LASER

▪️Laser & It’s applications ◾️

Presented by:
Dr Uzair Ahmad Qureshi
Consultant Dermatologist , STDs,
Laser & Aesthetic specialist.
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 Introduction of Laser
Definition: Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation
•Laser invention is one of the biggest invention of 20th century .
•Albert Einstein first time in 1917 theorized the process stimulated emission
leads to invention of Laser.
•Physician Leon Goldman father of laser in 1960 invented laser in medical
practice.
•Bennett et al invented blue green Argon laser to use in retina 👁️.
•Kumar Patel invented Co2 laser in 1964.
•ND yag was invented in 1964.
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•pulse dye laser was invented in 1969.
Properties of
Laser Light
• Coherent - identical photons
• Controllable wavelength/frequency - nice
colors
• Controllable spatial structure - narrow beams
• Controllable temporal structure - short pulses
• Energy storage and retrieval - intense pulses
• Giant interference effects
•Apart from these issues, laser light is just light

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TYPES OF LASER
A. ACCORDING TO THEIR SOURCES:
•GAS LASERS
• CRYSTAL LASERS
•SEMICONDUCTORS LASERS
•LIQUID LASERS
B.ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF EMISSION:
•CONTINUOUS WAVE
•PULSED LASER
C.ACCORDING TO THEIR WAVELENGTH:
•VISIBLE REGION
• INFRARED REGION
•ULTRAVIOLET REGION
•MICROWAVE REGION
•X-RAY REGION
D. ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT LEVELS
• 2-LEVEL LASER
•3-LEVEL LASER
•4-LEVEL LASER
E. ACCORDING TO MODE OF PUMPING
• OPTICAL
• CHEMICAL
•ELECTRIC DISCHARGE
•ELECTRICAL 5

Principles of Working of Laser

Principles of working of a laser
In lasers, photons are interacted in three ways with the atoms:
• Absorption of radiation
• Spontaneous emission
• Stimulated emission

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 Absorption of Radiation
Absorption of radiation is the process by which electrons in the
ground state absorbs energy from photons to jump into the
higher energy level.
 Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous emission is the process by which electrons in the excited state
return to the ground state by emitting photons.
The electrons in the excited state can stay only for a short
period. The time up to which an excited electron can stay at
higher energy state (E2) is known as the lifetime of excited electrons. The
lifetime of electrons in excited state is 10-8 second.

Thus, after the short lifetime of the excited electrons, they return to the
lower energy state or ground state by releasing energy in the form of
photons.
 Stimulated emission
In stimulated emission, two photons are emitted (one additional photon is
emitted), one is due to the incident photon and another one is due to the energy
release of excited electron. Thus, two photons are emitted.
The stimulated emission process is very fast compared to the spontaneous
emission process.
All the emitted photons in stimulated emission have the same energy, same
frequency and are in phase. Therefore, all photons in the stimulated emission
travel in the same direction.
The number of photons emitted in the stimulated emission depends on the
number of electrons in the higher energy level or excited state and the incident
light intensity.
 Characteristics of Laser

Laser light has four unique characteristics that

differentiate it from ordinary light: these are
• Coherence
• Directionality
• Monochromatic
• High intensity
 Penetration of lasers

•Ablative laser treatments work mainly on the epidermis

(surface skin cells)
• Non-ablative treatments work solely on dermal collagen
(mid-layer of skin) only
• Fractional laser treatment works at both the epidermal and
dermal layers of the skin
Applications of laser principles
• Ablative (Vaporizing) Skin Resurfacing
• Treatment of Vascular Lesions
• Interactions During Treatment of Pigmented
Lesions and Tattoos
• Interactions During Hair Removal
• Interactions During Non-ablative Skin
Rejuvenation
• Fractional Photothermolysis
• Laser-Based Diagnostics