W2 Lec 3 Correspondence Theorem Product ring

Theorem: Correspondence theorem

Let φ : R → R ' be a surjective ring homomorphism. Then there exists a correspondence

{ Ideals of R containing ker ( φ ) } ≅ { Ideals of R ' }I ⊇ker ( φ ) ↦ φ ( I )φ−1 ( I ' ) ← I '

↔

Last time, we’ve proven that φ ( I ) is an ideal in R' , φ−1 ( I ' ) is an ideal of R and contains ker ( φ ).

Exercise: if there are two maps f : A → B and g :B → A then f ∘ g=Id and g ∘ f =Id then f , g
are bijections.

3) a) φ−1 ∘ φ ( I ) =I (proved last time)

Proving b)

 To show φ ∘ φ−1 ( I ' ) ⊆ I ' , let x ∈ φ ∘ φ−1 ( I ' ). Then ∃ a∈ φ−1 ( I ' ) :φ ( a )=x . But by definition,
φ ( a ) ∈ I ' . Thus x ∈ I ' .
 To show I ' ⊆ φ ∘ φ−1 ( I ' ), let s' ∈ I ' . Then as φ is surjective, ∃ a∈ R s.t.
φ ( a )=s' ⇒ a ∈φ−1 ( I ' ). But this means that φ ( a ) ∈ φ ∘φ−1 ( I ' ). In other words,
s' ∈ φ ∘ φ−1 ( I ' ).
Together with last time, 1), 2), 3) gives us the bijective correspondence.

4) φ ( I )=I ' , I ⊇ ker ( φ ) , I ⊆ R ideal, I ' ⊆ R' ideal then R / I ≅ R' / I '

Proof: Let Π : R' → R' / I ' be the quotient map and let φ 1=Π ' ∘ φ. Thus φ 1 : R → R' / I '

R φ R' Π ' R' / I '

¿ ¿

is a surjective ring homomorphism.

Now φ 1 ( a ) =Π ' ∘ φ ( a )=0 ⇔φ ( a ) ∈ I ' ⇔ a ∈φ−1 ( I ' )=I . So ker ( φ1 )=I . Using the first isomorphism
theorem, we have R / I ≅ R' / I '.

Examples:

1) What are the ideals of C [ x , y ] containing the principal ideal ( y −x2 ) =C [ x , y ] ( y−x 2 )?
a ↦a
φ :C [ x , y ] →C [ t ] x ↦ t y ↦ t 2 ⏟
∈C
To see that this is a homomorphism:
Addition
i j i j i j i 2j
φ
(∑ a x y +∑ b x y )=φ ( ∑ ( a + b ) x y )=∑ ( a +b ) t t
i, j
ij
i, j
ij
i, j
ij ij
i, j
ij ij

i 2j i 2j i j i j
¿ ∑ a t t + ∑ b t t =φ ∑ a x y +φ ∑ b x y
i, j
ij
( ) (
i, j
ij
) i, j
ij
i, j
ij

Multiplication
 i j i j i +k j+l
φ aij t i+ k t 2( j +l)
(∑ a x y × ∑ b x y )¿ φ (∑ ∑ b a x y )¿ ∑ ∑ b
i, j
ij
i, j
ij
i, j k ,l
kl ij
i , j k ,l
kl

i 2j i 2j i j i j
¿ ∑ a t t ×∑ b t t ¿ φ ∑ a x y φ ∑ b x y
i, j
ij
( )(i, j ) ij
i, j
ij
i, j
ij

Multiplicative identity
φ ( 1 )=1
This homomorphism is unique as
i j i j i j i j i 2j
φ
(∑ a x y )=∑ φ (a x y )¿ ∑ φ ( a ) φ ( x ) φ ( y )¿ ∑ φ ( a ) φ ( x ) φ ( y ) ¿ ∑ a t t
i, j
ij
i,j
ij
i, j
ij
i, j
ij
i, j
ij

It is also a surjective ring homomorphism as we can map some f ( x ) to f ( t ).

It now remains for us to figure out ker ( φ ).

Claim: ker ( φ )=( x 2− y ) =( y−x 2 )

Proof:
 ( y −x2 ) ⊆ker ( φ ). Let f ( x , y ) ∈ ( y−x 2 ). Then f ( x , y )=( y−x 2 ) g ( x , y ) for some
g ( x , y ) ∈C [ x , y ] ⇒ φ ( f )=( t 2−t 2 ) g ( t , t 2 ) =0 ⇒ f ( x , y ) ∈ ker ( φ )

 ker ( φ ) ⊆ ( y −x 2) . That is, we want to show that if f ( x , y ) ∈ ker ( φ ) , f ( t , t 2 ) =0 for all t

then y−x 2∨f ( x , y ).
Let f ( x , y ) ∈ ker ( φ ) . Then φ ( f )=f ( t , t 2 ) ≡ 0∈ C [ t ]. On the other hand, note that f ( x , y )
also belongs to the ring of single variable C [ x ][ y ] . Thus, we can use division with
remainder and obtain
y−x 2 ) g ( x , y ) +h ( x )
f ( x , y )= (⏟
∈R [ y ] , R ≔ C [ x ]

Where h ( x ) is strictly a function of x as we require deg ( h )< deg ( y−x 2 ) as polynomials of

the variable y . Thus, we get that
f ( t , t 2 ) =h ( t ) ≡0
Therefore, f ( x , y )=( y−x 2 ) g ( x , y ).

