CE5510 Advanced Structural

Concrete Design
- Design & Detailing
of Openings
in RC Flexural Members-

Assoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee

Department of Civil Engineering
National University of Singapore
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

In this lecture

We will explore

!Types of openings
!Behaviour of beams with large
openings
!Design for ultimate strength
!Crack Control
!Deflection Calculation
A/P Tan K H, NUS A/P Tan K H, NUS 2
 Tan K H, NUS
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

At the end of the lecture

You should be able to

!Understand the behaviour of beams

with openings under bending and
shear
!Design the opening using Mechanism
Approach, Plasticity Truss Method or
Strut-and-Tie Method
!Detail the reinforcement to satisfy
A/P Tan Kserviceability
H, NUS and
A/P ultimate
Tan K H, NUS limit states 3
 Tan K H, NUS
 National
University
of
Singapore

Beams with
Openings:
and Design.
Mansur, M.A. and
Kiang-Hwee Tan.
CRC Press Ltd,
1999

© Tan KH
NUS
Page 4
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Additional references

! Mansur, M.A., Tan, K.H. and Lee, S.L., "A Design

Method for Reinforced Concrete Beams with
Large Openings", Journal of the American Concrete
Institute, Proceedings, Vol. 82, No. 4, USA,
July/August 1985, pp. 517-524.
! Tan, K.H. and Mansur, M.A., "Design Procedure for
Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web Openings",
ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 4, USA, July-
August 1996, pp. 404-411.
! Mansur, M.A., Huang, L.M., Tan, K.H. and Lee, S.L.,
"Analysis and Design of R/C Beams with Large
Web Openings", Journal of the Institution of
Engineers, Singapore, Vol. 31, No. 4, July/August
1991, pp. 59-67.

A/P Tan K H, NUS A/P Tan K H, NUS 5

 Tan K H, NUS
 National
University
of
Singapore

© Tan KH
NUS
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 Opening in beam
National
University
of
Singapore

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 Classification of Openings
National
University " By geometry:
of
Singapore – Small opening if
Depth or diameter ≤ 0.25 x beam depth
and Length ≤ depth

≤d
h
d ≤ 0.25h ≤ 0.25h

– Large opening otherwise.

© Tan KH
NUS
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 " By structural response:
National
University – Small opening if
of
Singapore
Beam-type behaviour persists.

– Large opening otherwise.

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

TS T2

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 DESIGN TOOLS
National
University " Finite element analysis:
of
Singapore • elastic stress state
• area of stress concentration

" Truss analysis (Strut-and-tie model):

• lower bound approach
• detailing for crack control and strength

" Tests:
• specific cases
© Tan KH • serviceability & strength aspects
NUS
Page 13
 BEHAVIOUR of
BEAMS WITH LARGE
National
University
of
OPENINGS
Singapore

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

Principal
tension
stress
contours

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

Mt +Mb + Nz = M
=M
Nt + Nb = 0
Vt + Vb = V

© Tan KH
NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

Inadequately
reinforced
openings

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NUS
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 actual
National
University
of 1 2
Singapore

idealised

1 2
3 4
3 4

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 National
University
of
Singapore

Shear
carried by
chords

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

Contra-
flexural
points

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 DESIGN & DETAILING
National
of OPENINGS - General guidelines
University
of
Singapore • sufficient area to develop ultimate
compression block in flexure
• openings to be located more than D/2
from supports, concentrated loads and
adjacent openings
• opening depth ≤ D/2
• opening length
• stability of chord member
• deflection requirement of beam
© Tan KH
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 " Crack control
National
University
of
Singapore
• principal tensile stress direction
• stress concentration
• congestion of reinforcement

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NUS
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 National
University
of 2
Singapore

⇒shear concentration factor of 2 (i.e. 2Vu)

⇒diagonal bars to carry 50~75% of total
© Tan KH
NUS
shear; vertical stirrups to carry the rest
Page 29
 " Strength requirement
National
– 2 general approaches:
University
of
Singapore • mechanism approach
◊ failure at an opening is due to the
formation of four plastic hinges, one at
each corner of the opening
• truss model approach
◊ plasticity truss method
◊ strut-and-tie method
◊ applied loads are transferred across
opening to supports by a truss system
◊ lower bound approaches

© Tan KH
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 Mechanism Approach
National
University
of
Singapore " Rigorous method

1. Calculate Mu and Vu at centre of

opening.

