Computer Lectures

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IN
C= Commonly, O = Operating, M = Machine, P = particularly, U = Used in, T = Trade,

E
= Educational, R= Research
CPU = Central Processing Unit, it is nothing but PROCESSOR. Heart of the computer.
3 types of Units are there in CPU. 1. ALU = Arithmetic and Logical Unit. 2. C.U
= Control Unit. 3. M.U = Memory Unit.
Computer:- it is an Electronic Device. The combination of Hardware and

Software is called a Computer. It is an Electronic Device which takes Data as
input, it process the Data and gives the desired output.
Device:- Component, Pheriperal are called Devices.
Data:- Combination of Characters, Numbers,symbols and Graphs.

Types of DATA:- Text, sound, movie, pictures.
Input Devices:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Compact Disk(CD),

Floppy,Pen drive.
Output Devices:- Monitor, Printer, Speaker,
Processing Device:- Micro Processor is called Processing Device. It is called

CPU, Heart of the computer.
Hardware:- The Physical components of the computer with can be touch and
fell.
Ex:- Monitor, Mouse, Ram, Processor, Etc
Software:- Collection of Programs is called Software. Can’t touch and fell.
Types of Software: 1.System Software 2.Application Software 3.Drive Software
4.Utility Software
Operating System:- Operating system is a source to run a computer. it is a

Media between user and Computer.It is called "Soul" of the Computer. Operating
system is called OS.
Note: After asseble a PC, at first we need to install O/S
Os are 2 types
(A). GUI = Graphic user Interface. Ex:- Windows, Linux, Solaris.
(B). CUI = Character User Interface. Ex:- MS-Dos, Unix
Windows Family Operating systems:- Ms-Dos, Windows 95, Windows 98,

Windows Me ,Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows
Vista, Windows 7.
Other Operating Systems:- Unix, Solaris, Linux, OS/2
Network Operating Systems:- it is called Multi user O/S.

Windows 2000, 2003, Win Xp, Vista, windows 7.
32Bit and 64 Bit Operating Systems:- X86 is called 32 bit

and X64 is called 64 bit operating system. Ex:- windows Xp,
Vista, windows 7.
32Bit and 64Bit Personal computers:- In house and in small

offices and school and colleges usually 32Bit computers. In big
companies 64Bit computer used. Price is double from 32Bit
PC.
Types of Keyboard:- Keyboards are 4 types they are.

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Types of Mouse:- There are 4 types of Mouse available
1.Serial Mouse
A 9 pin Female connector.
2. PS/2 Mouse
A 6 pin male Round connector with Green color.
3. USB Mouse
A USB connector rectangle model.
4. Wire Less Mouse.

Works with a UBS device attached to CPU, the signals will
be received with this device.
Types of Monitors:-
4 types
1. B/w or Mono chrome
2. color Monitors (a). Analog Monitor (b). Digital Monitors.
These types are called CRT = Cathode Ray Tube
3. LCD Monitors = Liquid Cristal Display
4. LED Monitors.
Types of Printers:-
1. Dot Metrics Printer 2. Line Printer 3. Ink Jet Printer 4.
Lesser Jet Printer
MEMORY MEASUREMENT:
0, 1 is called a Bit
8 Bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 K.B (kilo byte)
1024 K.B = 1 M.B (mega byte)
1024 M.B. = 1 G.B (Giga Byts)
1024 G.B = 1 T.B (Tera Byte)
1024 T.B = 1 P.B (peta Byte)
1024 P.B = 1 E.B (Exa Byte)
1024 E.B = 1 Z.B (Zetta Byte)
1024 Z.B = 1 Y.B (Yotta Byte)
Questions:
1. Convert 81920MB into GB?
2. Convert 3.2GB into MB?
3.Convert 2097152KB into GB?
Types of Computers:
1.Mini computers
2.Micro computers (Personal Computers)(PC)
3.Main Frame computers
4.Super computers
5.Server computers
6.Work station computers
Personal Computers(PC)
Home based computers designed for some specific programs, it
is a single user computer with Micro Processor. we are using
PC's in office, School,Colleges.
PC Types:- 1. Desktop computer 2. Laptop Computer

3. Palmtop Computer (packet computer)
PC types as per Brands:
1. Assemble PC (Assemble by a common people, price is low)

2.Branded PC ( Assemble in companies, ready to use)
Ex:- Dell, vipro, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo, Compaq, Samsung, Sony
What Model computer you have purchased?

AMD =Advanced Micro Devices.
Internal and External Components of Computers:
External Components: (Monitor, Mouser, Keyboard, Printer)
Internal Components: (These components are Fixed inside the

Cabinet.)
1. Mother board or Mainboard (M.B)
2. Micro Processor (CPU)
3. RAM (Random Access Memory)(Memory)
4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
5. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
6. CD-Rom (or) DVD R/W Drive
7. SMPS (Switch mode power supply)
8. Expansion Cards or Add on Cards
9. CMOS Battery (3V)
10. Data Cables.( IDE/SATA)
10. Data cable types:

1. IDE (Integrated drive electronics) (40pins)
2.SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)(7pins)
9. Cmos Battery Connector:

A 3volts Battery used in this connector. The function of CMOS battery is to
show correct time and date and saves the BIOS Settings.
CMOS Battery Fail Error Message: CMOS check Some Error Default Loaded.
F1 to continue.
8.Expansion Cards:
There are different type of Cards used in different purpose:
1. Graphic Card: (used in output display in Monitor. If display card failed we can't see
display in the monitor)
Types of Graphic cards (CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA, AGP, 3D)
CGA = Color Graphic Adopter.

EGA= Enhanced Graphic
Adopter. VGA= Video Graphic
Adopter
SVGA = Super Video Graphic Adopter
AGP= Accelereted Graphic Port.
3D= 3 Dimension.
2. Sound Card ( used for output sound from system)
3. USB Card ( used to connect USB devices)

Ex:- keyboard,mouse,pen drive,Blue tooth, Card Reader, printer, scanner etc
4. LAN Card (or) Nic card (or) Network card (or) Ethernet card (used to browse
Internet through cable & Connect computer into Local Area Network)
5. Modem (used for internet browsing internet through telephone line)
6. TV tuner card ( TV watching)
Note:- identify the Cards with the help of it's port. Identify the company
name and model number also, given on the IC. The model number is
used to Install Driver Software.
7.SMPS TYPES:
It is AC to DC power converter
Input = 230V
output = +12V, -12V, +5V, -5V, +3.3V
Note:- To check working or not, Connect Green cable to Black cable, if
FAN Roating, SMPS working.
Types:
1. AT = 6+6 = 12 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard
2. ATX = 20 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard
3. BTX = 20+4 = 24 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard
4. MBTX = 20+4+4 =28 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard
AT = Advanced Technology
ATX = Advanced Technology
Extended. BTX = Balanced Technology
Extended
MBTX = Micro Balanced Technology Extended
6.Cd-Rom Drive or DVD-Writer Types:

1. Cd-Rom Drive (It Read only Cd's)
2.Cd-Writer (It Read/Write Cd's only)
3.DVD-Rom Drive(It Read Cd's and DVD's)
4.Combo Drive (It Read & Write Cd's and Read only DVD's)
5.DVD-Writer (It Read and Write both Cd's and DVD's)
Technology Types:
Cd-Rom = compact disk read only memory
DVD = Digital Video Disk
combo = Multiple
5.Floppy Disk Drive:

In this drive we can use a Floppy-Disk. It is Re-Writable disk, capacity 1.44MB, size
3.5 inches. It is outdated, and replaced a Pen drive.
Note:- On the Motherboard 34Pin given to connect this Drive.
4. Hard Disk Drive:

It is a "Secondary Storage Device". Data is stored permanently even power off.
Types:- 1. IDE(40Pins) 2. SATA (7pins) 3. SCSI(50pins) (Small
Computer System Interface)(used in servers)
IDE - HDD Figure:
Note:- Ever HDD company having different Jumper selection, see the Structure given
on HDD.
Note:- HDD and Cd-Rom having "master and "slave" Roles. Connect a jumper to
Decide a Role. Hdd as master and Cd-Rom as Slave.
3.RAM TYPES:
Ram is called Temporary memory or Primary memory. Data is stored till power
on. If Ram not connected or not working, computer will not start, and Beep
sound coming.
SIMM= Single Inline Memory Module

DIMM= Double inline Memory Module
SD-RAM= Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DDR= Double Data Rate
Identification of RAM:
Type pins Voltage Notch Highest Capacity

SD-Ram 168 3.3V 2 512MB
DDR1 184 2.5V 1 1GB
DDR2 240 1.8V 1 2GB
DDR3 240 1.5V 1 4GB
RAM Capacity: - 64Mb, 128MB 256MB 512MB 1GB 2GB 4GB

RAM FSB SPEED: 400MHZ 533MHZ 667MHZ 800MHZ 1333MHZ
FSB = Front Side Bus Speed
MHZ = Mega Hertz (1000MHZ = 1GHZ)
GHZ = Giga Hertz
2. Micro Processor:-
The function of the Micro processor is to "Execute"
data/programs/instructions and gives output.
Processors are 2 types

A. Slot model: - physically it is standing model processor. EX:- Pentium 2, Pentium
3
B. Socket model: - There are 2 types in Socket model processors.
(1) PGA (Pin Grid Array) (pin processor) (Ex:-Pentium1, Pentium 3, Pentium 4)
(2) LGA (Line Grid Array (pin less processor) (Ex:-P4 Pin Less, Dual
Core, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core i3, i5, i7)
Information on the Processor
On the Processor it is written

1. Intel = Company name
2. Pentium 4 = Model
3. 3.2Ghz= Cpu Frequency or Speed/Clock Speed
4. 1MB = Cache Memory
5. 800 MHZ = FSB SPEED
6. 04A = CORE VOLTAGE
Identification of Processor model:
With the help of “Socket Number” we can say what model is support for
the motherboard.
Processor name Processor type Socket number or Speed/Frequency/clock

slot number speed
Pentium 1 Socket Socket 7 100Mhz to 233Mhz
Pentium 2 Slot Slot 1 233Mhz to 450Mhz
Pentium 3/ p3 Socket (PGA Model) Socket 370 500Mhz to 1300Mhz
Celeron
Pentium 4/ p4 Socket (PGA Model) Socket 423, 478 1.3 Ghz to 2.4 Ghz
Celeron
Pentium 4 pin less Socket (LGA Model) Socket 775 3 Ghz to 3.6 Ghz
Intel Dual Core/ core Socket (LGA model) Socket no. LGA 775, 2.4/Ghz to 3.2 Ghz
2 duo/ core 2 Quad Socket M, Socket P
Intel Core i3/i5 SOCKET(LGA) Socket no.1156 2.4 Ghz to 3.2Ghz
Intel Core i7 Socket (LGA) Socket no. 1366 2.4Ghz to 3.2Ghz
1000 MHz = 1 GHz

Mhz = Mega Hertz
Ghz = Giga Hertz
Motherboard
Motherboard is called "Mainboard" of the system. All Components are
connected to Motherboard, if motherboard not working, computer will not
start, means no any kind of Display from system.
Types of Motherboards:
1. Desktop Motherboard
2. Laptop Motherboard
3. Server Motherboard
Motherboard Manufacturer Companies:

Intel, Asus, Mercury, Gigabyte, Bio-Star, MSI, Asrock etc.
Motherboard Chipset:
North Bridge and South Bridge is called chipset of the motherboard.
Chipset Manufacturer Companies:

INTEL, SIS, VIA, ATI, ALI, NVIDIA
Motherboard Types as per Chipset:

1. Intel Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer company and Chipset
made by Intel)..Price 3000/- opporximetely
2. Intel Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company is

different but the Chipset is Intel). Price 2500 /- opporximetely
3. Other Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company and

Chipset both made by other Company). Price 2000 /- opporximetely.
EX:- Mercury M.B and VIA Chipset
Gigabyte M.b and Nvidia Chipset
Asus M.b and SIS Chipset
P4 Motherboard Component
Description:
Motherboard Model number:-

845 GLM And , it is "Intel chipset" motherboard.
It is used to Recongnise the motherboard model number to install
"Motherboard" Drive software. The 845 number is used for "Graphic
drive" installation. If you lost the motherboard Drives CD, We can
download "Driver software" with the help of this model number from the
"Mercury" Web-site {www.mercury-pc.com}
Note:- Motherboard model number is given on any where on the
Motherboard.Or it is given on the Motherboard-Box and in Moterboard-
Manual book or in Motherboard Drive-Cd.
P3 motherbaord model numbers
(Intel Motherboard Model numbers. model number given on North Bridge
chip)
810, 810E, 820, 815, 825
P4 motherbaord model numbers

(Intel Motherboard Model numbers. Model number given any where on
the Motherboard)
845 , 865, 875, 910, 915, 975,945, 946, DG31, DG41
Other Chipset Model Numbers(Motherboard Model numbers):

VIA:- PVM7, K8M890, P4M266A, P4M900,
ATI:- Radeon HD 4700, HD4600,HD4550, Radeon X9500, Radeon
Xpress1100
NVIDIA:- nForce 570 SLI, nForce 560, nForce 780i SLI, GeForce
8300/8200, nForce 710a.
I/O Ports:
with the help of i/o ports we can identify how
many components/Devices are on board or
inbuilt.
1.PS/2 Ports:- (Shape is Round)

(a). Keyboard port:- It is 6pin Female Port with Purple
Color. (b). Mouse Port:- It is 6pin Female port with Green
color.
2.VGA Port:-(Shape is D) It is 15 pin Female port, used to

Connect Monitor Display cable/RGB Cable.(RGB=Red-
Green- Blue)
3.Serial Port:- (Shape is D)

It is 9Pin Male Port, used to connect Serial Devices such as
Serial-Mouse,External-Modem,Mobile Device Etc.
4.USB Port:- It is 4Pin port with Rectangle Shape.used for all

types of USB devices.Example = usb-keyboard, usb-mouse,
usb-
webcam, usb-printer, usb-scanner, usb-Bluetooth, usb-Data-

Card
Reader.
5. LPT Port:-(Shape is D) It is 25pin Female port.It is

normally called as "parallel port".used for LPT model printer.
6.LAN Port(Ethernet port/RJ45 Port):-

