Activity No.

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: March 20, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

lesson 12-2 OP-AMP Input Modes and Parameters

1. Distinguish between single-ended and double-ended differential mode.

Answer: A single ended input amplifies the signal on the input (first point) with respect to
ground (the second point). A double ended input amplifies the difference between both
signals.The main advantage of the second double ended scheme is if the double ended
signal has noise with respect to ground then this is not part of the difference, and will be
attenuated instead of amplified. A single ended input has no such ability.

2. Define Common-Mode Rejection

Answer: the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (or other

device) is a metric used to quantify the ability of the device to reject common-mode
signals, i.e. those that appear simultaneously and in-phase on both inputs. An ideal
differential amplifier would have infinite CMRR, however this is not achievable in
practice. A high CMRR is required when a differential signal must be amplified in the
presence of a possibly large common-mode input, such as strong electromagnetic
interference (EMI). An example is audio transmission over balanced line in sound
reinforcement or recording.

3. For a given value open-loop differential gain, does a higher common mode gain result in a higher
or lower CMRR?

Answer: Op-amp produces a very hihigh outrput for the differential mode signal ang zero gain
for the common-mode signal. The higher the open-loop gain relative to the gain in standard
mode, the better the output.

4. List at least ten Op-Amp Parameters.

Answer: 1. Open-loop gain, Av: The open-loop gain, Av, of an op-amp is typically very large and
may range from around 10,000 to over 1,000,000. Av varies with temperature and power supply
voltage. Av for large signals is generally less than Av for small signals.
2. Offset voltage: This is the voltage difference between the non-inverting input and the
inverting input when the op-amp is in a stable condition with negative feedback and the output
 voltage is not saturated at either the upper or lower power supply rail. This voltage is typically in
the single digit millivolts but can be over ten millivolts for very high speed op-amps.
3. Offset voltage drift: This specification is usually given as it relates to drift with temperature
and has typical units of microvolts per degree C.
4. Input bias current: All op-amps must have some input bias current however small. This value
is typically in the nanoampere region but is can be in the picoampere region for premium parts.
Bias current is not purely static. It varies with power supply voltage, temperature, common-
mode voltage, and other parameters.
5. Input offset bias current: The difference between the bias current for the noninverting input
and the bias current for the inverting input is known as the offset bias current (often referred to
as the offset current).Input offset bias current is varies with power supply voltage, temperature,
common-mode voltage, and other parameters.
6. Input bias current drift: This specification is usually given as it relates to drift with
temperature and has typical units of picoamperes per degree C.
7. Common-mode input voltage range: The common-mode input voltage must be between the
specified limits in order for the op-amp to work. If the voltage is outside this range then the
output of the amplifier is undefined. Some op-amps are known as rail-rail input and the
common mode input voltage includes the entire power supply range.
8. Maximum input differential voltage: In normal usage with negative feedback, the input
differential voltage is zero. However, when the op-amp is driven such that the output voltage
cannot drive the inverting input to match the non-inverting input then a differential input
voltage exists.
9. Maximum output voltage: This specification is a measure of how close the output voltage can
be to the upper power supply. Typically, this is roughly 2.5 volts which means that for a +15 volt
VCC, the maximum output voltage of a common op-amp is about 12.5 volts. Some op-amps
have what is known as rail-rail output stages and those can put out a voltage that is within
millivolts of VCC.
10. Minimum output voltage: This specification is a measure of how close the output voltage can
be to the lower power supply. Typically, this is roughly 2.5 volts which means that for a -15 volt
VEE, the minimum output voltage of a common op-amp is about -12.5 volts. Some op-amps
have what is known as rail-rail output stages and those can put out a voltage that is within
millivolts of VEE.
5. How is slew rate measured?

Answer: Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of an op amp's output voltage and
is given units of volts per microsecond. Slew rate is measured by applying a large signal step,
such as 1V, to the input of the op amp, and measuring the rate of change from 10% to 90% of
the output signal's amplitude.
 Activity No. 2

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: March 24, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Lesson 12-3 Negative Feedback

1. What are the benefits of negative feedback in an op-amp circuit?

Answer: Stable controlled voltage gain – control of impedances – wider BW

2. Why is it generally necessary to reduce the gain of an op-amp from its open-loop value?

Answer: AOL is so higher that a very small input will drive op-amp into saturation.
 Activity No. 3

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: March 26, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Lesson 12-4 OP-AMP with NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

1. What is the main purpose of negative feedback?

Answer: Main purpose is to stabilize gain

2. The closed-loop voltage gain of each of the op-amp configuration discussed is dependent on the
internal loop oltage gain gain of the op-amp. (True or False)

Answer: False
3. The attenuation of the negative feedback circuit of a noninverting op-amp configuration is 0.02.
what is the closed loop gain of the amplifier?