2. Assume suitable reinft. for

chord members.

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 3. Determine Nu in chord members
and hinge moments (Mu)*,* from
National
University
of
Singapore Nu = [Mu - (Ms)t - (Ms)b]/z Slide 15

where
(Ms)t = [(Mu)t,1 +(Mu)t,2]/2
(Ms)b = [(Mu)b,4 +(Mu)b,3]/2

and (Mu)*,* are related to Nu by the

respective M-N interaction diagrams.

© Tan KH
NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore

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 4. Calculate Vu in chord members
National
University
from
of
Singapore

(Vu)t = [(Mu)t,2 - (Mu)t,1]/ll

(Vu)b = [(Mu)b,4 - (Mu)b,3]/ll

where l is the opening length.

5. Check that (Vu)t+(Vu)b ≅ Vu.

© Tan KH
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 " Simplified method
– Unknowns: Nt, Nb, Mt, Mb, Vt, Vb
National
– 3 equations:
University
of
Mt +Mb + Nz = M
Singapore Nt + Nb = 0
Vt + Vb = V

⇒ Assume Mt = 0
Mb = 0
Vb =kVt

where k=0
k = Ab/At
© Tan KH
NUS
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or k = Ib/It
 EXAMPLE
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam,
National
300 mm wide and 600 mm deep, contains a
University rectangular opening and is subjected to a
of
Singapore
series of point loads as shown. Design and
detail the reinforcement for the opening if the
design ultimate load Pu is 52.8 kN. Material
properties are: fc’=30 MPa, fyv=250 MPa, and
fy=460 MPa.

© Tan KH
NUS
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 Solution by Mechanism Approach
National
University
of
Singapore
Assume point of contraflexure at midpoint
of chord members and that 40% of shear
is carried by bottom chord member.

At centre of opening,
Mu = 171.6 kNm
Vu = 79.2 kN

© Tan KH
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 National
1. Bottom chord member
University
of
Singapore (Nu)b = Mu/z = 408.6 kN
(Vu)b = 0.4 Vu = 31.7 kN
(Mu)b =(Vu)bl/2 = 15.1 kNm

2As = 1954 mm2

(3T20 top + 4T20 bottom)

Asv/s = 400 mm2/m (minimum)

(M6 @ 100 mm spacing)

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 National 2. Top chord member
University
of
Singapore
(Nu)t=408.6 kN; (Vu)t=47.5 kN;
(Mu)t=22.6 kNm

2As = 516 mm2

(2T12 +1T10 top & bottom)

Asv/s = 525 mm2/m

(M6 @ 100 mm spacing)

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NUS
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 National
University
of
Singapore
2T12 + 1T10

2T12 + 1T10

3T20

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NUS
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 Truss Model Approaches
National
University
of
Singapore
" Plasticity
truss As
(AIJ
approach)
As

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 " Shear capacity

National Vu = 2 bdvsρvfyv cot φs

University
of where
cot φs = √(ννfc’/ρ
ρvfyv - 1) ≤ 2
Singapore

ρvfyv ≥ 1
νfc’/ρ
ρv = Avfyv/bs
ν = 0.7 - fc’/200

" Longitudinal reinforcement

Tsn = Asnfy = Vul/2dvs

© Tan KH
NUS
Tsf = Asffy = Vu(ll +dvs cot φs )/2dvs
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 National
University
of
Singapore

© Tan KH Vd = Asd fyd sin θd

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 Solution by Plasticity Truss Method (AIJ)
National
University
of
Singapore
1. Calculate v.
v = Vu/(2bdvsνfc’)=0.089

2. Determine shear reinforcement.

From v = √ψ(1-ψ
√ψ ψ), obtain
ψ ≡ ρvfyv/ν
νfc’ = 0.008
→ ρv = 0.00053 < ρv,min = 1/3fy = 0.01
Asv/s = 400 mm2/m
(M6 @ 100 mm spacing)

