HVAC Design:

Level I – Essentials

Joel Primeau, PEng, HBDP

&
Donald Brandt, CEM
 Copyright Materials
• Copyright 2014 by ASHRAE.
ASHRAE All rights reserved.
reserved
• No part of this presentation may be reproduced
without written permission from ASHRAE, nor
may any part of this presentation be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means (electronic, photocopying,
recording or other) without written permission
from ASHRAE.

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 AIA/CES Registered Provider
• ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA
members. Certificates of Completion
p for non-AIA members are
available on request.

• This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that may
be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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USGBC Education Provider

ASHRAE

HVAC D
Design:
i LLevell I – Essentials
E ti l [ID# 90009904]

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 Learning Objectives
• Calculate heatingg and coolingg loads
• Explain the basics of psychrometrics, hydronic system
design and air system design
• Discuss system selection
• Describe HVAC equipment and systems
• Explain controls and building automation systems
• Discuss codes and standards
• Describe building commissioning
• Explain
E l i ttechnical
h i l sales
l and
d project
j t managementt skills
kill
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 Course Outline
• Fundamentals • Design
g Process
• Load Calculations • HVAC Systems II
• Psychrometrics • BAS/Controls
• System Selection • Codes & Standards
• Air Systems • Commissioning &
Standard 180
• Hydronic Systems
• Technical Sales
• HVAC Equipment
Eq ipment
• Project Management
• HVAC Systems I
• Conclusion

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FUNDAMENTALS

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 Lesson Content
• Components of HVAC
• Heat transfer
• Fan/pump
/ llaws
• Refrigeration Cycle

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COMPONENTS OF HVAC

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What is Air Conditioning?

5 Functions:
• Heating
• Cooling
• Dehumidification
h df
• Humidification
• Filtration/Ventilation
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 Why HVAC?

To create a comfortable environment in

which humans can work, live, sleep,
play,…
play

(This course ffocuses mostly

(Thi tl on hhuman comfort
f t
solutions, although the lessons learned can certainly
be applied to process applications
applications.))
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UNDERSTANDING HEAT TRANSFER

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 Processes of Heat Transfer

convection
warm air

radiation

hot cool air

conduction
water
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 Transferring Heat

1 lb
water
1 Btu
60°F 61°F

1 kg
water
1 kcal
15°C 16°C
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 Transferring Heat (cont.)
(cont )

1 lb
water + 152 Btu =

60°F 212°F

1 kg
water + 85 kcal =

15°C 100°C
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 Sensible Heat

1 lb
water
1 Btu
60°F 61°F

1 kg
water
1 kcal
15°C 16°C
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 Transferring Heat (cont.)
(cont )

1 lb + 970.3 Btu =
water

212°F 1 lb 212°F
steam

1 kg + 244.5
244 5 kcal =
water

100°C 1 kg
k 100°C
steam
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 Transferring Heat (cont.)
(cont )

1 lb
steam - 970.3 Btu =

1 lb
212°F water 212°F

1 kg
- 244.5 kcal =
steam
1 kg
g
100°C water 100°C
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 Latent Heat

1 lb
1 lb steam
water
t
970.3 Btu
212°F 212°F

1 kg
1 kg steam
water
244 5 kcal
244.5
100°C 100°C
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 Specific
p Heat

140°F 200°F

A B

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 Heat Transfer Formula

Q = Mass Flow x Specific Heat x ΔT

This fformula is used to create

the formulas for water & air

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 Heat Transfer with Water

Q = (gal/min x 60 min/hr x 8.33 lb/gal)

/lb oF x ΔT (oF))
x 1 Btu/lb-

Q = 500 x GPM x Change in Temperature (T2 – T1)

Q = Btu/hr

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 Airflow Heat Transfer
Sensible

Q = (ft3/min x 60 min/hr x 1 lb/13.33 ft3)

x 0.24 Btu/lb- oF x ΔT oF

1 10 x CFM x Change in Temperature (oF)

Q = 1.10

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 Airflow Heat Transfer (cont.)
(cont )

