Laboratory Oven

Laboratory ovens are ovens for high-forced volume thermal convection applications. These

ovens generally provide uniform temperatures throughout. Process applications for laboratory
ovens can be for annealing, die-bond curing, drying, Polyimide baking, sterilizing, and
other industrial laboratory functions. Typical sizes are from one cubic foot to 0.9 cubic metres
(32 cu ft) with temperatures that can be over 340 degrees Celsius.
Laboratory ovens can be used in numerous different applications and configurations,
including clean rooms, forced convection, horizontal airflow, inert atmosphere, natural
convection, and pass through.
Some of the types of industries that typically use these laboratory ovens are the healthcare
industry, technology industry, and transportation industry. Civil engineering laboratories uses
ovens for drying asphalt, soil, rock, or concrete samples.

Weight Balance
A Beam balance (or Beam scale) is a device to measure weight or mass. These are also known
as mass scales, weight scales, mass balances, weight balances, or simply scales, balances,
or balance scales.
The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distances from
a fulcrum. One plate holds an object of unknown mass (or weight), while known masses are
added to the other plate unstill  static equilibrium is achieved and the plates level off, which
happens when the masses on the two plates are equal. The perfect scale rests at neutral.
A spring scale will make use of a spring of known stiffness to determine mass (or weight).
Suspending a certain mass will extend the spring by a certain amount depending on the spring's
stiffness (or spring constant). The heavier the object, the more the spring stretches, as
described in Hooke's law. Other types of scales making use of different physical principles also
exist.
Some scales can be calibrated to read in units of force (weight) such as newtons instead of units
of mass such as kilograms. Scales and balances are widely used in commerce, as many products
are sold and packaged by mass.

Trowel
A trowel is a small hand tool used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving small amounts of
viscous or particulate material. Common varieties include the masonry trowel, garden trowel,
and float trowel.
A power trowel is a much larger gasoline or electrically powered walk-behind device with
rotating paddles used to finish concrete floors
Spatula
Lab spatulas and spreaders come in metal, PTFE, polypropylene and other
plastics. Laboratory grade stainless steel and plastic spatulas are ideal for
transferring your samples, scraping or applying powders. Stainless
steel spatulas resist boiling water, acids, bases, and most solvents.

Speedy moisture tester

The speedy moisture tester which is also called calcium carbide gas moisture tester provides a
quick, simple means of determining the moisture content of the soil. It is particularly useful for
field determinations of moisture content in conjunction with field compaction testing.
Moisture meters are used to measure the percentage of water in a given substance. This
information can be used to determine if the material is ready for use, unexpectedly wet or dry,
or otherwise in need of further inspection. Wood and paper products are very sensitive to their
moisture content. Physical properties are strongly affected by moisture content and high
moisture content for a period of time may progressively degrade a material.

Cassagrande apparatus
Definition of Casagrande liquid limit apparatus. An appliance to determine the liquid limit of a
soil. It consists of a brass dish, handle, and cam mounted on a hard rubber base. The dish falls
through a distance of 1 cm per rotation
Casagrande method. A method for determining the liquid limit of a soil. A paste of soil and
water is put in a shallow cup, the paste is cut into two parts with a deep groove and the cup is
then dropped repeatedly in a standard manner until the groove has closed owing to the flow of
the paste

Plastic limit test apparatus

Plastic limit test is one of the laboratory tests used internationally to differentiate or classify
soils into groups. As the starting procedures of liquid limit test and plastic limit test are
common, the both tests are executed at the same time in most of the purposes. The Swedish
Scientist, A. Atterberg defined the plastic limit as, boundary of soil between the plastic and solid
state.
The boundary of soil between the plastic and solid state means, the limit at which the soil starts
to behave as a plastic. From this it’s clear that the water content or moisture of the soil
determines that boundary level. When the water content or moisture content of soil increases
beyond a limit then the soil starts to behave as liquid. As the same when the water content or
moisture content of soil decreases beyond a limit then the soil start to behave as solid. Here, in
the above statements the “a limit” can refer as the plastic limit of that soil. So the plastic limit
of a soil is the statement of water or moisture content as a percentage of its dried weight.
The plastic limit (PL) is the water content, in percent, at which a soil can no longer be deformed
by rolling into 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) ... Those limit of soil are very important property of fine grained
soil and its Value is used to classify fine grained soil and calculate activity of clays and toughness
index of soil.

