Steel Handbook

Materials Reference Book

Dear customer
We hope this book will prove useful to you as
a practical steel reference guide. We have also
made it small enough to comfortably carry around
with you. Please just let us know if you would like
additional copies.

Best regards,
Stavanger Steel AS
Stålverksvegen 51
N-4100 JØRPELAND
NORWAY
Tel: +47 51 74 34 00
www.stavangersteel.no
E-mail: post@stavangersteel.no

Contents of this book

As well as an introduction to SSA and our
products, you will find a lot of useful information
about steel and stainless steel, corrosion resistance,
mechanical properties, heat treatment, welding,
casting and forging, testing and standardising.

In addition, the conversion tables we have

included for units, temperature and mechanical
properties should be useful too. We have also
presented an overview of the different steel
grades we supply, and the way they meet
international and other standards.

2 3
Stavanger
Steel AS
SSA is part of a long and proud industrial tradition.
Stavanger Electro Staalverk A/S was established
in Jørpeland, Norway in 1911. Scana Steel
Stavanger AS operated on the same site between
1991 and 2015, and now Stavanger Steel AS
­carries on that tradition as Norway`s sole special-
ized steelworks, and one of Europe`s leading
suppliers of forged and cast steel products.
We intend to build on this tradition and develop
SSA based on the good standing, ­performance
and expertise of the company. Our main product
segments will continue to be cast and forged
steel components for a range of different markets.
As an exclusive supplier, SSA offers a “one-stop-
shop” - service to our customers. Through our
partnerships with qualified suppliers we ­process
components from melted scrap steel through
the entire production process, including heat
­treatment, machining, NDE, testing of mechanical
properties, surface treatment and assembly.
SSA also offers elements of this process as stand-
alone services.
4 5
With our high level of flexibility we can meet all
market demands with short delivery times and
excellent quality. SSA also offers design and
material engineering support provided by highly
qualified staff in our technical department.
SSA organizes the classification and inspection
of all components, saving our customers valuable
time. SSA operates a professional laboratory
at our production site, which, in addition to being
an important element in our internal quality
­assurance regime, meets or exceeds the require-
ments of third party classification agencies.
By working closely with reliable partners in
Norway and abroad, SSA will be able to meet
all the requirements the market demands. By
combining over one hundred years of industrial
tradition with modern expertise and excellence
in all of our activities, we live up to our name
– Stavanger Steel AS.
Steel properties
depends
on chemical
composition and
heat treatment
Corrosion resistance
In general terms, steel is said to be stainless when
chromium content is above 10.5 %. Adding more
chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen further
increases corrosion resistance.
Super stainless steel grades may contain 25 % Cr,
7 % Mo and some nitrogen, resulting in a PRE
value above 40. PRE is an empirical formula
designed for the highest class of stainless steel.
PRE = Pitting Resistant Equivalent
PRE = %Cr + 3,3 · %Mo + 16 · %N.
Small amounts of Nitrogen (N) have a significant
effect on the corrosion resistance and also
6 7
stabilize austenitic structure. Nickel (Ni) is a
common alloying element in stainless steels and
is added for stabilizing the austenitic structure.
Materials selection
Proper materials selection is vital for the lifetime
of the steel. Knowledge about exposure to internal
or external corrosive media is a key consideration
in making the correct choices. Temperature, pres-
sure, concentration of corrosive media, flow rate,
design and physical connection to other materials
are also of crucial importance.
But corrosion resistance is not the only thing
to consider. Strength, toughness and weldability
are other important factors. You may find an alloy
in our tables of steel grades that meets many
of your needs.
SSA manufactures a wide selection of forged and
cast corrosion-resistant steel alloys. With our wide
experience of many different applications, we can
help you in making the best materials selection.
Depending on your precise needs, we can also
manufacture customised steel grades to your
specifications. Our highly efficient production
processes enable us to produce anything from
small one-off orders to larger batches.
Mechanical properties
of stainless steel alloys
Mechanical properties are a consequence
of material structure and are determined
by the type and amount of alloying elements
and subsequent heat treatment. Stainless steel
alloys may be grouped into hardenable
(martensitic) and non-hardenable (austenitic
and duplex) structures.
Austenitic stainless steels like SSA grades
S316L / S128MIIIsuper have low yield strength,
although their hardness and strength can be
increased by adding Cr and Mo (6Mo steel).
Austenitic steels are very ductile and tough
(impact test at -196 °C) and are non-magnetic.
8 9
Duplex stainless steels like S8490 (“duplex”)
and SAF2507 (“super duplex”) have excellent
corrosion resistance combined with high strength,
due to their fine grained two-phase structure.
Martensitic stainless steels like S134M and
S165M are tough even though they have been
hardened to a high tensile strength of 800-1,000
MPa. The tempering temperature is vital for
strength and toughness. Higher temperature
increases toughness and decreases strength,
and vice versa. SSA will be pleased to help you
find the optimal properties for your application.
Heat treatment
arranged by type
Except from billets in some grades steel products
never leaves the SSA plant without having been
heat treated, because this is vital for achieving
optimal physical properties. Below, you will find
an overview of the most common types of heat
treatment in steel production:
Normalising is a heat treatment performed
on carbon-manganese steel by heating to about
900 °C and cooling in air. The micro structure
is named ferrite-perlite. Stress-relieving at about
600 ºC for reducing stress after welding to cast
steel will not affect the structure of normalized
steel, but will temper hard zones (HAZ) around
the weld deposit.
Quenched and tempered (QT) describes
a two-step heat treatment process: first heating
to about 900 ºC and then fast-cooling in water
or polymer emulsion. The next step is the temper-
ing, with the temperature depending on the steel
grade and the specification of hardness/strength
and toughness. In general terms, low temperature
is used to achieve high strength and low toughness,
and vice versa. High alloyed hardenable steel may
be allowed to cool in oil or air to harden.
Solution annealing describes a heat treatment
10
Solution annealing describes heat treatment
used for austenitic and duplex steel alloys.
By heating to about 1,000 -1,200 ºC followed by
rapid cooling, the alloy will have a homogenous
structure with no detrimental precipitation that
may cause reductions in corrosion resistance
or toughness.
Stress relieving is performed to reduce stress
after non-uniform shrinkage caused by cooling,
or after welding. Welding causes a local
temperature rise close to the weld, which results
in localised expansion followed by shrinkage
as the metal cools. This can cause the steel
to deform or cracks to appear due to localised
stresses. Stress relieving evens and reduces
this stress. It also reduces hardness in the
heat-affected zones in the base material close
to the weld deposit, creating a tougher
weld connection.
Aging is also known as precipitation hardening.
For some stainless steel grades (e.g. 17-4 PH)
and some Nickel base alloys (Alloy 718) aging
by heat treatment is required. This is a two-step
process were the alloy is firstly solution annealed
followed by rapid cooling, and then held at an
elevated temperature for some time to produce
fine dispersed precipitates (particles that increases
strength).
11

Heat treatment arranged
by micro structure
SSA supply a range of different stainless steel
alloys. Most of these alloy steels require very
specific and carefully managed heat treatment to
obtain the required quality and material structure.
SSA has extensive capacity for isothermal
annealing, normalising, stress relieving,
­hardening, quenching and tempering of steel
products. Furnaces are calibrated according to
Norsok M-650 / API 6A Appendix M.
All heat treatments are documented by graphs.
12
Below, you will find some steel alloys grouped
by structure:
Carbon steel grades as well as martensitic
stainless steel grades are quenched and
tempered (QT), gaining a tempered martensitic
structure. The mechanical properties are
depending on the tempering temperature level.
Low tempering temperatures result in high
strength/hardness but less ductility and
toughness. On the other hand, high tempering
temperatures result in less strength/hardness but
increased ductility and toughness. (Toughness
is measured by Charpy-V impact testing in Joule
at a specified temperature).
Thanks to their excellent hardenability properties,
martensitic stainless steel grades can be
hardened by air cooling. Depending on your
specifications, tempering is an ideal way to
achieve the strength and toughness you need.
13
 Schaeffler diagram for
prediction of structure
We can predict the structure of steel using
chemical analysis. The diagram below has been
compiled on the basis of many tests, in which
melted steel alloys were rapidly cooled to room
temperature (simulating a welding deposit). The
Duplex stainless steel grades are quenched, structure is defined by metallographic testing.
but are not hardenable by quenching. Their
hardness, strength and toughness are achieved The diagram is like a “map”. Mapping the percen-
by the combination of austenite / ferrite structures tage of actual elements into the values on the
and their small grain size. Heat treatment in this horizontal (Cr) and vertical (Ni) axis will provide
case is solution annealing at 1,000-1,130 ºC, with you with digits to plot into the diagram, giving
rapid cooling in water to achieve corrosion you an estimate of the steel’s structure. (ref. 316)
resistance and the correct ferrite/austenite ratio. Nickel equivalent = % Ni + 30 · %C + 0,5 · %Mn + 30 · %N
30
0%Ferrrit
28
26 6MO 5%
Austenit
24
10%
22
20
18
16
A+M 316 20%
40%
14
12 A+F
80%

