rESr coDE 0221201,0

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ADVANCBD PROFICIENCY EXAMtrNATION
CHEMISTRY

I hour 45 minutes

'

Candidates are advised to use the first 15 minutes for reading thlough
this paper carefully. Writing may begin during this time.

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFUI.LY

l. This paper consists of NINE questions.

2. There are THREE questions from each Module. Answer ALL questions.

3. Write answers in this booklet.

4. ALL working must be shown in this booklet.

5. The use of non-programmable calculators is permitted.

6. A data booklet is provided.

 rESr coDE 02212010
FORM TP 2006185 MAY/ruNEzoo6

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL .l

:

ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION

, i CHEMISTRY i

i UNIT 2 - PAPER 01
.::
NOTE TO CANDIDATES

Page ll -Module 3 Question 7,line 3:

)
' "1000 g of aluminium metal" should read

"1000 kg of aluminium metal".

 .\

MODULE 1

Answer ALL questions.

1. Lead (II) chloride (PbCIr) is a sparingly soluble salt.

;

(a) Write an expression for the sblubility producr of lead (II) ch:loride.

t 2 marksl
(b) A saturated solution of PbCl" contains 0.025 mol dm-3 at25 "C. Calculate the K of
PbCl". - s'P

[ 3 marlcs]
 -3-

(c) A student finds that on adding NaCl(aq) to a saturated solution of PbCl, a white precipi-
: tate ,forms. .

,il
'ii
r

Explain this observation.

:

[ 5 marksJ

Total 10 marks

2. When stung by an ant, a potent mixture containing an organic acid, methanoic acid (HCOOH),
is injected into the skin. Typically, organic acids are weak acids.

(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term 'weak acid'

[ 2 marks]

(ii) Account for the sensation that occurs when stung by an ant.

[ 2 rnarks]

(b) A sample of the mixture responsible for the sting is extracted from the ants and analysed
to determine the pH and acid concentration. The pH of the sample is2.4.

(i) Suggest a simple method of detennining pH.

lXmarkl
 -4-

(i i) The acid concentration is determined by titrating the sample with a 0.05 mol
i dm-3 sodiunr hydroxide solution. l0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide reacts completely
i with 5 cml of the sample. Given that thg equation for the reaction between
sodium hydroxide dnd nrethanoic acid is

NaOH(aq) + HCOOH(.aq) --+ HCOO Na(aq) + H"O(l)

ll

-titration.
a) Suggest a suitable indicator for this ,

[ 1 marli ]

b) Calculate tlre concentration of the acid in the sample.

)
[trmarkJ
c) Use your answer to (ii) b) above and the pH value of the sample to
calculate the value of K for the acid.

[ 3 marks]

Total 10 marks
i

:i rii ;i ,i
3. (a) The standard hydrogen electrode is the refqience electrode with which other elgctrodgs
, are gompared to deGrmine standard ef ectrqpe pqtgntials' : I
..
, j:
,,. '

, (i),,
. . . .','
Dr,3w diagram to show hoy tfrL standard electrode potential for,the
^i'lub"ll"d
(aq) /iZn (s),elecrrode can be found by combining it with the sTandard
Zn'*
' i ', hydrogen electrode., i

[ 3 marks]
(ii) Which of the half cells is the positive electrode?

Ilmark]
(iii) Using rurows, indicate on the diagram drawn in (i) above, the direction in which
the electrons flow through the external circuit- [Lmark]
(b) AZn"* (aq) / Znis) half cell is connected to a Ag*(aq) / Ag (s) half cell as shown below

Zn (s) | Znz* (aq) : : Ag. (aq) / Ag (s)

(i) Write the equations for the reactions occurring at each half cell, using electrode
potentials given in the data booklet.

