LABORATORY REPORT

CHM 213
(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
1. MUHAMMAD MIRZA HIZAMI BIN RAJIEI 2019289394

GROUP :1
PROGRAMME : AS115 2A
NO. AND TITLE OF EXPERIMENT :6 - Phase Equilibrium 1 (Phase Diagram)

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 15 / 4 / 2020

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION : 8 / 5 / 2020
NAME OF LECTURER : DR. NUR ROYHAILA MOHAMAD

Laboratory Report Marking Scheme:

Criteria Full Marks (to be filled by
Mark(s) lecturer)
Objective of the Experiment
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Results and Observations
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Answers to Questions
References
Format
Total Marks
OBJECTIVE:

To determine the eutectic temperature and eutectic composition for naphthalene-p-

nitrotoluene system.

INTRODUCTION:

A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical compounds or elements that has a single chemical
composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than any other composition. The
composition is known as eutectic composition and the temperature is known as eutectic
temperature. If the eutectic composition and eutectic temperature is plotted on a phase
diagram, the intersection between them is called eutectic point.
Eutectic reaction is an invariant reaction because it is in thermal equilibrium, so another way
to define this is the Gibbs free energy is equal to zero. This means the liquid and two solid
solution all coexist at the same time and are in chemical equilibrium. There is also a thermal
arrest for the duration of the reaction.

PROCEDURES:

1. 2 set of substance are weighed: Set 1 p-nitrotoluene are added into naphthalene
(procedure A)
Set 2 naphthalene are added into p-nitrotoluene
(procedure B)

Procedure A

p-nitrotoluene (g) 0 1 2 3
naphthalene (g) 3 3 3 3

Procedure B

naphthalene (g) 0 1 2 3
p-nitrotoluene (g) 3 3 3 3

2. For each composition, the solid composition are put into a large test tube. The test tube are
warmed in the water bath for the solid to dissolved completely. The test tube are placed in an
empty beaker. The freezing point temperature are noted when the mixture start to cool.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Procedure A:

p-nitrotoluene (g) 0 1 2 3
naphthalene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (°C) 80 69 57 34
Percentage of naphthalene (%) 100 88 75 50

Procedure B:

naphthalene (g) 0 1 2 3
p-nitrotoluene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (°C) 100 78 56 34
Percentage of naphthalene (%) 0 17 40 50

1. Plot the phase diagram naphthalene/p-nitrotoluene system (temperature versus percent

naphthalene). In the diagram label the following:

Eutectic temperature
Eutectic composition
All areas
Freezing/melting point of pure solid

120

100
Freezing point temperature (°C)

80

60

40
E.T
20

0
0 20 40 E.C 60 80 100 120
2. What are the precautions that you take while doing the experiments? Give a few examples.
The precautions that need to be taken is make sure that the test tubes is clean from any
chemical or compound. To avoid the parallax error, the correct way to take the reading need
to be known to get accurate reading of temperature. Handle the experiment with care as there
is a need to use hot water so injury can be avoid during the experiment.

QUESTION:

1. What is the effect of adding p-nitrotoluene to the freezing points of naphthalene?

The effect of adding p-nitrotoluene into the naphthalene decrease the freezing point of
naphthalene. Its decrease as solutes can change the freezing point of solvent.

2. Define a eutectic mixture.

A eutectic mixture is defined as a mixture of two or more components which usually do
not interact to form a new chemical compound but, which at certain ratios, inhibit the
crystallization process of one another resulting in a system having a lower melting point than
either of the components.

3. The melting points of cadmium and bismuth are 321°C and 271°C respectively. A mixture
of cadmium and bismuth forms a eutectic mixture at 147°C containing a mole fraction of
cadmium of 0.6.
i) Skech the freezing point-composition (eutectic) diagram for the cadmium-bismuth system
on a sheet of graph paper.

350

300

250
The Melting Point °C

200

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ii) And, then describe the physical nature of a mixture of cadmium and bismuth, in the mole
ratio of 1:3, at 180°C.
Cadmium – a shiny metal with bluish cast (shade) to it. It is very soft and can almost be
scratched with a fingernail.
Bismuth – a soft, silvery metal with a bright, shiny surface and a yellowish or pinkish
tinge. The metal breaks easily and cannot worked with at room temperature.

CONCLUSION:

For this experiment, the eutectic temperature and the composition of the eutectic mixture for
the naphthalene and p-nitrotoluene system were determined.