Shrinkage limit test apparatus

A shrinkage limit test gives a quantitative indication of how much moisture can change before any
significant volume change and to also indication of change in volume. The shrinkage limit is useful
in areas where soils undergo large volume changes when going through wet and dry cycles (e.g.
earth dams)

The shrinkage limit (SL) is the water content where further loss of moisture will not result in any
more volume reduction. The test to determine the shrinkage limit is ASTM International D4943.
The shrinkage limit is much less commonly used than the liquid and plastic limit The shrinkage
limit is used in soil classification as considered in relation to the natural moisture content of soil in
the field, indicates the moisture content at which no further shrinkage of the specimen occurs

The shrinkage limit is used in soil classification as considered in relation to the natural moisture

content of soil in the field, indicates the moisture content at which no further shrinkage of the
specimen occurs

Sieves

A mesh strainer, also known as sift, commonly known as sieve, is a device for separating
wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a
sample, typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net or metal. The word "sift" derives
from "sieve". In cooking, a sifter is used to separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such
as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them. A strainer is a form of sieve used to
separate suspended solids from a liquid by filtration.

Sieving is a simple technique for separating particles of different sizes. A sieve such as used for
sifting flour has very small holes. Coarse particles are separated or broken up by grinding against
one another and the screen openings. Sieves are also used to separate stones from sand.
Sieves are mesh made of metal, fiber, or cloth, assembled to provide defined openings. Sieves are
used to screen and separate powder into various size fractions. Generally, particle sizes larger than
250 micrometers are unsuitable for the P/M (Powder Metal) process.

Sieves Shaker

Sieve shaker is an instrument that used in particle analysis. It is used to shake a stack of
test sieves which are placed in order (largest aperture on the top and smallest on the bottom),
so that materials get sifted through according to particle sizes.
A device used to shake a stacked column of standard sieve-test trays to cause solids to sift
progressively from the top (large openings) to the bottom (small openings and a final pan),
according to particle size.
Place a sample into the top sieve and place a cover on it. Place the stack of sieves on
the shaker and secure with the hold-down bar, clamping it in place with the knobs on each side.
Depending on the weight of the sieve stack, an adjustment upward of the lower cradle will be
needed.

Specific gravity apparatus

The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the
unit weight of distilled water at 4°C. It is some times required to compare the density of
the soil solids to the density of water. This comparison is in the form of ratio and is termed as
the specific gravity of the soil.
The specific gravity of soil solids is used to calculate the density of the soil solids. This is done by
multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water (at proper temperature)
The Pycnometer is used for determination of specific gravity of soil particles of both fine
grained and coarse grained soils. The determinination of specific gravity of soil will help in the
calculation of void ratio, degree of saturation and other different soil properties.

Core Cutter Test apparatus

This is used for determination of in situ dry density of natural or compacted fine grained soil, free
from aggregates. A cylindrical cutter is used to extract a sample of the soil with the help of a dolly
and rammer.

Core cutting method is used to determine dry density of the soil.

It  is used to determine the field density of soft soils like clay soils or other cohesive soils which are
placed as fills. This method cannot be used for coarse grained soil since the core cutter does not
penetrate through them due to high resistance at the tip of the instrument.
Core cutter method is used for determining dry density of the soil(field compaction) .Following
the details of the test: Theory: A cylindrical core cutter is a seamless steel tube. For
determination of the dry density of the soil, the cutter is pressed into the soil mass so that it is
filled with the soil.

Sand Replacement test apparatus

 The normal method of measuring soil density. In its simplest form, the measurement requires
only a container full of dry sand of known density, a balance and apparatus for determination of
soil moisture content.
Sand Replacement Method is also known as Sand Cone Method. The apparatus used in this
field density test consists of a sand pouring cylinder, with pouring cone at its base. There is a
shutter between the cylinder and the cone. The cylinder is first calibrated to determine the unit
Weight of sand.
The sand replacement method is used to determine in-place density. The sand replacement
method of determination of in situ density uses a sand-pouring cylinder, cylindrical calibrating
container, tray with a central circular hole, and a chisel.
Sand replacement density (SRD) tests are used to measure the in-situ density of natural or
compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The in-situ density is typically used for highway or
pavement design purposes to estimate the relative density of base course or subgrade
materials.
Sand Replacement Method is also known as Sand Cone Method. The apparatus used in this
field density test consists of a sand pouring cylinder, with pouring cone at its base. There is a
shutter between the cylinder and the cone.