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Contents
• Introduction
RADIATION PHYSICS • X - rays
• X - ray tube
• Production of X - rays
Dr. Vaishali Keluskar • Filtration
Oral Medicine and Radiology • Collimation
• Inverse square law
• Interaction with matter
• Conclusion

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Learning Objectives Introduction

• By the end of this session you should know
• Definition of basic terminologies • X-rays and their ability to penetrate human tissues were
• Enumerate Properties of X-rays discovered by Sir Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895.
• Describe the components of X-ray tube with functions
• X-rays were termed so because their nature was then
• Distinguish between different types of radiations.
unknown.
• Describe the production of X-rays.
• Discuss in detail types of filtration, collimation, PID.
• Describe various interactions of X-rays with matter.

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X - Rays Atomic structure

Definition
X- rays are defined as weightless bundles of energy
(photons) without an electrical charge and that travel
in waves along a straight line with a specific frequency
and speed.

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PROPERTIES Uses of X - Rays

Physical properties
• Invisible and cannot be detected by any of • Diagnostic
• Medicolegal cases
the senses.
• Radiotherapy
• No mass or weight. • Industry
• No charge. • Engineering
• Spectroscopy
• Travel at the speed of light. • Radiobiology
• Travel in waves and have short wavelengths • Crystallography
with a high frequency • Sterilization
• Detective
• No medium is required for propagation

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X- Ray Machine
Components • Tube Head
• Control panel • Metal housing
• Extension arm • Insulating oil
• Tube head
• Tube head seal
• X-Ray tube
• Aluminium discs
• Lead collimator
• Position Indicating Device (PID)

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X- ray tube
• X-ray Tube
• A leaded glass housing
• A negative cathode
• Filament
• Focussing cup
• A positive anode
• Tungsten target
• Copper stem
• Stationary anode
• Rotating anode

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Focal spot Production of X-rays

X ray machine is turned on

Current is directed to the filament

through the step down transformer

Thermionic emission and the electrons get

accelerated towards the anode

Electrons strike the tungsten target

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Types of x rays
Kinetic energy into heat and X- rays

Heat is carried by copper stem and

absorbed by insulating oil

X-rays exit from the unleaded glass

window, tube head seal, aluminium discs

Size and shape is controlled by collimator

X-ray beam travels down the lead lined

PID and exits the tube head

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Bremstrahlung radiation
Characteristic radiation

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Factors controlling the X- ray Filtration

• Filtration is the removal of low energy
Exposure time photons from the beam which consequently
reduces the patient exposure.
Tube current(mA) Types
• Inherent
Tube voltage (kvp) • Added
• Total

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Collimation

• A collimator is a metallic barrier with an

aperture in the middle used to reduce the size
of the x-ray beam and therefore the volume of
irradiated tissue.
• Improves image quality.
• Reduces scattered radiation.

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INTERACTIONS OF X RAYS WITH

MATTER

Coherent scattering
Compton scattering
Photoelectric absorption

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Coherent scattering Photoelectric absorption

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Compton scattering

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THANK YOU!

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