Answer: 1/0.02 = 50
 Activity No. 4

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: March 27, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Lesson 12-5 EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ON OP-AMP IMPEDANCE

1. How does the input impedance of a noninverting amplifier configuration compare to the input
impedance of the op-amp itself?

Answer: The op amp non-inverting amplifier circuit provides a high input impedance along
with all the advantages gained from using an operational amplifier.Although the basic non-
inverting op amp circuit requires the same number electronic components as its inverting
counterpart, it finds uses in applications where the high input impedance is of importance.

2. When an op-amp is connected in a voltage follower configuration, does the input impedance
increase or decrease?

Answer: Increase

3. Given that Rϝ = 100k Ω; Rϝ = 2k Ω; Aₒꭍ =120,000; Zɩn =2M Ω; Zout = 60 Ω, what are Zin(l) and
Zout(I) for an inverting amplifier configuration?

Answer: Zin =2 k Ω
Zout=849.6 m Ω
 Activity No. 5

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: March 31, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Lesson 12-6 BIAS CURRENT AND OFFSET VOLTAGE

1. What are two sources of dc output error voltages?

Answer:  Input Bias Current and Input Offset Voltage

2. How do you compensate the bias current in a voltage-follower?

Answer: Add a resistor in feedback path equal to the input source resistance
 Activity No. 6

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: April 2, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

LESSON 12-7 OPEN LOOP FREQUENCY AND PHASE RESPONCES

1. How do the open-loop voltage gain and the closed-loop voltage gain of an op-amp differ?

Answer: AOL>ACL , AOL (without feed back ), ACL (with feedback)

2. The upper critical frequency of a particular op-amp is 100Hz. What is its open loop 3dB
bandwith?

3. Does the open-loop gainincrease or decrease with frequency above the critical frequency?

Answer: Decrease

4. If the individual stage gains of an op-amp are 20dB and 30dB, what is the total gain in decibels?

Answer: Atot=20dB+30dB=50dB

5. If the individual phase lags are -49° and 5.2° , what is the total phase lag?

Answer: θtot= -49 ° +(-5.2 ° ) =-54.2 °

 Activity No.7

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: April 3, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

LESSON 12 - 8 CLOSED-LOOP FREQUENCY RESPONSE

1. Is the closed loop gain always less than the open-loop gain?

Answer: Yes

2. A certain op-amp is used in a feedback configuration having a gain of 30 and a bandwidth of

1000 kHz. If the external resistor values are charged to increase the gain to 60 , what is the new
bandwith?

3. What is the unity-gain bandwidth of the op-amp in question 2?

 Activity No. 8

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: April 7, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUIT

LESSON13-1 COMPARATORS

1. What is the reference voltage for each comparator in figure 13-19?

2. What is the purpose of hysteresis in a comparator?

Answer: Comparators are used to differentiate between two different signal levels. ... Noise or
signal variation at the comparison threshold will cause multiple transitions. Hysteresis sets an
upper and lower threshold to eliminate the multiple transitions caused by noise.

3. Define the term bounding in relation to a comparator output.

Answer: A process of limiting the output called bounding can be used by adding a single zener
diode to limit the output voltage to the zener voltage in one direction and to the forward diode
voltage drop in the other direction.
 Activity No. 9

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: April 9, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUIT

LESSON13-2 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

1. Define summing point.

Answer: The Summing Amplifier is another type of operational amplifier circuit configuration

that is used to combine the voltages present on two or more inputs into a single output voltage.

2. What is the value of Rɟ/R for a five-input averaging amplifier?

Answer: Rɟ/R= 1/5 = 0.20

3. A certain scaling adder has two inputs, one having twice the weight of the other. If the resistor
value for the lower-weightedinput is 10k Ω, what is the value of the other input resistor?