Positive electrode

Negative electrode
[ 2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the standard e.m.f. of the cell.

r r ------l-r
 -6
. ' :
' : ;: i , .
,i ;
.':
f ,
,i
il'

(i ii). A srudenr sers up the Ag* (aq)/ Ag (q) hqlf cel;t in (b) page,5, using a soliition u'f
l, i:.;..ii:.:
:1i,,
0.it'inbl,dn'r-'eSl ions instead of I mol dm-r Ag* ions- Suggest how this wopld
i,
i
t,
I .:;:'.:
,;'affecithe:p.m,fi:ofthepe,ll.
i '.'
Giveareason
'. .;. i
for;yourans*er.,
i.:' ,,.' ' .',i
i:;,
' ii ' 1,"1:
.
,j-----itt,--,1,.t-,,: l: :': ill . . ,
t.:i,
.: , ..
'.., .,
,;l':i
' ,.,..1 ',' ;, i" :.: l ,iri;il
i' a
":
ii
i

':

[ 2 marks]

Total 10 marl<s

MODULE 2

AnswerALL questions.

4. The Group II elements, beryllium to barium (Be to Ba), and their compounds show distinct
trends / patterns in properties and behaviour'

(a) Write an equation for the first ionization energy of beryllium (Be)-

Ilmark]

(b) Using the data booklet provided, explain the trend in the first ionization energy with
atomic radii for the Group II elements.

, t 2 marksl

(c) Write an equation for the reaction between ONE of the Group II elernents and water.

[ 2 marksJ
l

(d) Using standard electrode potentials, explain why the reaction in (c) would occur more
vigorously with barium (Ba) than beryllium (Be), g:iven

[Be2* + Z"- if Be Eo=-l.g5V].

[ 2 marks]
(e) Explain the variation in the solubiliry of the sulphates of Group II elements as the group
is descended. /'

[ 3 marks]

Total l0 marks
 -8-

). (a) Part of the periodic table is shown in Figure I below.

Figure L

Write an ion of an element shown in Figure l, which will react with EACH of the
following substances:
(i) Acidified aqueous silver nitrate to form a white precipitate

(ii) Aqueous lead (D nitrate to form a yellow precipitate

(iii) Aqueous potassium hydroxide to form a red-brown precipitate

(iv) Aqueous sodium carbonate to form a white precipitate

[ 4 marks]

(b) X is a powdered mixture containing a soluble and an insoluble salt. A sarnple of X is

treated in the following manner:

I. Water is added to X and the mixture is filtered.

11. The residue reacts completely with dilute nitric acid and colourless gas evolvc's,
a
which forms a white precipitate with aqueous calcium hydroxide. The resulting
solution reacts with both aqueous ammonia and sodium hydroxide to form a
white precipitate, that does not dissolve in excess of the reagents.

m. One sample of the filtrate reacts with acidified barium chloride to form a white
precipitate. Another sample reacts with aqueous ammonia and sodium hydroxide
to form a white precipitate which is soluble in excess of the reagents.
 (i) Using the information given on page 8, deduce the possible ions present
in the
a) residue

[ 2 marks]
b) filtrate.

[ 2 marks]
(ii) write d balanced ionic equation for the reaction between nitric
' residue.
acid and the

[ 2 marks]

Total 10 marks

6' (a) Transition elements exhibit special characteristics, which

distinguish them from
Group I and Group II metals. For example, transition elements
exhibit variable oxidation
states.

(i) Determine the oxidation state of vanadium in vo. and vo2*.

