
cts.
-Ideol ogicalconf l
ict
s
- Conf l
ictoflaws.
- Conf l
ictofopi ni
on.
- Fami l
yconf li
ct.
- Ethnicconf li
cts

Categoriesofconfli
cts
i
. I ndivi
dualagainstindi
vidual-Thisisav er
ycommonl evelofconfl
ictbroughtaboutby
i
ssuessuchasf ail
uret opaydebt ,landowner shipwr angle,f
ami l
ydisagreement,
polit
icaldi
ffer
encesbet weeni ndivi
dualsandjeal
ousy .
i
i
. I ndivi
dualagainststat
e-Thisislikel
ytooccurespeci al
lywhenonei sdeniedindiv
idual
humanr i
ghtsforexampl e,Thegov ernmentmayt akeani ndivi
dual
’slandandfailto
compensat eit.Powerfulindiv
idualmayal sograbpubliclandandt henthegovernment
strugglestorepossessitoncemor ef orpubl
i
cinterest

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 155
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

i
i
i. Communi tyagai
nstcommuni t
y-someofthecausesofthisconfli
ctmaybest i
ff
competit
ioninbusiness,l
andowner shi
pclai
ms,powerstrugglebyrival
pol
it
ical
part
iesandreli
giousdiff
erenceswhichinv
olvedi
ffer
entreli
giousgroupsor
denominati
ons.

i
v. Stat
eagainststate-
Inthi
scaseadi sagreementmayar i
sebetweentwocountr
ies.The
causesofthi
smaybeboundar ydisputes,hat
redbetweentwoheadsofstate,peopl
e
ofonecountryraidi
ngpeopleoftheneighbouringcount
rytocaptur
eorsteall
i
v est
ock,
i
deologi
caldif
ferencesandabuseofhumanr ightsandi
nter
nati
onallaws

Met hodsofconf l
ictr esol ution
20066.I dent i
fyt wopeacef ul way sofr esolvingconf li
cts
i
)Negot iation
i
i)Reconci liation
i
ii)
Medi ation
i
v )
Ar bitrati
on
v)Litigat i
on(cour tsy stem)
(Any2x1=2mar ks)
 Ar bitrati
on, wher ebyar bitratorsmedi ateandr esolv
econfli
ctsaspr ovidedf orbythe
Keny anl aw.
 Di plomacyi .e.negot iationbet weeni ndividual sorcountri
estocreater oom f or
under standi ngandr econci l
iati
on.Di pl omacycanbeusedt osolveconf li
ctsat
domest ic,tribal, Institutional ,
internat ional,nat i
onalandwor ki
nglevels.TheUNOi s
heav il
yinv olv edi ni nter national diplomacyt hroughouttheworld.
 Legi slation, whi chi nvol vespassi ngofl awst hatcanbeusedt ocriminal i
zeactivi
ti
es
thatl eadt oconf l
ict.
 Tr aditional resol ut i
ons, whi char eenact edbyel dersorwisemen, normal l
yused
bet weenconf li
ct ingcommuni t
ies.
 Rel igiousact i
on, whi chcanbeusedf ir
stamongpar ti
esthemselvesandt heirfol
l
owers.
 Cour tact ion, wher epar ti
est akeot herpar t i
esf orarbi
tr
ati
on.Itcanbet akenupbyany
oft hepar tiesi nconf l
ict.
 Pol icing, thisi susedt omai ntainl awandor derandhelpsincont r
oll
ingcr imethat
br i
ngsaboutconf li
ct .
I nter national agr eement s,normal l
ybet weenKeny aandhernei ghboursandbet ween
Keny aandt hedonorcount ri
esoragenci es.

Pr
ocessofresolvi
ngconf l
i
cts
 TheLegalprocess.TheJudici
ary
,thr
oughestabl
i
shedcour
tst
hroughoutt
hecount
ry
i
sempower edtosol v
ecasesamongci t
izens.