© Tan KH
NUS
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 3. Determine longitudinal reinforcement.
Asn = Vul/2fydvs = 957 mm2
National Asf = Vu(ll +dvs cot φs )/2fydvs
University
of
= 1080 mm2
Singapore ⇒ 3T20 (near) + 4T20 (far)

4T20
3T20

3T20

4T20

© Tan KH
NUS
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 " Strut-and-tie method
National General Principles
University
of
Singapore
1. Idealize structure as comprising
concrete struts and reinforcement ties,
joined at nodes.
• follow stress path given by elastic

theory; refine as necessary

• equilibrium of strut and tie forces

• deformation capacity of concrete

• angle between struts and ties

© Tan KH
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 National
University
of 2. Calculate forces in struts and ties from
Singapore
equilibrium.

• check stresses in struts (< 0.6fcd)

• detail reinforcement according to
calculated tie forces
" check for anchorage of
reinforcement

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 Solution by Strut-and-Tie Method
1. Postulate strut-and-tie model.
National
University
of
Singapore

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 2. Calculate member forces.
Top chord takes 91% of total shear.
National
Stirrup force ≈ 3.3 times shear
University (Model may be simplified.)
of
Singapore

© Tan KH
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 National 3. Longitudinal reinforcement.
University
of
Singapore
Top chord
Top steel: 1298 mm2 (4T20)
Bot. steel: 1741 mm2 (4T25)

Bottom chord
Top steel: 171 mm2 (2T12)
Bot. steel: 590 mm2 (2T20)

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 4. Transverse reinforcement.

National Top chord

University
of Asv/s= 1567 mm2/m (T8 @ 65 mm)
Singapore

Bottom chord
Asv/s= 284 mm2/m (M6 @ 65 mm)

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 National
University
of
Singapore

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CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS
Rigid
Abutment
It
Stirrup

ds M-∆M Hinges V M+∆M

V
Ib

∆d
P P
le / 2 le / 2

A/P Tan K H, NUS 53

 δ δV
Relative displacement 3
 le 
of hinge w.r.t. one end V  
of opening due to V δ= 2
(It based on gross concrete section; 3 Ec ( It + Ib )
Ib based on a fully cracked section)

Relative displacement V l3e

of one end of opening δv = 2δ =
w.r.t. the other end 12 E c ( I t + I b )

Midspan deflection of beam

δ = δ w + (δ v )opening 1 + (δ v )opening 2 + ......

A/P Tan K H, NUS 54
Calculate the midspan service load deflection of the
beam described in the Example.

SOLUTION
Service load, Ps = Pu / 1.7 = 52.8 / 1.7 = 31.1 kN;
V = 1.5 Ps = 46.6 kN.
Effective length of chord members, le = (950 + 50)
= 1000 mm.
Assume It = Ig = 300 x 1803/12 = 146 x 106 mm4;
Ib = 0.1 x 146 x 106 mm4 ≈ 15 x 106 mm4
Also,
Ec = 4730√30 = 26 x 103 MPa
Hence,
δv = V le3 / [12 Ec( It + Ib)]
= 46.6 x 1012 / [12 x 26 x (146 + 15) x 109]
= 0.93 mm
A/P Tan K H, NUS 55
Midspan deflection, δw, of the beam is 11PL3/144EcI,
where I can be conservatively estimated as the
moment of inertia of the beam at a section through
the opening. That is,

I = 2 x [300 x 1803 / 12 + 300 x 180 x 2102]

= 5054 x 106 mm4

As the span L is 6 m, therefore,

δw =11x 31.1 x 103 x (6000)3 / [144 x 26 x 5054 x 109]
= 3.91 mm

Hence, the total midspan deflection is calculated as

δ = δv + δw = 0.93 + 3.91 = 4.84 mm
< L/360 = 16.7 mm

A/P Tan K H, NUS 56

 Summary

National Deflection
University
of
Singapore

Add deflection
due to shear
at each opening

© Tan KH
NUS
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