Chapter02.

fm Page 1 Saturday, June 13, 2009 5:20 PM

CHAPTER 2
The OSI Model and
the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Exercises
1. The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers
all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
2.
a. Network layer
b. Data link and transport layers
c. Physical layer
d. Application layer
3.
a. Transport layer
b. Network layer
c. Data link layer
d. Application layer
e. Physical layer
4.
a. Application layer
b. Data link and transport layers
c. Physical layer
d. Data link layer
5.
a. Presentation layer
b. Session layer
c. Data link and transport layers

1
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d. Session layer
e. Presentation layer
6. The solution depends on how we think about the switch in the link. If we assume it
is a passive switch (not a bridge) as we have done so in the chapter, the solution is
shown in Figure 2.E6.
Figure 2.E6 Solution to Exercise 6

A B
Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

A BB

D5 D5 D5 D5
Message Message

7. If we think about the switch as a passive one (not a bridge), Figure 2.E7 shows the
solution.
Figure 2.E7 Solution to Exercise 7

A B
Application Application
Transport Transport
R1
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

Link 1 Link 2
A R1 B

D5 D5 D5 D5
Message Message
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8. We assume headers are added only at layers 5, 4, 3, and 2. The size of the message
at the data link layer is then 100  10  10  10  10 = 140. The efficiency is the
size of the useful message divided by the size of the frame:

Efficiency  100  140 = 5  7  71.4 percent

9. The header at the transport layer should at least include the source and destination
port number. This means the size of the header is at least 2  2  4 bytes.
10. The header at the network layer should at least include the logical source and des-
tination addresses. This means the size of the header is at least 4  4  8 bytes.
11. The header at the data link layer should at least include the physical source and
destination addresses. This means the size of the header is at least 6  6  12 bytes.
12.
a. The answer is yes. We insert the letter in an envelop that contains the source and
destination addresses.
b. The answer is no. The source and destination addresses plus the brief message
are all written on the card.
13. At the physical layer, the signal representing the bit stream is broadcast to all sta-
tions in a network. Every station receives it; there is no need for addresses in this
layer.
14. The communication is broadcast. The source address is the radio station, which
often announces its identification. The destination address is all listener capable of
listening to that station.
15. The destination address is needed to define the recipient of the message; the source
address is needed if the receiver of the message has to respond or the intermediate
nodes has to report any error the source.
16. The telephone network was originally designed as a one-layer communication net-
work. The voice communication is carried, one-to-one, between the caller and the
callee. Although, it is possible to use conference calls and assign extensions to the
employees working in an organization, it does not meant that we have more than
one layer in the telephone system when used as a voice communication network.
The telephone numbers in the telephone network can be compared to the logical
addresses in the Internet.