Introduction

FM Broadcasting is a method of transmission of audio and audio-visual signals

to a wide range of population utilizing the frequency modulation (FM) to provide an
audible sound via standard receivers. Frequency modulation is a type of angle
modulation, where amplitude modulation leaves the phase unchanged. Also, it is
where its instantaneous frequency varies in proportion to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal, and the instantaneous radio frequency is
independent of the frequency of the modulation signal that produces (theoretically)
an infinite number of sidebands unlike in amplitude modulation.

In the field of Electronics, they use spectrum analyzer to examine the

frequency spectrum of the radio frequency (RF) and audio signals. Spectrum
analyzers are instruments that are used to measure the spectrum of periodic
waveforms. A spectrum analyzer can be used to determine whether or not
a wireless transmitter is working according to federally defined standards for purity
of emissions. Output signals at frequencies other than the intended communications
frequency appear as vertical lines (pips) on the display. A spectrum analyzer can also
be used to determine, by direct observation, the bandwidth of
a digital or analog signal.

The most common type of spectrum analyzer contains a superheterodyne

receiver. A different type of spectrum analyzer that has had increasing popularity is
called a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum analyzer.

Most spectrum analyzers offer users the opportunity to set a start, stop and
center frequency. The center frequency is halfway between the stop and start
frequencies and is also the axis for the frequency used to determine the span -- the
range between the start and stop frequencies. A modern spectrum analyzer may be
able to show displayed average noise level, calculating the average noise level
detected by the device. These detectors are typically capable of sample detection,
peak detection or average detection.
 Data/Observation/Computation

Trial 1

Figure 1. The Marker (1) Frequency is 89.9MHz with a signal level of -71.5dBm

Figure 2. The Marker (2) Frequency is 91.5MHz with a signal level of -64.4dBm
Figure 3. The Marker (3) Frequency is 94.7MHz with a signal level of -56.1dBm

Figure 4. The Marker (1) Frequency is 96.3MHz with a signal level of -63.6dBm
Figure 5. The Marker (2) Frequency is 99.5MHz with a signal level of -54.3dBm

Figure 6. The Marker (3) Frequency is 101.1MHz with a signal level of -61.7dBm
Figure 7. The Marker (1) Frequency is 107.5MHz with a signal level of -78.2dBm

Trial 2

Figure 8. The Marker (1) Frequency is 101.1MHz with a signal level of -61.7dBm
Figure 9. The Marker (2) Frequency is 93.9 MHz with a signal level of -79.4dBm

Figure 10. The Marker (3) Frequency is 97.1MHz with a signal level of -76.1dBm
Figure 11. The Marker (1) Frequency is 98.7MHz with a signal level of -82.8dBm

Figure 12. The Marker (2) Frequency is 99.5MHz with a signal level of -70.5dBm
 Figure 13. The Marker (3) Frequency is 101.1Mhz with a signal level of -64.5dBm

Figure 14. The Marker (1) Frequency is 107.5Mhz with a signal level of -89.0dBm

Using the formula:

f =[( n−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] Mhz
Trial 1

1) n=3 f =96.3 Mhz

f =[( 3−1 )( 0.8 )+ 88.3] MHz
f =89.9 Mhz
5) n=15
2) n=5 f =[( 15−1 )( 0.8 )+ 88.3] MHz
f =[( 5−1 )( 0.8 )+ 88.3] MHz f =99.5 Mhz
f =91.5 Mhz
6) n=17
3) n=9 f =[( 17−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz
f =[( 9−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz f =101.1 Mhz
f =94.7 Mhz
7) n=25
4) n=11 f =[( 25−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz
f =[( 11−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz f =107.5 Mhz

Trial 2

1) n=6 f =98.7 Mhz

f =[( 6−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz
f =92.3 Mhz

2) n=8 5) n=15
f =[( 8−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz f =[( 15−1 )( 0.8 )+ 88.3] MHz
f =93.9 Mhz f =99.5 Mhz

3) n=12 6) n=17
f =[( 12−1 )( 0.8 )+ 88.3]MHz f =[( 17−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz
f =97.1 Mhz f =101.1 Mhz

