Electrical & Electronics

Electrical & Electronics
 Electronics is a subset of electrical where you influence and control the behaviour
of electrons in a circuit by another current, without mechanical parts (switches,
relays ) or electro magnetism (coils, oscillators)
 Electric things are those deal with higher voltages , transformers , generators etc.
where as electronic are those which uses low voltages like IC.s of mag (0-15 V)
X1 Y1
Inputs
X2
Electronics Y2
Outputs
X3 Y3
Introduction
Instrumentation : Instrumentation is the use

of measuring instruments to monitor and
control a process. It is the art and science of
measurement and control of process variables
within a production, laboratory, or
manufacturing area.
Wednesday, February 6, 9
2019
Few Definitions
Measurement: It is the act, or the result of quantitative comparison between a

predetermined std. and or an unknown magnitude. Since two quantities are compared and
the result are expressed in numerical value.
Measurand: The physical quantity or the characteristic conditions which is the object of
measurement in an instrumentation system is termed as measurand or measurement
variable or process variable.
e.g. Fundamental Quantity: length, mass, time et.
Derived Quantity : Speed, Velocity, Pressure etc.
Measurand (Qty. to be measured)
Std. Unknown Quantity Result (Read out)

Process of Comparison
2019
Significance of Measurement
“When you can measure, what you are speaking and express it
in numbers, you know something about and can express it in
numbers, you know something about it, when you cannot
express in it numbers in knowledge is of meagre and
unsatisfactory kind” – Lord Kelvin
The measurement confirms the validity of a hypothesis and

also add to it the understanding. This eventually leads to new
discoveries that require new and sophisticated measuring
techniques.
Through measurement a product can be designed or a process

be operated with max. efficiency , minimum cost and with
desired degree of reliability and maintainability
2019
Contd..
Measured Value: Any value or any reading calculated from measurement system
or measuring instrument.
True value: Any value calculated from rated value known as True value of Actual
Value.
e.g. Motor Actual Speed
True Value Measured Value
Measuring Instrument
Error : Any deviation of measured

value from true value
Measured Value-True Value
2019
Methods of Measurement
Method of Measurement
Direct Method Indirect Method

The unknown quantity (measurand) In this method the comparison
is directly compared against a standard. Is done with a standard through
The result is expressed as a numerical number the use of a calibration s/m. These
and a unit. Direct methods are common methods are used those cases
for the measurement of physical quantities where the desire parameter to
like length, mass and time be measured. E.g. Acceleration,
power
2019
Direct Methods Classified as:
Deflection methods
Deflection method” includes the deflection of pointer on a scale due
to the quantity to be measured. Example: Wattmeter, ammeter
voltmeter
Comparison methods
“Comparison method” include the comparison of the quantity under
measurement with a pre-defined standard quantity which gives
measurement. Example: potentiometer
2019
Sensor VS transducer
2019
Functional Elements of an Instruments
Any instrument or measuring can be represented by block

diagram, that indicates necessary elements and its functions.
The entire operation of the measuring system can be
understand fro the bock diagram
Data storage element
Qty. to be
measured Primary Variable Variable Data Data
sensing conversion manipulation transmission presentation
element element element element element
Data conditioning element Observer
2019
Take an example:
 Just take an example of an Analog meter (Ammeter) which

measures current.
Current Moving Magnets and other Force Mechanical Pointers and

Coil components Linkages scale
Primary Sensing Data conditioning Data Transmission Observer
BASIC SCHEMATIC OF AN AMMETER
2019
Classification of Instruments
Measurement involve the use of instruments as a physical means of
determining quantities or variables.
 Absolute/ Secondary Instruments

 Analog/ Digital Instruments
 Mechanical/Electrical or Electronic Instruments
 Active/Passive Instruments
 Manual/Automatic Instruments
 Self contained /Remote Indicating Instruments
 Deflection/null o/p instruments
2019
Active/Passive Instruments
2019
Absolute or Primary/Secondary
Instruments
Absolute Instruments
 It gives the magnitude of quantity under measurement in
terms of physical constants of the instrument e.g. Tangent
Galvanometer
 In this type of instruments no calibration
or comparison with other instruments is necessary.
 They are generally not used in laboratories and
are seldom used in practice by electricians and engineers.
Secondary Instruments
 These instruments are so constructed that the quantity being measured can only be
determined by the output indicated by the instrument.
 These instruments are calibrated by comparison with an absolute instrument or another
secondary instrument, which has already been calibrated against an absolute instrument.
e.g. Ammeter, Voltmeter etc.
2019
Classification of Secondary
Instruments
(a) Classification based on the various effects of electric current (or voltage) upon which
their operation depend.
• Magnetic effect: Used in ammeters, voltmeters,
watt-meters, integrating meters etc.
• Heating/thermal effect: Used in ammeters and voltmeters.
• Electromagnetic field of attraction/repulsion
• Electrostatic effect: Used in voltmeters.
• Electromagnetic induction effect: Used in ac ammeters,
voltmeters, watt meters and integrating meters.
(b) Classification based on the Nature of their Operations
• Indicating instruments: Indicating instruments indicate, generally the quantity to be