Duplex
10
Martensit
S165M
8
6
S355 A+M+F

Austenitic steel grades are solution annealed 4

M+F Ferrit
2
at 1,000-1,280 ºC followed by rapid cooling 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
in water to achieve excellent ductility, toughness
and corrosion resistance. Chrom. equivalent = % Cr + 1,4 · %Mo + 1,5 · %Si + 0,5 · %Nb + 2 · %Ti
Type and amount of alloying elements are decisive for the structure of the steel.

14 15
SSA AOD-converter with a capacity of approximately
17 tons. The small heat size and sophisticated

Steel production
refining process in our melting shop enables us
to produce small heats of grades with customer

and products
specified chemical analysis, that may deviate from
standard grades or have narrower limits than stan-
dard grades. For the production of our Strømhard
grade, we utilize a furnace with a capacity
Melting shop of approx. 6 tons for both melting and refining.

The production is scrap steel based. The scrap

is graded into different classes according to type
and amount of alloying elements. The scrap
is melted in an EAF (electric arc ­furnace), and
refined by an AOD (Argon-Oxygen-­Decarburi-
zation). By adding different alloying elements
Ingot dimensions
Ingot Dim. Dim. Length Form Ingots
weight top bottom ingot (4-8-12 sided) per
(kg) (mm) (mm) (mm) ingots charge
650 280 265 1100 4 16

to the molten steel, the desired steel grade can

1200 360 325 1400 4 10

be produced.
2700 450 415 1830 4 4

3400 510 440 2050 4 3

The process in the AOD includes reducing

4500 660 625 1660 8 3

the content of carbon, impurities and dissolved

6200 830 680 1898 12 2

gases. Controlled nitrogen alloying for high 12200 1100 900 2170 8 1

alloyed steel grades is also performed in the

AOD converter.

Our steelworks is well known for its ability to

manufacture a wide range of high quality low-
alloyed, high-alloyed and stainless steel grades.

For most of our grades, we utilize a furnace

with a capacity of approximately 12 tons and an

16 17
 Cast or forged steel
Manufacturing steel is a lengthy process.
It begins at the melting shop, where steel melts
are produced in electrical furnaces, and finishing
refining and alloying process in an AOD converter
(AOD = Argon Oxygen Decarburisation).

Steel alloys intended for forging are first cast

into ingots. In the forging plant, ingots are heated
to make them ductile for hot forging.

If the product is too complex for forging, casting

may be an alternative.

Forged steel products are normally more fine-

grained compared with cast steel. This may be
reflected in the improved mechanical properties
of forged steel.

Due to the different requirements that apply to

the mechanical properties, cast and forged steel
need to meet separate steel standards.
X

Y
Temperature

Empty

1490

1469

1449

1428

1407

1386

1366

1345

1324

1304

1283

1262

1241

1221

1200
C
̊

18 19
Forged stainless
steel products
The forge heats up the ingots to forging
temperature. Manipulators then collect the ingots
in the furnaces and bring them to the 1,600
tonnes forging press. Here, the products are
forged according to the customer’s specification.
The products are delivered to our customers
as forged, rough machined, finish machined, or
grinded billets for further forging, milling, etc.
SSA manufactures forged products in stainless
steel alloys like duplex, super duplex, austenitic
and martensitic hardenable stainless steel.
The ingots are heated up to forging temperature
in the gas-fired furnaces. Furnace temperature is
controlled, monitored and linked to the computer
system in the forging press. The normal forging
temperature is 1,150-1,250 ºC.
20
SSA forges different product forms as flat,
square and round bars and shafts, and also billets
(semi-forged products).
Dimensions limited to SSA ingot sizes and
required reduction grade.
Equipment:
• 1600 t hydraulic free – form press.
• 6 t forging manipulator.
• Forging furnaces, gas fired/regenerator burners.
Steel grades:
Duplex, super-duplex, austenitic, super-austenitic,
ferrittic/martensitic.
Products:
Round, square and flat bars. Shafts. Round,
square and flat billets for further forging/rolling.
Other forge products. Dimensions according to
ingot sizes and reduction requirements.
21

