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 ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2018-2019)
M.P.A.-14
ekuo lalkèku izcaèku
(Human Resource Management)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the

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Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100%

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accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment.

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As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be

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denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample
Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date

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and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the
university.
in
a d
bl l=kh; dk;Z esa HkkxµI vkSj Hkkx&II gSaA izR;sd Hkkx esa ik¡p iz'u gSaA vkidks oqQy ik¡p iz'u djus gSa] foaQrq izR;sd
a
Hkkx esa ls de ls de nks iz'u vo'; dhft,A izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj yxHkx 400 'kCnksa esa nhft,A izR;sd iz'u 20 vadksa
dk gSA
Hkkx&I m
y e Re
iz'u 1- lkekftd ekuo lalkèku izcaèku (SHRM) dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, rFkk mlosQ mikxeksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

lin ks
u d
mÙkjµçfrLi¼kZ osQ bl nkSj esa çca/u dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd og vk'kkoknh cuk jgs] deZpkfj;ksa dh n{krk] dk;ZoqQ'kyrk esa fujUrj
c<+ksrjh gksrh jgs rFkk laxBu cnyrs gq, ewY;ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw>us dh {kerk vkSj Lo;a dks muosQ lkFk <kyus osQ ;ksX; gks
n oo
t
losQA laxBu osQ lapkyu dks fdl çdkj fodflr fd;k tk,] deZpkfj;ksa dk ikfjJfed oSQls fu/kZfjr fd;k tk,] fdl uhfr dk
O b
çHkko mRikndrk ij oSQlk iM+sxk] oSQls bfPNr y{; dks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] nwljs laxBuksa osQ lkFk oSQls laca/ LFkkfir djuk
r -s
gS] deZpkfj;ksa osQ eè; oSQls lkeatL; LFkkfir fd;k tk,] vkil esa fu;ksDrk vkSj deZpkjh lglEcU/ oSQls gksaxs] vkfn fu/kZfjr djuk

.e o E
gh lkekU; Hkk"kk esa lkekfjd ekuo lalk/u çca/u dgykrk gSA
lkefjd ekuo lalk/u çca/u osQ mikxe f
b d
lkefjd ekuo lalk/u çca/u osQ eq[;r% nks mikxe gSa] tks ,d&nwljs osQ foijhr gksrs gq, Hkh ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSaµ
n
w u a
1- vkS|ksfxd laxBukRed mikxe (The Industrial Organisational Aprroach)µ;g mikxe vk£Fkd fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gSA
H
vk£Fkd lalk/uksa dk vkcaVu] O;kikfjd çfrLi¼kZ vkfn igyqvksa ij vè;;u djus dh ,d i¼fr gSA

w e
2- lkekftd mikxe (The Sociological Approach)µ ;g mikxe ekuoh; lEcU/ksa osQ vè;;u ij cy nsrk gSA laxBu esa
h
fu;ksDrk&deZpkjh laca/ oSQls gksa] deZpkjh&deZpkjh laca/ oSQls gksa\ ;g lc bl mikxe osQ vè;;u osQ osQUnz&fcUnq gSaA

w T
vxzo£.kr mikxeksa osQ vykok Hkh Msyjh rFkk MksVh us rhu vU; mikxeksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSµ
1- lkoZHkkSfed mikxe (Universal Approach)µbl n`f"Vdks.k dk ekuuk gS fd foHkkxh; fØ;k,a o vUrj&foHkkxh; fØ;k,a
cgqvk;keh gksrh gSa rFkk budk foLrkj {ks=k lkoZHkkSfed gksrk gSA O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls ;g mikxe vf/d çklafxd ugha gSA
2- laHkkfor mikxe (Contingency Approach)µbl n`f"Vdks.k dk eq[; vè;;u {ks=k gS fu.kZ;u çfØ;k rFkk mldk fØ;kUo;uA
uhfr&fuekZ.k rFkk fØ;kUo;u dks dkSu&dkSu ls dkjd çHkkfor djrs gSa rFkk ;g mu laHkkfor dkjdksa dk Hkh vè;;u djrk gS] tks
fiQj Hkfo"; esa bu ij çHkko Mky ldrs gSaA
3- la:i.k fl¼kar (Configurational Approach)µbl n`f"Vdks.k osQ varxZr fdlh Hkh laLFkk osQ ,d ls vf/d vkn'kZ çfreku
(Models) rS;kj dj fy, tkrs gSaA bu çfrekuksa dk fuekZ.k] laLFkkvksa dh ekuo lalk/u çfØ;kvksa] uhfr;ksa o j.kuhfr;ksa vkfn osQ vk/kj
ij fd;k tkrk gSA bu çfrekuksa dh vyx&vyx dk;Z&ç.kkyh vkSj ewY; osQ vk/kj ij laxBu osQ çn'kZu (Performance) dks le>us
dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA
2
 ;g mikxe cgqr vf/d çklafxd ugha gS] D;ksafd rhu&pkj çfrekuksa osQ vk/kj ij ge Js"B laxBu dh jpuk dj ikus esa liQy
gks ik;saxs] bldh dksbZ xkj.Vh ugha gSA
loksZÙke vH;kl mikxe (The Best Practice Approach)
oqQN fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd laxBu esa oqQN vH;kl ,sls gSa] ftuosQ }kjk lokZsÙke fu"iknu lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
ts- iQkbiQj us ,sls lkr vH;kl crk, gSaµ
1- dk£edksa dks lqj{kk çnku djukA
2- fof'k"V fu;qfDr;k¡ djukA
3- Lo&çcaf/r lewgksa dk xBu djukA
4- dk£edksa osQ çn'kZu osQ vk/kj ij mudk ikfjJfed (Wages) rFkk ikfjrksf"kd (Reward) fu/kZfjr djukA
5- deZpkfj;ksa osQ çf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dukA
6- deZpkfj;ksa osQ eè; fLFkfrtU; ;k inØe Hksn dks de djukA
7- lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku djukA
oqQN fo}ku bl fl¼kar dh çklafxdrk ij Hkh ç'u mBkrs gaSA mudk ekuuk gS fd ;g ,d dfYir fl¼kar gSA
iz'u 2- ekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu dh izfØ;k vkSj igyqvksa dk fooj.k dhft,A
o m
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mÙkjµekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu (pj.kc¼) çfØ;k (Procedure of Human Resource Planning) µçR;sd laxBu dk fuekZ.k
fdUgha fof'k"V y{;ksa dh çkfIr osQ mís'; osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;s y{; nwljs laxBuksa osQ y{;ksa ls fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA ekuo

