Assignment-Module 3

Transmission and Distribution

Mechanical Design of overhead Transmission line

1. Define Sag? What is the reason for sag in transmission line?
2. A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two towers
at a height of 50 and 80 m above water level. The horizontal distance between the
towers is 300 m. if the tension in the conductor is 2000 kg find the clearance
between the conductor and water at a point midway between the towers. Weight of
conductor/m = 0.844 kg.
3. An overhead line has a span of 336 m. The line is supported , at a water
crossing from two towers whose heights are 33.6 m and 29 m above water level.
The weight of conductor is 8.33 N/m and tension in the conductor is not to exceed
3.34 × 104 N. Find (i) Clearance between the lowest point on the conductor and water
(ii) horizontal distance of this point from the lower support
4. Two towers of height 40 m and 90 m respectively support a transmission line
conductor at water crossing. The horizontal distance between the towers is 300 m. If
the tension in the conductor is 1590 kg. Find the clearance of the conductor at a point
midway between supports. Weight of the conductor is 0.8 kg/m. Bases of the towers
can be considered to be at the water level.
5. An overhead line is erected a cross a span of 250 meters on level supports. The
conductor has a diameter of 1.42 cm and has a dead weight of 1.09 kg/m. The line is
subjected to a wind pressure of 37.8 kg per square meter of the projected area. The
radial thickness of ice is 1.25 cm. The line is carried by insulator string 1.43 m long.
Calculate (i) sag in an inclined direction (ii) sag in vertical direction and (iii) the
height of lowest cross-arm to give a minimum ground clearance of 7.62 m under the
bad weather conditions. Assume one cubic meter of ice weight 913.5 kg and a
maximum stress of 1,050 kg/m¬2.
6. A transmission line has span 250 m between supports begin on same levels. The
conductor has a cross sectional area of 1.29 cm2. The ultimate strength is 4220 kg/cm2
and factor of safety is 2. The wind pressure is 40kg/cm2. Calculate the height of the
conductor above the ground level at which it should be supported if a minimum
clearance of 7m is to be kept between the ground and the conductor
7. A transmission line conductor consists of hard drawn copper 240 mm2 in X-section
and has a span of 160 meters, the supporting structures being level. The conductor has
an ultimate strength of 42.2 kg/mm2 and desired factor of safety is 5. Find the vertical
sag with a wind pressure of 1.35 kg 1 meter length and an ice coating of 1.25 cm.
Take the density of hard drawn copper as 8.9 g/cc and weight of ice as 915 kg/m3.

Corona
8. Define corona. Define critical disruptive voltage.
9. What are the methods adopted to reduce corona?
10. What is the difference between visual critical voltage and disruptive critical voltage?
11. A 3-phase equilaterally spaced transmission line has a total corona loss of 55 K W at
11 DKV and a loss of 110 k W at 120 kV. What is the disruptive critical voltage
between the lines? What is the corona loss at 125 k V?
12. Find the disruptive critical and visual corona voltage of a grid line operating at 132
kV. The data are given
Conductor diameter = 1.9 cm
Conductor spacing = 3.81 m
Temperature = 44° C
Barometric pressure = 73.7 cm
Conductor surface factor: Fine weather = 0.8 rough weather = 0.66

Distribution
1. State Kelvin’s law. What are the limitations of Kelvin’s law?
2. List the various types of distribution systems.
3. Describe the radial system and ring main system of distribution.
4. A 2-wire dc. Distributor AB 500m long, fed at both ends at equal potential of 250 V is
loaded with uniformly distributor load of 0.5 A/m along with concentrated load of
100A, 200A, 300A and 400A at distances of 100 M, 200 M, 300 M and 400 M
respectively from end A. Calculate the distance from A where the potential of the line
would be minimum. Assuming the resistivity of the conductor material to be
1.7 × 10-8 ΩM. Calculate the minimum cross-section of the conductors so that the
maximum drop may not exceed 20V.
5. Calculate the voltage at a distance of 200 m of a 300 m long distributor uniformly
loaded at a rate of 0.75 A/meter. The distributor is fed at one end at 250 V. The
resistance of the distributor (go and return) per meter is 0.00018 ohm. Also calculate
the power loss in the distributor.
6. A DC distributor AB is fed at both ends. At feeding point A, the voltage is maintained
at 235V and at B 236 V. The total length of distributor is 200 meters and loads are
trapped off as follows
20A at 50 M from A;
40A at 75 M from A
25A at 100 M from A
30A at 150 from A.
7. A 2-wire DC distributor 200 meters long is uniformly loaded with 2A/meter.
Resistance of single wire is 0.3 Ω. If the distributor is fed at one end, calculate:
(i) Voltage drop up to a distance of 150 m from the feeding point.
(ii) Maximum voltage drop.