[ 2 marksl
(ii) State TWO OTHER characteristics of transition elements.

t 2 marksl
(b) Complete rhe electronic configuration of a
.
(i) chromium arom, Cr

ls2 2sz 2pu 3s2 3pu

Ilmark]
(ii) chromium ion, Cr3*.

ls2 2sz 2pu 3s2 3pu

Ilmark]
GO ON TO TIIE NEXT PAGE
42212010/CAPE/F 2006
,l

l0-

(c) In an_aqueous solution

of chrorr
complex i"" rc.(Hr;;;ai,i:';";'m (III) chloride (crclr(aq)),
chromium rorms
rhe
Deduce the likery
shape and the bond
angres in this comprex
ion.
Shape:
--
Bond angle: llmarkl

(d) It has been observerr rh6r [ I rnark ]

^ ^^,_
w e ak r y
"",
d, ::K"sl::ffi :l';,,|i;j ; ?:: H;, "jJ:Ii:il,1r) io n s, r c,(H, o )u r, *(aq i s
)

[ 2 mar!.:s]

Total l0 marks
 il

MODUI-E 3

Answer ALI- questions.

7.
tion of aluminium frr for
the large-scale produc-
(A,,o3),r0i;;;#il,l]:ffi i;J,1lliHi"#:l:'h+;*:,,1m:T?"liff
lethod

(a) Describe and explain the *iS;tH""

use of EACH of the foilowing
in the Hau-Heroult process.
(i) Cryotite

[ 2 marks]
(ii) Carbon

(b)
[ 2 marks]
Account for the requirement
of 5.6 x lOeJ of energy to
metal. produce 1000 kg of aluminium

[ 2 marksJ
 -12-

(c) (i) Calculate the theoretical yield

of alurninium expected from l900kg
Slrow all working. of AI"O.,.

[ 3 marlcsJ
(ii) the efficiency of the process in
the extracrion of aruminium
Sr::*"n,.on fronr its

Ilmark]
Total l0 marks

8. chlorofluorocarbons' cFCs, have

found application
because of their special properties. -rto*"rr".,-cFCs in a variety of commerciar products
years and scientists have provided can persist in the atmosphere for
evidence of their a""omp'osition many
The resistance has proven to productrl;;" stratosphere.
be of concern regarding the
impact on human hearth.
(a) products in which cFCs courd
ff:,1Y,3-:"H:rcial be found before regularions

[ 2 marks]
(b) State TWO properries of CFCs
that make them applicable in the products
given in (a).

[ 2 marksl
 l3

(c)

"i*ib,T,?::,ff fi ".::",::,;,;ni:";"ilil:T3"andexp,ain,hesignincance

(d) [ 2 rnarksJ
been estimated
Jt las that 3 molecule
nrnra^,,r^ of
^r ^ _ _2 persisrs
Deror-e it is deshoy"J,'n"'a c{Ct,
z r".urorr in rhe
rrr rne iatmosphere
for 120 year.s
(i) Suggest a reason fnr rh^
its.mot""ur*'ilLforrthe -_
persistence of this
teatures. ----v cFc
vr u rr
in rne atmosphere
the
in terms of

(ii) Explain the impact Iz marks]

of C{CI, in the atmosphere
on human health.

[ 2 marks]

Totat I0 marks
:'

-14-
g. During,n" r?,*:.^:jl1 hrTrn
the naturalcotrcentrations acriviries have contrib
of o^i0", of nitrogen ponution by artering
(i) il;":::r:"i:T::*t.
Describe with the
aid ur
4ru of an
ai equation how
in the arrn^"^;::: njtro

(i i) [ 2 marksJ
oNE human. acfiviry
I?."_lltt
nrrogen thar alters the atmospheric
and explain tne concenration of
cne#isto,r""ii,"o i" oxides of
: the production
of the pollutant.

(iii) Describe, *::l_,1" [ 2 mari<s]

aid.of an eguation,
presence of nitrogen one
oioxil. u"r-u potrutant environmr that occurs due
in;;;ffi$ir:l]."t. ro rhe

(iv)
ney:paper reporrs [ 3 marks]
*::l indicate
of rhe arctic o""un
:rosslng
there is insufficient ]rli" iH:;#.",-r:ii:':jbl" to comprete a surrace
ice. Suggest Norwav because
an exptanation
F;; ffi'}|:l#eto

[ 3 marks]

Total l0 rnarks
END OF' T,EST,