S C I E N C E  P A S S I O N  T E C H N O L O G Y

Processing of
titanium & aluminium alloys
Cecilia Poletti

Institute of Materials Science and Welding

Graz University of Technology, Austria

u www.tugraz.at
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Overview

1.General introduction to titanium and aluminium wrought

alloys
2.Processing of Titanium alloys
3.Processing of Aluminium alloys
4.Challenges

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Titanium and aluminium

wrought alloys

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Dipl. oec.troph. (FH) Verena Kampen

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Titanium

Pure titanium: 𝛼 ℎ𝑐𝑝 →882°𝐶 𝛽 𝑏𝑏𝑐

Titanium alloys  α and β coexisting in a T range

β stabilizing α stabilizing
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Titanium alloys: classification

Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr
(Ti55531)
𝑻𝜷 ~𝟖𝟎𝟎°𝑪
Ti-6Al-4V
(Ti64)
𝑻𝜷 ~𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎°𝑪

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Aluminium alloys

Pure aluminium  fcc

Al- wrought alloys:

- non age hardenable
- age hardenable

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Titanium and aluminium alloys: stiffness
√E/ρ

E/ρ

CES Selector Edupack 2014 (Cambridge Software)

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Titanium and aluminium: strength

Titanium

Steels
Magnesium

Aluminium

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Objectives of thermomechanical processing
Requirement Mechanism Microstructure
Strength RT Grain refinement Fine grained
Strain hardening High dislocation density
Precipitation hardening Fine precipitates within
grains
Martensitic hardening Martensitic structure
Creep resistance Avoid GBS Large grains
Avoid GBS Pinned grains
(precipitates)
Fatigue resistance Crack propagation Intrincated
reduction microstructure
High electrical Defects reduction Low dislocation density
conductivity

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Processing of titanium alloys

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Processing of titanium alloys

Ingot Billet

Bar

Sponge

Slab Plate

Sheet
Cold strip
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Processing from an ingot

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Processing of titanium alloys: general
Temperature [°C]

𝛼+𝛽

I II III IV
Homogenization Deformation Recrystallization Ageing
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Primary processing: open die forging

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Lamellar microstructure

Thomas R. Bieler, S.L. Semiatin. International Journal of Plasticity 18 (2002) 1165–1189

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Break down of the lamellar microsctructure

Thomas R. Bieler, S.L. Semiatin. International Journal of

Recrystallization summer school 2014 Plasticity 18 (2002) 1165–1189
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Break down of the lamellar microsctructure

Thomas R. Bieler, S.L. Semiatin. International Journal of

Plasticity 18 (2002) 1165–1189 Stefansson N., Semiatin S.L. Metallurgical and materials transactions
34A (2003) 691-698
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Forging: one or two phases field?
Temperature [°C]

II
Forging
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Flow curves Ti64

970°C  α+β

1150°C  β

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Flow curves Ti55531

Strain rate decreases

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Deformation of Ti64 in beta field
1070°C low strain rate

1070°C strain 0

1070°C high strain rate

1000µm

Compression tests +
water quenching
Warchomicka, F.; Poletti, M. C.; Stockinger, M.; Degischer, H. P.:Materials
science forum 706-709 (2012) 252 - 257

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Deformation of Ti55531 in beta field
Low strain rate High strain rate

Dikovits, M.; Poletti, M. C.; Warchomicka, F. G. Metallurgical and

materials transactions / A 45 (2014) 1586 - 1596

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Deformation of Ti64 in beta field: reconstruction

Low strain rate

subgrains

Cecilia Poletti, Lionel

High strain rate subgrains
Germain, Fernando
Warchomicka,
Martina Dikovits and
Stefan Mitsche. 2014
Unpublisched work

Deformation
bands

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How are beta grains refined?
low strain-240min-
1070°C rate 0s 15s
60s
0.1/s

high strain rate

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Deformation in alpha+beta:
Ti64
b
ap~ 35% ap

930°C 0.1/s - 0 Strain

1 Strain

50µm
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Deformation in alpha+beta:Ti64
930°C 0.1/s

0 Strain 20µm 0.2 Strain

1 Strain 2 Strain 5µm

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Deformation in alpha+beta:
Ti64
Strain ~ 0.8

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Point to point
Point to origin
50

Misorientation angle [°]

40

30

20

10

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
relative distance [-]
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Deformation in alpha + beta (Ti55531)
Low Taylor factor (dark)  lower stored energy
 better orientation for the deformation