r t
'kfDr fu;kstu bUgha y{;ksa dh çkfIr osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd blh vk/kj ij deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS_ tSlsµLokLF;
g
laxBuksa osQ fy, fpfdRldksa dh fu;qfDr] fo|ky;ksa osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr vkfnA ekuo lalk/u fu;kstu çfØ;k fuEufyf[kr
pj.kksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gSµ
in
a d
(1) dk;Zcy fLFkfr dk vkdyu (Estimation of Workforce Position)µlalk/u fu;kstu dk ;g çFke pj.k gSA bl pj.k
a
esa miyC/ ekuo 'kfDr dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k] mudh ;ksX;rk] vuqHko] rduhdh Kku] vk;q vkfnA

m
y e Re
blosQ vk/kj ij gh vfrfjDr ekuo 'kfDr dh vko';drk dk irk pyrk gS fd laxBu dks vkSj fdrus deZpkfj;ksa dh lsokvksa dh
t:jr iM+sxh] ftlls mlosQ fu"iknu esa çHkko'khyrk dh o`f¼ gks losQA blosQ vykok bl Lrj ij bu igyqvkas ij Hkh fopkj fd;k
tkrk gS fd çHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ osQ fy, deZpkfj;ksa dks fdl&fdl rduhdh Kku] çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk iM+sxhA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh

vkdyu dj losaQA
l
u
n oo
d
in ks
r; djuk iM+rk gS fd ;ksX; O;fDr osQ pquko osQ fy, dkSu&lh fof/ Bhd jgsxh] ftlls ge fofHkUu yksxksa dh ;ksX;rk dk lgh

s t
(2) ekuo lalk/u vko';drkvksa dk vuqeku (Projection of Necessities for Human Resource)µekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu osQ

r
O b
nks i{k gksrs gSaµ(1) ekuo 'kfDr ekax ;kstuk (Man Power Demand Plan) o (2) ekuo 'kfDr vkiw£r ;kstuk (Man Power Supply
Plan)A fu;kstu osQ igys pj.k esa gesa ;g irk pyrk gS fd laxBu esa fdruh ekuo 'kfDr dh ekax gS vFkkZr fdrus deZpkfj;ksa dh
-
.e o
vko';drk gSA nwljs pj.k] ;kfu ekuo lalk/u vko';drkvksa osQ vuqeku esa bl ekax osQ vuqlkj ekuo 'kfDr dh vkiw£r laca/h ç;kl
f E
fd;s tkrs gSaA fjDr LFkku Hkjus osQ fy, vkUrfjd Ïksr] ;kfu inksUufr }kjk Hkjs tkus okys in rFkk cká Ïksrksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr
b d
dh tkrh gSA ekuo 'kfDr vkiw£r laca/h ç;kl djrs le; lkef;d vko';drkvksa (Temporal Requirements)] LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa

we u an
(Locational Requirements) rFkk inlksiuh; Øe (Hierarchical Order) dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A fu;qfDr çfØ;k esa deZpkfj;ksa dh

H
;ksX;rk fu/kZj.k osQ fy, vkerkSj ij fo'ys"k.kkRed i¼fr (Analytical Method)] cgqvk;keh n{krk fo'ys"k.k i¼fr (Multi-skills

w Th
Analytical Method)] çfØ;kRed 'kks/ (Operational Research) vkfn ijh{kkRed fof/;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA
(3) lwpuk oxhZÑr djuk o vFkZ le>kuk (Classification and Interpretation of Information)µbl pj.k esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa

