Meters

Task 1. Translate into Russian:

1. One should take into consideration the difference between these circuits.
2. One should take into consideration that the ammeter is connected to the circuit
in series.
3. What should one take into consideration using the ohmmeter?

Task 2. Read and translate the text

Text: Meters
Any instrument which measures electrical values is called a meter. Among the
most common meters used there are the ohmmeter, the ammeter and the voltmeter.
An ammeter measures the current in amperes. The unit is named after Andre Marie
Ampere, a French scientist, who discovered a great number of facts about
electricity over a hundred years ago. The abbreviation for the ampere is amp. A
voltmeter measures the voltage and the potential difference in volts. The volt is
named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist.
The current in a conductor is determined by two things, the voltage across the
conductor and the resistance of the conductor. Every material object offers some
resistance to the flow of an electron current through it. Good conductors like the
metals, copper, silver and aluminum offer very little resistance, while
nonconductors such as glass, wood and paper offer a very high resistance.
The unit by which resistance is measured is called the ohm. The resistance in
practice is measured with the ohmmeter.
The ohmmeter is used to measure the value of resistance. It consists of а
milliammeter calibrated to read in ohms, а battery and resistors. The meter is
connected in parallel and the circuit is not opened when its resistance is measured.
The readings on the scale show the measured value. The ammeter is used to
measure the value of current. When the ammeter is used the circuit should be
opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. One
should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected
to the positive terminal of the source; the negative terminal to the negative terminal
of the source. The ammeter should be connected in series. The readings on the
scale show the measured value.
A wattmeter measures electrical power in watts. Very delicate ammeters are often
used for measuring very small currents. A meter whose scale is calibrated to read a
thousandth of an ampere is called a milliammeter. One whose scale is calibrated in
millionth of an ampere is called a micro ammeter or galvanometer.
Whenever an ammeter or voltmeter is connected to a circuit to measure electric
current or potential difference the ammeter must be connected in series and the
voltmeter in parallel. 
The ammeter is so connected that all of the electron current passes through it. To
prevent a change in the electron current when such an insertion is made, all
ammeters must have a low resistance. Most ammeters therefore have a low
resistance wire, called a shunt, connected across the armature coil. A voltmeter, on
the other hand, is connected across that part of the circuit for which a measurement
of the potential difference is required. If the 'potential difference between the ends
of the resistance R is wanted, the voltmeter is connected as shown.
Vocabulary:
meter- измерительный прибор
battery- батарея
scale- шкала
readings- показания на шкале (прибора)
terminal- клемма
positive- положительный
negative- отрицательный
to measure- измерять
to take into- consideration принимать во внимание
in this way- таким путем, таким образом

Task 3. Answer the questions.

1. What is the ammeter used for?
2. What is the voltmeter used for?
3. How is a voltmeter connected to the circuit?
4. What meter do we connect to the circuit in series?
5. Why must an ammeter have a low resistance?
6. What is the ohmmeter used for?
7. What terminals does а meter have?
8. Across what part of the circuit is a voltmeter connected?
9. Should the measured circuit be opened when the voltmeter is used?
10. Should the measured circuit be opened when the ammeter is used?
11. In what way should the voltmeter be connected to the circuit?
12. In what way should the ammeter be connected to the circuit?
13.What instruments are used to measure an electric current and potential
difference?
14. What is the difference between а voltmeter and an ammeter?
15.What common meters are used to measure the values in а circuit?

Task 4. Solve the following problems:

1. Suppose the ammeter scale reads 1.9 amp, the voltmeter scale reads 2.4 V; how
much is the value of resistance in the measured circuit?
2. Suppose the ohmmeter scale reads 75 ohms, the voltmeter scale reads 220 V;
how much is the value of current in the measured circuit?
3. Suppose that you have а series circuit consisting of three resistors and а voltage
source. R1=O.18 ohm, R2 =1.15 ohms, R3=2 ohms, I = 1О amp. Find the voltage
drop across each resistor; find the value of voltage in the circuit.
4. Two resistors are connected in series. R1 = 7,000, R2 = 2,200, I = 110 amp. Find
the voltage drop across each resistor.