Unit 3: Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Presentado a:
Doria Lizeth Quintero
Tutor

Entregado por:
Omar Alberto Becerra Martínez
118013795
Edwin Cordero Uribe
Cod. 13544333

Grupo: 203058_14

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA
Noviembre de 2018
Bogotá
Introduction

Continuing with the tasks established in the activity guide of the course of Electromagnetic Theory and
Waves, for this phase we will enter the electromagnetic waves in guided media and radiation.
We are asked for a first part of the individual character. The need to answer the questions, as well as the
resolution of the exercises, leads us to resort to the bibliographic data available in the knowledge
environment, as well as the queries in other media and Internet searches.
The realization of this work, the intention of the members of the course, the acquisition of knowledge
and conceptual bases and the skills to identify the classification and characterization of electromagnetic
waves in different media, which in this case are focused on defining the parameters of the guidelines
parameters. Wave and transmission lines.
Objetives

 Acquire the knowledge that allowed to respond to the approaches made for this activity
 To resort to the own investigation, going to the bibliographic material facilitated in the forum,
and consultations in the network, in order to be able to respond to the approach drawn up for this
activity.
 Internalize concepts of the subject treated, in a collaborative and participatory manner.
 Put into practice the acquired cooks, to solve the problems indicated in the activity guide
Development of the activity

Omar Becerra

Answer to the questionnaire

1. What are the practical implications of a line with only reactive components or only resistive
components?

The main consideration that must be taken is a line that contains only resistive elements, it gets to heat
up a lot, so it could deteriorate the insulating cable that covers the cable, so it must be a larger cable.

Whereas a line that uses only reactive components, in general, are more sensitive to disturbances and
losses due to the influence of external fields, as well as to those that must be a wiring that can be
compatible with environmental interference .

2. in a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the reflection coefficient and the
VSWR? Explain

VSWR
To understand what is ROE, before going back a bit on the propagation of the signal in radio frequency
systems
In short, electric cables between the transmitters / receivers of their respective antennas conduct the
radio frequency signals.
By its definition, or tension VSWR wave ratio is a relationship between the peak voltages of the
minimum voltage amplitude. It does not help much, right.
Well, let us try to see how it relates...
In radio frequency systems, the characteristic impedance is one of the most important factors to
consider. In our case, this factor is typically 50 Ohms. This is constructive parameter, that is, it
determines the degree characteristics in the construction. In the case of a cable, for example, it depends
on the size of the internal and external conductors, and the type of insulation between them. All the
components of a link - cables, connectors, antennas - are built to have the same impedance.
When an element is inserted into our system, we have what we call insertion loss, which can be
understood as something that is lost, taking into account what actually entered and left
And this loss occurs in two ways - by attenuation - especially in the cable. And for reflection
As for the attenuation along the wires, there is not much we can do. Part of the signal is lost along the
cable for the generation of radiation heat and unwanted handle.
This loss is characteristic of it, and is defined in terms of dB per unit length - the longer the cable size,
the greater the loss. This attenuation also increases with increasing temperature and frequency.

3. What happens to the voltage and current in a line with the following conditions: line terminated
in its characteristic impedance, line terminated in short and line terminated in open?

to. Line terminated in its characteristic impedance

The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the value of the relationship between voltage and
current in the line if it is of infinite length or has an impedance equal to its characteristic impedance
connected to its terminal. It depends on your electrical parameters