Cast steel products
Casting is a complex process. Working from
the customer’s specifications, drawings are then
transferred to computer programmes (Solid
edge, Magmasoft etc.) that help us to assess
issues like slip angles, oversizing to allow for
shrinkage during solidification, and where to put
chills, feeders and inlets. Working with the results
we get from this process, the wooden or plastic
pattern is then designed and physically finished.
The pattern model is placed into a frame
and buried in sand mixed with binding agent.
The quality of the moulding depends heavily on
the consistency of the sand, good craftsmanship
and the correct casting temperature.
SSA supplies a wide range of cast steel products,
including carbon-manganese steel, alloyed
22
QT-steel, manganese steel (Hadfield-steel)
for stone crushing, and different stainless steel
grades like duplex, super-duplex, austenitic
and martensitic stainless steel. Examples of
applications for stainless steel products in the
marine industry include propeller blades and
propeller hubs, while we also make bodies and
parts of pumps and valves for the oil industry.
For the chemicals, turbine and wood processing
industries, we manufacture turbine and pump
bodies and parts, impellers, paddle wheels,
welding flanges and rings.
SSA also produces steel grades for high-wear
purposes, like stone crushers. Alloying ­elements
in the range of 12-20 % manganese (Mn) and
0-3 % chromium (Cr), often referred to as
Hadfield-steel. The steels are initially ­austenitic,
but harden effectively via cold deformation
when in service; an example of this is SSA's
“Strømhard” grade.
SSA delivers castings in low-alloyed steel
for onshore and offshore purposes, including
nodes for offshore platforms, parts for buoy
mooring systems and pad-eyes. Structural steel
components are alloyed to achieve good
weldability.
Our foundry is well known for high-quality
products and our ability to produce complex
23
cast products using a wide range of stainless
and structural steel grades. This steel requires
a high level of competence throughout the
manufacturing process, which is where we
benefit from having all the necessary process
steps in-house. These include casting method
development and simulation, pattern shop,
moulding, heat treatment, upgrading/welding,
machining and NDE. This allows us to
control the entire production process, from
the melt and engineering to the finished product.
Patterns: wood or plastic
Mould system: chemically bonded Olivine
sand and Sodium Silicate Ester.
Unit weight: 500 – 10,000 kg
24
Linear dimensional tolerance
for dimensional casting tolerance
grade (DCTG)
Nominal dimensions DCTG12 DCTG 13 DCTG 14 DCTG 15
related to the
moulded part (mm)
to 10 mm 4,2 - - -
10,1 – 16 4,4 - - -
16,1 – 25 4,6 6 8 10
25,1 – 40 5 7 9 11
40,1 – 63 5,6 8 10 12
63,1 – 100 6 9 11 14
100,1 – 160 7 10 12 16
160,1 – 250 8 11 14 18
250,1 – 400 9 12 16 20
400,1 – 630 10 14 18 22
630,1 – 1000 11 16 20 25
1000,1 – 1600 13 18 23 29
1600,1 – 2500 15 21 26 33
2500,1 – 4000 17 24 30 38
4000,1 – 6300 20 28 35 44
6300,1 – 10000 23 32 40 50
According to NS-EN ISO 8062-3:2007
25
Required machining The nature of castings
allowance grade (RMAG) Casting is a complicated process. About 1,500 °C
molten steel is poured through a ceramic inlet
system into sand moulds which depending on com-
Largest overall RMAG H RMAG J RMAG K
plexity and wall thickness may cause impurities like
dimension (mm)
porosity, sand or slag inclusions. This is the nature
to 40 mm 0,7 1 2
of many castings. A purchaser will require rectifica-
40,1 – 63 1 1,4 3
tion according to accept levels stated in standards
63,1 – 100 2 2,8 4
and specifications. The imperfections are removed
100,1 – 160 3 4 6
by arc gouging and/or grinding, and welded accord-
160,1 – 250 4 5,5 8
ing to WPS (Welding Procedure Specification).
250,1 – 400 5 7 10
400,1 – 630 6 9 12
630,1 – 1000 7 10 14 Production welding of steel castings
1000,1 – 1600 8 11 16 According to ISO 11970 the definition of Production
1600,1 – 2500 9 13 18 welding is “any welding carried out during manufac-
2500,1 – 4000 10 14 20 turing before final delivery to purchaser including
4000,1 – 6300 11 16 22 joint welding of castings and finishing welding”.
6300,1 - 10000 12 17 24 “Welding procedure tests shall be carried out
according to this standard, unless additional tests
According to NS-EN ISO 8062-3:2007
are specified by the purchaser or by agreement
between the contracting parties.”
Fillet radii of cast products Welding is carried out according to WPSs which
refer to 3rd Party approved WPQR’s tested accord-
ing to standards and specifications required for con-
According to experience fillet radii of cast struction welding like ISO 15614-1, ASME IX, AWS
products should be in proportion to the cast D1.1, NORSOK M-101 or Classification Companies
thickness to avoid local cast defects: standards and specifications.
Cast thickness (t) in mm Fillet radii (r) in mm SSA welders are tested and certified ­according
to ISO 9606-1, and are approved for welding
t < 25 mm r = t
SSA steel grades according to WPS. SSA has
25 < t < 75 r = 25 mm
­implemented quality procedures and ­instructions
t > 75 r = 1/3 t
e.g. for handling of consumables and heat treat-
ment according to relevant standards.
26 27
Weldability
In specific terms the weldability of carbon-
manganese steel grades, the CE factor used in
preheat calculations contains chemical elements
increasing the hardenability of the steel:
%Mn %Cr+Mo+%v %Ni+%Cu
CE = %C+ + +
6 5 15
Preheat temperature is defined as the localised
temperature of the base material at the point
where you start welding. After a few weld passes,
the steel will be hot, and we may have to wait
for the temperature to decrease to the maximum
inter-pass temperature before proceeding.
Preheating is performed to control the hardness
in the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone).
Excessive hardness may cause reduced ductility
and toughness, or even hydrogen cracks.
28
To calculate the preheat temperature, the welding
engineer needs to know the expected heat input
(Q) calculated from the formulae:
U·I·ĸ
Q=
v · 1000
U = voltage, I = electric current,
v = welding speed (mm/s) and
ĸ = welding factor (efficiency).
In addition, it is necessary to consider localised
hydrogen content (moisture, oil, grease, dust)
as well as the thickness of the steel.
Welding procedure approval starts by making
a pWPS (preliminary welding procedure
specification) for the welding test.
The welding parameters are logged during
the welding sequence. The welded test piece is
cut into test samples as required, and the testing
may be witnessed by a third party. All test results
and welding parameters are recorded in a
WPQR. The welding engineer provides a WPS
(welding procedure specification) for the job or
repair, with reference to the WPQR no.
Weld
Deposit
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) Base Material
29
Quality Control
of products
SSA QC department is performing destructive
and non-destructive testing of forged products and ­
castings according to relevant standards and
specifications.
NDE: Visual (VT), Penetrant (PT), Magnetic powder
(MT), Ultrasonic testing (UT)
DT: Tensile testing, Impact testing, Bend testing,
Hardness testing
Structure: Metallographic micro- and macro testing
Corrosion: Testing according to Standard test
methods
Chemical: Spectrograph analysis for all relevant
elements
SSA Technical Department adds value to the testing
process through high metallurgical competence and
long experience.
30
Testing of
steel grades
Chemical analysis of ladle (steel melt) and, if
specified, product analysis to an accuracy of
1/1000%, documented in the material certificate.
Tension test for measuring yield strength (YS),
tensile strength (TS), elongation (A) and reduction
of area (RA). Yield strength is often called
Re or Rp 0.2, tensile strength Rm, elongation A,
and reduction of area Z.
Hardness test, Vickers (HV), Rockwell
(HRB (ball)), HRC (cone)) or Brinell (HB).
Impact test is most often required for hardenable
and duplex steels. The measuring unit used is the
Joule, and always refers to test body temperature.
Test bodies are normally Charpy-V (KV).
Corrosion test will be performed if required for
high alloyed stainless steels (e.g. ASTM G48).
NDT (None Destructive Testing) is performed
during the manufacturing process and on finished
products, before shipping to the customer.
Ultrasonic testing (UT), Magnetic powder (MT),
Penetrant (PT) and Visual testing (VT).
SSA steel grades are tested either
by s
­ tandardised methods, or as required
by the customer.
31
Hire Work Heat treatment
SSA offer hire work like forging, heat treatment,
testing, machining and documentation, or parts
furnaces
of this process. Normally including low-alloy Nr Workingzone-mm Temp. range – °C Capasity-T

steel grades like F22, AISI 8630, AISI 4130/4140, 110 2000X1300X8300 560-1150 16

AISI 4330 etc. All these steel grades will be 112 1780X640X6250 900-1150 16

purchased from other steel works by SSA or the 113 2200X670X6000 900-1150 16

customer. 125 1920X1930X2880 470-1140 15

126 3200X2250X5040 470-1140 17

135 2650X2240X6050 470-1140 30

Heat treatment furnaces calibrated according
143 2170X980X5190 470-1060 15
to Norsok M-650 ed. 4, Appendix B, and API 6A:
144 1400X900X5540 560-1060 15
2010 / ISO 10423:2009

Size of Quenching bath/water: Length 8000/

Width 4000/Depth 2000mm. Pump agitation.

32 33
Material Sour Service
documentation If required by Customer, many of our steel
grades can be delivered according to
All products are delivered with an inspection "sour service" requirements as specified
­certificate containing test results from mechanical in ISO 15156/NACE MR0175.
testing, corrosion testing, etc. Inspection documents E.g. for carbon and low alloyed steels this implies
are produced in line with EN 10204, and include a maximum hardness of 22 HRC and a maximum
the 3.1 certificate issued by SSA, or the 3.2 of 1 % Nickel (Ni) content.
certificate when third party certification is involved. For high alloyed and stainless steel grades
Enclosed a typical inspection certificate. this often implies an extra heat treatment.
Page: 1 of 1

Approvals
INSPECTION CERTIFICATE EN 10204 - 3.1
Customer Supplier Cert.no.
Stavanger Steel AS Page: 1 of 1
Stålverksvegen 51
NO - 4100 Jørpeland C143/17
NORWAY
INSPECTION CERTIFICATE EN 10204
Date: - 3.1
Customer Supplier Cert.no.
Stavanger Steel AS 31.03.2017
Stålverksvegen 51
NO - 4100 Jørpeland C143/17
PO No: BSA-2017-0005 Supplier order no:
NORWAY 60016.4000

Norsok M-650
Specification: Supplier work-order no: 1700019 Date:
Marking: S20017 T14605 0019 Ø330,2 mm bars
Certified goods:
rough machined condition
ASTM A182 F55, 31.03.2017
Grade: ASTM A276/A479 UNS S32760, EN10088.3 1.4501
NACE MR0175-2000
PO No: BSA-2017-0005 Supplier order no: 60016.4000

SSA is a qualified manufacturer of duplex and

Notes:
Specification: Supplier work-order no: 1700019
Marking: S20017 T14605 0019 Ø330,2 mm bars
CERTIFIED GOODS Certified goods:
rough machined condition
Test No Weight Dimension Heat Treatment Process
ASTM A182 F55, Forging Charge No.

super-duplex stainless steel.