Latent

(f 3/min
Q = (ft / i x 60 min/hr
i /h x 1 lb/13 33 fft3) x (Δ
lb/13.33
Humidity Ratio in lbs of H20/lbs of dry air)
x 1061 Btu/lb
B /lb (latent
(l h
heat off vaporization)
i i )

Q = 4840 x CFM x (Wo-Wc)

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 Air Total Heat
Enthalpy

(f 3/min
Q = (ft / i x 60 min/hr
i /h x 1 lb/ 3 33 fft3)
lb/13.33
x Δ Enthalpy (Btu/lb)

Q = 4.5
4 5 x CFM x Change in Enthalpy

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 What’ss a Ton of Refrigeration?
What
One ton of refrigeration
produces the same cooling
effect as the meltingg of 2000 lb
of ice over a 24-hour period.

When 1 lb of ice melts, it absorbs 144 Btu. Therefore,

when 1 ton (2000 lb) of ice melts, it absorbs 288,000
Btu (2000 x 144). Consequently, 1 ton of refrigeration
absorbs 288,000 Btu within a 24-hour period or 12,000
B /h (288,000/24).
Btu/hr (288 000/24)
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HEAT TRANSFER
THROUGH A SURFACE

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Heat Conduction through Surfaces

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Conduction through a Shaded Wall
Simplest
application

Q = U  A  T

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 Heat Conductance vs. Resistance
• Conductance = U (Btu/hr•ft2•°F)F)
• Resistance = R (ft2•°F/Btu/hr)
• U = 1/R/
• R1 + R2 + R3 + … = Rtotal
• Utotal = 1/Rtotal

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U-factor
U factor for Learning Center Wall

1
U =
Rtotal

U = 0.059 Btu/hr•ft2•°F

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 Heat Transfer through a Window
The process is the same as a wall…

Except:
• Window
Wi d manufacturers
f will
ill usually
ll provide
id the
h UU-
factor for the glass (measured at the center of the
glass).
glass)
• The designer has to determine the U-factor for the
Window Assembly, to consider the losses through
the window frame.
• http://windows.lbl.gov/software/window/6/index.
p // g / / / /
html
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FAN & PUMP LAWS

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 The Laws

Pump Affinity Laws

Fan Laws

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 Law #1
Speed iss d
directly
ect y related
e ated to flow
o
and is directly related to diameter

CFM2 = CFM1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)

CFM2 = CFM1 X (DIA2 / DIA1)

GPM2 = GPM1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)

GPM2 = GPM1 X (DIA2 / DIA1)

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 Law #1: Example
TAB contractor Bill wants to increase the air flow in a
vaneaxial fan from 1200 CFM to 1300 CFM. If the
fan is currently turning at 1050 rpm, how fast does
the fan need to go?

RPM2 = RPM1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)

= 1050 rpm x (1300/1200)
= 1137.5
1137 5 rpm

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 Law #1: Example…
What size of sheave would be required to make
this happen (assuming the fan is not on a speed
drive) if the diameter of the sheave was
originally 4 inches?
Dia2 = Dia1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)
= 4 in. x (1300/1200)
= 4-1/3
4 1/3 in
in.

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 Law #2
Pressure
essu e changes
c a ges as the
t e square
squa e of
o the
t e flow
o
(or speed)

P2 = P1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)2

P2 = P1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)2

CFM2 = CFM1 X

NOTE: GPM can substituted for CFM

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 Law #3

Horsepower varies as the cube of the speed

(or flow)

BHP2 = BHP1 X ((RPM2 / RPM1)3

BHP2 = BHP1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)3

NOTE: GPM can be substituted for CFM

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 Law #3: Example…
Bill is now being asked what will the increase in speed
cost in energy? Let’s assume that for every additional
HP, the fan will cost $2.75 more per month to operate.
The HP draw on the fan was originally 5 HP.
BHP2 = BHP1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)3
= 5 HP x (1300/1200)3
= 6.36 HP
Or $17.48/month

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THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE
(A BRIEF INTRODUCTION)

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 Refrigeration Cycle

Condenser

Expansion
Device Compressor

Evaporator
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 Pressure-Enthalpy
py Diagram
g

condenser
d
presssure

expansion
p
device compressor

evaporator

enthalpy 43
Questions?

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