Line finished with short

This practice, like the test performed for the open circuit configuration, was executed only for the
coaxial line RG 59, because, for this case, the voltage wave transmitted, also depends only on the
configuration and not on the medium in the one that propagates
Therefore, the results for the coaxial line RG 58 or the flat bifilar line can be predicted in an
approximate way, since they would have great similarity to those found for the line in question.
To perform this particular laboratory test and therefore obtain the values of incident current and
transmitted current, as well as the values for the waves of incident voltage and transmitted voltage, a
Shunt resistor whose value was 10 W connected to the end of coaxial line RG 59; in addition to this, the
signal generator was not used, due to the characteristics of this electrical equipment, in which it is not
possible to connect loads whose impedance value is less than 50 W; it was then decided to use the DC
voltage source, since it can supply a maximum current of 3A and in turn supplies a maximum voltage
level of 30V, therefore it has the
Ability to withstand the load set by the Shunt resistor. The assembly that was taken into account for this
test is shown in the image
c. Line determined in open circuit
An open circuit is an electrical circuit in which the electric current does not circulate because it is
interrupted or not communicated by means of an electrical conductor. The circuit, since it is not closed,
can not have a flow of energy that allows a load, or a receiver of energy, take advantage of the passage
of electric current and be able to fulfill a certain job

4. What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is the ideal value for a transmission system?

It is defined as the quotient of the fascial value of the reflected voltage and the phasor value of the
incident voltage, at the point of reflection, that is, in the terminal load

5. What is the effect of the line with loss in voltage and current waves

The effect of the resistance in a transmission line is to continuously reduce the amplitude of the incident
and reflected current and voltage waves,
Skin effect: as the frequency increases, the depth of penetration into the adjacent conductive surfaces
decreases for the limit currents associated with the electromagnetic waves. This results in the
confinement of the voltage and current waves at the limit of the transmission line, which makes the
transmission more lossy.
The depth of the skin (m) = 〖10000000〗 ^ 5
Where f = frequency, Hz
00 = permeability, H / m
0000000 = conductivity, S / m0

Development of the chosen exercise

1. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of Z 0=50 Ω and the load at the
end of the line has an impedance of Z L =35+ j 85 Ω . Using the Smith Chart, find:
a. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase), and the VSWR.
b. The input impedance if the line is 0.65 λ long.
c. The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real and the value of the
impedance in this point.

Data:
Z 0=50 Ω

Z L =35+ j 85 Ω

0.65 λ

Z L −Z 0
Γ=
Z L +Z 0

( 35+ j 85 )−50 Ω
Γ=
( 35+ j 85 ) +50 Ω

70+ j 85
Γ=
170+ j 85

Γ =0.60

1+| Γ|
VSWR=
1−|Γ|

1+|0.60|
VSWR=
1+|0.60|

VSWR=4

Z L + j Z 0 tan(2 π l)
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z L tan(2 π l)

( 35+85 ) + j 50 tan 2 π 0.4

Z¿ =50
50+ ( 35+85 ) tan 2 π 0.4
Z¿ =60.00+ j25.00
IN GROUP SOLVE THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL EXERCISE

Using the software Smith V4.0, found in the practice learning environment, solve the next exercises and
explain each step of the simulation.

1. For the following input impedance and load impedance, find the wavelength necessary to get a
real input impedance.
a. Z L =45− j 60 Ω Z 0=75 Ω .
b. Z L =25− j36 Ω Z 0=45 Ω.
c. Z L =98− j 46 Ω Z 0=35 Ω .
d. Z L =56− j29 Ω Z 0=58 Ω .

The simulation is done using the letter of smith we go to the real imperancia in two points that are cut in
the central line obtaining the following results.

SOLUTION

a. Z L =45− j 60 Ω Z 0=75 Ω .
It has a reflection coefficient:
Г =0.5/−180 °
With an approximate impedance of:
Z L =45− j 60 Ω

Z 0=75 Ω

Real impedances
Z¿ =25 Ω
Z¿ =225 Ω
We have a VSWR:
ROE de=3
The wavelength for a real impedance according to Smith's chart is: 0.125λ and 0.375λ

b. Z L =25− j36 Ω Z 0=45 Ω

It has a reflection coefficient:
Г =0.52/−180 °
With an approximate impedance of:
Z L =25− j36 Ω

