UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA

INSTRUMENTED TRUSS
REPORT

PRESENTED BY:

DIANA LISET PEÑA MORA 5500400

LAURA RODRIGUEZ 5500502
DANIEL FERNANDO CRUZ PACHON 5500251

PRESENTED TO:
ENGINEER JUAN DAVID CORTEZ GUACANENE

UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg2

OBJECTIVES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg4

PROCESS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg8

CALCULATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg10

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg12

CONCLUSIONES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg17

BIBLIOGRAFIA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg18

1. INTRODUCTION

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In the present report it is evidenced when an instrumented truss

leads to the application of loads due to its deformation, in which we
will work the virtual method taking into account that it is based on the structural
calculation it is applied to determine the displacements and the forces in the points
of the prismatic bodies, for the construction of the table where we are informed of
the internal forces of each bar. Its length, its area, it is important to determine the
theoretical modulus of elasticity that will generate the least error taking into account
that it must be between 2500 and 3500, to be able to perform the respective
calculations and find the displacement.

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OBJECTIVES

1.1 OBJECTIVE OVERALL.

 Analyze and find the theoretical deformation when the calculations are made for the
second beam that carries the unit load.

1.2 OBJETIVE SPECIFIC

 . Quantify the error with the respective equation.
 find the percentage of error due to experimental and theoretical strength
 Determine the modulus of elasticity to check that the module that gives us the
manufacturer is fine.

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2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 CERCH

The truss is one of the main types of structures used in engineering. It provides a

practical and economic solution to many engineering situations, especially in the design

of bridges and buildings. An armature consists of straight bars joined by joints or nodes.

The elements of a fence unite only at the ends by means of frictionless pins to form a

rigid frame; therefore, an element continues beyond a node. Each truss is designed to

support the loads that act on its plane and, consequently, can be considered as a two-

dimensional structure. All the loads must be applied in the joints and not in the same

IIMAGE1 USED CLOSURE IN THE LABORATORY

elements.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF CERCH:

A certainty is a structure composed of straight bars joined at their ends, generally

having a triangular shape due to the strength and capacity of the axial loads. There

are different types of trusses. With its structure it is sought that, when applying

loads on these nodes, the system behaves stably and with the material of the

aesthetics made, the support of the different loads to which flexibility or failure can

be reached.

There are several types of these structures, the types of trusses can vary depending

on the balance, conformation and origin or designer. Known as flat, spatial lattices

or as lattices and reinforcements, in engineering terms they are rigid structures

armed by straight rods at their ends that present a triangular conformation. They are

classified according to several types can be:

a) Isostatic: This concept refers to a class of structure that can be analyzed through

the principles and formulas that make the static values known. As it has been

mentioned, its nature is statically determined, so the elimination of some of the

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components that join the framework as such, would cause a

catastrophic failure in the whole system.

IMAGE2 ISOSTATIC

b) Hyperesthatics: The essence of this type of configuration is its equilibrium state,

which means that the bending moment has a value equal to 0 in each of the bars

that make up the system

IMAGE3 HYPERESTHATICS

 TYPES OF CERCHES:

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a) Long Truss this variant appeared in 1835 and is related to Stephen

H. Long. It is a design in which the horizontal cords above and

below are joined by vertical uprights. The whole set is braced by double diagonals

and resemble X enclosed by pictures.

b) Howe's truss although it had been used before, this structure was patented in

1840 by William Howe. Also known as Belgian, it uses vertical stiles between the

upper and lower bead and is applied a lot in wood. In this design is composed of

diagonal bars receive compression and other verticals that support the traction.

c) Pratt's truss created by Caleb and Thomas Pratt in 1844, it is a variation of the

previous model, but with a more resistant material: steel. It differs from Howe's

truss in the direction of the bars, which form a V. In this case the vertical rods

receive the understanding and the diagonals undergo traction.

d) Warren's truss patented in 1848 by the English Willboughy Monzoni and James

Warren, this structure is characterized by forming isosceles or equilateral triangles,

giving the same length to the diagonals. The forces of compression and traction are

present in these crossed elements due to the application of vertical loads in the

upper knots.
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e) Truss K it usually applies to bridge design and owes its name to

the orientation of a vertical element in combination with the oblique

parts. It is presented as triangles that start from the center and its design allows to

improve the performance of compressed diagonals.

f) Baltimore Truss another characteristic model of the bridges of this city.

Incorporates greater support in the lower part of the structure. This prevents

collapse by compression and controls distension. Its sections look like 3 triangles in

1 linked by a horizontal bar.

It is important to note that although these structures can be both triangular and

rectangular. This is clearly exemplified in gable roofs, scissor-type roofing and

flying roofs. When making use of the uprights, the incorporation of these vertical

elements in bridges, ceilings and vaults give it a slightly more square appearance.