w
ls lacaf/r lwpukvksa dks ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gSA rnqijkar mudk oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gS fd fdl leL;k dk laca/ fdlls gS vkSj
leL;k osQ lek/ku dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA tc lc lwpuk,¡ çkIr gks tkrh gSa] rc deZpkfj;ksa dks mlosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tkrh
gS rFkk mlosQ vFkZ dks le>k;k tkrk gSA
(4) dk;Z fu"iknu ekud LFkkfir djuk (Standardize Work Performance)µdk;Z&fu"iknu ekud ls rkRi;Z gSµ^deZpkfj;ksa
osQ }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dks ekius dk ,d iSekuk fu/kZfjr djuk* vFkkZr ;g r; djuk fd ,d deZpkjh }kjk fn;s x;s fuf'pr
le; esa de&ls&de fdruk vkSj fdl Lrj dk dke fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blh fu/kZfjr ekud osQ vk/kj ij deZpkfj;ksa osQ dk;ks±
dk ewY;kadu djuk dk;Z fu"iknu ekud dgykrk gSA ekud fu/kZfjr djrs le; çca/d dks oqQN ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,] tSls
ekud O;kogkfjd (Practical) gks vFkkZr ekudksa dk fu/kZj.k ekuoh; i{k dks è;ku esa j[kdj djuk pkfg, fd ,d euq"; fu/kZfjr
ekudksa dks çkIr dj Hkh ldrk gS ;k ughaA ekud yksp'khy gksus pkfg,] ftlls mUgsa vko';drkuqlkj cnyk tk losQA ekud xfr'khy

3
gksus pkfg,] rkfd cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj muesa cnyko yk;k tk losQA vkSj lcls t:jh ;g gS fd ekud Li"V :i
ls ifjHkkf"kr gksus pkfg,] rkfd deZpkfj;ksa dks le> esa vk losaQA fdlh laxBu esa dk;Z fu"iknu ekud LFkkfir djuk blfy, vko';d
gS D;ksafd buosQ vHkko esa deZpkfj;ksa osQ dk;Z fu"iknu dh roZQlaxr leh{kk laHko ugha gks ikrh vkSj dk;Z fu"iknu dk Lrj de jg
tkrk gSA
(5) tu&lalk/u leL;kvksa dk vuqeku yxkuk (Estimation of Man Power Problems)µlaxBu esa miyC/ tu&lalk/u rFkk
Hkfo"; esa laHkkfor vko';drk dk vuqeku yxkuk vkSj mldh iw£r osQ fy, ç;kl djuk bl pj.k osQ varxZr vkrk gSA fjDr LFkkuksa
dh iw£r vPNs o ;ksX; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dh tk losQ] ekuo lalk/u fu;kstu blosQ fy, ç;kljr jgrk gSA
(6) HkkSfrd lalk/u ewY;akdu (Costing Inventory)µ ekuo lalk/u fu;kstu osQ varxZr HkkSfrd lalk/uksa dh vko';drk vkSj
mldh iw£r djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA laLFkk esa fdrus miyC/ lalk/u gSa rFkk fdrus lalk/uksa osQ vko';drk Hkfo"; esa iM+ ldrh gS]
;g lc r; djuk Hkh tu&lalk/u fu;kstu osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa 'kkfey gSA
(7) deZpkfj;ksa dh miyC/rk (Availability of Personnels)µekuo lalk/u fu;kstu dk eq[; è;s; gS laLFkk dks vko';d
m
deZpkjh] de ykxr esa vkSj le; ij miyC/ gksaA blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd laxBu deZpkfj;ksa dh vkiw£r osQ fy, fujUrj 'kS{kf.kd

o
laLFkkuksa vkSj çf'k{k.k osQUnzksa osQ lEioZQ esa jgs rFkk mUgsa viuh vko';drk osQ ckjs esa voxr Hkh djkrk jgs] ftlls deZpkjh vklkuh

. c
ls miyC/ gks losaQA vktdy cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk deZpkjh p;u osQ fy, bl çfØ;k dk ç;ksx [kwc fd;k tk jgk gSA
(8) 'kks/ vè;;u (Research Studies)µtc ;kstuk fØ;kfUor gks tk,] rks mldk ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,] ftlls mldh vPNkbZ

r t
vkSj dfe;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tk losQ vkSj Hkfo"; esa xyfr;ksa dks lq/kjk tk losQA uhfr;ksa dks roZQlaxr (Rational) cukus osQ fy,
g
o mlesa oLrqijdrk (Objectivity) ykus osQ fy, 'kks/ djuk vko';d gSA 'kks/ çklafxd (Relevant) gks] blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd
og rF;ksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ij vk/kfjr gksa] iwokZxzgksa (Preconceived) o vuqekuksa ij ughaA
in
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tu&lalk/u ;kstuk o ctV (Man Power Planning and Budget)µekuo lalk/u ;kstuk miyC/ vk£Fkd lalk/uksa osQ vuq:i
a
gksuh pkfg,A çR;sd laxBu dk ,d fu/kZfjr ctV gksrk gS] ftlesa ,d foÙk o"kZ osQ nkSjku gksus okyh vk; vkSj O;; dk laHkkfor fooj.k

m
y e Re
gksrk gSA bl C;kSjs osQ }kjk vk; vkSj O;; osQ chp larqyu LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls laxBu dks ?kkVs dk lkeuk
u djuk iM+sA ekuo lalk/u ;kstuk ij Hkh O;; fd;k tkrk gS vr% ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd ftruk O;; bl lalk/u ij fd;k
tk jgk gS] mlls ok¡fNr ykHk vkSj mís'; dh çkfIr gks jgh gS ;k ughaA ctV ,d vk/qfud O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa O;; dk lh/k laca/

l
u d
in ks
ykHk ls gksrk gSA vr% ctV vkSj ekuo 'kfDr ;kstuk vUr% fuHkZj çfØ;k,a gSa vkSj ;s ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA
;fn nksuksa osQ chp leUo; Bhd rjg ls u fd;k tk,] rks fuEufyf[kr leL;k,a iSnk gks ldrh gSaµ
n oo
t
1- ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u chp esa jksduk iM+ ldrk gS] D;ksafd vko';d vk£Fkd lalk/u miyC/ ugha gSa vFkok