No. (kg) Grade: ASTM A276/A479 UNS S32760,ratio
EN10088.3 1.4501
Solution annealed 1130°C, 5hrs ; NACEingot
MR0175-2000
EAF+AOD, casting and
T14605
Notes: 1 4534 13" Water 4,63 : 1 S20017
forging
Cooling temp. 4 -8°C

CERTIFIEDCOMPOSITION
CHEMICAL GOODS SSA grade: 27C0 S4501

Classification companies
Test C No Si Weight
Mn S Dimension
P Cr Ni W Heat
V Treatment
Mo Cu Al N Co Process
PRE Forging Charge No.
No. 0,019 0,27 (kg)
0,54 0,001 0,027 24,98 7,27 0,60 0,05 3,55 0,55 0,010 0,237 0,07 40,48 ratio
Solution annealed 1130°C, 5hrs ;
EAF+AOD, ingot casting and
T14605
MECHANICAL 1 PROPERTIES
4534 13"ASTM A370
Tensile test, Water 4,63 : 1 S20017
forging
Test no Sample Id Pos Direction Dim. [mm] Cooling
Temp temp. 4 -8°C Rp1.0
Rp0.2 Tensile strength Elongation Red. Hardness
°C [MPa] [MPa] Rm [MPa] A4 % [Z] % HB
CHEMICAL
14605 COMPOSITION
TL-5 T/6,max 50mm Lo 12,5 23 569 - 758 39 SSA76grade: 27C0 241
S4501

SSA is approved by Det Norske Veritas (DNV GL)

C Si Mnss S P Cr Ni W V Mo Cu Al N Co PRE
0,019 0,27 0,54 0,001 0,027 24,98 7,27 0,60 0,05 3,55 0,55 0,010 0,237 0,07 40,48

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Impact test ISO 148

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Test no Sample Id PosTensile test, ASTM A370
Direction Dim. [mm] Temp J % Lat. J % Lat. J % Lat. Avg

Steel Castings and Forgings, Bureau Veritas (BV)

Test no Sample Id Pos Direction Dim. [mm] Temp
°C Rp0.2 Shear
Rp1.0exp Tensile strength
Shear Elongation
exp Red.
Shear Hardness
exp [J]
14605 IL-5B T/6,max 50mm Lo - °-60
C [MPa]
71 - [MPa]0,74 Rm
75 [MPa] - A4 % 63 [Z] % -
0,79 HB
0,69 70
14605 TL-5 T/6,max
ss50mm Lo 12,5 23 569 - 758 39 76 241
14605 IL-5 ss 50mm
T/6,maxLo - -46 110 - 1,12 95 - 1,05 111 - 1,1 105

and Technisches Überwachungs Verein (TÜV) for

ss
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Impact test ISO 148
Test no Sample Id Pos Direction Dim. [mm] Temp J % Lat. J % Lat. J % Lat. Avg
MICROSTRUCTURE EXAMINATION CORROSION
° CTEST Shear exp NDT
Shear exp Shear exp [J]
14605
Ref. report: IL-5B MICRO-7933
T/6,max 50mm - 01
Lo -
Ref. report: -60 71 CORR-1386
- - 01
0,74 75 - report:
Ref. 0,79 63 Smi-9809-01
- 0,69 70

manufacturing steel and stainless steel products.

ss
14605TREATMENT
HEAT IL-5 T/6,max 50mm Lo - -46 110 - 1,12 95 - 1,05 111 - 1,1 105
ss
Ref. report: LOT-12304-01

Lloyds Register of Shipping (LRS) and American

MICROSTRUCTURE EXAMINATION CORROSION TEST NDT
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ref. report: MICRO-7933 - 01 Ref. report: CORR-1386 - 01 Ref. report: Smi-9809-01

HEAT TREATMENT

Bureau of Shipping (ABS) is an ongoing process.

Test location from a prolongation of the bar after heat treatment.
Ref. report: LOT-12304-01
PT and UT carried out . Report attached.
Corrosion testing carried out .Report attached.
Microstructure INFORMATION
ADDITIONAL examination carried out .Report attached.

ISO 9000 and 14000

Tested
Test with Geiger-counter
location and are
from a prolongation found
of the bartoafter
be free
heatfrom radioactive contamination.
treatment.

PT and UT carried out . Report attached.

Corrosion testing carried out .Report attached.
Microstructure examination carried out .Report attached.

Tested with Geiger-counter and are found to be free from radioactive contamination.
SSA is approved for and maintains ISO 9001 and
ISO 14001 certification.
We hereby declare that the product supplied are in compliance with the order
in which test results are supplied.
Manufacturer's authorized representative: 3.party representative:

We hereby declare that the product supplied are in compliance with the order
in which test results are supplied. Stavanger Steel AS, Stålverksvegen 51, NO-4100 JØRPELAND, NORWAY,
Org. NO 917 466 564 MVA, Tel: +47 51 74
Manufacturer's authorized representative: 34 00,
3.party www.stavangersteel.no
representative:

34 35
Stavanger Steel AS, Stålverksvegen 51, NO-4100 JØRPELAND, NORWAY,
Org. NO 917 466 564 MVA, Tel: +47 51 74 34 00, www.stavangersteel.no
 SSA
Cast steel grades – Chemical analysis

SSA no. SSA Name Wnr. ASTM UNS Norsok C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Max. S Max. P Others

6006 SE2 1.0619 A216 WCB J03002 M-630 MDS C02 < 0,22 0,40 0,65 - - - 0,03 0,03 -

6007 SE2M 1.0552 A27 70-40 J02503 M-630 MDS C12 < 0,20 0,40 1,20 < 0.30 - - 0,03 0,03 -

6125 SCM25 1.7218 A148 90-60 D50600 - 0,25 0,40 0,60 1,05 - 0,20 0,03 0,03 -

6170 S6170 1.6760 A148 115-95 D50950 - 0,20 0,80 1,00 0,65 1,10 0,60 0,01 0,02 -

6231 S6231 - - - M-122 Grade 310 < 0,14 0,35 1,10 < 0.20 0,80 < 0.08 0,01 0,01 Al=0.04, N < 0.010

6241 S6241 - - - M-122 Grade 420 < 0,14 0,40 1,45 < 0.20 0,95 0,15 0,01 0,01 Al=0.02, N < 0.010

6246 S6246 - - - M-122 Grade 460 < 0,14 0,35 1,50 < 0.50 1,00 0,20 0,01 0,01 Al=0.04, N < 0.010

6258 S6258 - - - - < 0,30 0,50 0,85 0,40 2,70 0,40 0,02 0,01 Al=0.035, N < 0.010

6515 SCM315 0.9635 A532 II B 15 % Cr-Mo - - 2,70 0,80 0,80 15,00 < 0.5 2,70 0,03 0,04 -

36
6901 MANGAN 1.3401 A128 gr.A J91109 - 1,20 0,60 12,50 - - - 0,02 0,05 -

6910 Mn18 - - - - 1,25 0,60 18,00 < 0,75 < 0,75 - 0,02 0,05 Al=0.04

6920 STRØMHARD - - - - 1,42 0,60 19,50 2,40 - - 0,02 0,05 Al=0.04, Ti=0.16

6930 STRØMHARD SP - - - - 1,48 0,60 19,50 2,80 - - 0,02 0,05 Ti=0.15

8050 S124M 1.4317 A743 CA6NM J91540 - < 0,06 0,40 0,60 12,50 4,00 0,50 0,01 0,04 -

8052 S134M 1.4313 A743 CA6NM J91540 - < 0,05 0,50 0,80 13,50 4,20 1,00 0,01 0,03 -

8060 S165M 1.4405 A743 CB6 J91804 - < 0,05 0,60 0,70 16,20 5,00 0,90 0,01 0,04 -

8115 S178super 1.4306 A743 CF3 J92500 - < 0,03 1,20 1,00 18,50 9,50 - 0,01 0,05 -

8435 SN128MIIIsuper 1.4435 A743 CF3M J92800 M-630 MDS S02 < 0,03 1,20 1,20 17,50 12,50 2,70 0,01 0,05 -

8490 S8490 1.4462 A890 4A J92205 M-630 MDS D46 < 0,03 0,70 0,80 22,00 5,50 3,00 0,01 0,03 N=0.16

8492 SAF2507 1.4410 A890 5A J93404 M-630 MDS D56 < 0,03 0,50 0,40 25,50 7,00 3,90 0,00 0,03 N=0.25, Ce=0.020

8450 S253MA 1.4893 A167 S30815 - 0,09 1,70 0,45 21,00 11,00 - 0,01 0,05 N=0.17

8540 SNW209 - - - - 0,25 1,00 0,80 20,00 9,00 - 0,01 0,05 W=2.30
37

 SSA
Cast steel grades – Mechanical properties*

SSA no. SSA Name Wnr. Structure Condition Yield Tensile Elongation Red. of area Hardness Impact

Strength Strength A Z Brinell Charpy-V

Rp0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) % % HB [Joule]

Min. Min. Min. Min. Min.

