NAMA DAN NO.

MATRIK :
NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI MOHD YUSRI
A170291

KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS:

NNND1012- PEMAKANAN DAN KESIHATAN

TUGASAN:
MINERAL

SESI PENGAJIAN :
TAHUN 1 - SEMESTER 1
2018/2019

NAMA PENSYARAH :
Prof. Dr. POH BEE KOON
 Keperluan Mineral (RNI 2017)
 Makromineral:
Bil Mineral Sumber Lelaki Wanita Faktor Kesan Kesan
makanan dewasa dewasa mempengaruhi pengambilan kekurangan
utama (19-29 (19-29 keperluan berlebihan (UL) pengambilan
yo) yo) mineral mineral

1 Ca  Dairy 1000 mg 1000 mg  Relative to  Causes kidney  Reduce bone

products skeletal growth stones mass and
 Vegetables and remodelling (nephrolithiasis) osteoporosis
 Cereals that varies by  Milk-alkali
 Edible bones life stage syndrome
fish
 Bean products
 High calcium
milk
 Yogurt

2 P  Milk 700 700  Both pregnancy  Hyperphosphat  Causes

 Meat, fish, mg/day mg/day and lactation emia hypophosphate
poultry provide the  Phosphorus mia
 Legumes and minerals intake from the
nuts including supplement
 Fried Chicken phosphorus, causes osmotic
necessary for diarrhoea,
fetal growth nausea and
 Dairy foods vomiting in
contain healthy subjects
abundant
calcium, which
build complexes
with phosphate
in the intestine

3 Na  Noodle 1500 mg 1500 mg  Sodium balance,  High blood  Excess chloride

 Potato chip urine and pressure depletion
 Soya bean faeces, skin and  Fatal stroke and marked by
paste sweat, chloride fatal coronary hypochloremia
  Fish, Shellfish balance, serum heart disease
& Products or plasma  Stomach cancer
 Cheese concentration,
 Rice porridge plasma renin
 Bread activity, and
blood lipid
concentration
4 K  Legumes 4.7 g 4.7 g  Diuretics  Potassium Hypokalemia
product (soya (120 (120 (prescribed supplement Decrease in
bean) mmol) mmol) drugs for should be plasma insulin
 Tuna hypertension avoided as it concentration
 Cashew and and congestive can cause acute and caused a
walnut heart failure) toxicity resistance to
 Spinach  losses of insulin action
 Yogurt potassium,
 Banana primarily
through heavy
sweating
5 Mg  Cashew nuts 400 310  chronic diarrhea  Diarrhoea  Loss of
 Green leafy mg/day mg/day and fat  Hypermagnese appetite,
vegetables malabsorption mia can occur in nausea,
 Fish can lead to individuals with vomiting,
(mackerel, magnesium impaired renal fatigue, and
cod, halibut) depletion over function weakness
 Dry roasted time  Numbness,
almond  Vitamin D tingling, muscle
 Wheat bran deficiency, contractions
 Flakes cereal ketoacidosis,  Hypocalcemia
 Whole wheat and or hypokalemia
bread hyperaldosteron  Osteoporosis
ism can
contribute to
decreased
magnesium
status

Keperluan Mineral (RNI 2017)

 Mikromineral :
 Mineral Sumber Lelaki Wanita Faktor Kesan Kesan
makanan utama dewasa dewasa (19- mempengaruh pengambilan kekurangan
(19-29 yo) 29 yo) i keperluan berlebihan pengambilan
mineral (UL) mineral