O b
2- ekuo 'kfDr lalk/u ij vf/d O;; djuk iM+k] D;ksafd vf/d deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drk Fkh vr% ifj;kstuk osQ fy,

s r -
i;kZIr lalk/uksa osQ vHkko esa bls jksduk iM+k vkfnA

.e o
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ekuo&'kfDr fu;kstu vkSj ctV osQ chp leUo; LFkkfir djuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gS] D;ksafd bu ns'kksa esa
f E
vf/drj ekuo 'kfDr ;kstuk dk fu/kZj.k fØ;kUo;u Lrj ij gksrk gSA ekuo 'kfDr çca/u dh vfu'prrk osQ dkj.k ;kstuk,a visf{kr
Lrj rd ugha igq¡p ikrhA
b nd
we u a
ctV cukrs le; ekuo 'kfDr ;kstuk ls lacaf/r fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,µ

H
● ekuo 'kfDr lalk/u ij gksus okys O;; rFkk vU; lEHkkfor O;;ksa osQ varl±aca/ dks è;ku esa j[kdj ctV fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A

w Th
● ctV cukrs le; egÙoiw.kZ lalk/uksa osQ O;; dks è;ku esa j[kk tk,A

● vkdfLed O;; dk Hkh ,d fu'pr vk£Fkd Hkkx fu/kZfjr fd;k tk,A

w ● ;fn ok¡fNr lalk/u miyC/ u gksa] rks ifj;kstuk esa ifjorZu fd;k tk,A lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk osQ vk/kj ij y{; fu/kZfjr

fd;s tk,a] ftlls mudh çkfIr lEHko gks losQA

Hkkx&II
iz'u 6- izcaèku fodkl ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ izcaèku fodkl osQ mikxeksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mÙkjµizca/u fodkl dk vFkZµizca/u dk lkekU; vFkZ gSµ^dk;ks± dk fu;kstu djuk rFkk fØ;kUo;u djuk*A izca/u ,d ,slk
ekè;e gS] ftlosQ }kjk y{;ksa dh izkfIr dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA izks- fFk;ks gsesu us izcaU/ dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr
n`f"Vdks.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSµ
izFke n`f"Vdks.kµizca/u ls rkRi;Z izca/u vf/dkfj;ksa osQ ml dk;ks± ls gS] ftudk lEcU/ laxBu esa dk;Z djus okys dkfEZkdksa
dh xfrfof/;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ls gksrk gSA

4
 nwljk n`f"Vdks.kµizca/u ls vk'k; mu laxBukRed izfØ;kvksa ls gS ftudk lEcU/ fu;kstu] fØ;kUo;u] lapkyu leUo;]
mRizsj.kk rFkk fu;a=k.k osQ rjhdksa vkfn ls gSA
rhljk n`f"Vdks.kµizca/u dks ,d ,slh dk;Zfof/ ekuk tkrk gS] ftlosQ vUrxZr vU; yksxksa osQ lkFk feydj y{; izkfIr ij
cy fn;k tkrk gSA
fFk;ks gsesu }kjk nh x;h izca/u dh ifjHkk"kk dk {ks=k bruk O;kid gS fd mlesa ls izca/u dk dksbZ Hkh i{k vNwrk ugha jgrk gSA
fiQj Hkh vkxs pydj izca/u esa ekuoh; lEcU/ n`f"Vdks.k ij cy nsrs gq, ykWjsUl ,iys us izca/u dks ^lsfooxhZ; izca/* dk uke
nsrs gq, dgk gS fd ^izca/ O;fDr;ksa dk fodkl gS u fd oLrqvksa dk funs'kuA* (Management is the development of people and not
the direction of things.) bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd izca/u fodkl dk eq[; mís'; laxBu esa izcaèkdksa ls lEcfU/r ;kstukvksa
dk fodkl djuk gS] rkfd laxBu dk lexzrk ls fodkl lEHko gks losQA
izca/u fodkl dk egÙo (Importance of Managerial Development)µizca/u ,d uohu rFkk fodkl'khy fo"k; gSA izca/u }kjk
fdu&fdu dk;ks± dk lEiknu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fdu dk;ks± dk lEiknu mls djuk pkfg,] ;g vHkh Hkh fopkj.kh; iz'u gSA izcaèku
osQ oqQN dk;ks± dk fu/kZj.k rks gks pqdk gS] tSlsµywFkj xqfyd us izcaèku osQ lkr dk;Z crk, gSa] ftUgsa mlus POSDCORB esa lekfgr
fd;k gSA izca/u fodkl osQ egÙo dks fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ls Li"V dj ldrs gSaµ
izca/u fodkl dk egÙo
o m
. c
(1)
;kstuk rS;kj
djuk
(2)
laxBu dh
:ijs[kk r; djuk
(3)
dk;ks± esa leUo;
LFkkfir djuk
(4)
dkfEZkdksa dks
iszfjr djuk
(5)
funsZ'ku
(Directing)
r
(6)

