Bragais, Jane Louise A.

COMSKI 2

1. Difference between phrase and sentence

A sentence is a complex thought and consists of a set of words combined and
sequenced by the rules of syntax. A phrase is a group of words that perform a function in
a sentence or otherwise logically combine but does not form a complete thought.

2. What are phrases and its different types?

A phrase is a group of words that express a concept and is used as a unit within a
sentence. Phrase is such a banal term for two or more words that convey an idea that it
may surprise you that there are seven types of phrases, with variations.
 Noun Phrase
A noun phrase consists of a noun and all its modifiers.
 Verb Phrase
A verb phrase consists of a verb and all its modifiers.
 Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase is simply a noun phrase that starts with a gerund. A gerund
phrase includes a verbal, a hybrid that functions as a noun (or adjective).
 Infinitive Phrase
An infinitive phrase is a noun phrase that begins with an infinitive verb. An
infinitive phrase includes the word to and a verb as the basis of a modification of
a root sentence.
 Appositive Phrase
An appositive phrase restates and defines a noun. It consists of one or more
words. An appositive phrase is one that restates a preceding term, or expands or
explains it, in a parenthetical statement.
 Participial Phrase
A participial phrase begins with a past or present participle. A participial phrase
consists of verbal ending in -ing or -ed, or another irregular form of a verb, and
serves as an adjective.
 Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can act as a noun, an
adjective or an adverb. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and a noun
or pronoun that serves as the preposition’s object, and often one or more
adjectives.
 Absolute Phrase
An absolute phrase has a subject, but not an action verb, so it cannot stand alone
as a complete sentence. It modifies the whole sentence, not just a noun.
3. What is a clause and its different types?
A clause is comprised of a group of words which includes a subject and a finite
verb. A clause contains only one subject and one verb. The subject of a clause can be
mentioned or hidden, but the verb must be apparent and distinguishable.
 Independent Clause
An independent clause functions on its own to make a meaningful sentence and
looks much like a regular sentence. In a sentence two independent clauses can be
connected by the coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor, for, yet.
 Dependent Clause
A dependent clause cannot function on its own because it leaves an idea or
thought unfinished. It is also called subordinate clause. Dependent clauses help
the independent clauses complete the sentence. A dependent clause alone cannot
form a complete sentence.
 Relative Clause
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions as an
adjective. A relative clause will begin with a relative pronoun [such as
who, whom, whose, which, or that] or a relative adverb [when, where, or
why].
 Noun Clause
A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence.
 Adverbial Clause
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. That
is, the entire clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

4. Sentence Fragment
A sentence fragment is a group of words that resembles a sentence. It will start
with a capital letter and have ending punctuation; however, it is neither an independent
clause nor a complete idea.

5. Run-on Sentence
Run-on sentences, also known as fused sentences, occur when two complete
sentences are squashed together without using a coordinating conjunction or proper
punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. Run-on sentences can be short or long.

6. Comma Splice
 A comma splice is when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a
comma to make one sentence. To avoid comma splices, you first need to be able to
identify an independent clause.
7. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
 A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated
from the word it modifies / describes.
 A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that is not clearly and logically related
to the word or words it modifies (i.e. is placed next to).
Two notes about dangling modifiers:
 Unlike a misplaced modifier, a dangling modifier cannot be corrected by
simply moving it to a different place in a sentence.
 In most cases, the dangling modifier appears at the beginning of the
sentence, although it can also come at the end.

8. Faulty Parallelism
Faulty parallelism is a construction in which two or more parts of a sentence are
equivalent in meaning but not grammatically similar in form.

9. Faulty Pronoun Reference

Faulty pronoun reference is a catch-all term for a pronoun (often a personal
pronoun) that doesn't refer clearly and unambiguously to its antecedent.
Here are three common types of faulty pronoun reference:
 Ambiguous reference occurs when a pronoun can refer to more than one
antecedent.
 Remote reference occurs when a pronoun is so far away from its
antecedent that the relationship is unclear.
 Vague reference occurs when a pronoun refers to a word that is only
implied, not stated.