Z 0=45 Ω

Real impedances
Z¿ =14 Ω
Z¿ =143.7 Ω
We have a VSWR:
ROE de=3.20
The wavelength for a real impedance according to Smith's chart is: 0.122λ and 0.372λ

c. Z L =98− j 46 Ω Z 0=35 Ω .
It has a reflection coefficient:
Г =0.56/−180 °
With an approximate impedance of:
Z L =98− j 46 Ω

Z 0=35 Ω
Real impedances
Z¿ =10 Ω
Z¿ =124 Ω
We have a VSWR:
ROE de=3.5
The wavelength for a real impedance according to Smith's chart is: 0.226λ and 0.476λ

d. Z L =56− j29 Ω Z 0=58 Ω

It has a reflection coefficient:
Г =0.25/−180 °
With an approximate impedance of:
Z L =56− j29 Ω

Z 0=58 Ω

Real impedances
Z¿ =35 Ω
Z¿ =143.7 Ω
We have a VSWR:
ROE de=1.65
The wavelength for a real impedance according to Smith's chart is: 0.139λ and 0.389λ
Edwin Cordero Uribe

1. What is the practical implications associated to a line with only reactive components or
only resistive components?
When the load is purely inductive or capacitive, it does not absorb energy, the reflection
coefficient is 1 (completely coupled line) and the ROE is infinite, when the load is a complex
impedance and this is usually the case, it is necessary to eliminate the reactive.

There are four parameters that affect a transmission line, which are inductance, capacitance,
resistance and conductance.

If a line conducts an alternating current, the impedance phenomenon Z is present, which is

determined by:
Z=impedance
R=resistence (real component)
jX=reactance (imaginary component)

Z=R+ jX
The reactance can be capacitive caused by a capacitor or inductive if it is by a coil.
Xc=capacitive reactance
f=wave frequency
C=capacitor capacity

1
Xc=
2π f C
Xl=inductive reactance
f=wave frequency
L=inductance

Xl=2π f L
2. In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the reflection coefficient and
the VSWR? Explain.

The reflection coefficient describes the amplitude of a reflected wave with respect to an incident.
The maximum transfer of energy between the line and the load occurs when they are perfectly
coupled, this happens if the impedance of the line and the load are equal. It is usually
represented with a T (uppercase gamma).

Г =reflection coefficient
Zl =load impedance

Z 0=line impedance

Z l−Z 0
Г=
Z l +Z 0

The ideal reflection coefficient is 0.

The VSWR is a relation between the power deliver and reflected, when there is no reflected wave
the relation is a constant.
1+| Г|
VSWR=
1−|Г|
The ideal VSWR is 1.
3. What occurs with the voltage and current in a line with the following conditions: line
terminated in its characteristic impedance, line terminated in a short and line terminated
in an open?
When the line ends in impedance, the current and voltage would be the same. Taking into
account that the reflections would not be generated due to the lack of impedance matching. The
characteristic impedance of the line that, together with the propagation constant, are secondary
parameters of the line and independent of the length of the line.

The characteristic impedance of a line depends on the permittivity, permeability, frequency and
geometry of the line. The open line defines that the current is equal to zero.

Between two terminals where the open line exists, voltage will be generated and, since there is
no current flow in an open circuit (I = 0), an open circuit can be represented as if it were a
resistance with infinite value (R = ∞).

Taking into account that there is a direct current passage in a line terminated in a short circuit,
then a short circuit can be represented as if it were a resistance with a value equal to zero (R = 0),
that is, there is no opposition to current flow between both terminals. directly connected

Line terminated in its characteristic impedance: it is real, that is, purely resistive and does not
depend on the frequency, only on the distributed inductance and capacity and, the latter, in turn,
on the permittivity of the dielectric.

4. What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal value for a transmission
system?
 It is defined as the quotient of the phasor value of the reflected voltage and the phasor value of
the incident voltage, at the point of reflection, that is, in the terminal load.

also if the line is ideal (no losses), the incident signal will reach the end of the line without
attenuation and in an identical way, the reflected signal will return to the beginning of the line
without attenuation.