It is 8pin port,used for Internet Browsing and connect a
computer into local area network.It is also called RJ45 Port.
7.Sound ports:-
(a).Speaker port
(b).Microphone port
(c).Line in port:- To communicate with other "Line in port" to
give output sound sound.
Example:- We can get sound from "TV Tuner card
Processor socket:-
With the help of Socket number, we can identify the processor model.
North Bridege chip:

The biggest chip on the M.B.It is near to processor, It control High speed devices such
as RAm, Rom, Cpu etc. It is called "GMCH".(Graphic Memory Controller Hub)
South Bridge Chip:

The second Biggest chip on the m.b. it is near to slots. it control low speed devices,
such as i/o ports and slots. It is called "IOCH".(Input output controller hub)
Motherboard power supply connectors:

To power on Motherboard, it is important to connect 20+4 or 24+4 power connectors
from SMPS, should connect properly.
Note:-To check SMPS working or not, connect Green-cable to black-cable and power
on. The SMPS FAN is start rotating. If fan rotating, then only SMPS is working.
Expansion slots:
(A) PCI slots:
It is 32Bit slots, used to connect all type of PCI-Cards(vga,sound,lan,modem,usb,TV).
These slots are called universal slots.
(B) AGP slot:-
it is 64Bit slot, and used to connect only AGP-Graphic Card, upto 512MB Graphic
memory.
(C) EPCI Slot or PCI Express Slot:

Express Peripheral component Inter connect. It is 64Bit slot and support only 3D-
Graphic Cards upto 2GB Graphic memory.
RAM slots:
On the Ram slot in between the slot "Voltage" and notch and pin number are the
identification.
BIOS:
It is called "Rom-Bios". A chip fixed on the motherboard. Read only memory programs
are inside the chip. When you start computer at first the "bios" programs will be
activated and check entire system components which is connect to your system. It
located the boot order to start computer with the help of Boot-Device. It help to start
o/s. It gives a single "Beep" if every thing ok in the system. (Rom =Read only memory)
CMOS BATTERY:-
A 3volt battery used on the m.b.possitive + mark sould be upside.
IDE CONNECTORS:
In old motherboard 2 IDE given. in latest m.b only one IDE given. In each IDE we can
connect 2 IDE devices. (IDE Devices = CD-ROM AND DVD-WRITER and Hard Disk)
FDD Connector pins:

A 34 pins given on Motherboard to connect a Floppy disk Drive. A Removable disk is
used into this drive. Floppy Disk Capacity = 1.44MB and Size of Disk is 3.5 inches. (In
the letest Motherboards there is not FDD pins)
SATA CONNECTORS:
These connects found in the letest Motherboards only from 915 M.B model. Each
sata connector will be used for only one sata-device.
SOUND IC
company name and model number is given on the ic.so identify it carefully.
LAN IC:
LAN IC company name and model number also important to install driver s/w.
Note:-If sound ic or Lan ic got burn,in this condition we can use a Sound card or
Lan-card.
Note:- Identify the company name and model number for Sound IC and
Lan IC to install Driver software.
AUDIO PINS:
9 PINS are given with the identification after 3 pins there is no pin, in 5 pins.
Pins Structure
USB PINS:
9 PINS are given with the identification after 4 pins there is no pin, in 5 pins.
Pins Structure
F-PANEL PINS:
9 PINS given on the motherboard, identify with written some words in front of
the pins or back side of the pins, and it is written F-panel below the pins.
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
Structure 4
Structure 5
Note:- 1. PWR = PWRBTN =Power SW =ON/OFF = = Start Button

2. Reset = Restart Button
3. P. Led = Power Light (System On/Off Indicator)
4. HD.Led = Hard Disk Light ( Hard Disk Indicator)
Note:- Power Led and HD. Led are opposite and Restart Button, Start Button are
opposite.
Assembling tips:
1. Take cabinet and open left-side door and lie down

2. Fix I/O shield of the motherboard.
3. fix SMPS, The label should be up-side.
4. Take Motherboard and install/connect CPU and cooling FAN with Heat-sink.
5. Install RAM in slot1 or slot2.
6. connect "USB" cable for front panel.
7. connect "Audio" cable for front panel.
8. Connect F_panel pins for front panel "start,Reset and Led's.
9. Fix Motherboard into cabinet.
10. Fix dvd-writer from outside to inside
11. Fix Hard disk inside to inside
12. Connect Motherboard power supply 20+4 or 24+4 pins to Motherboard.
13. Connect Hard disk data cables to HDD and DVD
14. Connect power cables to HDD and DVD.
Dissembling tips
1. Power off AC
2. Disconnect i/o devices(printer,mouse,monitor etc)
3. Open cabinet left door only
4. Remove power and data cables of HDD and DVD.
5. Remove usb and audio cable.
6*. Before Removing F_Panel cable take a structure of pin connection (if structure not
given on Motherboard)
BIOS Settings:
How to enter into BIOS settings:
By pressing "DEL", F1,F2,F9,F10,F12.Or According to "motherboard Manual Book,
a key given for BIOS settings.
Why to enter into BIOS settings:

1. To check System Information.(Ram,Hdd capacity and CPU speed.)
2. Security settings (BIOS and Booting passwords)
3. Enable/Disable Ports (USB, serial, parallel)
4. Detecting Drives (HDD, CD-Rom or DvD) Master or Slave Mode if "IDE Devices"
5. Enable/Disable Drives (HDD and CD-Rom or DVD drives)
6. Boot Order Settings (or) Boot Sequence (or) Boot priority
First Boot device = Cd-Rom
Second Boot device = Hard disk/HDD0
At the time o/s installation.
7. Hard Disk Boot Priority (If 2 HDD connected to system, set Proiority to Specific HDD)
Main menu of BIOS and CMOS Settings:

Step 1: Take default settings
Press Enter on “ Load Optimized Defaults” (or) Load Setup Defaults. Press “Y” press Enter.
(This setting need to take 3 different conditions: 1. CMOS batter failed we insert new battery.
2. CMOS batter replaced. 3. clear “cmos” option taken by setting jumper in 2,3 pin on
Motherboard.). in this condition need to take “default setting in BIOS
Step 2: Manual Settings

Standard cmos Features
In this menu we can set date & Time, HDD and CD-Rom Status (master or slave), disable/Enable
Floppy Drive.
Advanced BIOS Features:

In this Menu important options are, (1) hard disk Boot Priority, (2)first Boot device and Second
Boot Device, and (3) Security Option (setup/system)
Note:- hard disk Boot Priority = when 2 HDD connected to system, need set one HDD as first
Priority (because 2nd HDD has no O/S)
Note:- when O/S loading need to take 1st boot device (CD-Rom), 2nd Boot Device (HDD)
Note:- Security Option (setup/system), use to set Password protection. Setup option for
Bios setting password and System is for Booting password.
Integrated Peripherals:
On board Devices: In this menu there are options given to disable USB ports, disable
USB Keyboard, Disable USB mouse.
Super I/O Devices:- In this menu there are options given to disable/Enable “Serial,
parallel ports.
Note: use all other setting in default. Futher infomation Refer Motherboard manual book.
Windows XP Installation In New HDD:(first Method)
Minimum Requirements:
1. 233Mhz Pentium Processor
2. 64 MB Ram (128 recommended)
3. 1.5 GB free space on 2GB partition.
4. super VGA Graphic Card 800X600 screen Resolution support
5. Cd-Rom , keyboard and Mouse
Step by step XP installation:

Step:1 enter into Bios setting (insert XP CD into CD-Rom Drive)
First Boot Device (Cd-Rom), second Boot Device (Hard disk) , save and Exit .
Step:2 press any key to Boot from

CD….. Press space bar once within 5
seconds
Note: Now installation process started, if CD is damaged or files missing so we can get
error at begging of the Installation. So change other CD and restart system.
Step: 3 press Enter to Install XP, R” for Repair XP, F3 to quit ………3 option will
be given
Note:- if o/s Corrupted “press” R for repair.