6006 SE2 1.0619 Ferrite / Perlite Normalized 240 450 20 - 120-170 30

6007 SE2M 1.0552 Ferrite / Perlite Normalized 290 490 18 - 140-180 27 (-20 °C)

6125 SCM25 1.7218 Martensite Quenched and tempered 415 620 12 - 190-240 -

6170 S6170 1.6760 Martensite Quenched and tempered 700 900 14 - 280-310 42 (0 °C)

6231 S6231 - Ferrite / Perlite Normalized and tempered 310 450 20 50 - 36 (-40 °C)

6241 S6241 - Martensite Quenched and tempered 420 540 20 40 - 42 (-40 °C)

6246 S6246 - Martensite Quenched and tempered 460 560 18 40 - 42 (-40 °C)

6258 S6258 - Martensite Quenched and tempered 580 860 12 35 - 50 (-20 °C)

38
6515 SCM315 0.9635 Martensite/ Austenite Hardened and tempered - - - - 60 HRc -

6901 MANGAN 1.3401 Austenite Solution annealed 400 700 12 - Min. 250 -

6910 Mn18 - Austenite Solution annealed 400 700 12 - Min. 250 -

6920 STRØMHARD - Austenite Solution annealed 500 750 12 - Min. 250 -

6930 STRØMHARD SP - Austenite Solution annealed 500 750 12 - Min. 275 -

8050 S124M 1.4317 Martensite Hardened and tempered 550 760 15 45 - 42 (RT)

8052 S134M 1.4313 Martensite Hardened and tempered 550 750 19 45 - 30 (-10 °C)

8060 S165M 1.4405 Martensite/ Ferrite Hardened and tempered 620 830-1030 15 45 - 42 (-20 °C)

8115 S178super 1.4306 Austenite Solution annealed 180 440-640 35 - 130-180 -

8435 SN128MIIIsuper 1.4435 Austenite Solution annealed 200 460-640 35 - 130-180 -

8490 S8490 1.4462 Duplex Solution annealed 415 600-800 18 - Max. 271 45 (-46 °C)

8492 SAF2507 1.4410 Duplex Solution annealed 470 700 25 - Max. 270 45 (-46 °C)

8450 S253MA 1.4893 Austenite Solution annealed 280 550 30 - Max. 210 -

8540 SNW209 - Austenite Solution annealed 350 700-850 26 - 190-240 -

*) On requirements outside the values above, please contact SSA.

39
 SSA
Forged steel grades – Chemical composition

SSA SSA EN/W. nr EN F.nr. – – Norsok C Si Mn Smax Pmax Cr Ni Mo Other

no. Name Number UNS AISI M-603 elements
Name
MDS

21D0 S124M 1.4313 X3CrNiMo13-4 F6NM S41500/ - - < 0,050 0,40 0,60 0,015 0,035 13,0 4,00 0,60 -
S42400

21F0 S165M 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 - - - - 0,040 0,40 0,60 0,015 0,035 16,0 5,00 1,00 N

21H0 S174PH 1.4542 X5CrNiCuNb16-4 - S17400 630 - 0,050 0,30 0,50 0,015 0,035 17,0 4,00 - Cu, Nb, N

23B0 S178Ti 1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 F321 S32100 321 - < 0,080 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,045 18,0 10,50 - Ti

23C0 S304L 1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 F304L S30403 304L - < 0,030 0,40 1,50 0,030 0,045 19,0 10,00 - -

23M0 SN128MIITi 1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 F316Ti S31635 316Ti - < 0,080 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,045 17,0 12,00 2,30 Ti

23K1 SN128MII- 1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 F316L S31603 316L - < 0,030 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,045 17,5 13,00 2,70 -
Isuper

23G0 S316L 1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 F316L S31603 316L - < 0,030 0,40 1,50 0,030 0,045 17,0 12,00 2,20 -

23P0 S2439 1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 F316LN S31653 316LN - < 0,030 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,045 17,0 12,50 2,70 N

23B1 S321H 1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 F321H S32109 321H - <0,080 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,045 18,0 10,00 - Ti

23F0 S347H 1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 F347H S34709 347H - <0,080 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,040 18,0 10,00 Nb

23J0 S317L 1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 F317L S31703 317L - <0,030 0,50 1,50 0,030 0,040 19,0 13,00 3,50

24C0 XM-19 - - FXM-19 S20910 XM-19 - <0,060 0,50 5,00 0,030 0,040 22,0 12,00 2,50 V, Nb, N

26A0 SS286M 1.4460 X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 F52 S32900 329 - < 0,050 0,50 1,00 0,030 0,035 26,0 5,00 1,50 N

24B0 S4565 1.4565 X2CrNiMnMoN- F49 S34565 - - < 0,030 0,60 5,50 0,030 0,045 24,0 17,00 4,20 N
bN25-18-5-4

26C0 S8490 1.4462 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 F51/ S31803/ - D47 < 0,030 0,50 1,00 0,015 0,030 22,5 5,50 3,20 N
F60 S32205

27B0 SAF2507 1.4410 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 F53 S32750 - D57 < 0,030 0,50 0,50 0,015 0,030 25,0 7,00 4,00 N

27C0 S4501 1.4501 X2CrNiMoCu- F55 S32760 - D57 < 0,030 0,50 0,50 0,010 0,030 25,0 7,00 3,50 W, Cu, N
Wn25-7-4

25A0 S8494 1.4539 X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 F904L N08904 904L - < 0,020 0,50 0,50 0,010 0,030 20,0 25,0 4,50 Cu, N

25B0 S254SMO 1.4547 X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 F44 S31254 - R17 < 0,020 0,50 0,50 0,010 0,030 20,0 18,00 6,20 Cu, N

25D0 S4563 1.4563 X1NiCrMoCu31-27-4 - N08028 - - < 0,020 0,70 2,00 0,010 0,030 27,0 31,00 3,50 Cu

23V0 S253MA 1.4835 X9CrNiSiNCe21-11-2 - S30815 - - < 0,100 1,70 0,50 0,015 0,045 21,0 11,00 - N, Ce

23W0 SNW 209 - - - - - - 0,25 1,00 1,30 0,030 0,045 20,0 9,00 - 2,3W

41A0 Alloy 825 2.4858 CrNiMo21-42-3 - N08825 - - < 0,03 0,25 0,50 0,030 0,030 21,0 40,0 3,00 Cu, Ti

41C0 Alloy 800HT 1.4959 - - N08811 800HT - < 0,10 0,25 0,50 0,030 0,030 22,0 32,0 - AL, Ti
 SSA
Forged steel grades – Mechanical properties*

SSA no. SSA Name Wnr. Structure Condition Yield Tensile Elongation Red. of area Hardness Impact
Strength Strength A Z Brinell Charpy-V
Rp0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) % % HB [Joule]

Min. Min. Min. Min. Min.

