SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

Chapter 6 J. H. Argyris and S. Kelsey. Energy Theorems and Structural

Analysis, Butterworth, London, 1968

Chapter 7 E. Lightfoot. Moment Distribution, Spon, London, 1961.

J. Rygol. Structural Analysis by Direct Moment Distribution, Crosby
Lockwood, St Albans, 1968

Chapter 8 R. K. Livesley. Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis, Pergamon,

Oxford, 1964

Chapter 9 T. M. Charlton. Model Analysis of Plane Structures, Pergamon,

Oxford, 1966
W. J. Larnach. Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Plane
Structures, Macmillan, London, 1964

Chapter 10 F. Bleich. Buckling Strength of Metal Structures, McGraw-Hill, New

York, 1952
M. R. Horne and W. Merchant. The Stability of Frames, Pergamon,
Oxford, 1965
S. P. Timoshenko and J. M. Gere. Theory of Elastic Stability,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961

Chapter 11 J. Baker and J. Heyman. Plastic Design of Frames Vol. 1, Cambridge

University Press, 1969
J. Heyman. Plastic Design of Frames Vol. 2, Cambridge University
Press, 1971
M. R. Horne. Plastic Theory of Structures, Nelson, London, 1971.

344
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS

Chapter 1
1.1 VA= 19·5 kN; Vs = 25·5 kN; Q = -3·5 and -6 kN; M= 46 and 10 kNm
I p/2
1. 2 jp; y12; 36y3
1.4 14i kN; 22* kN; 30* kN; 22! kN
1.6 Pl/8
1.7 X f/8 f/4 3//4 7//8
y 0·2081 0·3791 0·4721 0·2731
1.9 13·5 kNm; 4·5 kN
1.10 8·46 m; 192·5 kNm
1.11 22·5 kN; 186·7 kNm; 35·8 kN; 210·1 kNm

Chapter 2
2.1 AC: -5/6 kN; AD: 35y2/6 kN; CD: 35/3 kN
2.2 DE: 12·5 kN; AB: -12·5 kN; CA: 35/12 kN; CD: -35/12 kN;
CB: -35yl3/12; CE: 35y13/12
2.3 -P/4
2.4 DG: 2·12P; DE: -0·72P; AF: -0·6P
2.5 V0 = t P; VE =HP; VF =*P; HF = 2P
2.6 AD= DF = FB = -40 kN; DC= 40 kN; CB = 20y3 kN
2.7 41·2 kN

Chapter 3 ( )
P Px a!
3.1 -exp - ; -
a a E
3.2 as= 30·8 N/mm 2 ; as= 64·7 N/mm 2 ; as= as= 43·3 N/mm 2 ;
as= 12·5 N/mm 2 ; as= 108 N/mm 2
345
346 STRUCTURAL THEORY AND ANALYSIS

3.3 a1 = ~; a = ~; a=~; ~1tr3 [T(3a- 13) +P(2:E (1- v) + ~}

8 l
p + (3a- 13)TK2tE
2tE + 3rK(l - v)
13 is the coefficient of cubical expansion of water.
3.4 169, -79 N/mm 2 ; (53·3, 81·5, - 23·5) x 10-s
3.5 240° gauge
3.6 5·2kN/m
E!' 2 d
3.7 £1'2 +£!'2
1·34P/3
3.8 1·65 td 3 • 0·56td 3 · - ----=--
' ' Etd 3

__s_a· P= 15y3R 3 am
3·9 N ' lOR +48z

Chapter4
4.1 r = 56·8 mm; 0·024 rad/m
1tG 2R 3 IG
4 ·2 lOA ; 20AR
4.4 2·05d 3 Ty
4.5 o·598T; 0·96r
4.6 7·81 N/mm 2
4.8 2r from centre
4.10 16/7t 2
4.11 Ga 4 /8
4.12 28·4GtR 3

Chapter 5
p 1 p
5.1 - 48 £/ (6pl + 5P); 24 (6pl + 5P); 12£/ (pl + P)
p/4 p/3 pl
5"2 - 1536£/; 256Ei centre 32
23 PZ 3
5"3 324 EI
 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 347

5.4 ~points·
3 pl
--
2 z - 3-pl- ( xl-x 2
- ( x 2 ) x<-·
2 2)
--
z z z
-<x<-
<J ' 64EI ' 4' 64EI 8 ' 4 2
6pl 4
5.5
Ebhg
5.6 8Mjl 2 ; 11·6Mjl 2
5.7 12·7 per cent; 6 per cent; 3·5 per cent