Note:- if fresh Installation press “ENTER” BUTTON…(Press F3 to quit installation)
Step 4: press “F8” to agree
Step 5: if o/s already in the HDD, system asks for

Repair. Press “R” for repair, “ESC” to don’t repair, F3 to
quit.
Note:- if you want a fresh installation press “ESC”…( All partitions will appear)
Step 6: Create Partition Table

“C” = For create partition; Enter to Install, F3= quit
Note:- press “C” after delete the size, assign size, press Enter.
Step 7: Select “C” Drive and press Enter to Install XP on “C” Drive
Step 8: Format Partition

Note:- Format the selected partition with “NTFS” quick option, if the HDD in
Good condition and the partition is more than 20,000MB.
Step 9: computer will Restarts here. (after formatting and copying files)
Note:- If the CD is old and if you find while copying files an error like “file
missing”, change the XP CD.
Step 10: Select Language ( click on Next only)
Step 11: name and organization name ( give 2 name in the 2 blanks)
Step 12: License key required (25 number key given with CD)
Step 13: Time Zone (set +5.30 Chennai, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Delhi)
Step 14: Typical Settings or Custom settings (click on typical setting, click next)
Step 15: Workgroup or Domain (click on Workgroup, click on
Next) (System will be restarted here)
Stet 16: A window will open indicates “Display setting” .click on OK.
Step 17: click on Cancel if Appear a Small window.
Note:- A window opens to indicates “ updating XP and creating users”. If you click
on “OK”, it will guide you to create uses and update XP. If you want to Login with
“ADMINISTRATOR” click on “CANCEL”.
Important Settings after O/S Installation:
Hard Disk Partition information:-
Partition:- Dividing the Hard disk Memory logically into some group of Drives is
called a partition.
Format:- formatting is the process of creating file system on the partition.
A File system indicates how the files and Folders to be created or stored and retrieved.
Windows Operating system recognize only 2 types of “File systems”, those are (1)
FAT (2) NTFS
FAT = File Allocation Table
NTFS: = New Technology File System
Note:- Other operating systems (Linux, Unix, Solarix) supports “EXT” file
system. ( EXT = Extended File system)
File System Maximum file Maximum O/S Support
Size Volume Size
FAT16 2GB 4GB Windows 95,98
FAT32 4GB 32GB Windows
98,2000,XP,Vista,
Win7
NTFS 16GB 16EB Windows xp,
Vista, win7
Calculate your Hard disk space before creating partition table. If it is showing space in
MB need to divide by 1024. Example your Hard disk space 40960. So divide
40960/1024
= 40GB
Create partitions like below:

1. 10 GB = 2 partitions 5 + 5
2. 20 GB = 3 partitions 5+5+10 or 10+10
3. 40 GB= 4 Partitions 10+10+10+10
4. 80 GB = 4 Partitions 20+20+20+20
5. 160GB = 4 Partitions 40+40+40+40
6. 250 GB = 5 Partitions 50+50+50+50+50
7. 320GB = 5 Partitions 50+100+50+50+70
8. 500 GB = 5 Partitions 100+100+100+100+100
9. 1TB (1024GB) = 100+200+200 +200+200+Remaining space
HARD DISK PARTITION TABLE STRUCTURE:
Note: - “C” Drive is called “primary partition and it is called as an

"Active Partition", we can install O/S only in the Active partition. and
“D”, “E”, “F”, “G” Drives are called “Logical Drives” and these
partitions are created logically into Extended Partition. After creating
“C” partition, in the future we can’t add some more free space from
other partitions. So be careful of creation of “C” partition. See some
instructions of creating “C” partition below. To look up these partition table
open “Computer Management” and click on “Disk Management”.
Computer management:- Right click on My computer Icon, click on “manage”.

There is an Option below “Disk management”
Allocation of “C” Partition “SPACE”:

According to Installation of Software need to assign space to “C” Drive.
1. operating system XP = 2GB
2. Application Software (Ms-office, VB, Oracle, Java) = 5GB
3. Utilitie softwares = Antivirus, Zip, typing, Media player Etc = 3GB
4. Drive Software = Printer, web-cam, Scanner, Sound VGA, Etc = 2GB
5. Leaving space for Future (some installation in Future) = 10GB
Total space for “C” Drive = 22GB
Motherboard Drivers installation:

Basically there are 4 types of Drivers we should install after installation o/s.To ensure
how many drivers we should install, check "Device manager", "other devices section".
Some drivers will install automatically after o/s installation, those drivers are called
"compatible drivers.
Types of Devices:
2 types
1. Compatible or Plug and play device
-->These types of devices will start working when connected to system.Driver
software will install automatically from "HCL" list.{Hardware Compatibility List}
Ex:-keyboard,mouse,penDrive,Cd-Rom drive,BlueTooth,Monitor.etc
2.Non-compatible devices or Non-plug and play devices:

-->These type of devices need to install driver software.When we connect these
devices to system A window will open like "Found new Hardware wizard", here we
need to provide driver sofware from Cd or Hard disk or pen drive or through Internet.
Device manager:
1.start -control panel-system-hardware "TAB" - Device manager.

2.Right click on Mycomputer icon - properties - hardware TAB - device manager.
Other Devices Section:
If you found 4 Devices names in "other devices" section, it means you need to install 4
Device Drivers.If it shows only 3 devices, you need to install 3 device drivers only.
Names of Devices in "Other Devices" section:
1.Ethernet controller
-->This driver is used for "Internet Browsing" through cable and used for connect your
computer into Local area Connection(LAN).
Steps to Install driver:
--insert Drivers cd into Cd-Rom Drive

--open my computer icon
--open cd icon
--open folder name (4 types of name for this device "Network,NIC,Lan,Ethernet)

--open "network folder"
--open model number folder
--open "o/s" model number folder
--Unzip folder (if required)
--setup.ext(double click)
--next -install -next -finish.
Note:- after installation of this device driver it creates a new section "network
Adopters" and shows company name and model number.
2.PCI Device
--it is called "Audio device" or "Multimedia DEvice" or Sound Device. This device
driver is used for output sound from computer.
Steps to Install driver :
--open my computer icon

-- open cd icon
--open folder name( 3 types of name for this device "Sound", Audio,Multimedia)
--open sound folder
--open model number
--open o/s model number
--setup.ext
--next - next -don't close any windows -next -finish
--Restart computer
Note:- After installation of this device driver it goes into "Sound Video and Game
controllers" section.
3.SM Bus controller

--This device is called "Chipset" driver of the Motherboard.used for system
performance.
---open Mycomputer icon