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IMAGE4 TYPES OF CERCHES

 METHOD OF THE NODES

As the entire truss is in equilibrium, each pin must be in equilibrium. The fact that a

spreader is in equilibrium can be expressed by making a free-body diagram and

writing equilibrium dosages. The distribution of nodes and bars in a simple truss is

such that it is always possible to find a node in which there are only two unknown

forces. These forces can be calculated following the equilibrium methods, and their
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values can be transferred to the adjacent nodes and treated as well-

known quantities enditos nodes. This procedure can be repeated until

all the unknown forces are found. The diagram of Maxwell, facilitates the graphic

analysis of problems in armors.

IMAGE5 ARMORING METHOD NODES

 METHOD SECTION

The method of the sections is used to determine the charges that act within a body.
It is based on the principle that, if a body is in equilibrium, then any part of the body
is also in equilibrium.
To determine the strength in a given bar of a reinforcement by the method of the
sections, the following steps must be followed:

Draw a free solid diagram of the complete armor, and use that diagram to find the
reactions in the supports.
Section the armature by cutting three bars, one of which is the problem bar. Once
these bars are removed, two independent armor portions will result.

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Choose one of the two portions in which the armor has been
separated and draw its free solid diagram. This diagram should
include the external forces applied to the chosen portion, as well as
the forces exerted on it by the bars that were sectioned before removing them.
You can then write three equations of equilibrium from which the forces can be
obtained in the three sectioned bars.
An alternative method is to write a single equation, from which the force in the
problem bar can be cleared. To do this, note first if the forces that the other two bars
exert on the free solid are parallel or if their support lines are cut.
If these forces are parallel, they can be eliminated by writing an equation of
equilibrium corresponding to the components in a direction perpendicular to these
two forces.

If their support lines are cut at a point H, they can be eliminated by writing an
equation of moments with respect to H.

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Keep in mind that the section used must cut only three bars. This is
because the system of equilibrium equations of step 4 does not allow
to clear more than three unknowns. Now, more than three bars can
be cut to find the force in one of them if it is possible to write an equilibrium
equation that contains that force as the only unknown.
The reactions in the supports can be obtained from the Free Body Diagram of the
complete structure.

IMAGE 6 SECTION METHOD

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 METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK:

This method is the most versatile of the traditional methods, to evaluate elastic
deflections of structures. This method is only applicable to those cases, where
overlap is allowed, because of its finite form of análisis

IMAGE7 UNITARY LOAD

 PRINCIPLE OF THE VIRTUAL

WORK
If a structure, being in equilibrium, suffers a virtual deformation due to the action
of an additional load, the external virtual work of the load in question, is equal to
the internal virtual work, developed by the stresses caused by the load.
This principle is very important when establishing a relationship between the
outer deformation work, function of the outside applications normal shutters,
flowers, torsors and the linear and angular deformations. With the interior
deformation energy and the volumetric deformations.

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4 PROCESS

A load is applied to the

truss where the data for
the automation will be
written down

In the table that is carried

out the area, the
Make a table where theoretical elastic The truss will be
the bars with their modulus in Pascals and made in AutoCAD and
respective length are the modulus of elasticity SAP

named. will be between 2500 and

3000 N / mm ^ 2 and the
one that generates the
least error will be used

With the table for the
respective calculations
we will calculate the
theoretical deformation
quantifying the mistake
percentages
In the laboratory we
choose where the
deformation is going
and we will have two
trusses, one that was
already mentioned and
another with the unit
load

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5 CALCULATIONS

 LOAD 1

DATOS
CARGA (N) 16,8
DEFORMACION (m) 2,00E-05 % ERROR DEFORMACION
AREA (mm2) 250 98,97
E x10-6 2,50E-03

Barra long [m] Area [m2] E TEO Fi M FML/EA [m] ε*10-6 F experimental [E*A*ε] % ERROR
1 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -12930 -0,19 9,83E-04 2,70E-05 2,03E+01 100,16
2 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 6460 0,10 2,58E-04 1,60E-05 1,20E+01 99,81
3 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 12930 0,19 9,83E-04 4,00E-05 3,00E+01 99,77
4 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -12930 -0,19 9,83E-04 -2,60E-05 -1,95E+01 99,85
5 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 6480 -0,19 -4,92E-04 2,00E-05 1,50E+01 99,769
6 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 9690 0,29 1,12E-03 2,50E-05 1,88E+01 99,81
7 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -6460 0,19 -4,91E-04 -1,50E-05 -1,13E+01 99,83
8 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -6460 -0,38 9,82E-04 -1,90E-05 -1,43E+01 99,78
9 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 6470 -0,19 -4,92E-04 1,90E-05 1,43E+01 99,78
10 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 3230 0,48 6,20E-04 7,00E-06 5,25E+00 99,84
11 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -6480 0,97 -2,51E-03 -1,60E-05 -1,20E+01 99,81
∑ 1,94E-03