HkrhZ djuk
t
ing
dkfEZkdksa dh
(7)
fu;a=k.k djuk
(Controlling)
(Planning) (Organising) (Coordinating)

izca/u fodkl osQ egÙo dks bl izdkj Hkh le> ldrs gSaµ
(Actuating)

a ad
(Staffing)

m
y e
gks ikrk gSA ;kstuk ,slh gksuh pkfg,] ftls miyC/ lalk/uksa vkSj le;kof/ esa iwjk fd;k tk losQA
Re
1- ;kstuk rS;kj djukµizca/u dh oqQ'kyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd og fdlh vPNh ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djus esa liQy

2- :ijs[kk rS;kj djukµ;kstuk osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, laxBu dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuk Hkh izca/u dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA :ijs[kk
y{;ksUeq[kh rFkk ferO;;h gksuh pkfg,A

l d
in ks
3- leUo; djukµizca/u dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS fofHkUu dk;ks± osQ chp leUo; LFkkfir djuk] rkfd fdlh Hkh Lrj ij Vdjko
dh fLFkfr iSnk u gksA
u
n oo
s t
4- izsfjr djukµdkfEZkdksa dks dk;Z osQ izfr iszfjr djuk Hkh oqQ'ky izca/d dk gh nkf;Ro gSA
O b
5- funsZ'k nsukµdkfEZkdksa dks le;&le; ij mfpr fn'kk&funsZ'k nsuk Hkh izca/u dk dÙkZO; gSA
r -
6- dkfEkZdksa dk p;u djukµlaxBu dks ;ksX; deZpkjh izkIr gksa] bldh ftEesnkjh Hkh izca/u osQ da/ksa ij gh gksrh gSA

.e fo E
7- fu;a=k.k djukµlHkh laLFkkxr xfrfof/;ksa ij fuxjkuh j[kuk rFkk mu ij fu;a=k.k j[kus dk dk;Z Hkh izca/u }kjk gh fd;k
tkrk gSA
b d
izca/u fodkl osQ egÙoiw.kZ mikxe bl izdkj gSaµ

we u an
1- [kaM'k% fodkl mikxeµ[kaM'k% fodkl mikxe esa laLFkk dk fodkl vizHkkoh vkSj voqQ'ky gksrk gSA bl mikxe dks laLFkkvksa
H
}kjk lalk/uksa osQ vHkko esa] izca/dh; v{kerk osQ dkj.k rFkk izfrLi¼hZ osQ ncko esa viukuk iM+rk gSA bl mikxe dh fo'ks"krk,a bl
izdkj gSaµ
w Th
(i) izca/dh; fodkl uhfr O;olkf;d uhfr;ksa ls lac¼ ugha gksrhA

w
(ii) laLFkk,a vius dkfEZkdksa dks izf'k{k.k vkSj vf/xe lqfoèkk,a nsus esa vliQy fl¼ gks tkrh gSaA
(iii) laxBu osQ ftEesnkj vf/dkfj;ksa esa leku n`f"Vdks.k dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
(iv) bldk ewY;kadu djuk dfBu gksrk gS] D;ksafd blesa Li"V y{;ksa vkSj funsZ'kksa dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
2- [kqyh O;oLFkk mikxeµ[kqyh O;oLFkk mikxe esa izcaèku fodkl dks laLFkkxr dk;Z&iz.kkyh dk ,d vfHkUu Hkkx ekuk tkrk
gS] ftlosQ varxZr dk;Z&iz.kkyh osQ lHkh rÙoksa dks ,d lkFk lfEefyr djosQ y{; izkfIr dh vksj iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA izca/u fodkl
osQ ekè;e ls gh ekuo iw¡th esa fd;s x;s fuos'k osQ ldkjkRed ifj.kke izkIr gksus dh mEehn dh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd ;gh og ekè;e
gS ftlosQ }kjk dkfEZkdksa (ekuo iw¡th) dks csgrj dk;Z&fu"iknu osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g mls izHkkfor Hkh djrk gSA bl
mikxe dh mi;ksfxrk bl ckr ls Li"V gksrh gS fd ;g izca/u osQ fodkl ij cy nsrk gS vkSj ftldk lh/k vlj laxBu osQ fodkl
ij iM+rk gSA ;fn izcaèku fodflr gksxk] rks laxBu Hkh fodflr gksxkA