Chapter 6
6.1 0
6.2 0·19 mm; 0·024 mm
6.3 0·324P
6.4 20° 18'.
6.6 0·62P
6.7 -~pd2
6.8 23·3 kN; 10·6 mm
6.9 4P/21; 10P/21
Tl
6.10 2 2
(EI cos o: + GJ sin o:)

6.11 H= f
PR 3
6.12 0·46P· 0·11PR· 0·124-
, ' EI

Chapter 7
7.1 MAa = -27 kNm; Mac= -68·4 kNm; VA= 29·1 kN; Va = 93·7 kN;
Vc = 77·2kN
7.2 40mm
7.3 MaE= -84 kNm
7.4 13·3 kN
7.5 MAE= -0·012Pl; May= -1·069Pl; MeG= -1·962Pl
7.6 MAa = 19 kNm; MaA =47·5 kNm; Men= -41·2 kNm; Moe= -25·3 kNm
7.7 0·301P; 0·463P; 0·236P
5 Ml
7.8
72 EI
7.9 MAa = 200 kNm; MaA = 133 kNm; Men =Moe = 67 kNm
7.10 MAa = -11·5 kNm; Mac =- 20·8 kNm; Mea= -10·4 kNm
348 STRUCTURAL THEORY AND ANALYSIS
Chapter 8
l l
8.1 4·43 AE to right; 18·1 AE down; F 80 = 4·45 kN
pz2
8.4 0·048-
EI
PZ PZ 2
8·5 v = 2AE ; e =64EI

Chapter 9
1
9.1 (2 (2x 2 l- x 3 - l 2 x)

ot.l x
9.2 4(1-a 2 ); a=z,a:1> 1; Mnmax =~l

Px 2 (3l- x)
9.3 213
9.4 See Table 9.1
51
9.5 8 h (a- 2a + a ), a= xfl
3 4

Chapter 10
al al
10.1 tan-= 2
2 +a 212
1t 2 EI 21t 2 Elvo
10.6 P= [2; F= /3[(2/1t) tanh (1t/2) -1]
1t 2EI k/ 2
10.8 y+ 1t2

10.9 13·9 kN

Chapter 11
11.2 End span 0·315/
11.3 P= 3·9:MP
I
y's -1 Z· M = ( 3 - yS) PI
11.4 h = 2 • p 2
11.5 X=2; M8 =Pl/6
 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 349

11.6 BeamP=- 6Mp (k<~;

1) SideswayP= 2y3MP (k>-
y3) ;
l 3v3 kl 2

CombinedP= (
2
J
14M
+ k 3)!
( 1
3y3
y3)
~<k<-
2
11.7 1·865
INDEX

Antisymmetry, stiffness factor 224 plastic bending 109

Arches, funicular polygon 25 plastic bending with axial force 114
influence line 40 principal axis 99
rib shortening 208 second moment of area 99
temperature effects 208 section modulus 101
three-hinge 7 strain energy 107
two-hinge 206 unsymmetric section 104
Area-moment method 146 with axial force 108
Axes, local 244 with torsion and axial force 122
member 246 Betti's reciprocal theorem 289
system 245 Bow's notation 22, 50
Axial force, composite rods 80 Buckling of struts 299
sign convention 12 Bulk modulus 93
with bending 108
Carry-over factor 215
Beams, bending deflection 138 Castig1iano's theorem 177
bending stresses 97 applied to non-linear members 183
collapse of redundant 319 applied to redundant trusses 21 0
composite 102 Centre of shear 131
influence lines 29, 287 Collapse, of beams 319
moment distribution 220 of frames 325
plastic bending 109 Combination of mechanisms 334
shear centre 131 Combined, bending with axial force 108
shear deflection 153 plastic bending with axial force 114
shear stress 124 torsion, bending and axial force 122
shear stress in flanges 129 Compatibility 164
slope deflection 237 Engesser's theorem of 192
stiffness matrix 261 Complementary energy 157
unsymmetrical section I 04 applied to beams 182
Bending moment, calculation of 12 applied to frames 200
envelope 39 applied to rings and arches 204
graphical method 23 applied to trusses 180
influence lines 30 Complementary shear stress 76
rigid frames 62 Complex trusses 53
sign convention 12 Composite beams I 02
Bending of beams, composite 102 Composite rods, axial forces 80
Mohr circle 1OS temperature effects 81
neutral axis 98 Compound trusses 53
350
 INDEX
Conjugate beam 150
Core of section I 08
Criticalload 299
Deflection of beams 13 8
complementary energy 182
conjugate beam 150
direct integration 139
duetoshear 153
Macaulay's method 141
moment area 146
singularity functions 141
standard cases 151
variable section 150, 182
virtual work I 7 5
Deflection of trusses, Castigliano's
theorem 183
complementary energy 179
non-linear members 176
real work 168
virtual work 171
Williot-Mohr diagram 185
Determinacy of reactions 4
Direct integration 139
Direction cosines 259
Direct stress 7 5
Displacement diagram 56
Distribution factor 217
Double modulus theory 307
Electrical resistance strain gauge 89
Energy methods applied to struts 313
Energy theorems, Castigliano's theorem
177
complementary energy theorem
179
Engesser's theorem 192
Engesser's theorem 192
Equation of condition 5, 8
Equilibrium equations 2
Equivalent section I 03
Euler critical load 299
Fixed-end moments 217
Flexibility coefficients 159
Flexibility matrix for space member
274
Flexibility method, outline of 270
plane frame 279
redundant plane truss 275
Flexural rigidity 139
Force polygon 20
351
Form factor 110
Frames, energy methods 199
flexibility matrix method 279
inclined members 233
moment-distribution method 230
multi-storey rectangular 235
slope-deflection method 239
stiffness-matrix method 264
virtual-work method 199
Free-body diagram 3
Fully plastic moment 110
Funicular polygon, bending moment 23
description 21
differential equation 27
reactions 22
three-pin arch 25
Graphical analysis, plastic collapse 325
Grillages 269
Hooke's law 78
generalised 80
Hydrostatic pressure 93
Influence lines, applications of Betti's
theorem 290
beams with two spans 287
bending moments 30, 33, 36
envelope 36, 39
girders with floor beams 39
multi-load systems 35
multi-span beams 294
reactions 29, 32
shear force 30, 33, 35
three-pin arch 40
trusses 66
virtual work 3 2
Initial lack of fit 192
Instability 298
Interaction diagram 115, 327
Kinematic indeterminacy 165
Lack of fit 192
Load factor 3 24
Local coordinates 244
Lower-bound theorem 325
Macaulay's method 141
Matrix analysis of structures 244
Maximum bending moment 36
Maximum shear force 35
352 INDEX