 Ar
bit
rat
ioni
.e.RoundTabl
edi
scussi
on.Thi
sinv
olv
esi
dent
if
yingt
hesour
ceorcause

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 156
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

oftheconfl
ictandt
hensitt
ingt
oironouttheprobl
ems.Thear
bit
rat
orandt
he
confl
ict
ingparti
esmeetandtal
kfacetoface.

 TheCourtpr
ocess.Here,t
heconf l
ict
ingpar
tiestaketheircaset
oacour toflaw.Both
part
iesar
eall
owedtocallwitnessestoprovetheircase.Thecourtmaydismi ssor
al
lowthecasetoconti
nue.Upondel iver
yofthev erdi
ct,anypar
tythati
sdissatisf
iedi
s
gi
venchancetoappealtoHighcour t
.

 Prosecut
ion.Here,
cri
minalcasesar
erepor
tedt
othepol
i
ce,
whoar
restandpr
esent
thesuspectsforpr
osecut
ionbefor
eacourtofl
aw.

 ArmedForces.Intheabsenceoflawandorder,
forceistheonlyopt
ion.Thepol
i
ceor
thearmyarerequi
redtoarrest
,detai
norshootatsuspects.Thi
smet hodi
susedto
dealwit
hstri
kes,mobs,bandit
sandr ev
olt
s.

 Negot
iat
ion.Amediatorcall
st heconfl
i
ctingpar
ti
esforameeti
ngafteri
ndi
vi
dual
l
y
st
udyi
ngt hepoi
ntsofdisagreement,aft
erwhichapeacef
ulr
esolut
ionmaybearr
ived
at
.

Expl
anat
ion

 Fir
sti
denti
fythetypeofconfli
ctinquesti
on.Secondlyi
solatethepeopleorparti
es
i
nvolv
edintheconf l
i
ct.Thencross-examinethemajorcausesoftheconf l
i
ct.Engage
animpart
ialorneutr
alarbi
tr
ator.Nowusedi alogueasawayofset tl
ingthedispute.I
n
caseofastalemateordeadlock,engagemor eandmor earbit
rat
ors.Theyshould
maint
ainahighdegreeofneut r
ali
tyandunder st
andi
ng.

 Trytoexhausttheavai
labl
eway s,meansaswellastheexisti
ngmachi neryfor
resol
vi
ngconf l
i
cts.Youmayi nvol
veneutr
all
eaders,
elder
s, l
awy er
s,opini
onleader
s
andallotherki
ndsofmediators.Al
soref
ertothewaysimilarissueswer edeal
twit
hin
thepast.Ift
heoutcomewasnegat iv
ethenfor
getaboutitandt ryyourown.

Ift
hepar t
iesagree,
thent
heyshouldsignbi
ndingagreementsortreat
ieswhichcl
earl
y
expl
ainwhatisexpectedoft
hem infutur
e.I
fthepar t
iesfai
ltoagr
ee,encour
age
constantmeetingsai
medatresol
vingtheconfl
ictandalsoemployasmanymedi ator
s
orarbit
rat
orsaspossibl
eunti
lanagreementisreached.

I
tisther
efor
eimport
antnot
ethatwhenr
esol
vi
ngconfl
ictmet
hodssuchas
Negoti
ati
on,medi
ati
onandarbi
tr
ati
onar
ever
ynecessary.

-I
tshouldal sobenot edthatanar bit
rat
ororamedi at
orshouldbeaneut r
alper
sonwho
i
snotl i
kelyt of
av ouranyside.Arbit
rat
ionshouldneveri
ncludepeopl
ewhohav e
vestedinterest
s,orpeoplewhoar ecorruptandcantakebri
bes.Medi
atorshoul
dnot
i
ncludepeopl ewhoar erelatedtoanyonegr oupori
ndiv
idualort
hoseinvol
vedint
he
disput
ei nquestion.