5. What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves?

As the current passes through a transmission line, and has a finite resistance, there is an inherent
and inevitable loss of power. Sometimes this is called loss in the driver or loss by heating the
driver. The arc voltaic is a discharge of light that occurs between two conductors of a
transmission line, when the potential difference between them is greater than the breaking
voltage of the insulating dielectric. In general, once the effect of arc voltaic or corona effect
occurs, the transmission line is destroyed.

We can observe a negative effect since the transmitter sends a signal with some power and
length, and this is affected by the losses or distortions that are generated by the noise or the
attenuations that are generated in the transmission medium.
It generates a negative effect due to the fact that a signal enters with certain length and frequency
and when it reaches the receiver it is observed that it is much shorter and the case is distorted,
generating signal levels very different from those transmitted.

6. In the Smith Chart identify a Z L =∝, a Z L =0, two resistive loads and two complex loads.
You have to assume the characteristic impedance.

When moving the cursor on the right side, it will be seen in Z that the value tends to be infinite in the
real part as in the imaginary one. 𝑍𝐿 = ∝
Placing the cursor on the left side shows in Z that both the real and imaginary part tend to
𝑍𝐿=0

The resistive load is located in the option Keyboard in the option Real (RE) we place a value and in the
imginary part (IM) we place 0
The complex loads are inserted in the option Keyboard in the RE part we place a value and in the IM
part we place a value any in this case.
Edwin Cordero Uribe
Ejercice # 3
Exercise No 3
A 45Ω lossless transmission line has a Z_L=45-j60Ω. If it is 200m long and the wavelength is 23m. Find
and probe with the smith chart:
L=200 m.
λ=23 m.
L
l=
λ
200 m
l=
23 m
l=8.695
a. Input impedance.

Z L + j Z 0 tan(2 π l)
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z L tan(2 π l)

Z 0=45 Ω.

Z L =45− j 60 Ω.

( 45− j 60 ) Ω+ j 45 Ω∗tan (2 π 8.695)

Z¿ =45Ω
45 Ω+ j ( 45− j60 ) Ω∗tan (2 π 8.695)
Ω∗45+ 64.992 j
Z¿ =45
211.656+ 124.992 j
Ω∗45+ 64.992 j
Z¿ =45
211.656+ 124.992 j
Z¿ =13.143+6.055 j
 b. Reflection coefficient.

Z 0=45 Ω.

Z L =45− j 60 Ω.

Z L −Z 0 ( 45− j60 )−45 Ω

Γ= =
Z L + Z 0 ( 45− j 60 ) +45 Ω
4 6
Γ= − j=0.5547 ≮−56.31°
13 13

c. VSWR
vswr=1+¿ Γ∨ ¿ ¿
1−¿ Γ ∨¿=1+ ¿ 0.5547∨ ¿ ¿¿
1−¿ 0.5547∨¿=3.4913 ¿

smith chart
Conclusions
 It is essential the investigation and theorization of concepts, if we try to solve the problems posed
 There are applications and online tools that allow us to learn how to use the letter of Smith,
always this tool of valuable help to develop the exercises typical of the theme
 Smith's letter allows realizing the impedance adaptation in a very easy way without having to
resort to complex equations. In addition to containing other functions such as finding the
attenuation coefficient, reflection angle, etc.
Bibliography

⊛▷Diferencia entre Correlación Positiva y Correlación Negativa | Diferencias.eu🥇. (2018). Retrieved

from https://diferencias.eu/entre-correlacion-positiva-y-correlacion-negativa/
(2018). Retrieved from
http://halweb.uc3m.es/esp/Personal/personas/jmmarin/esp/GuiaSPSS/17corlin.pdf
(2018). Retrieved from http://www.cartagena99.com/recursos/electronica/apuntes/CH9ST_Web.pdf