---open cd icon
---open folder name (Chipset name of the Motherboard, Example:
Intel,sis,VIA,ATI,ALI,NVIDIA.)
---Open Intal folder(Because in this system "intel" chipset)
---open INF folder
--seup.exe
--next - next -yes-install -next - finish
Note:-this device driver goes into "system Devices" Section.
4.Video controller(VGA compatible)

-->This Driver is called "Video" driver or "Dispaly Drivers" or "Graphic Drivers.Used for
"Graphic Clarity".
--open cd
--open folder name (chipset of the motherboard)
--open Intel folder(intel chipset in this motherboard)
--open VGA folder
--open Model number folder
--open o/s model folder
--open "setup.exe"
--next -next-yes-next-don't close any folder -next-finish
--restart computer
Note:- This driver goes into "Display Adopter" section.
Note:- Check the Drivers properly installed or not, is there any " Exclamation mark"
found still after installation. If installation found, Unistall and Re-install the driver
software.
Drivers installation 2nd method:

--open device manager
-expand "other devices section"
-select and right click on "any Device name"
-update driver
-yes this time only
-install the software automatically Recomended
Note: system will search for driver from the "Drivers cd" and install automatically.If
driver model not matching, system shows an error message "cound not found the
software for your device".
Drivers installation3rd method:

-expand "other devices section"
-select and right click on "any Device name"
-update driver
-yes this time only
-Intall from a list or specific location" (next)
-Remove the check mark from "search removable media"
-give check mark on "include this location in the search"
-browse
-show location of the driver
-ok
-next
note:-system will install the driver software from the folder, if driver not found system
shows error "cound not found the driver software".search again from another folder.
Note:- To corrupt o/s, click on Start - Control panel -Folder Options -View Tab -
click on "Show all files ---Remove Check mark from " Hide protected operating
system files" click "Yes"--ok. Delete "NTLDR" file and other files
Drivers installation 4th method:

This method will be given in the "Drivers cd"
---when inserted drivers cd, it will start driver installation procedure, just you follow the
simple steps. all driver will install one by one, system also reboot after every driver
installation.
Drivers installation 5th method through Internet

--expand "other devices section
--select one device and right click
--update driver
--yes this time only
--install from a list or specific location
--Remove check mark from "search removable media"
--next
--Yes,connect internet and search for the software on the internet
--next
--finish
note:- Before doing this method you should "login" on Interner.
Trouble shooting in drivers and Devices After some days:

1. Detecting Devices
-->if system not detecting the device, which we have just connected to computer or in
slot.
-->Check the Device, Whether it is properly connected or not.
-->goto Device manager
-->right click on the top icon in Device manager(this is computer name)
-->Scan for hardware changes
-->a window will open to intall the driver software.(found new hardware Wizard)
2. Enable or disable Devices

-->some time Device will not show or will not work properly.so check the device
manager, whether it is enable or Disable
3. Device not working after some days.

-->if the device not working after some days,enter into "Device manager" and expand
the specific section of the Device"
-->check Exclamation mard or disable mark found on the device name.
-->if "Excalmation found on the device "uninstall and reinstall the device"
4. If you dont' know the driver model to install

--->first install one of the driver and check it, whether it is supporting to your device or
not
-->check in "Device manager" and open the section,which have just installed the
driver software.
-->if still exclamation found in other devices section or in the specific section
-->goto control panel and open add/remove programs-unistall the device driver
software and restart computer
-->Reinstall with other model number.
OS installation Methods:
XP installation 2nd method:
when o/s corrupted, and important data on every "Drive" and important software
also.Nothing loss after o/s installation( It is nothing But Repair OS).
Solution: Repair o/s
steps:- 1. Boot order: first boot device = cd-rom

2.pres any key .....
3.Enter to install
4.F8 to agree
5.R for Repair
-->system Restarted here
-->Remaining Steps are same
HOw to corrupt O/S:- open "C" drive -- click on "tools Menu" --- folder options
-- View TAB --click on Show Hidden Files and folders ---Remove Check mark
from "Hide protected operating system files ---click on "Yes" ----click on OK.
----Delete "NTLDR" File ---Restart computer now.
XP installation 3rd method:

When o/s corrupted, and Important DATA on C,D,E,F drives.To recover o/s, if the
2nd method not supporting.after installation o/s DATA will not be lost, but all software
will be lost.
steps:-1. Boot menu option(by "ESC",F9,F10,F12)

--->one time only system will start with CD-Rom

--->select CD-rom and press enter,enter
2.press any key .....
3.enter to install
4.F8 to agree
5.Select "C" drive and press enter
6.select option "leave current file system"
7.press "L" for delete
--->system will be restarted
--->Remaining steps are the same
HOw to get data from Previously used "user Account":

-->open "C" drive
-->open Documents and Settings folder
-->open Previously used "user name" folder (Administrator is Built in user account)
-->OPen "Desktop" folder (Get data)
-->Open "User documents" folder (Get data)
XP installation 4th method:

O/S corrupted, and important data on D,E,F drivers.No important data on "C"
drive.After o/s installation "C" drive data and all kind of Software will be lost.
solution:- format "C" drive and install o/s

steps:-
1.Boot Menu or boot order-->first boot =Cd-rom
2.press any key . . . . .
3.Enter to install
4.F8 to agree
5.ESC to dont' repair
6.select C drive and press enter
7.press "C" to continue setup
8.Format "C" drive with "NTFS" File system(quick/nor)
9.pree "F" for continue
--->After format C drive,copy files and restarted
--->Remaining steps are the same
Xp 5th method:
o/s corrupted by Virus, No important DATA and software on HDD.
Solution: Delete all partitions and created partitions and install o/s
steps:-
1.First boot Device Cd-Rom
2. press any key to Boot from Cd....
3.Enter to Continue XP install
4.F8 to agree
5.Esc to don't Repair
6.Delete all partition and create partition
7.select "C" drive and press enter to install o/s
8.Format the Partition Using NTFS File system Quick/Normal
---->Remaining steps are the same
6th method:
o/s corrupted by "File Missing".To recover o/s just Repalce the missing file.
Error:- NTLDR MISSING
STEPS:-
1.BOOT ORDER 2. Press any key....3.R for Repair
4.press 1 and pres Enter
5.Type Administrator password and press enter
6.system halt on
C:\windows>
7.Search for CD-Rom drive letter
-->if three partition on HDD the 4th partition is the cd-rom Drive letter
-->if you don't know how many partitions are there,search for all Drives from
D,E,F,G,H,I
-->Search for "I386" folder in CD
8.c:\windows>G: and press enter
9.G:\>
10.G:\>cd i386 press enter
11.G:\i386>copy NTLDR C:\ (PRESS ENTER)
-->Message: 1 file copied
12.EXIT
Note: Computer restarted here, Check o/s Repaired or not. If o/s not repaired, use the 2nd
Method for Repair.
Ms-Dos commands
microsoft disk operating system
External commands:-to run these commands,for each command need an EXE file to
run.
EX:-format,edit,Xcopy,Fdisk etc
Internal commands:- these commands will install automatically when o/s loaded.
how to enter into dos:- start -programs-Accessaries -command prompt

(or) run = cmd (press enter)
1. CLS
it clears the screen
syntax:-cLs
2.date 3.time 4.ver (ver=version)