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UNITARY LOAD1

 LOAD 2
DATOS
CARGA (N) 59,9 % ERROR DEFORMACION
DEFORMACION (mm) 5,00E-05 99,28
AREA (mm2) 250
E x10-6 3,00E+09

Barra long [m] Area [m2] E TEO Fi M FML/EA [m] ε*10-6 F experimental [E*A*ε] % ERROR
1 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -46110 -0,19 3,50E-03 -7,70E-05 -5,78E+01 99,87
2 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 23040 0,10 9,22E-04 5,00E-05 3,75E+01 99,84
3 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 46100 0,19 3,50E-03 9,80E-05 7,35E+01 99,84
4 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -46080 -0,19 3,50E-03 -7,10E-05 -5,33E+01 99,88
5 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 23050 -0,19 -1,75E-03 4,80E-05 3,60E+01 99,844
6 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 34560 0,29 4,01E-03 6,60E-05 4,95E+01 99,86
7 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -23050 0,19 -1,75E-03 -4,20E-05 -3,15E+01 99,86
8 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -23040 -0,38 3,50E-03 -5,10E-05 -3,83E+01 99,83
9 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 23050 -0,19 -1,75E-03 4,70E-05 3,53E+01 99,85
10 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 11520 0,48 2,21E-03 2,10E-05 1,58E+01 99,86
11 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -23050 0,97 -8,94E-03 -3,90E-05 -2,93E+01 99,87
∑ 6,96E-03

UNITARY LOAD 2

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 LOAD 3
DATOS
CARGA (N) 112,1
DEFORMACION (m) 9,00E-05 % ERROR DEFORMACION
AREA (mm2) 250 99,32
E x10-6 2,50E-03

Barra long [m] Area [m2] E TEO Fi M FML/EA [m] ε*10-6 F experimental [E*A*ε] % ERROR
1 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -86280 -0,19 6,56E-03 -1,12E-04 -8,40E+01 99,90
2 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 43120 0,10 1,72E-03 8,30E-05 6,23E+01 99,86
3 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 86280 0,19 6,56E-03 1,43E-04 1,07E+02 99,88
4 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -86230 -0,19 6,55E-03 -1,04E-04 -7,80E+01 99,91
5 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 43130 -0,19 -3,28E-03 6,90E-05 5,18E+01 99,880
6 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 64670 0,29 7,50E-03 9,50E-05 7,13E+01 99,89
7 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -43130 0,19 -3,28E-03 -6,50E-05 -4,88E+01 99,89
8 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -43120 -0,38 6,55E-03 -7,40E-05 -5,55E+01 99,87
9 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 43140 -0,19 -3,28E-03 6,80E-05 5,10E+01 99,88
10 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 21560 0,48 4,14E-03 3,10E-05 2,33E+01 99,89
11 0,30 2,50E-04 3,00E+09 -43140 0,96 -1,66E-02 -5,50E-05 -4,13E+01 99,90
∑ 1,32E-02

UNITARY LOAD 3

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6 ANALYSIS

En la tabla 1 que representa los datos de la carga uno tenemos que la carga en (N) es de
16,8 y para ello tenemos los respectivos cálculos en cada una de las casillas pero en la
evidencia y en el calculo del porcentaje de error tenemos un error de deformacion de 98.97

Para la cercha tenemos en cuenta donde aplicamos la deformacion, porque en ese mismo
punto va la carga unitaria

7 COSTOS DE LA ELABORACION DE LA MAQUINA DE TORSION

MATERIAL PRECIO

SOPORTE DE MADERA 20,000

LATA PREDATOR(X2) 12,000

ALAMBRE DULCE 3,000

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ARREGLO SOPORTE 5,000

TOTAL 40,000

8 CONCLUSIONES

 Se puede calcular la torsión de varios elementos realizando una máquina de torsión

casera, teniendo claro los conceptos de torsión y la finalidad que se quiere llevar a
cabo, de acuerdo con nuestro proyecto al construir la máquina de torsión fallamos la
lata de energizante con el fin de identificar el material exacto de esta.

 Para poder lograr el objetivo de este proyecto es muy importante el montaje de la

máquina, ya que si no se tiene una base firme y si la lata no está fija o tiene fricción
para rotar, los datos obtenidos tendrán un error alto, para esto es indispensable

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ingeniar un montaje y probar de varias maneras hasta encontrar la

mejor opción y la más acertada.

 Para lograr construir una máquina de torsión efectiva y lograr que la lata gire como
es debida se necesita un peso muy grande o también si se agranda el radio de la
polea es decir la distancia del torque se necesitara menos fuerza para lograrlo.

 Por otro lado la medición del ángulo de giro es muy importante por lo cual la forma
de poner el transportador en la maquina debe ser estratégicamente para que coincida
lo más posible con el giro que hace la lata y sea más fácil leerlo.

9 BIBLIOGRAFIA

 https://ingemecanica.com/tutorialsemanal/tutorialn110.html
 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricci%C3%B3n
 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Constantes_el%C3%A1stopl
%C3%A1sticas_de_diferentes_materiales
 https://sites.google.com/site/inescedenofisica/momento-de-inercia/momento-
polar-de-inercia

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