Principles of General Chemistry, 2 nd  ed. By M.

Silberberg
Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley.
to be discussed...
• Ionic Bo
Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding  •
•
Metallic Bonds
Bond
Bond Leng
Lengthths
s and
and Bond
Bond Ener
Energi
gies
es
• Lewis
Lew is Formu
Formulalass for Molecu
Molecules
les and
and Polya
Polyatom
tomic
ic Ion
Ions
s
• The Octet Rule
• Formal Charges
• Limi
Limita
tati
tion
ons
s of
of the
the Oct
Octet
et Rule
Rule
• Resonance
• Pola
Polarr and
and Nonp
Nonpol
olar
ar Cova
Covale
lent
nt Bond
Bonds
s
• Dipole Moments

Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding

o bonding results from electrostatic
Ionic bonding results
• Attractive
Attractive forces that hold atoms attractions among ions, which are formed by
together in compounds are called the transfer of one or more electrons from one
bonds .
chemical bonds. atom to another.

o bonding results from sharing one or

Covalent bonding results
• The electron
electrons
s involved
involved in bondin
bondingg are more electron pairs between two atoms.
usually those in the outermost ( valence
valence))
shell.
o bonding results from a sea of free
Metallic bonding results
flowing electrons in a substance

Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding

1. Metal with nonmetal:

nonmetal:
electron transfer and ionic bonding 

2. Nonmetal with nonmetal:

nonmetal:
electron sharing and covalent bonding 

3. Metal with metal:

electron pooling and metallic bonding 
Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

covalent
property Ionic compound covalent
compound property Ionic compound
compound
gases, liquids, or
Melting usually solids Conductivity
solids (~ < 300 oC) conduct electricity
point (~> 400oC) in molten do not conduct
(contain mobile electricity
solids and
Solubility in ions)
liquids
polar generally soluble generally insoluble
solvents Conductivity
generally conduct poor conductors
Solubility in in aqueous
electricity of electricity
nonpolar generally insoluble generally soluble solutions
solvents

Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms

• is a convenient bookkeeping method for tracking • elements that are in the same periodic group
valence electrons have the same Lewis dot structures.
- electrons that are transferred or involved in chemical
bonding (represented by dots around the element
• for main group elements
- the group number = number of valence electrons

nitrogen, N, is in Group 5A and therefore, has 5 valence electrons

. :    

. .
:N . . N. . . N: . N.
.
:    
.

Depicting Ionic Bond Formation Depicting Ionic Bond Formation

PROBLEM: PROBLEM:
Use partial orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to Use partial orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to
depict the formation of LiF depict the formation of Na 2O

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Depicting Ionic Bond Formation Formation of Ionic Compound

Be(s) + F2(g) →BeF2(g) • Ionic compounds form

extended three
2s 2p 2s 2p dimensional arrays of
Be [He] ↑↓ → Be2+ oppositely charged ions.
F [He] ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ → F- ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ • Ionic compounds have
high melting points
because the coulomb
force, which holds ionic
compounds together, is
strong.

Formation of Ionic Compound Formation of Ionic Compound

• Coulomb’s Law describes the attraction of • Small ions with high ionic charges have large
positive ions for negative ions due to the Coulombic forces of attraction.
opposite charges.

F∝
(q + )(q − )
3+
d2 Al 2 O3
2-
> Ca 2+O2- > K1+Cl-
where
F = force of  attraction between ions
q = magnitude of  charge on ions
d = distance between center of  ions

Some Properties of Ionic Compound Some Properties of Ionic Compound

 Covalent Bonding
Some Properties of Ionic Compound
•If the atoms share

•2 electrons a single covalent bond is formed.

•4 electrons a double covalent bond is formed.
•6 electrons a triple covalent bond is formed.

The attraction between the electrons is still

electrostatic in nature. The atoms have a lower
potential energy when bound.

Covalent Bonding Bond Length & Bond Energy

• Representation of • for any covalent bond there is an
the formation of an internuclear distance where the attractive
H2 molecule from H and repulsive forces balance
atoms.  this distance is the bond length

• We can use Lewis • at the bond length, the combination of

dot formulas to bonded atoms is more stable than the
show covalent bond separated atoms by an amount of energy.
formation.  this energy difference is the bond
energy.

Bond Bond Length & Bond Energy

Length
& Bond
Energy
Dipole Moment Dipole Moment

• Molecules that have a small separation of • There are two conditions that must be true for
charge have a small µ. a molecule to be polar.
• Molecules that have a large separation of
1. There must be at least one polar bond
charge have a large µ. present or one lone pair of electrons.
• For example, HF and HI: 2. The polar bonds, if there are more than one,
a a and lone pairs must be arranged so that
their dipole moments do not cancel one
+ +
δ   H - Fδ  - δ   H - I δ  - another.
1.91 Debye units 0.38 Debye units

questions?

“Diamond
““ Diamond
  and graphite are
nothing but carbon.

But only the material that was subjected to

tremendous temperatures and pressures exude the
highest degree of beauty and worth.” 
worth. ” 
”