NAME-

CLASS-12
SEC-
ROLL NO-
 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT OF CLASS XII,
SECTION-C, ROLL NO- HAS PREPARED A PROJECT ON
THE TOPIC”LOGIC GATES”AND HAS SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED THE REQUIRED PHYSICS PROJECT UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF MRS PREETILATA MAM DURING THE SESSION
2015-2016, TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF CREDIT FOR
THE PHYSICS PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF CBSE 2016 AND
SUBMITTED SATISFACTORY REPORT AS COMPILED IN THE
FOLLOWING PAGES UNDER MY SUPERVISION.

PRINCIPAL/DIRECTOR SIGNATURE SCHOOL

SEAL

TEACHER SIGNATURE EXAMINER

SIGNATURE

I SELECTED THIS PROJECT AS A PART OF MY STUDIES ,

TITLED”LOGIC GATES”.
AS A GRATITUDE, I CONVEY MY SINCERE THANKS TO
MRS ............. MAM WHO WAS A CONSTANT GUIDE DURING
THE PERIOD OF STUDIES AND THE PRINCIPAL OF OUR
SCHOOL MRS. …………….. WITHOUT WHOSE HELP IT WOULD
NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE FOR ME TO COMPLETE THIS
PROJECT. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK THE DIRECTOR OF
OUR SCHOOL ……….. FOR HELPING ME.

WE USE THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS TO CONSTRUCT A

LOGIC CIRCUIT AND VERIFY THE TRUTH TABLES OF
AND,OR,NOT GATES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.
1.INTRODUCTION
2.TYPES OF GATE
3.NOT GATE
4.OR GATE
5.AND GATE
6.NAND GATE
7.NOR GATE
8.PROCEDURE
9.OBSERVATION
10.INFERENCE
11.CONCLUSION
12.BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
LOGIC GATES
A gate is a digital circuit that follows certain relationship between the
input and output voltages. Therefore, they are generally know as logic
gates-gates because they control the flow of information.

I.NOT GATE
This is the most basic gate, with one input and one output. It produce a
‘1’ output if the input is ‘0’ and vice versa. That is, it produces inverted
version of the input as its output.
II.OR GATE
An ‘OR gate’ has two or more inputs with one output. The output is ‘1’
when either of the inputs are ‘1’ that is if any of the input is high the
output is high.
III.AND GATE
An‘AND gate’ gas two or more inputs and one output. The output of
AND gate is 1 only when the inputs are 1.
THE ‘’NOT GATE’’
The NOT gate is a one input and output logic gate. It combines the
input A with the output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y=A
i.e.Y equals A. The way, the NOT gate gives the output, it is also called
invertor. It is represented by the symbol:

It produces 1 output if input is 0 and vice-versa. That is it produces an

inverted version of the input at its output.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF NOT
GATE
In practice a NOT gate can be realized by using transistor as shown in
the figure below:

An electronic circuit of a NOT gate using n-p-n transistor is shown in

the above figure. The base of the transistor is connected to the input
through a resistance Rb and the emitter “E” is earthed. The collector is
connected to a 5V battery and the output Y is the voltage at C w.r.t
earth. The resistor Rb and Rc are so choosen that if the input is at
“0”voltage connected to the collector. The operation can be understood
as shown.
When input is earthed, the base of the transistor also gets earthed. The
base emitter junction is not forward biased but the base collector
junction is reversed biased. As the emitter is “1” the base current is “0”.
Hence collector current is also “0”. Under such conditions the transistor
is in cut off mode and voltage at C will be +5V w.r.t earth due to battery
in the collector circuit. Hence the output Y=1.
When the input is connected to the positive terminal of the battery, the
base emitter junction gets forward biased. There will be emitter current,
base current and collector current . The values of resistors R b and Rc are
so adjusted that in this arrangement a large collector current flows. In
this situation, the transistor is said to have gone to saturation state. The
voltage drop across Rc due to forward biasing of emitter is just equal to
5V, which is equal and opposite to the potential drop across Rc due to
battery in collector circuit. Hence voltage at C=“0” volt. Therefore the
output is at “0”level. Thus the operation of the output is based on the
following rule. The output of the NOT gate assumes “1” if both inputs
are at “0”level or vice-versa.
THE ‘’OR GATE’’
The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic gate. It combines the
inputs A and B with output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y=A+B
i.e. Y equals A or B. The OR gate is represented by the symbol:

The output gate has two or more inputs with one output. The output Y is
1 when either input A or input B or both are 1, that is, if any of the input
is high, the output is high.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
In practice an OR gate can be realized by electronic circuit making use
of 2(two) ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and D2. Here negative terminal
of the battery is grounded and corresponds to “0”level and the positive
terminal of the battery(i.e.voltage 5V here) corresponds to “1”level. The
output Y is at voltage C w.r.t earth. The operation of the OR gate can be
understood as follows.