measured by means of a pointer which moves on a scale. Examples are ammeter, voltmeter,
wattmeter etc.
• Recording instruments: These instruments record continuously the variation of any
electrical quantity with respect to time. In principle, these are indicating instruments but so
arranged that a permanent continuous record of the indication is made on a chart or dial
2019
Classification of Secondary
Instruments
Integrating instruments: These instruments record the consumption of the total quantity of
electricity, energy etc., during a particular period of time. : Ampere-hour meter: kilowatt thour
(kWh) meter, kilovolt-ampere-hour (kVARh) meter.
(c) Classification based on the Kind of Current that can be Measurand.
• Direct current (dc) instruments
• Alternating current (ac) instruments
(d) Classification based on the method used

Direct measuring instruments: These instruments converts the energy of the measured
quantity directly into energy that actuates the instrument and the value of the unknown
quantity is measured or displayed or recorded directly Examples are Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Watt meter etc.
• Comparison instruments: These instruments measure the unknown quantity by comparison
with a standard. Examples are dc and ac bridges and potentiometers. They are used when a
higher accuracy of measurements is desired
2019
Analog /Digital Instruments
Analogue Instruments: The signal of an analog unit vary in a

continuous fashion and can take an infinite no. of values in a given
range. E.g. ammeters, voltmeter, wrist watch , speedometer etc.
Digital instruments: Signals varying in discrete steps and taking on

a finite no. of different values in a given range are digital signals e.gs
timer on a score board, odometer of an automobile
2019
Analog Instruments
Analog Instruments
Working Principle
Quantity to be measured  Magnetic field effect Representation
 Current-Ammeter  Electrostatic field effect
 Voltage-Voltmeter  Electromagnetic Field of
 Power-Wattmeter attraction/repulsion
P=V x I  Induction effect
 Energy –Energy Meter  Heating effect
𝑡
E=
0
𝑃𝑑𝑡
Indicating type Recording type Integrating type Null Deflection
2019
Deflection /Null o/p Instruments
Deflection Null
 Only one source of input reqd. Require two input- measurand
and balance input
 Output reading is based on the deflection Must have feedback operation that
from the initial condition of the instrument compares the measurand with std. value
• The measurand value of the qty. depends Most accurate and sensitive
on the calibration of the instrument
2019
Essential Requirements of Indicating
Instruments
1. Deflecting torque (Td) : Deflecting torque causes the moving system and
pointer of the instrument to move from its zero position. Production of
deflecting torque depends upon the type of indicating instrument and its
principle of operation
2. Controlling torque (Tc) : Controlling torque limits the movement of pointer
and ensures that the magnitude of deflection is unique and is always same for
the given value of electrical quantity to be measured.
Two methods of Controlling Torque
i. Spring Control method

ii. Gravity control method
2019
Spring Control Method
 Two phosphor bronze hair springs of spiral

shapes are attached to the spindle of the
moving system of the instrument.
 They are wound in opposite direction
 Pointer is attached to the spindle of the
moving system
2019
Gravity Control Method
 In gravity control method, a

small weight is attached to the
spindle of the moving system
 Due to the gravitational pull, a
control torque (acting in
opposite direction to the
deflecting torque) is produced
whenever the pointer tends to
move away from its initial
position.
2019
Instruments
2019
Instruments
3. Damping Torque: Damping torque minimizes the oscillations of the pointer about the final
steady state deflection and makes it steady.. In the absence of this torque, pointer continues
oscillating to its final position after reaching to its final position. Depending on the
magnitude of damping, it can be classified as underdamped, over damped and critically
damped
2019

Electrical & Electronics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical & Electronics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical & Electronics

Instrumentation : Instrumentation is the use

Measurement: It is the act, or the result of quantitative comparison between a

Measurand (Qty. to be measured)

Std. Unknown Quantity Result (Read out)

The measurement confirms the validity of a hypothesis and

Through measurement a product can be designed or a process

Error : Any deviation of measured

Direct Method Indirect Method

Any instrument or measuring can be represented by block

Data storage element

Data conditioning element Observer

 Just take an example of an Analog meter (Ammeter) which

Current Moving Magnets and other Force Mechanical Pointers and

Primary Sensing Data conditioning Data Transmission Observer

BASIC SCHEMATIC OF AN AMMETER

 Absolute/ Secondary Instruments

(b) Classification based on the Nature of their Operations

• Indicating instruments: Indicating instruments indicate, generally the quantity to be

(d) Classification based on the method used

Analogue Instruments: The signal of an analog unit vary in a

Digital instruments: Signals varying in discrete steps and taking on

Indicating type Recording type Integrating type Null Deflection

Two methods of Controlling Torque

i. Spring Control method

 Two phosphor bronze hair springs of spiral

 In gravity control method, a

You might also like