5
 3- ,dhÑr mikxeµ,dhÑr mikxe esa izca/u fodkl izfØ;k dks eq[; ;k izeq[k ekuk tkrk gSA laLFkkxr xfrfof/;ka izca/
u osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSa rFkk budk fu;a=k.k izcaèkd osQ gkFkksa esa gksrk gSA izca/u osQ dk;ks± vkSj Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu y{; izkfIr osQ
lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4- lgHkkxh izca/ mikxeµorZeku le; esa lgHkkxh izcaèk mikxe dk izpyu laxBuksa esa rsth ls c<+k gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd
bl mikxe esa yksdrkfU=kd ewY;ksa] lgHkkfxrk] ekuoh; rÙo vkfn dks vf/d egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA ;g voèkkj.kk izca/u osQ {ks=k esa
dkfEZkdksa dks Hkh fu.kZ;u izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkjh dk vf/dkj nsrh gSA blls laxBukRed fodkl ij dbZ ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rs gSa_
tSlsµdeZpkjh dk;Z vkSj laxBu osQ izfr Lo;a dks ftEesnkj le>rs gSa] muesa dk;Z osQ izfr yxko mRiUu gksrk gS] ladh.kZ foHkkxh;
n`f"Vdks.k osQ LFkku ij O;kid laxBukRed n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl gksrk gSA fiQj Hkh fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g mikxe lHkh
laxBukRed leL;kvksa dk gy izLrqr ugha djrk gSA
iz'u 8- iw.kZ xq.koÙkk izcaèku dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
mÙkjµlexz xq.koÙkk izca/u dh vo/kj.kkµlexz xq.koÙkk izca/u laxBu osQ dk;ks±] xfrfof/;ksa o izcaèku ls lEc¼ vo/kj.kk
gSA lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u ls vk'k; gSµ
• lexz vFkkZr lEiw.kZ laxBukRed xfrfof/;ksa ls lEcfUèkrA
• xq.koÙkk vFkkZr mRikfnr oLrq ;k lsok dh fof'k"Vrk ;k xq.kA
o m
. c
• izca/u vFkkZr laxBukRed xfrfof/;ksa o fØ;kdykiksa dk lapkyu] fu;eu] funsZ'ku o fu;a=k.k osQ rjhosQA
lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u dh vo/kj.kk dks loZizFke 1950 osQ n'kd esa MkW- ,MoMZ MsfeaXl ,oa ts-,e- eqjku us tkiku osQ lanHkZ esa

r t
izLrqr fd;k FkkA tkikfu;ksa us bl vo/kj.kk dk mi;ksx iz'kklfud lq/kj osQ fy, fd;k] ftlls iwjh izca/u O;oLFkk dk xq.koÙkk lqèkkj
g
lEHko gks losQA vkt tkiku vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls liQy ns'k gS] D;ksafd og de ykxr esa vf/d xq.koÙkk mRiknu (High Quality
in
a
Production) djus esa l{ke gSA

ad
mnkjoknh vFkZO;oLFkk us oSf'od cktkj O;oLFkk dks tUe fn;k gS] tlesa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij O;kikj djuk ns'kksa osQ fy, vklku
gks x;k gSA ,d&nwljs ns'k osQ lkFk oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr] [kjhnuk&cspuk vkfn dh vkSipkfjd izfØ;k,a ljy gks x;h gSaA blosQ

m
y e Re
ifj.kkeLo:i izfrLi¼kZ dk Lrj vkSj vf/d c<+ x;k gSA oSf'od cktkj O;oLFkk esa oLrq dh ek¡x cuh jgs] blosQ fy, t:jh gS fd
oLrq dh xq.koÙkk dk Lrj mQ¡pk jgs] rkfd os miHkksDrk dh vko';drk dks larq"V djus esa liQy gks losaQA lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u dk
eq[; mís'; mu cnykoksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk gS] tks oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk] cktkj O;oLFkk] miHkksDrk larqf"V rFkk izfrLi¼kZ osQ c<+rs

1- laxBu osQ fu/kZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr_

u d
in ks
gq, ncko esa laxBukRed mRÑ"Vrk dks cuk, j[ksa rFkk xq.koÙkk esa fujarj lq/kj iz;kl tkjh jgsaA bldk y{; laxBu osQ mRiknu dks
l
mPpre o Js"Bre Lrj ij ys tkuk gSA lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u osQ izeq[k rÙo gSaµ
n oo
2- laxBu osQ mís';ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k_

s t O b
3- laxBukRed xfrfof/;ksa esa dk£edksa dh Hkkxhnkjh_
4- ykxr&ewY; rFkk ykHk&ewY; osQ chp larqyu_ r -
.e
5- cktkj O;oLFkk dk lgh vkdyu_
fo
d
E
6- miHkksDrk ekaxksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k_ rFkk
b n
we
7- mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh mPpre xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djukA
u a
ekbd fgd us lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u dh fuEufyf[kr voèkkj.kkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSµ
H
1- lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u izfØ;k lq/kj (Continuous Process Improvement) ij cy nsrk gSA

w Th
2- ;g miHkksDrk dh ek¡xksa ij è;ku osQfUnzr djrk gSA
3- ;g izfØ;kRed xyfr;ksa esa lq/kj ij cy nsrk gSA