Now, we can use the correspondence theorem to get that

2
{Ideals of C [ x , y ] containing ker ( φ ) = ( y −x ) } { Ideals of C [ t ] }φ
⏟ −1
(J ) ← J= ( p ( t ) )
↔
( p ( x ) , y−x ) 2
¿ ( p ( x ) , y− x2 )
¿
{ 2
¿C [ x, y ] p (x )+ C [ x, y ] ( y−x )
}
Claim: given any p ( t ) ∈C [ t ] , we have φ−1 [ ( p ( t ) ) ]=( p ( x ) , y −x 2).
φ−1 [ ( p ( t ) ) ] ⊆ ( p ( x ) , y−x 2)
Let f ∈ φ
−1
[ ( p ( t ) ) ]. Then φ ( f ) ∈ ( p ( t ) ) ⇒ f ( t , t2 ) =p ( t ) q ( t ) . On the other hand, we know
that f ( x , y )=( y−x 2 ) g ( x , y ) +h ( x ) and so f ( t , t 2 ) is also h ( t ). That is, h ( t )= p ( t ) q ( t ).
Therefore f ( x , y )=( y−x 2 ) g ( x , y ) + p ( x ) q ( x ) ∈ ( p ( x ) , y−x 2 ).

( p ( x ) , y−x 2 ) ⊆ φ−1 [ ( p ( t ) ) ]
Let f ∈ ( p ( x ) , y−x 2 ). Then f ( x , y )= p ( x ) q ( x , y ) + ( y−x 2 ) g ( x , y ) ⇒φ ( f )( t )= p ( t ) q ( t , t 2 )
which is in ( p ( t )) . Therefore, f ∈ φ
−1
[ ( p ( t ) ) ].
 That is, ideals of C [ x , y ] that contain ( y −x2 ) are precisely ones of the form ( p ( x ) , y−x 2 )
.

2) Find the ideals of the quotient ring R' =C [ t ] / ( t 2−1 )

We can use the correspondence theorem here. The quotient map is particularly
convenient here as we even know what its kernel is. So we have

φ :C [ t ] → R'

Since this is a surjective homomorphism with ker ( φ )=( t 2−1 ), the correspondence theorem
gives

{ Ideals of C [ t ] containing ( t 2−1 ) }↔ {Ideals in R ' }

It remains to find out what the ideals of C [ t ] which contain ( t 2−1 ) look like. We know that all
ideals of C [ t ] are principal so let I =( f ( t ) ) be one such ideal. Since it contains ( t 2−1 ), it must
contain t 2−1. Then

t 2−1∈ I ⇒ t 2−1=g ( t ) f ( t ) for some g ( t ) ⇒ f (t )∨t 2−1 ⇒ f ( t )=1 , t+1 , t−1 ,t 2−1

Thus, the ideals of C [ t ] which contain ( t 2−1 ) are ( 1 ) , ( t +1 ) , ( t−1 ) , ( t 2−1 ). It remains to find their
image which are respectively,

⇒ Ideals in R' = {( 1́ ) , ( t+1 ´ )}

´ ) , ( t 2 −1
´ ) , ( t−1

Let R be a ring, I ⊆ R be an ideal. Consider the quotient map

Π : R→ R / I , a ↦a+ I
Let ( b ) be some principal ideal. We want to show that Π ( ( b ) ) =( b+ I )

Π ( ( b ) ) ={ a+ I ∈ R / I :∃r ∈ ( b ) , Π ( r )=a+ I }¿ { a+ I ∈ R / I :a=br ,r ∈ R }

( b+ I )= ( b+ I ) × R / I ={ br + I :r ∈ R }

Product ring

Proposition: Let R , R' be rings

a) The product set R × R' = {( a , a' )|a∈ R , a' ∈ R ' } is a ring called the product ring with
component-wise addition and multiplication. That is,
( a ,a ' ) + ( b , b' )=( a+b , a' +b' ) , ( a , a' ) ( b , b' ) =( ab , a' b' )
Additive identity ¿ ( 0 , 0 ) and multiplicative identity ¿ ( 1 ,1 )

Projections: Π : R× R' → R , ( a , a' ) ↦ a , Π ' =R× R' → R' , ( a , a' ) ↦ a' are ring
homomorphisms and ker ( Π ) ={ 0 } × R' ={ ( 0 , a' )|a' ∈ R' } is a ring with multiplicative
identity ( 0 , 1 ) but not a subring of R × R' unless R=0.