5.Label
it shows the volume label
syn:-label (to change label type a different name and press enter)
6. DIR
it shows the directory structure.how many files and folders are
saved. sub-commands:-dir/p (or)dir/w
syntax:-dir (enter)
7. MD
make directory
syn:-md <dir name>
8. CD
change directory
syn:-cd <dir name> ((sub commands:-cd.. and cd\
9. Copy Con
create a new file
syn:-copy con <file name>
save file = F6 or CTRL+Z
10.type
it shows file contents
syn:-type <file name>
11. Ren
it renames an existing file.
syn:ren <old file name> <new file name>
12. DEL
it Deletes a file.
syn:-del <file name>
13. RD
remove directory.
syn:-rd <dir name>
14.COPY
it copy one or more files.
(a).syntax:- copy <file name> <targer location> (b).syntax:-
copy * (to copy all files without extension) (c).syntax:- copy *.*
(to copy all files with and without extension) EX: COPY RAJ D:\
15.Move
it cut and paste command
syn:move <file name> <target location>
16. FORMAT
it formats any drive
syn:-format d:/fs:file system
------>>for help....type any command name----

c:\>format/?
17. EXIT
close programs
Multiple O/S installation:
1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor
1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
Step1: Install XP o/s on "C" drive at first

Step2: Install Vista or Win7 On "D" drive Next
Steps to install "windows Vista" on "D" drive:

1. Insert "Vista" DVD into DvD-Drive and Select First Boot device CD-Rom into
Bios setting (Or select Boot menu by pressing "ESC" or F9, F10, F12 keys)
2. Press any key to boot from Cd/Dvd . . . . .
3. Press enter (Required for some time)
4. Language option "English" is default press "next"
5. Click on "install now"
6. License key option Required

---> If you don't have license key, "give check mark" on " I will activate licence key when I
am online"
---> If you have license key, Remove the check mark from the option " Activate license key
online"
7. Select X86 application for 32Bit Computer (X86 = 32Bit and X64 = 64Bit) (Check
the system information for your computer 32Bit or 64Bit)
8. Select your product and give check mark Below and click Next (What Edition you
have purchased)
9. Accepted for License Agreement

10. Click on "Custom"(Advanced) option
11. Click on "Drive options" for getting more option for installation
12. If it is Multiple o/s just select "Disk 0 partition 2 and click "Next"
Note: If you want to Remove "XP" o/s from "C" drive and wanted to install Windows Vista or
Windows 7, select "Disk 0 partition 1" and click "Next", A Message is given the data of "C"
drive is Transferred into "windows.old". The important data will not lose from "C" drive.
Note: If there is no important data on "C" drive and you want to remove XP and wanted to
install windows vista or windows 7, select "Disk 0 Partition 1" and click on "Format option", after
format
completed, select "Disk 0 Partition 1" and click "Next" for further steps.
----------->System restarts here
13. User name and password Required (type your name here and password for protection)
14. Computer Name ( just click Next)
15. Update Option " Ask me Later" (Next)
16. Time zone + 5:30 India
17. click on Start (Ready to use Vista now)
Importtant settings and configuration after Vista and Windows 7 installation:

Desktop icons:
--Right click on Blank area
--personalize
--Change desktop icons --- select icons --- ok
Screen Resolution:
--- click on "Display option"
---Screen Resolution (1024X768)
-- apply --ok
Check the Version full or Limitted:

--Right click on "my computer icon
--Properties
--Activation Area
--30 days to activate (if no 30days to activate option it is full version)
Checking Drivers information:

----Right click on "my computer icon
--Properties
--Device Manager
--The device which having "Exclation mark"
Installation of the Driver:
--Right click on the "Exclation mark" Device
--Update Driver software
--First option is used to update driver through "internet"
--Second option is used to update through "CD" or "pendrive", or HDD
Managing the Partition Table:

----Right click on "my computer icon
--manage
--Disk management
--Right click on "C" drive
--Shirnk volume ---Assign space ---next --Finish
---An unallocated space given --Right click and click on "new simple
volume --Next --next finsih
Printer Drivers Installation:

Note: Do not connect printer power cable and USB cable. When prompted connect
printer power and USB connection.
Insert Driver CD of printer, it will Autoplay a window will open automatically.

--> click on "Easy installation"
--> click on install
---> click yes for license agreement
-->next for USB connection
-->yes ---yes---connect printer power supply and USB connect--Next --Finish
--Restart computer.
check for the printer install or not?

-->Start - settings --Printer and Faxes (or)
-->Start - printer and Faxes
---->An icon is visible there with Company name and model number for the printer.
Note:-If you are using 2 printers, you should make one printer as default printer.
Steps:-
--> Start -- printer and Faxes -- Right click on the printer icon ---click on "Set as default
printer"
Linux installation:
Requirements:
1GB Ram and 3 GB hard disk
partition size
/boot 100MB
/ 3000MB
/usr 6000MB
/Var 2000MB
/Home 2000MB
Swap Twice the Ram size
Steps:
1. First Boot Device = Cd-Rom (insert Linux cd)(save and Exit)

2.Enter to intall
3. press "Skip" for CD testing (Before installation checking CD status)
4. Next -- Next
5. License Key (Skip entering license key, if no key)
6. Language option English -- next --next
7. Create partition table option (Remove all partition and create default layout)
-->This option for default deleting existing partitions and creating Automatic Partitions
--->Create "Custom layout" (This option for creating Manual partitions)
8. Next
9.After Formating all partition system will be restarted.
--->CD will be Exit automatically, Remove Linux CD and keep away.
10.Select location "India"
11.Next -- next --next --next--Root password 123456 for 2 times
12. User Name and password
13.finish.
Application Software Installation:

Installation of MS-Office 2003
Requirements:
1. A Super VGA monitor with at least 800x600 resolution and 256 colors is required.
2. Office 2003 requires 400 MB of available hard-disk space.
3. Microsoft recommends that your computer have a minimum of 128 MB of RAM.
4. Office 2003 requires a computer Pentium processor with a clock speed of at least
233 megahertz (MHz)
5. Windows XP is Required
Steps:-
1. Insert Office 2003 Cd into Cd rom drive
2. It will Auto-play and start installation procedure (or) click on "Setup.exe" to install Manually.
3. User name and company name (next)
4. Licence key 25 numbers.
5. Select "Typical install"
----> If custom install selected, you can add/Remove any of the Applications, By remove/give
Check marks
6. click on Install
7. finish
Note:- If we need any application just enter into "Contrl panel" ---Add/Remove programs --
select and click on " Change" option --- Add /Remove Features --- next --Give check mark
on the specific Applications and click on "update". finish.
Installation of MS-Office 2007
Requirements:
1. 500 megahertz (MHz) processor or higher
2. 256 megabyte (MB) RAM or higher
3. 2 gigabyte (GB); a portion of this disk space will be freed after installation if the
original download package is removed from the hard drive
4.1024x768 or higher resolution monitor
5. Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack (SP) 2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, or
later operating system.
connecting 2nd Hard disk to your computer
Conditions:
1.HDD working or not.
-->enter into bios setting and detect it.
-->Create partition table.
-->Format all partitions.
If 3 conditions is passed.The HDD working fine.
2.Extend Computer memory.

