IA – 2 Reading Assignment

1) Derive a general expression for Elliptical Polarization and hence explain Elliptical,
Circular, and Linear Polarization in detail.
Answer:-
2) Derive the expression for conducting media hence obtain Helmholtz equations for
conducting media.
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3) Derive the expression for α and β in good conductor.
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4) Explain depth of penetration (Skin Depth) and state the general expression for skin
depth δ. Also state the expression for δ in conducting media.

Answer:-
5) From Maxwell’s equation derive an expression for Poynting’s Theorem and
explain the physical significance with respect to power flow in electromagnetic field.
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6) State the advantages of Microwaves and list the applications of it.
Answer:-

Advantages of Microwaves

There are many advantages of Microwaves such as the following −

1. Supports larger bandwidth and hence more information is transmitted. For this reason,
microwaves are used for point-to-point communications.
2. More antenna gain is possible.
3. Higher data rates are transmitted as the bandwidth is more.
4. Antenna size gets reduced, as the frequencies are higher.
5. Low power consumption as the signals are of higher frequencies.
6. Effect of fading gets reduced by using line of sight propagation.
7. Provides effective reflection area in the radar systems.
8. Satellite and terrestrial communications with high capacities are possible.
9. Low-cost miniature microwave components can be developed.
10. Effective spectrum usage with wide variety of applications in all available
frequency ranges of operation.

Applications:-

Wireless Communications
1. For long distance telephone calls
2. Bluetooth
3. WIMAX operations
4. Outdoor broadcasting transmissions
5. Broadcast auxiliary services
6. Remote pickup unit
7. Studio/transmitter link
8. Direct Broadcast Satellite DBSDBS
9. Personal Communication Systems PCSs
10. Wireless Local Area Networks WLANs
11. Cellular Video CV systems
12. Automobile collision avoidance system

Electronics
 Fast jitter-free switches
 Phase shifters
 HF generation
 Tuning elements
 ECM/ECCM Electronic Counter Measure systems
 Spread spectrum systems

Commercial Uses
 Burglar alarms
 Garage door openers
 Police speed detectors
 Identification by non-contact methods
 Cell phones, pagers, wireless LANs
 Satellite television, XM radio
 Motion detectors
 Remote sensing


Navigation
 Global navigation satellite systems
 Global Positioning System GPS

Military and Radar

 Radars to detect the range and speed of the target.
 SONAR applications
 Air traffic control
 Weather forecasting
 Navigation of ships
 Minesweeping applications
 Speed limit enforcement
 Military uses microwave frequencies for communications and for the above mentioned
applications.

Research Applications
 Atomic resonances
 Nuclear resonances

Radio Astronomy
 Mark cosmic microwave background radiation
 Detection of powerful waves in the universe
 Detection of many radiations in the universe and earth’s atmosphere

Food Industry
 Microwave ovens used for reheating and cooking
 Food processing applications
 Pre-heating applications
 Pre-cooking
 Roasting food grains/beans
 Drying potato chips
 Moisture levelling
 Absorbing water molecules

Industrial Uses
 Vulcanizing rubber
 Analytical chemistry applications
 Drying and reaction processes
 Processing ceramics
 Polymer matrix
 Surface modification
 Chemical vapor processing
 Powder processing
 Sterilizing pharmaceuticals
 Chemical synthesis
 Waste remediation
 Power transmission
 Tunnel boring
 Breaking rock/concrete
 Breaking up coal seams
 Curing of cement
 RF Lighting
 Fusion reactors
 Active denial systems

Semiconductor Processing Techniques

 Reactive ion etching
 Chemical vapor deposition
Spectroscopy

 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance EPR or ESR Spectroscopy

 To know about unpaired electrons in chemicals
 To know the free radicals in materials
 Electron chemistry

Medical Applications

 Monitoring heartbeat
 Lung water detection
 Tumour detection
 Regional hyperthermia
 Therapeutic applications
 Local heating
 Angioplasty
 Microwave tomography
 Microwave Acoustic imaging
7) Derive equations for Transmission Line and hence obtain the expression for
characteristic impedance of the Transmission line.
Answer:-
8) Derive the general expression for the input impedance of the Transmission line.
Answer:-
9) Calculate input impedance of lossless 50Ω transmission line terminated by load
impedance of ZL = (25 + j60) Ω at operating wavelength of 2m. Given that length of
line is 60 cm.

Answer:-

Length of the line = 60cm and λ = 2m

Length of the line in terms of λ = 0.6/2 = 0.3λ

Βl = 2π/λ x 0.3λ = 0.6π

ZL = (25 + j60) Ω

Z0 = 50 Ω

After putting all these values in above equation, we get

Answer as

Zin = 10.73 – j16.48

10) A lossless transmission line is 80 cm long and operates at a frequency of 600
MHz. The line parameters are L = 0.25 μH/m and C = 100 pF/m. Find the
characteristic impedance, the phase constant, and the phase velocity.

Answer:-
11) A 50-Ω lossless transmission line is terminated by a load impedance,
ZL = 50 − j75 Ω. If the incident power is 100 mW, find the power
dissipated by the load.

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12) Write a short note on smith chart.

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13) Explain the terms HPBW and FNBW related to antenna radiation pattern.

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14) Describe the Microstrip antennas in detail. Discuss about different feed methods
used in Microstrip antennas.

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15) Derive the expression for radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole.

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16) Describe the Friis Transmission Equation in detail.

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17) Write a short note on Horn antennas.

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18) Find the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole whose overall
length is l = λ∕50.

Answer:-