w ekbd fgd dk ekuuk gS fd lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u izfØ;k uhps ls mQij dh vksj vxzlfjr gksrh gSA blfy, ekbd us bl izfØ;k
dk uke ^VkWi&Mkmu* (Top-Down) izfØ;k j[kk gS] ftlesa funs'ku mPp&Lrj ls 'kq: gksrk gSA rFkk fuEu&Lrj ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
lexz xq.koÙkk izca/u dh eq[; fØ;k,a gSaµlaxBukRed leL;kvksa dh igpku djuk rFkk muesa lq/kj osQ fy, iz;kl djukA
iz'u 10- vuq'kklu osQ U;kf;d n`f"Vdks.k ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mÙkjµvuq'kklu dk U;kf;d n`f"Vdks.kµdeZpkfj;ksa }kjk vius in dk nq#i;ksx u fd;k tk,] blosQ fy, ljdkj }kjk vusd
ekud LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSaA 1946 esa vkS|ksfxd jkstxkj vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] inP;qfr]
vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh] vodk'k vkfn dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g vf/fu;e mu lHkh bdkb;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS] tgk¡ lkS ls
vf/d deZpkjh dk;Z djrs gSaA deZpkfj;ksa osQ nqjkpj.k ls lacaf/r dkuwu fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
1- mPpkf/dkfj;ksa osQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu u djuk o mudh vuns[kh djuk]

6
 2- O;kikj esa /ks[kk/M+h djuk]
3- fyf[kr vkns'kksa dk ikyu u djuk o fyf[kr lwpukvksa dks Lohdkj u djuk]
4- laxBu dh lEifÙk dk nqHkkZouko'k fouk'k djuk]
5- laxBu osQ vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd fu;eksa dk ikyu u djuk]
6- laxBu esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks tUe nsuk]
7- fcuk lwpuk fn;s vuqifLFkr jguk]
8- lgdehZ osQ lkFk nqO;Zogkj djuk rFkk mls /edkuk ;k ml ij geyk djuk]
9- cqjh vknrksa] tSlsµefnjkiku djuk] osQ dkj.k dk;Z fu"iknu dks çHkkfor djuk]
10- dk;Z osQ çfr xaHkhj u gksuk rFkk ykijokgh cjruk]
11- fgald O;ogkj djuk]
12- fcuk iwoZ&lwpuk osQ gM+rky djuk rFkk nwljksa dks mdlkuk]
13- foHkkx dh egÙoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k¡ lkoZtfud djuk ;k fdlh vf/dkfjdrk çkIr O;fDr dks lkSaiuk]
14- laxBu osQ /u dk euekuk ç;ksx djuk rFkk O;fDrxr fgr esa ç;ksx djuk]
15- laxBu dks Lo;a osQ ckjs esa xyr tkudkjh çnku djuk]
o m
16- fcuk rF; dk irk yxk;s xyr viQokgsa iSQykuk]
17- laxBu ij ykxw dkuwuksa dh vogsyuk djukA
. c
rFkk n.M xyrh osQ vuq:i fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
r t
nqjkpj.k osQ laca/ esa çca/u vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh osQ nkSjku lacf/r O;fDr osQ i{k dks tkuus dk Hkh çko/ku gksuk pkfg,

ing
1- ?kjsyw tk¡p (Domestic Enquiry)µ?kjsyw tk¡p dk mís'; gSµnks"kkjksfir O;fDr dks lgh o mfpr U;k; fey losQA tc rd

a d
fd nks"kkjksi.k fl¼ u dj fy;k tk,] rc fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks nf.Mr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A nks"kh dks Hkh viuh ckr j[kus dk
a
iwjk volj fn;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk vius cpko osQ fy, vko';d çek.k tqVkus osQ fy, le; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A mlosQ f[kykiQ lcwrksa

m
y e
dkuwuh çfØ;k osQ vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A ?kjsyw tk¡p djrs le; fuEufyf[kr lko/kfu;ka cjrh tkuh pkfg,µ Re
dh iwjh Nkuchu o tk¡p dh tkuh pkfg,A xokgksa dh xokgh dk ijh{k.k rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk rF;ksa dh iM+rky

1- deZpkjh osQ fo#¼ fdlh çdkj dh f'kdk;r feyus ij rqjUr mldh tk¡p&iM+rky djuh pkfg,A ;fn tk¡p esa mlosQ f[kykiQ

l
u d
in ks
lcwr feysa] rks mlosQ fo#¼ vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg,A
2- çca/u }kjk vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh esa dBksj n.M rc fn;k tkuk pkfg,] tc yxs fd deZpkjh dks Mk¡V&MiV o ekSf[kd
n oo
s t
psrkouh }kjk lq/kjuk lEHko ugha gSA

r
O b
3- ;fn deZpkjh ij xEHkhj nqjkpkjk dk ekeyk vkjksfir gks] rc lHkh dkuwuh igyqvksa osQ varxZr dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg,]
ftlls fdlh i{k osQ lkFk vU;k; u gksus ik;sA
-
.e o
vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr osQ mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk oqQN fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh fd;s x;s gSa] tks bl çdkj gSaµ
f E
1- vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh nqHkkZouk osQ pyrs ugha djuh pkfg,]
b d
2- fdlh deZpkjh dks vkdj.k ijs'kku djus osQ mís'; ls dk;Zokgh u dh tk,]

we u an
3- vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh osQ nkSjku xyr o vuqfpr rjhdksa dk ç;ksx u fd;k tk,]
H
4- dk;Zokgh esa çkÑfrd dkuwu dk ikyu fd;k tk, rFkk xyr dk;Zokgh djus ls cpk tk,]