-->A new HDD connected to Extend your Memory,it need to create partition table.
3.Virus Cleaning.
-->Use your HDD to other working system with updated Antivirus.
-->Scan your HDD with the option "Full System Scan"
4.Data Taking/Giving
-->To Get information about HDD drive letters,enter into "Disk management" option.
-->Copy paste data from one HDD to another HDD.
CONTROL PANEL:
Important control panel options

Accessibility options:
“Mouse Tab” with the help of this option we can use mouse with the help of Keyboard. Click
on “use mouse keys” option, click on ok. There is an Icon displayed on Taskbar. Now use
“Numeric Keypad” to move mouse Pointer the 5 number “key” used for selecting and
pressing
2 times for opening any icon. When this option enables “Numeric Keypad” numbers will not
work. Disable this option to remove the check mark from “use mouse keys”.
Add Hardware Option:

With this option we can install any hardware component which is not installed, and we can
see all devices which is not installed in “other Devices” option in “Device Manager”.
Add/Remove Programs:
We can “install” any program or “uninstall any program with this option. Select program
and click on “remove” option in this window.
(1)Add/remove windows components: in this option we can add/remove some of the windows
components ex:- mspaint, games, calculator other options
Administrative tools  computer management:

In computer management there is 2 important things 1. Changing Administrator Password
1. Disk Management: - we can get info about 2 Hard disk “Drive Letters” and easy to
identify HDD information. And we can create partitions after o/s installation.
DISPLAY: this option used for change “Desktop wallpaper” and “screen saver” and in
“Settings” TAB “Screen Resolution (1024 X 768)” and “color Quality (16Bit or 32bit)
”ok ok. Click on yes.
Note:- the screen resolution 1024 x 768 support for only in Digital Monitor.
Folders option:
In this option we can hide or unhide files/folders. Folder options - Click on “view TAB”
click on “do not show hidden files & folders. Next Step:- right click on any file, click
on properties, click on Hidden option. Ok.ok. do vice versa for unhide.
Power options: some time monitor turn of after 1minute, goto power option – use turn
off monitor after 20minutes.
Sound and Audio Devices: when computer start up. We can listen a sound
when desktop appear. In this option we can change the starting/shut down sounds.
Click on sounds TAB, change “start window” and “Exit windows” sound option by
clicking “Browse” and show location of wav file.
System: hardware TAB – device manager – this option for system devices and
drivers information located.
Computer name TAB:- click on change option to change computer name. ok. Ok. Restart
system.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
1.CMOS-Check some error Default Loaded. OR Error "F1 to continue
and press Del to enter setup".
a).If you have done Clear-CMOS Jumper for Restore BIOS setting or Replace CMOS
battery for Restore BIOS setting or to Break BIOS passwords.
b) If CMOS battery Fail(Replace with new Battery)
c) In old P4 systems, If Floppy disk enable in BIOS settings(Disable Drive A)
2.Hard Disk Fail error Message.

a) i/o error (Replace with other HDD and check)
b)Disk read error (Replace Hdd data and power cable once,if still error message like
the same, it is HDD fail error)
3.No primary Display.(No Display)

a)Check monitor AC power supply and check power button on monitor and check
Monitor VGA cable properly connected into VGA port.
b)Check NumLock Light Blink or not, if light blinks Check with another monitor.
c)Check CMOS Jumper properly connected into 1,2 pins on motherboard.

if no jumper or if connected into 2,3 pins, reset into 1,2 pins.In 1,2 pins
Motherboard,normally there is no jumper for normal display.
d)Do clear Cmos jumper to restore all Default settings of BIOS, if you don't know how
to do Clear Cmos Jumper, replace Cmos-Battery after 20Minutes in power off
condition.
e)Replace RAM after Cleaning into Slot1.If no display still change Ram into slot2.If still
no display,Remove CMOS-Battery and Remove RAM also, wait for 20minutes.Reset
Ram after that Reset Cmos-Battery and start computer now.(In power off condition)
f)Check with another Working Ram,check in slot1 and slot2 also.
g)Check with another VGA or AGP card, if display comes,it means VGA port
not working.(Replace VGA Port)
h)Remove any not working Expansion-Cards or Remove all Expansion except

Graphic Card.
i)Check with another SMPS, connect power cable 20+4 or 24+4 properly to
Motherboard.
j)Check with Another Processor.Connect Processor Cooling Fan power cable to

Motherboard.
k)Check power Button properly working or not, when pressed the start-button it should
come back immediately.Reset Button also same condition.
l)Some old Motherboard need working CMOS-Battery,so use a 3V-Battery.
4. Disk Boot Failure, Insert system disk and press enter when ready.
(or) OS not found.
a) Check DATA Cable and Power cable properly connect to Hard Disk, if connected.
Replace with other DATA cable and Replace with anther power cable.
b) OS corrupted or Hard Disk formatted. Install OS again.
c) If it is a new Hard disk.
d) Hard disk is Disable in "BIOS" settings.
e) Hard disk Jumper properly not connected(only for IDE Hard disks)
5. System Display automatically turn off.

a) Check is there Blank Screen saver enabled, Turn off Screen saver.
b) If monitor Power turn off option enabled after 1 Min,or after sometime specified in
"control panel"... Goto control panel - power options- Turn off Monitor option - set it
after 20Min or never. This option will happen when we are watching a Movie, every 20
minutes Display will be turn off.
6. System Restart Frequently. or after specific time.

a) Enter into BIOS settings and stay for some time, if it is restarting, it is a hardware
problem(may be RAM,SMPS,any other device).If not restarting it may be problem of
"Software".
b) Check with another SMPS
c) Check with another RAM.
d) If you open any specific software, if it is restarting, so Remove that software from
"control panel"-add/Remove programs - Select program and Remove it.
e) Hard disk bad sectors, listen any sounds coming from Hard disk while it is running.
if sounds coming, change Data cable and once again.
f) OS corrupted, install OS once again.
g) If you install any Hardware Device, so remove the device and check once again.
h) An option is enabled in system settings, if system stops unexpectedly, system will
be restarted automatically.
disable this option. Right click Mycomputer icon- properties - Advanced TAB - Start up
and Recovery "Settings" - Remove check mark from "Automatically Restart".ok .ok---
restart your computer Manually.
i) If Multiple Anti Virus program is installed.
7. System unable to boot when a new device install.

a) If you connected a new Hardware device like a USB card, Lan Card, Sound-card
etc. System will not start (no Display problem). Remove the newly connected device
and restart computer. It means the newly connected device is not supporting to your
computer.
8. System stop responding when pressing "start button". System

will not start.
a). some time start button and restart button damage. when we press it, the button
should come back immediately. If the button will not come back, system will not start.
Lubricate the button
b) change Button if possible or Change the cabinet.
9. System unable to start with error message like NTLDR Missing or

any other file missing
A) Repair OS with the help of OS cd. see the OS installation method 6.
10. Some time ports (USB, serial, Parallel) not working.

a). Check in "Device manager, whether the ports are Enable/Disable ( enable it by
right click take option enable - system will Logon with Admin)
b). Enter into BIOS settings and Enable ports.
11. Beep sounds. Ram Beep sounds, continuously short Beeps

sounds.
a) If Ram not connected.
b) if Ram not properly connected. connect Ram properly by matching its Notch.
c) Ram is damaged. Ram failed. Ram pins damaged.
12. Computer Working/Running slowly.

