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Metals & Non Metals -One Shot

 Low
● Hard Water Metal
Malleable
● Extraction based on
● Oxygen Medium
● Sonorous
● reactivity series
● Acid
● Ductile High
● Metal Salts
Good conductor of Purification

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heat and electricity of metal

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Corrosion Properties
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Ionic Compounds ● Solids

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● Soluble in water
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● Painting Sodium chloride

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● Greasing
● Brittle
● Galvanising
● Non-sonorous
● Non-ductile ● Oxygen
● Bad conductor of
heat and electricity
 Elements

Metals

Elements Non metals

Metalloids
METALS Metalloids NON METALS
● All metals except mercury exist as solids
at room temperature
● Metals have high melting points but
gallium and caesium have very low
melting points.These two metals will
melt if we keep them on our palm.
● Iodine is a non-metal but it is lustrous
● Diamond, an allotrope of carbon, is the
hardest natural substance known and
has a very high melting and boiling
point
● Graphite, another allotrope of carbon, is
a conductor of electricity..
● Alkali metals (lithium, sodium,
potassium) are so soft that they can be
cut with a knife. They have low densities
and low melting points
Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
 Nature of Metal Oxides

Metal oxides are basic in nature

 Nature of Metal Oxides

Amphoteric oxides:show both acidic

as well as basic behaviour.
Nature of Metal Oxides
 Solubility of Metal Oxides in water

Most metal oxides are insoluble in water

but some of these dissolve in water to
form alkalis.
 Reactivity of Metals towards oxygen

Metals such as potassium and sodium react so

vigorously that they catch fire if kept in the open.

The surfaces of metals such as magnesium,

aluminium, zinc, lead, etc., are covered with a thin
layer of oxide. The protective oxide layer prevents
the metal from further oxidation
 Reactivity of Metals towards oxygen

Iron does not burn on heating but iron filings

burn vigorously when sprinkled in the flame of
the burner

Copper does not burn, but the hot metal is

coated with a black coloured layer of
copper(II) oxide.

Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even

at high temperatures.
 Reactions of metals with Water

Metals like potassium and sodium react violently

with cold water. Reaction is exothermic in nature,the
evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.

The reaction of calcium with water is less violent.

The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to
catch fire.
 Reactions of metals with Water

Magnesium does not react with cold water. It reacts

with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and
hydrogen.

Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not react

either with cold or hot water. But they react with
steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen.
 Reactions of metals with Acids

Metals react with acids to give a salt and

hydrogen gas.
 Reactions of metals with Acids

Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts

with nitric acid.

Magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react

with very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas.
 Aqua regia

Freshly prepared mixture of concentrated

hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric
acid in the ratio of 3:1.
 How do Metals react with Solutions
of other Metal Salts?

Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A + Metal B

How do Metals react with Solutions of other Metal
Salts?

Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from

their compounds in solution or molten form
How do Metals react with Solutions of other Metal
Salts?
Electronic configuration of metals , non-metals
and noble gases
Electronic configuration of metals
Electronic configuration of non metals
By donating or accepting electrons non-metals
and metals achieved their nearest noble gas
configuration and formed ionic compounds
Formation of sodium chloride (NaCl)
Formation of sodium fluoride (NaF)
Ionic compounds in the solid
state form lattice structures
 Properties of Ionic Compounds

(i) Physical nature: Ionic compounds are solids

and are somewhat hard.
(ii) Melting and Boiling points: Ionic compounds
have high melting and boiling points
(iii) Solubility: Electrovalent compounds are
generally soluble in water and insoluble in
solvents such as kerosene, petrol, etc.
(iv) Conduction of Electricity: Ionic compounds
in the solid state do not conduct electricity .But
ionic compounds conduct electricity in the
molten state.
 OCCURRENCE OF METALS

The elements or compounds which occur

naturally in the Earth's crust are known as
minerals.

Those minerals which contain a very high

percentage of a particular metal from which
metal can be profitably extracted is called
ores
With the help of Reactivity series we can
understand how all metals exist in earth crust
and how can we extract them from Ores.
 Occurrence of Metals

The metals at the top of the activity series (K, Na, Ca, Mg
and Al) are so reactive that they are never found in
nature as free elements

The metals in the middle of the activity series

(Zn, Fe, Pb, etc.) are moderately reactive. They are found
in the earth’s crust mainly as oxides, sulphides or
carbonates.

The metals at the bottom of the activity series (Au, Ag,

Cu) are the least reactive. They are often found in a free
 Enrichment of Ores

The unwanted material or impurities in the

form of sand, rock or any other material that
surrounds the mineral in an ore deposit , is
called Gangue
Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series

Step-1

The ores which are found in the form of sulphide

are first heated in the presence of oxygen. By
heating sulphides are converted into oxides of
metals and sulphur is separated out in the form of
sulphur dioxide gas. This process is called roasting

Step-2

Roasted ore in then heated again. Heating of

roasted ores is called reduction. The oxides of
metals are reduced to metals in this process of
reduction.
Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series

Extraction of Mercury

Cinnabar(HgS) is first heated in the presence

of air. This roasting converts cinnabar into
mercury oxide. Then oxide of mercury is
heated to reduce into mercury metal
Extracting Metals in the Middle of Activity Series

Step-1

➔ Roasting of Sulphide ores: The sulphide

ores are converted into oxides by heating
strongly in the presence of excess air. This
process is known as roasting.

➔ Calcination of Carbonate Ores: The

carbonate ores are changed into oxides by
heating strongly in limited air. This
process is known as calcination.
Extracting Metals in the Middle of Activity Series

Step-2

➔ Reduction: Oxides of metals which are

obtained after roasting or calcination are
then reduced to their respective metals by
heating or using suitable reducing agents
such as carbon.

ZnO (s) + C (s) → Zn (s) + C(g)

Extracting Metals in the Middle of Activity Series

Thermite Reaction

➔ When ferric oxide [Iron (III) oxide] is

heated with aluminium metal ,iron (III)
oxide is reduced to iron metal and
aluminium is oxidized to aluminium
oxide.

➔ Thermite reaction is used in joining of

railway tracks or cracks in machine parts.
Extracting Metals in the Top of Activity Series
 Electrolytic Refining

Refining is a method of removing impurities in

order to obtain metals of high purity. The most
widely used method for refining impure metals is
electrolytic refining.
 Electrolytic Refining

● An impure metal is made the anode.

● Thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode.
● A solution of the respective metal salt is used as
electrolyte
 Corrosion

● It is basically defined as a natural process

that causes the transformation of pure
metals into undesirable substances when
they react with substances like water or air.
● This reaction causes damage and
disintegration of the metal starting from
the portion of the metal exposed to the
environment and spreading to the entire
bulk of the metal.
 Corrosion

The most common type of iron corrosion occurs

when it is exposed to oxygen and the presence of
water, which creates a red iron oxide commonly
called rust.
 Corrosion

When a copper vessel is exposed to moist air for

long, it acquires a dull green coating. The green
material is a mixture of copper hydroxide
(Cu(OH)2) and copper carbonate (CuCO3).
 Corrosion

Corrosion of Silver is known as Silver Tarnishing. It

is due to reaction with hydrogen sulphide in the air.
 Methods for prevention of corrosion

1. By painting
2. By applying grease or oil.
 Methods for prevention of corrosion

3. Galvanization is a process used for

the protection of steel or iron from
rusting. In this process, a protective
zinc coating is applied on the iron
surface. The most common method of
galvanizing is to hot dip the metal in a
bath of molten zinc.
 Methods for prevention of corrosion

4. Alloying is a very good method of

improving the properties of a metal.
Examples of Alloys