MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER

Definition

An ordered pair of real numbers (a, b) united symbolically in the form a  ib is called a
complex number. A complex number consists of two parts a and b, a is called the
real part and b is called the imaginary part.

i denotes a quantity such that i 2  1. Hence i   1 .

Note: When b = 0, a  ib  a

When a  0 , a  ib  ib

 the set of all real numbers and the set of all purely imaginary numbers are subsets
of the set of complex numbers.

If A  a  ib, a  ib is called its conjugate and is denoted by A .

Properties

(a) If a  ib  0 , then a  0 and b  0 .

(b) If a  ib  c  id , then a  c and b  d .

(c) The sum, difference, product or quotient (the denominator is not zero) of two
complex numbers is a complex number.

Modulus amplitude form of a complex number

If a  ib is expressed in the form r cos  i sin, r is called the modulus denoted by

a  ib and  is called the amplitude or argument denoted by arga  ib

a  ib  r  a 2  b 2

a b
 is given by the equation cos  , sin 
a b
2 2
a  b2
2

The value of  such that       is called the principal value of the amplitude or
argument and the general value of argument is 2k   , where k is any integer.

Properties of modulus, conjugate and argument

 | z | | z |

 zz  | z |2

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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER
 | z1z2 | | z1 | | z2 |

z1 |z |
  1
z2 | z2 |

 | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |

 | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |

 z1  z2  z1  z2

 z1  z1
   
 z2  z2

 zz  z is purely real.

z  z  z is purely imaginary.
 Arg (z1z2) = Arg (z1) + Arg (z2) + 2k, where k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable

 z1 
Arg  
z  = Arg z1  Arg z2 + 2k, where k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable,
 2

Arg z =  Arg z

 If arg (z) = 0  z is real.

Properties of argument of complex number

(a) arg(z1z2 )  argz1  argz2

 z1 
(b) arg   argz1  argz2
 z2 
z1  z3
(c) If r is the modulus of , P(z1)
z2  z3

z1  z3 z z
 r cos  i sin  1 3 e i , where  is R(z3) Q(z2)
z2  z3 z2  z3
the angle between RQ and RP.

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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER

Rotation of a complex number

(a) Rotate OP through an angle  in the y

Q z (cos + isin)
 
anticlockwise direction, then P z1 will occupy
1

P(z1)
the point Q represented by the point 
z1cos  i sin . x x
O

y

(b) If PQ is rotated through an angle  in the R

anticlockwise direction, Q will occupy the point Q(z2)

R which represents 

z1  z2  z1 cos  i sin P(z1)

x x
O

y

(c) If S any point other than Q on PR where PS  PQ, then S can be represented by

complex number z1  z2  z1  cos  i sin

PS
.
PQ

De Moivre’s theorem

(a) For all integral values of n, cos  i sin  cosn  i sinn

n

(b) The q values of cos  i sin1 q are obtained from

2n   2n  
cos  i sin by putting n = 0, 1, 2, ……, (q – 1).
q q

(c) (cos1  i sin 1 )(cos2  i sin 2 )...(cosn  i sin n )

 cos(1  2  ...  n )  i sin(1  2  ...  n )

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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER

Euler’s Formula

e i  cos  i sin, e i  cos  i sin

e i  e i e i  e i
From this, cos  , sin 
2 2i

Cube roots of unity

The three cube roots of unity are 1,

1
2
 1
  
 1  3 ,  1  3 and denoted as 1, , 2
2
respectively.

Properties

(a) The product of the two imaginary cube roots of unity is unity. i.e., . 2  1

(b) The integral power of cube root of unity is 1 or  or 2 , where  is one of the
imaginary cube roots of unity. (3n = 1, 3n + 1 = , 3n +2 = 2, where n  Integer)

(c) The sum of the three cube roots of unity is zero i.e., 1   2  0 .

(d) Some identities involving :

(i) 
a3  b3  a  ba  b a  2 b 
(ii) a3  b  a  ba  ba   b
3 2

(iii) a 4  a b  b  a  ba  ba  b a  b 

2 2 4 2 2

(iv) a 2  b  c  ab  bc  ca  a  b  c a  b  c

2 2 2 2

(v) a3  b  c  3abc  a  b  c a  b  c a  b  c

3 3 2 2

3, if n is multiple of 3
(vi) 1 n  2n   .
0, if n is not multiple of 3

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