a) Uninstall/Remove not using software.
b) Delete "Temporary File" and Temporary Internet files ( Run = %temp% and Run
= temp...........delete all file/folder from the window)
c) Scan with "Anti-virus", use Full system scan, with updated Anti-virus.
d) Remove start up programs by using "MSCONFIG" in Run command.( run =
MSCONFIG , start up tab - remove all check mark except "Anti-virus" -ok- restart
system)
e) Use Disk Defragmenter for "C" Driver (start - programs - Accessories - System
tools - Disk Defragmenter). use some free space always in "C" drive.
f) Extend RAM Capacity ( if you are using 1GB RAM, use 2 GB RAM)
g) Use scan disk for any problem in HDD.( open my computer icon - open Properties
menu of "C" drive - Tools Tab - click on "check now")
h) Extend Virtual memory (system properties - Advanced tab - performance "settings"
- Advanced Tab - click on "change" option -Initial size(MB) [2046] - system shows
"Recommended" size [3018] like that - so change "Initial size" ( mb) [3017] manually -
click on "Set" - ok ok - Restart computer
I) Go to system Properties -- Advanced TAB ---Performance settings --click on "Adjust for best
performance" ---OK.
13. Computer Hangs (System Struck up)

a) CPU Cooling fan stop Rotating. Power off computer and check CPU fan. Check
Fan power cable properly connected or not. If FAN became old, replace with new Fan.
b) Incompatible RAM. Change with another RAM and check once.
c) Hard Disk bad Sectors. Listen any sounds coming from HDD. Replace new
DATA cable of HDD. Use Scan Disk option for bad sectors. Format with DM or other
Formatting Utility.
d) O/S corrupted. Install O/S once again.
e) Application error. when opening any Application program, if system Hang,
Remove/Uninstall the Application Software and restart computer.
f) If you install any New software/Hardware. Remove the Driver software or the
Application software, By using "Safe Mode".
14. system stop at Blue Screen.

a) Blue screen in New systems/Laptops. If old version of Windows win98, Xp will not
support, the Blue Screen Appear. Install window Vista, Windows 7... Refer
Motherboard Manual Book for the BIOS setting, if you found any setting for supporting
"Old Versions" of Windows Operating System, do Change setting into BIOS according
to Motherboard Manual Book..Some Laptops have some changes in BIOS i.e "ICHI"
Setting --->Enable/Disable or IDE/SATA ----> Take this setting "Disable or "IDE".
b) Loose Connected Devices such as "Expansion Cards" or DATA cables. if you found
still problem. Dissemble and Re-Assemble the system.
e) Hard Disk Bad sectors.
f) O/S corrupted. Reinstall O/S.
g) Check with another SMPS.
15. System stops at Black Screen.

a) When o/s corrupted this screen appear. In that screen some options are showing.
select these options "Safe Mode with Networking" or "Last Known good configuration"
if system starting normally. Restart in system in "Normal Mode". If System Halt on
"Black screen again". Re-Install O/S.
16. System stop XP installation after pressing Any key.....

a) If we are using Linux or other Operating systems Previously on the system. This
time XP not supported. To resolve this problem, install Windows Vista or Windows 7 or
While installation Vista just "Delete all partition" and close all windows and re-insert
XP CD and install XP now.
17. Using "Safe Mode".

A) Restart computer and press F8, Advanced Menu option will appear. Select "Safe
mode with Networking" if it is XP o/s. Before Desktop appear click on "YES". To
remove any Application Software/Driver Software goto "Control panel" - Add/Remove
programs, select the software and click on Remove.
B) Some systems will not support F8 at start up time. Type "MSCONFIG" in Run
command - click on "BOOT.INI" tab - click on "SAFEBOOT" - ok -Restart computer.
Now computer will start in Safe Mode Automatically. After using Safe Mode, type
"MSCONFIG" in Run command - click on " Boot.ini" TAB - remove check mark from
"SAFEBOOT" - ok -Restart computer.
Important Hints:
------------------------------
1. Use proper Ground ( it is called Earthing)
2. Use UPS For uninterrupted power supply.
3. Use Exhaust fan inside Cabinet, if you are using system upto 6 to 8 houurs.
4. Don't use cover on Cabinet while running system
5. Once in 3 months service your system, use Air-Blower, to remove dust from
system.

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IKNWU420@GMAIL.COM WWW.UNLIMITEDTIPS4ALL.BLOGSPOT.

C= Commonly, O = Operating, M = Machine, P = particularly, U = Used in, T = Trade,

Computer:- it is an Electronic Device. The combination of Hardware and

Device:- Component, Pheriperal are called Devices.

Data:- Combination of Characters, Numbers,symbols and Graphs.

Input Devices:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Compact Disk(CD),

Output Devices:- Monitor, Printer, Speaker,

Processing Device:- Micro Processor is called Processing Device. It is called

Operating System:- Operating system is a source to run a computer. it is a

Windows Family Operating systems:- Ms-Dos, Windows 95, Windows 98,

Other Operating Systems:- Unix, Solaris, Linux, OS/2

Network Operating Systems:- it is called Multi user O/S.

32Bit and 64 Bit Operating Systems:- X86 is called 32 bit

32Bit and 64Bit Personal computers:- In house and in small

Types of Keyboard:- Keyboards are 4 types they are.

Types of Mouse:- There are 4 types of Mouse available

4. Wire Less Mouse.

PC Types:- 1. Desktop computer 2. Laptop Computer

PC types as per Brands:

1. Assemble PC (Assemble by a common people, price is low)

What Model computer you have purchased?

Internal and External Components of Computers:

External Components: (Monitor, Mouser, Keyboard, Printer)

Internal Components: (These components are Fixed inside the

10. Data cable types:

9. Cmos Battery Connector:

CGA = Color Graphic Adopter.

3. USB Card ( used to connect USB devices)

5. Modem (used for internet browsing internet through telephone line)

6. TV tuner card ( TV watching)

6.Cd-Rom Drive or DVD-Writer Types:

5.Floppy Disk Drive:

4. Hard Disk Drive:

IDE - HDD Figure:

SIMM= Single Inline Memory Module

Type pins Voltage Notch Highest Capacity

RAM Capacity: - 64Mb, 128MB 256MB 512MB 1GB 2GB 4GB

Processors are 2 types

Information on the Processor

On the Processor it is written

Processor name Processor type Socket number or Speed/Frequency/clock

1000 MHz = 1 GHz

Motherboard Manufacturer Companies:

Chipset Manufacturer Companies:

Motherboard Types as per Chipset:

2. Intel Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company is

3. Other Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company and

Motherboard Model number:-

P4 motherbaord model numbers

Other Chipset Model Numbers(Motherboard Model numbers):

1.PS/2 Ports:- (Shape is Round)

2.VGA Port:-(Shape is D) It is 15 pin Female port, used to

3.Serial Port:- (Shape is D)

4.USB Port:- It is 4Pin port with Rectangle Shape.used for all

webcam, usb-printer, usb-scanner, usb-Bluetooth, usb-Data-

5. LPT Port:-(Shape is D) It is 25pin Female port.It is

6.LAN Port(Ethernet port/RJ45 Port):-

North Bridege chip:

South Bridge Chip:

Motherboard power supply connectors:

(C) EPCI Slot or PCI Express Slot:

FDD Connector pins:

Note:- 1. PWR = PWRBTN =Power SW =ON/OFF = = Start Button