21D0 S124M 1.4313 Martensite Hardened & tempered 620 790 15 45 240-300 90 (+20 °C)

21F0 S165M 1.4418 Martensite Hardened & tempered 700 900-1100 14 45 260-340 60 (+20 °C)

21H0 S174PH 1.4542 Martensite Precipitation hardened 725 930 16 50 311 41 (+20 °C)

23B0 S178Ti 1.4541 Austenite Solution annealed 205 500-730 35 50 130-190 -

23C0 S304L 1.4306 Austenite Solution annealed 205 515 40 50 max 200 -

23M0 SN128MIITi 1.4571 Austenite Solution annealed 215 500-730 35 60 130-190 -

23K1 SN128MIIIsuper 1.4435 Austenite Solution annealed 205 490-690 45 60 max 200 -

23G0 S316L 1.4404 Austenite Solution annealed 205 515 40 50 max 200 -

42
23B1 S321H 1.4541 Austenite Solution annealed 205 515 30 40 - -

23F0 S347H 1.4550 Austenite Solution annealed 205 515 30 40 - -

23J0 S317L 1.4438 Austenite Solution annealed 215 500 30 40 - -

24C0 XM-19 - Austenite Solution annealed 380 690 35 55 max 293 -

23P0 S2439 1.4429 Austenite Solution annealed 295 590-780 40 60 max 220 -

26A0 SS286M 1.4460 Austenite-ferrite Solution annealed 450 600-800 20 40 max 260 35 (+20 °C)

24B0 S4565 1.4565 Austenite Solution annealed 415 795 35 40 max 240

26C0 S8490 1.4462 Austenite-ferrite Solution annealed 450 660-860 25 45 max 270 45 (-46 °C)

27B0 SAF2507 1.4410 Austenite-ferrite Solution annealed 550 750 25 45 max 300 45 (-46 °C)

27C0 S4501 1.4501 Austenite-ferrite Solution annealed 550 750-895 25 45 max 320 45 (-46 °C)

25A0 S8494 1.4539 Austenite Solution annealed 230 530-730 35 50 max 220 -

25B0 S254SMO 1.4547 Austenite Solution annealed 300 650 35 50 max 220 -

25D0 S4563 1.4563 Austenite Solution annealed 220 550-750 40 - max 180 -

25D0 S4563 1.4563 Austenite Cold worked 760-895 795 11 - max 315 -

23V0 S253MA 1.4835 Austenite Solution annealed 310 650 40 60 max 210 -

23W0 SNW 209 - Austenite Solution annealed 350 700-850 26 - 190-240 -

43 41A0 Alloy 825 2.4858 Austenite Solution annealed 325 690 45 - - -

41C0 Alloy 800HT 1.4959 Austenite Solution annealed 205 515 30 50 - -

*) On requirements outside the values above, please contact SSA.

 Terms and definitions
Mechanical properties – Tensile testing

Expressions Explanation Norwegian Forklaring

Yield strength Min. stress causing Flytegrense Minste belastning av prøvestav før
(YS, Re) permanent deformation staven flyter (varig deformasjon).
(Rp0,2) Yield strength at 0,2% deformation Flytegrense med 0,2% deformasjon

Tensile strength Ultimate stress before fracture Strekkfasthet Maks. belastning stålet tåler før brudd
(TS, Rm)

Reduction of area Cross-section measured at the construction, Innsnøring Tverrsnittsareal på innsnøringsstedet

in % of test bodies initial cross-section i % av stavens opprinnelige tverrsnittsareal

MPa, N/mm², ksi Units for tensile properties: MPa, N/mm², ksi Enheter for strekkprøving:
Mega Pascal Mega Pascal
Newton per square millimetre Newton per kvadratmillimeter

44
Kilo pound per square inch Kilopund per kvadrattomme

Tensile testing continued:

Elongation Elongation in % of gauge length, Brudd- Forlengelsen omregnet i % av

(E, A) after fractureafter fracture forlengelse stavens målelengde, etter brudd

Ductility Workability like bendability Duktilitet Formbarhet

Y/T ratio Yield strength / tensile strength ratio Y/T forhold Flytegrensen dividert med strekkfastheten

Mechanical properties – Test specimen

Expressions Explanation Norwegian Forklaring

Longitudinal Test specimen oriented along the greatest Langsgående Prøvestykkets lengde er parallell med
direction extension of the steel during forging /rolling retning lengdeutvidelsen ved smiing/valsing

Transverse Test specimen oriented normal to the greatest Tversretning Prøvestykkets lengde er vinkelrett på
direction extension of the steel during forging /rolling lengdeutvidelsen ved smiing/valsing
45

 Mechanical properties – Impact testing (Terms and definitions continued)

Expressions Explanation Norwegian Forklaring

Charpy-V Test specimen (normally 10x10x55mm) Charpy-V Prøvestav (normalt 10x10x55mm)

(KV) having a 2mm deep V-shaped notch med et 2mm dypt V-skår

Notch V shaped cut milled in the middle Skår V formet skår frest ut på midten av
(Charpy-V) of test specimen, specified bottom radii prøvestaven, spes. bunnradius

Impact value Unit for energy. Measures Slagseighet Enhet for energi. Måler energien som
Joule (J), ft·lb the energy to break the test specimen Joule (J), ft·lb skal til for å slå av prøvestav

Temperature Temperature of test specimen. Impact Temperatur Prøvestavens temperatur.

value always refers to temperature Slagseigheten refererer til temp.

Toughness Ability to resist shock load Seighet Stålets evne til å motstå slagbelastning

46
Mechanical properties – Hardness

Expressions
Explanation Norwegian
Forklaring

Brinell (HB) Carbide steel ball is forced into the steel surface. Different Brinell En hardmetallkule trykkes inn i stålet. Forskjellige
sized ball and load. Diameter of indentation is measured hardhet kulestørrelser med tilhørende belastning. Diameteren
and accompanying hardness value looked up in a table på kulehullet måles, og tilhørende hardhet via tabell

Vickers Pyramid shaped diamond forced into the steel surface. Vickers Pyramideformet diamant trykkes inn i ståloverflaten.
(HV) Different loads depending of material thickness or size of hardhet Belastnings-størrelse avhengig av material-tykkelse og
indentation. Average diagonals measurement, finding ønsket inntrykk-størrelse. Inntrykkets diagonaler måles,
accompanying hardness value from a conversion table gjennomsnittet beregnes, og hardheten finnes i tabell

Rockwell Variants of load and indentation bodies (ball or conical Rockwell Varanter i belastning og inntrykks legemer (kule eller
(HR) form). Eg. HRB is ball, and HRC is conical hardhet konisk form). F.eks. HRB er kule, og HRC kjegle

Poldi Hardness measured by manual power Poldi- Hardhet måles med manuelt slag med
hammer (hammer, ball and reference material) hammer hammer, kule og referansemateriale
47

Equotip Instrument that measures hardness by impulse registration Equotip Instrumentet måler hardhet som funksjon av impulsmålinger


 Heat treatment (Terms and definitions continued)

Expressions Explanation Norwegian Forklaring

Normalizing Heating the steel to austenitic temperature, Normalisering Stålet varmes opp til austenitt-temperatur

(about 900 ⁰C) and cooling in air (ca. 900 ⁰C) og luftavkjøling

Austenitising Heating the steel to approx. 900 ⁰C Austenitisering Stålet varmes opp til ca. 900 ⁰C

to prepare for quenching for å gjøres klar til bråkjøling

Quenching Hardening the steel by quenching Bråkjøling Stålet avkjøles raskt (i vann/olje)
from about 900 ⁰C in water or oil fra omkring 900 ⁰C

Tempering After quenching, heating to 500 - 700 ⁰C. Anløping Etter herding varmes stålet til
Increasing toughness and 500-700 ⁰C. Styrken minker og
decreasing strength as temp. rises seigheten øker når temp. øker

QT Quenched and tempered Seigherdet Herdet og anløpt

48

Annealing To soften the steel before Gløding For å gjøre stålet lettere
operations machining operations å maskinere

Solutions Performed for non-hardenable steel Oppløsnings- Utføres på ikke-herdbare stål for
annealing to dissolve particles detrimental for gløding å løse opp utfellinger skadelige
corrosion resistance and toughness for korrosjonsbestandigheten
og seigheten til stålet

Aging Also known as precipitation hardening. Elding Også kjent som utfellingsherding.
Increases yield strength by forming Øker fastheten ved å danne findisperse
fine dispersed precipitates in the materix utfellinger i strukturen. I forkant av elding
of the alloy. Prior to aging, a solution utføres en oppløsningsgløding
annealing must be performed

Stress relieving Performed after welding (PWHT = Spennings- Utført etter sveising for å ta ut
(PWHT) post weld heat treatment), to reduce gløding spenninger, redusere hardhet og
stress, hardness and hydrogen in hydrogen i varmepåvirket sone
HAZ (heat affected zone)
49

 Welding (Terms and definitions continued)

Expressions Explanation Norwegian Forklaring

Preheating The temperature of the steel locally Forvarming Temperaturen i stålet på det sted
where welding is started der sveisingen starter

Interpass The temperature of the steel locally Mellomstrengs Temeperaturen i stålet hvor neste
temperature where the next weld pass is started temperatur sveisestreng skal legges