When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A-0 and B=0)both the
diodes do not conduct and therefore no voltage develops across the
resistance R. The voltage at C is “0/” w.r.t earth. Hence the output Y=0.
When one of the terminals is connected to earth and the other positive
terminal of the battery, the junction diode with “0” input(connected to
earth) does not conduct while 5V takes place across resistance R with C
at 5V w.r.t earth. Therefore the output Y=1.

When both are connected to the positive terminal of the battery, the two
diode become forward biased and they will both conduct. Since
connected in parallel voltage drop across R cannot exceed 5V with C at
+5Vw.r.t earth. Hence the output is Y=1.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE

TRUTH TABLE:

DIAGRAM:
THE ‘’AND GATE’’
The AND gate is also a two inputs and one output logic gate. IT
combines the inputs A and B with the output Y following the Boolean
expression.
Y=A.B
i.e.Y equals A and B. The AND gate is represented by the symbol
An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output Y of
AMD gate is 1 only when input A and B are both 1,that is ,both the
inputs should be high than the output will be high. The truth table is
given as:
Truth table

ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF AND
GATE
In practice an AND gate can be realized by electronic circuit making u
se of 2 ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure
below
Here negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
“0”level and the positive terminal of the battery(i.e.voltage 5V
here)corresponds to”1”level. The output Y is at voltage C w.r.t earth.
The operation of the AND gate can be understood as follows.

When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A=0 and B=0)both the
diodes gets forward biased and hence conduct. No voltage drop takes
place across the diodes. Therefore a voltage drop of 5V takes place
across the resistance R with C at “0” potential w.r.t earth. Thus the
output Y=0

When one of the two terminals is connected to earth and the other
positive terminal of the battery the junction diodes with”0”
input(connected to earth) will conduct while the other connected to
battery does not conduct. No voltage drop takes place across diode
which is earthed. Therefore, a voltage drop of 5V takes place across
resistance R having D at +5V and C at 0v w.r.t earth. Now the output
Y=0.

When both are connected to the positive terminal of the battery, none of
the diodes will conduct. There will be no current through R. Now
potential at C=0 potential at D which is +5V w.r.t earth. Hence output
Y=1.

Thus the operation of the output is based on the following rule. The
output of the AND gate assumes “1” only if all the inputs assume “1”.

ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF AND
GATE

DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE
 The logic gate circuit board is connected to the mains
 The power of the board is switched on.

For AND gate:

 The plug wire is put inside the socket named AND gate.
 Observations are noted for input having first high and then low
value.
 Similarly the observations are taken for OR gate and NOT gate.
 All the observations are recorded.

OBSERVATION

Following are the observations made from the experiment

INFERENCE
>For AND gate, when either of the inputs were low, the output was also
low. When both inputs were low, output was low but when both the
inputs were high, output was also high.
>For OR gate, when either of the inputs were low or high alternatively,
the output was high. When both inputs were low, outputs was low but
when both the inputs were high, output was also high.
>For NOT gate, when input is high, output is low and vice versa. It
inverses the input current.

CONCLUSION
Developing such a project was an enormous task but an enlightening
one too. The project work that has perceived in our minds and the final
outcome is slightly different. While working on this project we
encountered many problems, theoretical as well as practical which were
reasonably difficult to manage. This was partly due to my inexperience
with the process of experimenting to get the desired result and the
approach in which the initial project study was conducted.
Overall I have learnt a lot during the process of development of this
project and I have tried my level best to make it as good as possible
keeping in minds the time constrain and the project allocated to me.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)Comprehensive practical for physics class 12.
2)Internet:
www.google.com
www.cbseprojects.com