4) n=14 7) n=25
f =[( 14−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz f =[( 25−1 ) ( 0.8 ) +88.3] MHz
f =102.5 Mhz
 OBSERVATIONS
1. The value of RBW, refrence level, and SPAN which has an acceptable display is
for Trial 2 with frequency band of 101.1 MHz. Its RBW is 100KHz, a reference
level of -64.5 dBm, and SPAN of 10 MHz. Since based on the groups observation.
2. The values and the parameters based on the FM signal allocation seen on the
KBP Manual do not match because may factors affected to the result that have
been observed which are due to the selection of the location since there are some
locations wherein the receiving antenna has a more clear reception while some
are not. Also some parameters are based on the start and stop frquency that the
group assigned to be able to see the specific FM band in question. The antenna
also became a big factor on having a good reception. Since there will be many
losses that can affect the antenna on or before it enters it.
3.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1. For trial 1, the 99.5 MHz FM band gives the highest reading of -54.3 dBm and the
107.5 MHz FM band gives the lowest reading of -78.2 dBm. While in trial 2, the
101.1 MHz FM band gives the highest reading of -64.5 dBm and the 92.3 MHz
FM band gives the lowest reading of -89.7 dBm.
2. One of the reason why both trials ended up with different resulting signal level is
that the location of the receiver was both different. For trial 1, the receiver is
located near the front door of SF 402 while for trial 2, the receiver is located at
the stairways, third floor of SFC Building. Also the receiving antenna also became
one of the factors why the results to both trials are different. Another is that the
first four FM bands used for the experiment for both trials is different.
3. Some stations were not displayed on the spectrum analyzer because in setting
the start and stop bits or the center frequency on the equipment, the bandwidth
is being limited. That is why the FM stations within that band is the one that is
being displayed.
4. Some of the factors that will help obtain a good reception of FM signal is that
there must be a good location to put the receiver wherein there are less
interference on the signal. Another one is that there must be a good receiving
antenna to lessen the losses on the signal.
5. Below is the block diagram of an FM Superheterodyne receiver.

For the Red parts, they are the ones that handle the incoming RF
signal; the Green parts are the ones that operate at the IF, while Blue parts
operate at the Audio frequency. The dotted line indicates that the local oscillator
and RF filter must be tuned together.
For the Superheterodyne receiver for FM, the antenna first collects
the radio signal. The tuned RF stage with an optional RF amplifier provides initial
selectivity; it is necessary to suppress the image frequency. A local oscillator is
usually a variable frequency oscillator which is used to tune the receiver to
different stations. The frequency mixer does the actual heterodyning; it changes
the incoming RF signal to a higher or lower, fixed, intermediate frequency (IF).
The IF band-pass filter and amplifier supply most of the gain and the narrowband
filtering for the radio. The demodulator extracts the audio or other modulation
from the IF radio frequency; the extracted signal is then amplified by the audio
amplifier.
 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

Before starting the experiment, the FM Bands to be used must be determined

first. In our case, the range of the FM Band is from 89.9 MHz to 107.5 MHz for Trial
1, and 92.3 MHz to 107.5 MHz for Trial 2 using the class number 3. The signal level
for each frequency will be determined based on the results provided by the Spectrum
Analyzer. The following data that will be provided by the Analyzer are the following:
center frequency which is based on the start and stop frequency, RBW (Resolution
Bandwidth), Span, and Sweep.

The signal strength received by the receiving antenna varies on every FM station
and on the location of the receiver. For Trial 1, the receiver is located near the front
door of SFC 402 while for Trial 2, the receiver is located on the stairways of third floor
SFC Building.

The data recorded by the group shows that for Trial 1, the FM Band with the
highest received signal of -54.3 dBm is on 99.5 MHz while the lowest received signal
of -78.2 dBm is on 107.5 MHz. For Trial 2, the FM Band with the highest received
signal of -70.5 dBm is on 99.5 MHz while the lowest received signal of -89.7 dBm is
on 92.3 MHz. Based on the experiment, to have a good reception, there must be a
good receiving antenna and as well as the location of the receiver matters. The
reception based on the recorded data is better at Trial 1 when the receiver is at SFC
402 located at the fourth floor of SFC Building unlike for Trial 2. Also, the location of
the transmitter will matter that is why for every station different signal strength is
being recorded. Since some of the location of the transmitter is far enough with
respect to the receiving antenna.

For RBW, based on definition, when higher will produces also a more higher
measured noise level that is why a lower RBW is better to be able to recognized the
signal that have frequencies close to each other. Sweep depends on the RBW, and
span. Based on our data the one with a higher recorded RBW is 100KHz.
 REFERENCES

RBW Vs. VBW. Retrieved 19 January 2020 from https://www.rfwireless-

world.com/Terminology/RBW-vs-VBW.html

Good FM Reception. Retrieved 19 January 2020 from https://www.nor

thcountrypublicradio.org/about/reception.html