Stress relieving Performed after welding (PWHT = post weld Spennings- Utført etter sveising for å ta ut
(PWHT) heat treatment), to reduce stress, hardness gløding spenninger, redusere hardhet og
and hydrogen in HAZ (heat affected zone) hydrogen i varmepåvirket sone

111 Manual Metal Arc Dekkede Elektroder med metallkjerne

(MMA/SMAW) Shielded Metal Arc Welding elektroder dekket med fluxpulver

121 Submerged Arc Welding Pulverdekket Kompakt sveisetråd, sveising

50
(SAW) buesveising under et dekke av fluxpulver

135 Metal Active Gas MAG-sveising Aktiv gass (CO2 eller CO2/Ar)
(MAG/GMAW) Gas Metal Arc Welding buesveising med kompakt tråd

136 Flux Cored Arc Welding (B, R) Rørtrådsveising Sveising med rørtråd fylt med
(FCAW) or metal powder (M) metallpulver (M) eller flux (B,R)

141 Tungsten Inert Gas TIG-sveising Sveising med wolframelektrode

(TIG/GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding og kompakt tilsettråd

Heat input (Q) Welding current x voltage divided Varmetilførsel Sveisestrøm x spenning dividert
on welding speed (mm/sec) (Q) på sveisehastinghet (mm/sek)

pWPS Preliminary welding procedure specification. Forberedende Sveiseingeniøren i samarbeid med sveiser
“Recipe” before welding WPQR test sveiseprosedyre utformer en prosedyre for å lage WPQR

WPQR Welding procedure qualification record. Weld log and Godkjent sveise- Inneholder sveiselogg og testresultater,
test results, eventually approved by 3rd party prosedyretest event. 3.-parts godkjening

WPS Welding procedure specification. Sveise- Beskriver utførelse av sveising på

51
“Recipe” for construction or repair welding prosedyre- bestemte produkter


 Standards
Standards related to materials, testing and inspection

Standard no. Title / Scope Norsk tekst

EN 10204 Inspection Certificate (material certificate) Materialsertifikat

3.1: Approved by Manuf. QC dep. 3.1: Godkjent av produsent
3.2: Approved by QC dep and 3rd party 3.2: Produsent og tredjepart

ISO 9712 (EN 473) Qualification and certification of personnel for NDT Godkjenning av NDT-operatører

Norsok M-001 Materials selection Materialvalg

Norsok M-120 Material data sheets for structural steel Materialdatablad struktur

Norsok M-121 Forged steel Smidd stål

Norsok M-122 Cast structural steel Støpestål

Norsok M-630 Material data sheets for piping Materialdatablad for prosessrør

52

Norsok M-650 Qualification of manufacturers of special materials Godkjenning av produsenter av

(all grades of duplex, austenitic grades PRE > 40, spesielle materialer
castings of nickel base alloys and titanium/-alloys)

NS 477 Welding inspectors. Education, examination and tasks Godkjenning av sveiseinspektører

ISO 14731 Welding coordination, tasks and responsibilities Sveisekoordinator, oppgaver og ansvar

ASTM G48 Test method for pitting and crevice corrosion Korrosjonstest, grop- og spaltekorrosjon

ISO 3651-2 Test method for Iintergranular corrosion Korrosjonstest, interkrystallinsk korrosjon

ASTM A370 Mechanical testing, steel Mekanisk prøving av stål

ISO 148-1 Impact testing Skårslagsprøving

ISO 6892-1 Tensile testing at roomtemperature Strekkprøving ved romtemperatur

ASTM E112 Test method for determining average grain size Metode for bestemmelse av kornstørrelse

ASTM E45 Test method for determining the inclusion content in steel Metode for bestemmelse av slagginnhold
53
 Standards related to welding

Standard no. Title / Scope Norsk tekst

ISO 9606-1 (EN 287-1) Steel welders qualification test (certification) Sertifisering av stålsveisere

ISO 15614 International standard for approved performing International standard for godkjent utførelse og
and testing of welded connections (WPQR) testing av sveiseforbindelser sveiste forbindelser (WPQR)

ISO 15609 Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Sveiseprosedyrespesifikasjon (WPS)

ISO 15608 International standard for materials grouping Internasjonal standard for materialgruppering

ISO 11970 International standard for approved International standard for godkjent utførelse og
performing and testing of weld repair testing av sveisereparasjoner ved
in cast steel production (WPQR) produksjon av støpestål (WPQR)

EN 1011-2 Calculation of preheat temp. Beregning av forvarmingstemperatur

ISO 14731 Welding Coordination Sveisekoordinering

54

ISO 3834 Welding Quality Requirements Kvalitetskrav ved lysbuesveising

ASME IX Qualification standard for welding Godkjenning av sveiseforbindelser og sveisere

procedures and welders

AWS D1.1 American Welding Society, Amerikansk sveiseteknisk forbund,

Structural Welding Code sveisestandard for konstruksjoner

DNV OS Det Norske Veritas, Offshore Standard Det Norske Veritas, Offshore Standard

Norsok M-101 Structural steel fabrication Fabrikasjon av offshore konstruksjoner

Norsok M-601 Welding and inspection of piping Sveising og inspeksjon av rørsystemer

ASTM A488 Welding of steel castings (fabrication and repair) Sveising av støpestål (konstruksjonssveising og reparasjon)

EN 10225 Weldable structure steels for fixed offshore structures Sveisbare konstruksjonsstål for faste konstruksjoner til havs

55
Approximate equivalent hardness
numbers and tensile strenghts for steel

Diam. ball Brinell Vickers Rockwell Tensile strength Diam. ball Brinell Vickers Rockwell Tensile strength

indent. 3000 kg hardness B. scale 100 kg C. scale 150 kg (approx.) indent. 3000 kg hardness B. scale 100 kg C. scale 150 kg (approx.)

mm 10mm ball HV 1/16.in diam. Brale Indenter. ksi MPa mm 10mm ball HV 1/16.in diam. Brale Indenter. ksi MPa

2,25 745 840 - 65,3 - - 3,20 363 383 - 39,1 177 1220

2,30 712 783 - 63,4 - - 3,25 352 372 - 37,9 172 1186

2,35 682 737 - 61,7 - - 3,30 341 360 - 36,6 164 1131

2,40 653 697 - 60 - - 3,35 331 350 - 35,5 159 1096

2,45 627 667 - 58,7 347 2392 3,40 321 339 - 34,3 154 1062

2,50 601 640 - 57,3 328 2261 3,45 311 328 - 33,1 149 1027

2,55 578 615 - 56 313 2158 3,50 302 319 - 32,1 146 1007

2,60 555 591 - 54,7 298 2055 3,55 293 309 - 30,9 142 979

2,65 534 569 - 53,5 288 1986 3,60 285 301 - 29,9 138 952

2,70 514 547 - 52,1 273 1882 3,65 277 292 - 28,8 134 924

- 539 - 51,6 269 1855 3,70 269 284 - 27,6 131 903

2,75 495 528 - 51 263 1818 3,75 262 276 - 26,6 127 876

- 516 - 50,3 257 1782 3,80 255 269 - 25,4 123 848

2,80 477 508 - 49,6 252 1737 3,85 248 261 - 24,2 120 827

- 495 - 48,8 244 1682 3,90 241 253 100 22,8 116 800

2,85 461 491 - 48,5 242 1669 3,95 235 247 99 21,7 114 786

- 474 - 47,2 231 1593 4,00 229 241 98,2 20,5 111 765

2,90 444 472 - 47,1 229 1579 4,05 223 234 97,3 - 107 738

2,95 429 455 - 45,7 220 1517 4,10 217 228 96,4 - 105 724

3,00 415 440 - 44,5 212 1462 4,15 212 222 95,5 - 102 703

3,05 401 425 - 43,1 202 1393 4,20 207 218 94,6 - 100 690

3,10 388 410 - 41,8 193 1331 4,25 201 212 93,7 - 98 676

3,15 375 396 - 40,4 184 1269 4,30 197 207 92,8 - 95 655

56 57
Approximate equivalent hardness
numbers and tensile strenghts for steel Prefix table