Answer: 20 k Ω
 Activity No. 10

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: April 9, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUIT

LESSON13-3 INTEGRATORS AND DIFFERENTIATORS

1. What is the feedback element in an ideal op-amp integrator?

Answer: In most op amp circuits, the feedback that is used is mainly resistive in nature with a

direct resistive path forming at least part of the network. However for the integrator this is not
the case - the component providing the feedback between the output and input of the op
amp is a capacitor.

2. For a constant input voltage to an integrator, why is the voltage across the capacitor linear?

Answer: When a step voltage, Vin is firstly applied to the input of an integrating amplifier, the
uncharged capacitor C has very little resistance and acts a bit like a short circuit allowing
maximum current to flow via the input resistor, Rin as potential difference exists between the
two plates. No current flows into the amplifiers input and point X is a virtual earth resulting in
zero output. As the impedance of the capacitor at this point is very low, the gain ratio of XC/RIN is
also very small giving an overall voltage gain of less than one, ( voltage follower circuit ).As the
feedback capacitor, C begins to charge up due to the influence of the input voltage, its
impedance Xc slowly increase in proportion to its rate of charge. The capacitor charges up at a
rate determined by the RC time constant, ( τ ) of the series RC network. Negative feedback
forces the op-amp to produce an output voltage that maintains a virtual earth at the op-amp’s
inverting input.

3. What is the feedback element in an op-amp differetiator?

Answer: In most op amp circuits, the feedback that is used is mainly resistive in nature with a

direct resistive path forming at least part of the network. However for the integrator this is not
the case - the component providing the feedback between the output and input of the op
amp is a capacitor.

4. How is the output of a differentiator related to the input?

Answer: In electronics, a differentiator is a circuit that is designed such that the output of the
circuit is approximately directly proportional to the rate of change (the time derivative) of
the input. A true differentiator cannot be physically realized, because it has infinite gain at
infinite frequency.
 Activity No. 11

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: april 10, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

SPECIAL PURPOSE OP-AMP

LESSON 14-1 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

1. What is the main purpose of an instrumentation amplifier and what are three of its key
characteristics?

Answer:An instrumentation amplifier (sometimes shorthanded as In-Amp or InAmp) is a type

of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the
need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in
measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset,
low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very
high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where
great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.

2. What components do you need to construct a basic instrumentation amplifier?

3. How is the gain determined in an instrumentation amplifier?

Answer: The ratio of internal resistors, R2/R1, sets the gain of the internal difference amplifier,
which is typically G = 1 V/V for most instrumentation amplifiers (the overall gain is driven by
the amplifier in the first stage). The balanced signal paths from the input to the output yield
excellent CMRR.

4. In a certain AD622 configuration, Rʛ = 10 k Ω. What is the voltage gain?

5. Describe the purpose of a shield guard.

Answer; Guarding is a technique to reduce the effects of noise on the common mode operation
of an operation amplifier operating in critical environment by connecting the common mode
voltage to the shield of a coaxialcable.
 Activity No. 12

NAME: Rey G. Bernardino Jr. Date: april 10, 2020

Course: BSECE SUBJECT: Industrial Electronics

SPECIAL PURPOSE OP-AMP

LESSON 14-2 ISOLATION AMPLIFIER

1. In what types of application are isolation amplifiers used?

Answer: These amplifiers are normally used in applications like signal conditioning. This may

utilize different bipolar, CMOS, & complementary bipolar amplifiers which include
chopper, isolation, instrumentation amplifiers. As several devices work by using low power
sources otherwise batteries.

2. What are the two stage in a typical isolation amplifier and what is the purpose of having two
stages?

Answer: the input stage and the output stage. This are separated from each other by an
isolation barrier so that a signal must be processed in order to be coupled across the isolation
barrier. Some isolation amplifiers use optical coupling or transformer coupling to provide
isolation between the stages.

3. How are the stages in an isolation amplifier connected?

Answer: All signal sources are a composite of two major components. The normal mode
component (VNM) represents the signal of interest and is the voltage that is applied directly
across the inputs of the amplifier. The common mode component (V CM) represents the
difference in potential between the low side of the normal mode component and the ground of
the amplifier that is used to measure the signal of interest (the normal mode voltage).

4. What is the purpose of the oscillator in an isolation amplifier?

Answer: to modify the original signal. The amplitude of the oscillator output is varied
corresponding to the variations of the input signal, in pulse wave modulation, the duty cycle of
the oscillator output is varied by changing the pulse width correspondin to the variations of the
input signal.