1 Zn  Liver,kidney 6.6 mg/day 4.7  Phytate and  Produce  Decrease

(beef, poultry) mg/day dietary acute effect deficiency of
 Meat calcium  Chronic zinc absorption
(beef, inhibit zinc effects of  Increased
pork) absorption, toxicity urinary zinc
 Seeds, nuts protein  reduction of losses
 Poultry enhances immune  low zinc
fried soya absorption functions bioavailability in
bean curd  As protein and HDL diet
content cholesterol  reduced food
increases in a and intake attributed
meal, a impairment to poor appetite
greater of copper
percentage status
of zinc is
absorbed
2 Fe  Fried soya 14 mg/day Premenopause  Increasing Fe  DNA damage  Reduced
bean curd (10% absorption  Impaired capacity for
29 mg/day
 Haemoglobina bioavailabilit when stores synthesis of physical
(10%
nd myoglobin y) are low and proteins activity, reduce
bioavailability)
 Membrane
of flesh foods decreasing productivity
9 mg/day lipid and
such as 20 mg/day (15 when they and increased
(15% carbohydrate
meats ,fish bioavailability) are high fatigue
bioavailabilit  Haemolytic
and poultry y)  Dietary anaemias,  Decrease in
Postmenopause
 Vegetables haem iron is haemoglobin iron-binding
(such as 11 mg/day better opathies or capacity
spinach, fern (10% absorbed one of the  Increased
shoots, bioavailability) because haemochrom erythrocyte
kangkung) haem is atoses protoporphyrin
8 mg/day (15 soluble at  Gastrointesti concentration
bioavailability) the pH of the nal side  Low
small effects hemoglobin
intestine
3 Se  Nuts and 32 µg/day 25 µg/day  Both organic  Selenosis  Skeletal
seeds and inorganic  Skin rash, myopathy
 Egg and egg forms, is headache,  Muscle
products highly garlickybreat weakness
bioavailable, h,toothdecay
 Seafoods(ikan  cardiomyopathy
selenium anddiscolora
bilis,oyster)  Keshan and
requirement tion,hairloss,
 Meat is less likely to Keshan-Beck
nausea,diarrh
 Bread roll be affected by oea diseases
 selenium
bioavailability
 Effect of
selenium-
gene
interaction on
selenium
status and
requirement
is limited
4 Cr  Wholemeal 35 µg/day 25 µg/day  Regulating  Stomach  Peripheral
flour many problems, neuropathy,
 Brazil nut metabolic low blood ataxia, weight
 Date (dried), processes as sugar, and loss and
pear
metalloenzy kidney or hyperglycaemia
 Meat (pork
mes liver damage  Glucose
chop, egg yolk)
 Seafood  Regulating intolerance
(mussel,oyster) metabolism
of fat and
carbohydrat
es
5 Cu  Organ meats 900 µg/day 900 µg/day  Increases  Copper  Anemia
and shellfish, with age and poisoning  Neutropenia
especially liver is influenced may occur  Impaired
and oyster by growth through immune
industrial
 Nuts and  Prolonged function
exposure to
seeds use of  Skeletal
fumes, intake
certain drugs of demineralizatio
such as contaminated n
proton beverages  Osteoporosis
pump and and other
inhibitors contaminated abnormalities of
(PPIs) and water bone
penicillamine supplies development
 abdominal  Menkes disease
pain, nausea
and vomiting
6 Mn  Plant-based 2.3 mg/day 1.8 mg/day  Serum or  Manganese  Nausea
foods plasma toxicity  Vomiting
 Nuts levels could  Tremors  Dermatitis
 Pineapples be sensitive  Difficulty  Decreased
 Leafy to large walking growth of hair
vegetables variations in  Facial and nails
 Tea manganese muscle  Changes in hair
intake spasms color
 Lower  Potential  Impaired
absorption toxicity is growth,
in men likely to impaired
 compared to occur in reproductive
women neonate and function,
individuals impaired
with liver glucose
disease tolerance, and
interference of
normal skeletal
development
7 Mo  Legumes, such 45 µg/day 45 µg/day  The  Molybdenosis  Rarely occur
as beans, gastrointestin -Impairment unless genetic
lentils, and al tract readily of growth in disorder
peas absorbs children (Xanthinuria)
soluble, but -Diarrhoea
 Grain products  Arthropathy,my
not insoluble, and anaemia
and nuts opathy, crystal
molybdenum
 compounds In animal nephropathy,
 Absorption urolithiasis or
rate of  Stunted renal failure
molybdenum growth
from the diet  Kidney
of both damage
patients and  Bone loss
healthy  Anaemia
volunteers  Infertility
averaged
about 50% in
one study

8 Fl  Tea packets 4.0 mg/day 3.0 mg/day  Aluminum-  Toxicity may  Increased risk of
drink containing arise due to dental caries
 Edible bones antacids, can ingestion of (dental
fish decrease the excess fluorosis) for
absorption of
 Certain fruit fluoride individuals of all
fluoride
juices, from ages
 Both calcium
particularly and multiple
grape juices magnesium sources
form  Dental
insoluble flourosis
complexes  Skeletal
with fluoride fluorosis
and are  Acute
capable of toxicity
significantly
decreasing
 fluoride
absorption
when present
in the same
meal
 Fluoride
supplements
 AI levels were
set based on
estimated
intakes that
have been
shown to
reduce the
occurrence of
dental caries
most
effectively
9 Iodine  Seawater 122.8 105.8 µg/day  Several  Thyroiditus,  Decreased
 Seaweeds and µg/day minerals and goitre production of
trace elements  Hypothyroidis
fish (iron, selenium,
thyroid
 Eggs, meat, m hormone
zinc and
 Hyper-
milk, cereal vitamin A) are  Reduction in
essential thyroidism
grains, dried mental function
for the  Sensitivity
legumes, dried reactions and lethargy
utilization of
vegetables iodine for  Thyroid  Mental
and dried thyroid papillary retardation,
fruits hormone  Cancer hypothyroidism,
synthesis  Acute goitre and
responses cretinism