-GRAMMAR-

Grammar is a set of structural rules that determine the order of words and form of sentence because of this we can relate it systematically to
meanings, uses and situations and it is influenced by the context in which communication takes place.
Furthermore, grammar is divided into two different but interrelated areas of study: Morphology and Syntax. If we compare both studies, we can
say that Morphology is focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language while Syntax is focused on the way of how sentences
are formed.
It includes several aspects of the English language, like: Parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions,
modifiers, etc.), Clauses (e.g. independent, dependent, compound), Punctuation (like commas, semicolons, and periods — when applied to usage),
Mechanics of language (like word order, semantics, and sentence structure)

grammar
 LEXICAL AND PHRASAL CATEGORIES
There are different grammatical categories:
Lexical categories: a lexical category is a syntactic category for elements that are at the word level. These are also called parts of speech and are
classified into content and function words.

● Content words are: adjectives, verbs, nouns and adverbs

● Function words are: articles, auxiliaries, demonstratives, quantifiers, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions

Phrasal categories: constituents containing one and more than one words, more specifically, containing and accompanying words that elaborate
its contribution to a sentence. The head of a prepositional phrase is a preposition, etc.
1. Noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases
 Syntax

SENTENCES phrasal lexical

category
A sentence is a complete unit of meaning. It is a group of words (phrases or clauses) that begins with a capital letter and ends with acategory
full stop, a
question mark or exclamation mark. Sentences contain a subject and predicate and they can express a thought in the form of a statement, question,
instruction or exclamation.
Example: Love is in the air [Love = S | is in the air = P] function content words
words
Phrase is a small group of words which together can be part of a sentence. A phrase may take the form of a noun phrase, a prepositional (or
adverbial) phrase, or a verb phrase.
Clause is a group that has a subject and finite verb (+complement or object if necessary)

Simple sentences and clauses are made up of five functional elements:

S P O C A
 Subject predicator object complement adjunt
°Noun phrase °Verb phrase °Noun phrase °Noun phrase °Adverbial phrase
°Adjective phrase °Prepositional phrase
°Prepositional phrase
° Adverbial phrase

S.P.O.C.A refers to elements which are functional constituents of sentences. These elements build a sentence, clauses or phrase. S.P.O.C.A mean Subject,
Predicator, Object, Complements and Adjunct

The subject is a noun phrase of the sentence that consists of a noun or pronoun (the headword) and any dependent word before or after. Predicator is a verb
phrase that consists of a verb (the headword) and sometimes a modal or auxiliary verb too. The object is a noun phrase that we use as the object of clauses and there
are 2 objects: direct and indirect. Complement is a noun phrase, adjective phrase, preposition phrase or adverbial phrase. Adjunct is an adverbial phrase or
prepositional phrase.

We can categorise sentences based on their structure and we can find that there are three sentence structures.