763°C – 0.1s-1 783°C – 0.001s-1

20 µm 10 µm

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Deformation behaviour Ti55531
a-b interaction

Adiabatic shear bands Def. bands

+ cDRX
cDRX

b transus temp.
20 µm
Def. bands
5 µm

Def. bands

b DRV
20 µm

gDRX
b DRV + gDRX gDRX
10 µm
50 µm

Dikovits, M.; Poletti, M. C.; Warchomicka, F. G. Metallurgical and

materials transactions / A 45 (2014) 1586 - 1596

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Deformation of titanium alloys

- DRV in beta, followed either by gDRX or cDRX

- SRX of beta  fast, main mechanism for beta grain
refinement
- cDRX of alpha
- SRX of alpha + phase transformation

Developed subgrains and grains small at low T and high 𝜀

 stored energy large

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Grain refinement by TiB (PM)

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Grain
refinement by
TiB addition
(cast)

Scripta Materialia 53 (2005) 1421–1426. S.

Tamirisakandala a,b,*, R.B. Bhat a,c, J.S.
Tiley a, D.B. Miracle.

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Deformation in the presence of TiB

C. Poletti, G. Requena, D. Tolnai, P. Cloetens, A. Steiger-Thirsfeld.. Int. J.

Mat.Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010). 1151-1157

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Heat treatments after deformation
Temperature [°C]

III IV
Recrystallization Annealing

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Heat treatment in beta
0 min 2 min

10 min

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Heat treatment in beta

 -Q 
D - D  K t exp 
n n
0 
Krumphals, A., Poletti, C., Warchomicka, F., Stockinger, M., Sommitsch, C.
 RT 
(2014) International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering

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Cooling from beta

1°C/Min 10°C/Min 100°C/Min

-„Titan und Titanlegierungen“. M. Peters, C. Leyens. Wiley-VCH, 2002

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Cooling from alpha + beta

Homporová, P., Poletti, C., Stockinger, M., Warchomicka, F. (2012). Ti 2011 -

Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Titanium

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Cooling from alpha + beta

Homporová, P., Poletti, C., Stockinger, M., Warchomicka, F. (2012). Ti 2011 -

Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Titanium

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Recrystallized microstructure (globular)

Pere Barriobero. Master thesis.

TUVienna 2010

50μm

100μm 100μm

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Forming of titanium alloys

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Processing of aluminium alloys

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Temperature [°C]

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Rolling direction
C

B
A

20 µm

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Microstructure by hot rolling

Pinching off

a) 50µm b) 50µm

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Particles and precipitates

Al-Fe-Mn-Si
particles
Mg2Si

Al-Fe-Mn-Si
particles

Mg2Si

2 µm 2 µm

300°C 500°C

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Particles – dislocations interaction

Poletti, C., Wójcik, T.,

Sommitsch, C
Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A
500nm (2013) Volume 44, Issue
3, pp 1577-1586

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Threshold stress

σ n𝑝1
𝐴𝑝1 = ε exp Q RT = Z𝑝
G

σ n1
𝐴1 sinh α1 = ε exp Q RT = Z
G

σ − σth n
𝐴2 sinh α( ) = ε exp Q RT =Z
G

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Detachment stress and relaxation factor
550°C
30 500°C
400°C
300°C
25

th = 21.5MPa
20 th = 20MPa
 d [MPa]

th = 16MPa
15 th = 15.5MPa

10
400°C = 300°C = 0.69
5 550°C = 0.18 Poletti, C., Wójcik,
T., Sommitsch, C
500°C = 0.2 Metallurgical and
Materials
Transactions A
0 (2013) Volume 44,
Issue 3, pp 1577-
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1586


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Cold
deformation
and particles

Peter Loidolt. Mater Thesis Tu Graz. 2014

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Size of particles and effects on RX
Particle stimulated nucleation

„ Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena” (Second

Edition), F.J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, 2004
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Precipitation and recrystallization

„ Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena” (Second

Edition), F.J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, 2004
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Outlook

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Challenges
To understand, describe and model

- Behaviour of secondary phases during deformation

- Heterogeneities
- Mechanisms during thermomechanical processing
- Overlapping effects  synergetic process

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Further considerations: instabilities
i. Tensile instabilities
Hot workpiece, cold die
ii. Strain distribution due to friction 0.43

iii.Stress softening due to

0.30
adiabatic flow
iv.Heat transfer die - workpiece 0.14

0.00
Hot workpiece, hot die
0.39

0.26

0.13

0.00
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Hot die and isothermal forging

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Close die forging

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