Diam. ball Brinell Vickers Rockwell Tensile strength Units In words Multiply by Example
indent. 3000 kg hardness B. scale 100 kg C. scale 150 kg (approx.)
10⁹ 1 000 000 000 Giga (G) Giga watt (GW)
mm 10mm ball HV 1/16.in diam. Brale Indenter. ksi MPa
10⁶ 1 000 000 Mega (M) Mega pascal (MPa)
4,35 192 202 91,9 - 93 641
10³ 1 000 Kilo (k) Kilo gram (kg)
4,40 187 196 90,9 - 90 621
10⁻³ 1/1 000 Milli (m) Milli gram (mg)
4,45 183 192 90 - 89 614
10⁻⁶ 1/1 000 000 Micro (µ) Micro meter (µm)
4,50 179 188 89 - 87 600
10⁻⁹ 1/1 000 000 000 Nano (n) Nano second (ns)
4,55 174 182 88 - 85 586

4,60 170 178 87 - 83 572

4,65 167 175 86 - 81 559

4,70 163 171 85 - 79 545

4,75 159 167 83,9 - 78 538

4,80 156 163 82,9 - 76 524

4,85 152 159 81,9 - 75 517

4,90 149 156 80,8 - 73 503

4,95 146 153 79,7 - 72 496

5,00 143 150 78,6 - 71 490

5,10 137 143 76,4 - 67 462

5,20 131 137 74,2 - 65 448

5,30 126 132 72 - 63 434

5,40 121 127 69,8 - 60 414

5,50 116 122 67,6 - 58 400

5,60 111 117 65,4 - 56 386

58 59
 Conversion tables – Units

Units In words Multiply by To obtain Example

mm Millimetre 0,039 inch 1mm = 0,039inch

inch Inch 25,4 mm 1inch = 25,4mm

kg Kilogram 2,205 lb 1kg = 2,205lb

kg Kilogram 9,81(m/s²) Newton 1kg = 9,81N (kgm/ s²)

lb Pound 0,454 kg 1lb = 0,454kg

m Metre 3,28 ft 1m = 3,28ft

ft Foot 0,3048 m 1ft = 0,3048m

N Newton 0,102 kgm/s² 10N = 1,02kg

N/mm² Newton per square millimetres 1 MPa N/mm2 = MPa

60
MPa (N/mm²) Mega Pascal 0,145 ksi 510MPa = 74ksi

MPa Mega Pascal 1 N/mm² MPa = N/mm²

ksi (kip/in²) Kilo pound per square inch 6,895 MPa (N/mm²) 52ksi = 359MPa

psi Pounds per square inch 0,001 ksi 1ksi = 1000psi

J Joule (work, energy, Nm) 0,74 ft·lb 27J = 20ft·lb

W Watt (effect) 1 Joule per second 1W = 1 J/s

ft·lb Foot pound (work) 1,356 J 34ft·lb = 46J

ppm Parts per million (mass) 1 mg/kg 1ppm = 1mg/kg = 1/1000.000

bar Bar 100 kPa 10bar = 1000kPa

atm Atmosphere 1,013 Bar 10 atm = 10,13 bar

⁰C Celsius 1,8 ·⁰C + 32 ⁰F 20⁰C = 68⁰F

⁰F Fahrenheit 0,56 · (⁰F – 32) ⁰C -50⁰F = -46⁰C

K Kelvin K – 273 ⁰C 293K = 20⁰C

61
 W = weld CR = corrosion resistance M = materials T = testing
List of abbreviations OG = oil and gas ST = standard C = classification company

Abbreviation Field* Name Abbreviation Field * Name

ABS C American Bureau of Shipping FAQ OG Frequently asked questions

AISI ST American Iron and Steel Institute FAT OG Fabrication Approval Test

API ST American Petroleum Institute FCAW (136) W Flux Cored Arc Welding (USA), flux cored wire

ASME ST American Society of Mechanical Engineers FEED OG Front End Engineering Diciplines

ASTM ST American Society of Testing Materials FL W Fusion Line (interface weld deposit/base material)

AWS ST American Welding Society GMAW (131) W Gas Metal Arc Welding (USA), solid wire

BOP OG Blow Out Preventer GRP M Glas fibre Reinforced Plastic

BV C Bureau Veritas GTAW (141) W Gas Tungsten Arc Welding(USA), solid wire

CA CR Corrosion allowance HAZ W Heat Affected Zone

CE W Carbon Equivalent HB T Hardness Brinell

CP CR Cathodic Protection HRB T Hardness Rockwell B

CRA CR Corrosion Resistant Alloy HRC T Hardness Rockwell C

CS M Carbon steel HV T Hardness Vickers

CSCC CR Chloride induced Stress Corrosion Cracking HIP M Hot Isostatic Pressed

CTOD T Crack Tip Opening Displacement HISC CR Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking

DNV C Det Norske Veritas IIW ST International Institute of Welding

DNV OS ST DNV Offshore Specification ISO ST International Standard Organisation

EBW (51) W Electron Beam Welding LBW (52) W Laser Beam Welding (USA)

EN ST European Standard LCC OG Life Cycle Cost

ESK OG Element Specification Key LRS C Lloyds Register of Shipping

ESV OG Emergency Safety Valve LT T Low Temperature (impact properties)

F&G OG Fire & Gas MAG (135) W Metal Active Gas welding, solid wire

62 63
 W = weld CR = corrosion resistance M = materials T = testing
List of abbreviations OG = oil and gas ST = standard C = classification company

Abbreviation Field * Name Abbreviation Field * Name

MAG (136) W Metal Active Gas welding, flux cored wire QTR OG Qualification Test Record

MAG (138) W Metal Active Gas welding, metal powder cored wire RT NDT Radiographic Testing

MDS OG Material Data Sheet SAW (121) W Submerged arc welding, solid wire electrode

MDT OG Minimum Design Temperature SAW (122) W Submerged arc welding, strip wire electrode

MEG OG Mono Ethylene Glycol SCC CR Stress Corrosion Cracking

MIG (131) W Metal Inert Gas welding SMAW (111) W Shielded Metal Arc Welding (USA)

MMA (111) W Manual Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) SMYS T Specified Minimum Yield Strength

MT NDT Magnetic powder Testing SOW OG Scope Of Work

NDE NDT Non-Destructive Examination SRDL OG Supplier Request Document List

NDT NDT Non Destructive Testing SS M Stainless Steel

NORSOK ST The competitive standing of the Norwegian SSC CR Sulphide Stress Cracking

offshore sector TIG (141) W Tungsten Inert Gas welding, solid filler

P&ID OG (Pipe)Process and Instrument Diagram TS T Tensile strength

PAW (15) W Plasma Arc Welding (USA) UNS ST Unified Numbering System

Pcm W Carbon equivalent UT NDT Ultrasonic Testing

PED ST Pressure Equipment Directive UTS T Ultimate Tensile Strength

PFD OG Process Flow Diagram VDS OG Valve Data Sheet

PMI T Positive Material Identification YS T Yield Strength

PRE CR Pitting Resistant Equivalent VT NDT Visual Testing

PSV OG Pressure Safety Valve WI OG Water Injection

PT NDT Penetrant Testing WM W Weld metal (weld deposit)

PTFE M Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (Teflon) WPQR W Welding Procedure Qualification Record

PWHT W Post Weld Heat Treatment WPS W Welding Procedure Specification

64 65
SSA is based at Jørpeland, a small town near
Stavanger, Norway. 100 years ago, Jørpeland
had a few farms, a handful of houses, a bakery
and a couple of shops. The river already produced
electric power for the local sawmill and the wood
processing industry.

In December 1910, the decision was taken to

establish a steelworks at Jørpeland. The first
steel melt was produced in 1913. Tau

The establishment of the steelworks created

Car ferry Jørpeland
a new era in the history of Jørpeland, bringing
(30-40 min)
in construction workers, craftsmen and engineers E39
Catamaran
from many European countries. (25 min)

Stavanger
Today, Jørpeland has around 6,000 inhabitants
and is the community centre. Communication
with the Stavanger region is via car ferries and
44 Car ferry
catamarans. The surrounding mountains and (10 min)

fjord provide excellent recreational opportunities Oanes

Forus
for the people living here. Sola
Lauvvik

Sandnes 13
510

E39
44

66 67
Stavanger Steel AS
Stålverksvegen 51
N-4100 JØRPELAND
NORWAY
Tel. +47 51 74 34 00
E-mail: post@stavangersteel.no
www.stavangersteel.no

Published XX.05.2017.
SSA cannot be held responsible for any errors
or omissions in this book, or wrong use.