w Th
5- fcuk Bksl lcwrksa osQ dk;Zokgh dks vatke u fn;k tk,A
çca/d dks vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh djrs le; mi;qZDr o£.kr lHkh fl¼karksa dk vuqdj.k djuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k

w
tkrk] rks deZpkjh vuqfpr dk;Zokgh dk fojks/ djsaxs rFkk U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k ysaxsA U;k;ky; dk;Zokgh osQ Bksl vk/kj u gksus ij mUgsa
funksZ"k lkfcr dj nsaxs rFkk blosQ ftEesnkj O;fDr dks dM+s funsZ'k fn;s tk,axs] ftlls os deZpkfj;ksa dk mRihM+u jksdk tk losQA mRihM+u
ls rkRi;Z gS fd euekus rjhdksa ls deZpkfj;ksa ls O;ogkj djuk rFkk mUgsa dkj.k crk, fcuk nf.Mr djuk rFkk NksVh&NksVh xyfr;ksa
ij cM+h ltk nsukA
2- ?kjsyw tk¡p dh çfØ;kµtk¡p djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ekun.Mksa dks viukuk t:jh gS] rHkh tk¡p çfØ;k dks lgh o mi;qDr
ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;s çeq[k ekun.M gSaµ
1- vkjksih O;fDr dks mlosQ Åij yxk;s tkus okys vkjksiksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh nsukA
2- vkjksih dks vius cpko osQ fy, çkekf.kd lcwr bdV~Bk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr le; nsukA

7
 3- tk¡p vf/dkjh Lora=k o fu"i{k gksuk pkfg, rFkk mls fdlh iwokZxzg ls xzflr ugha gksuk pkfg,A
4- vkjksih osQ fo#¼ xokgh nsus okyksa dks vkjksih osQ lkeus gh xokgh fnyokuh pkfg,A
5- vkjksih O;fDr dks xokg ls iwNrkN djus osQ fy, ekSdk o i;kZIr le; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- vkjksih dks vius cpko osQ fy, iwjk ekSdk o lcwr rFkk xokg tqVkus osQ fy, mfpr le; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; us ?kjsyw tk¡p osQ laca/ esa oqQN fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh fd;s gSa] ftuosQ vuqlkj tk¡p dh çkekf.kdrk
lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ;fn tk¡p v/wjh o vçklafxd gks] rks iqu% tk¡p djuh pkfg,A
lkekU;r% ?kjsyw tk¡p çfØ;k osQ fuEufyf[kr pj.k gksrs gSaµ
(i) vkjksi i=k nsukµtk¡p çfØ;k dk çFke pj.k] vkjksi i=k nkf[ky djuk gS] ftlesa vkjksih ij yxk;s x;s vkjksiksa dk lEiw.kZ
fooj.k gksrk gSA bls rS;kj djrs le; lHkh vko';d rF;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dksbZ ?kVuk dc] dgk¡] D;ksa] fdlosQ }kjk o
fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ?kVhA vkjksi i=k dk C;kSjk gh iwjh tk¡p çfØ;k dk vk/kj gksrk gSA

m
(ii) vkjksi i=k dk tokcµtk¡p çfØ;k dk nwljk pj.k gS] vkjksih O;fDr }kjk vkjksi i=k esa yxk;s x;s vkjksiksa dk tokc nsukA
blosQ fy, mfpr le;&lhek fu/kZfjr dh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn deZpkjh vkjksiksa dk larks"ktud mÙkj nsus liQy gks tkrk gS rFkk vf/dkjh

o
mlosQ fn;s rdks± ls lger gks tkrs gSa] rks fiQj tk¡p dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA deZpkjh dks blh pj.k esa vkjksieqDr dj fn;k tkrk
gSA

. c
(iii) xokgksa dh tk¡pµ;fn vkjksih vkjksi i=k dk larks"ktud tokc nsus esa vliQy gks tkrk gS] rks tk¡p osQ rhljs pj.k esa tkuk

r t
iM+rk gSA bl pj.k esa nksuksa i{kksa osQ xokgksa }kjk fn;s x;s oDrO;ksa o lcwrksa dh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA
g
(iv) vijk/ dh LohÑfrµdbZ ckj O;fDr vkjksi i=k esa yxs vkjksiksa dks Lohdkj djosQ vius vijk/ dks eku ysrk gSA bl fLFkfr

in
esa tk¡p vkSipkfjdrk ek=k jg tkrh gS] D;ksafd vijk/ Lohdkj djus dh fLFkfr esa l?ku tk¡p dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA

a d
(v) tk¡p ifj.kkeµtk¡p çfØ;k dk vafre pj.k tk¡p osQ ifj.kkeksa dh leh{kk djuk gSA ;fn O;fDr Lo;a vijk/ dks Lohdkj

a
ugha djrk] rks tk¡p vf/dkjh miyC/ tkudkjh] lcwrksa o rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij vkjksih O;fDr osQ fo"k; esa fu.kZ; ysrk gSA fu.kZ; ysrs

m
le; tk¡p vf/dkjh dks vR;Ur lroZQrk o lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,] ftlls fdlh funksZ"k dks ltk u feysA

y e Re ■■

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