St
epsdoesNegot
iat
iont
akeasapr
ocessofr
esol
vi
ngconf
li
ct

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 157
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

 Fi
ndingoutthefact
sabouttheconf
li
ct.
 Discussi
ngthepossi
blesol
uti
ons.
 Reachinganagreement,
bywhicheachpar
tyshowswi
l
li
ngnesst
ocompr
omi
se.

Ther
oleofamedi
atordur
ingr
esol
vi
ngconf
li
cts
 Amediat
orexplai
nst
herul
est
obef
oll
oweddur
ingt
hepr
ocessofhel
pingt
hepar
ti
es
t
oreachanagreement
.
 Amedi atoractsasr ef
ereet
oensur et
hatnopart
yinterruptstheotherwhenexplai
ning
thecauseofconf l
i
cts.
 Themedi atorli
stenstothepar
tiesandcompil
esthef actswhichhel at
erusestohelp
reachanagr eement .
 Themedi atorgiveshisownsoluti
onsandthepart
iesgiv eoutthei
rsuggesti
ons.
Ifanagr eementi sreachedt
hemedi at
orrecor
dsitandt heparti
esconcernedare
request
edt ohonourandshowcommi tmenttoit
.

Ef
fect
sofconf
li
cts

 Massivedispl
acementofpeopl east heybecomeref
ugees.
 Fearandinsecuri
tyduet oanarchy.
 Lossofli
fe.
 Destr
ucti
onofpr operty
.
 Star
vati
onduedest ructi
onofcr opsandnot i
metopract
iceagr
icul
tur
e.
 Povert
y/economi cdecli
ne.
 Humansuf fer
ingandmi sery.

Revi
si
onquest ions
1.Whatisthemeani ngofNat i
onal Int
egr ation?
2.Whyshoul dtherebeNat i
onalIntegrat
ion?
3.Descri
bet hefactorsthatmayl imitNat ionalUni t
y.
4.Defi
nethet erm confli
ct.
5.I
dentif
ythemai nmet hodsofresol vi
ngconf li
cts.
6.Howcanconf l
ictsaffecttherunningofschool si nKenya?
7.Di
scusst heprocessofr esolvi
ngconf lict s.
8.I
dentif
ytheway sthroughwhichconf l
ict smaybeav oided.
9.Outl
inetheadv antagesofmedi ati
onov erarbit
ration

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 158
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

*LATESTHI
GHSCHOOL
NOTES*
*
0705525657*(
MrI
saboke)
Mat
hsf
orm 1-
4
Engl
i
shf
orm 1-
4
ki
swahi
l
ifor
m 1-
4
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 159
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

chemi
str
yfor
m 1-
-4
Bi
ologyf
orm 1-
4
Phy
sicsf
orm 1-
-4
Agr
icul
tur
efor
m 1-
-4
Busi
nessf
orm 1-
-4
Cr
efor
m 1-
-4
Hi
stor
yfor
m 1-
-4
Comput
erf
orm 1-
-4
Geogr
aphyf
orm 1-
-4
Homesci
encef
1--
4
I
.R.
Est
udi
esf
1-4
Fr
enchnot
es
Set
booksgui
des

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 160
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

KCSETopi
cal
s
*
CPA*t
uit
ioni
ng
Updat
ed*
CPA,
CIFAATD*KASNEB
not
es
Updat
ed*
CPS,
CICT,
ATD*KASNEB
Not
es
Updat
ed*
ICT,
I
T,ACCA,
CFA*not
es
For
ext
radi
nggui
dance
*
CCTV*i
nst
all
ati
on&Net
wor
king
ser
vices
Onl
i
neser
vices
*_Al
lthemater
ial
sar
einsof
tcopy
andwe'll
updat
ed
Text/cal
lorWhat
sApp
*0705525657t
ogetyour
Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 161
 i
sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

copy
_*
*
htt
ps:
//wa.
me/
254705525657*

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
CT,
CPA,
KASNEB,
HighSchool
&Pr
imar
ysof
tcopynot
es 0705525657 162