Maxwell's reciprocal theorem 151, 161 Principal strain 87

Modified stiffness, antisymmetry 224
pinned end 222
symmetry 223
Modular ratio 103
Modulus, bulk 93
elasticity 78
elastic section 101
plastic section 11 0
rigidity 80
Mohr circle, second moment of area
105
strain 89
stress 85
Mohr equation of virtual work 170
Moment-area method, 146
Moment distribution, deflection of
supports 227
distribution factor 217
frames with inclined members 233
fixed-end moments 21 7
modified stiffness 222
rectangular multi-storey frames 23~
sign convention 215
stiffness and carry-over factor 215
Miiller-Breslau principle 287
Neutral axis 98
Non-linear members 176
Normal strain 77
Normal stress 7 5
No-sidesway distribution 232
Permanent set 112
Perry-Robertson formula 311
Plane stress 83
Plastic bending of beams 109
Plastic bending with axial force 114
Plastic collapse, combination of
mechanisms 334
deflections 3 21
graphical analysis 325
interaction diagram 327
load factor 324
redundant beams 319
theorems 325
virtual-work method 330
Plastic section modulus 110
Plastic torsion of circular rods 122
Poisson's ratio 78
Principal axes 99
Principal plane 84
Principal stress 83
Principle of superposition 16
Principle of virtual work 9
Product second moment of area 99
Rayleigh method 314
Reactions, influence lines 29, 32
moments and resolution 6
statical determinacy 4
virtual work I 0
Real work, method of 168
Reciprocal theorem, Betti's 289
Maxwell's 161
Relationships between elastic constants
92
Rib shortening 208
Rigidity, modulus of 78
Rigid jointed structures 60
Rings 203
Safe theorem 325
St Vernant's principle 79
Second moment of area 99
Section modulus 101
Sections, method of 51
Shape factor 110
Shear centre 131
Shear deflection 153
Shear force, calculation 12
influence lines 30, 33, 35
sign 12
Shear strain 77
Shear stress, complementary 76
in beams 124
in flanges 129
Sidesway 227
Sign convention, general 73
moment distribution 215
shear force and bending moment 12
Singularity functions 141
Slenderness ratio 305
Slope-deflection method 236
Southwell method for struts 311
Space truss 58
Squash load 114
Stability of columns, double modulus
theory 307
Euler critical loads 299
ideal elasto-plastic material 305
initially deformed strut 304
practical strut formulae 310
 INDEX 353
Stability of columns-con tinued Tension coefficients 58
Rayleigh method 314 Three-pin arch, determinatio n of
Southwell method 311 reactions 7
tangent modulus theory 309 funicular polygon 25
Timoshenko method 314 influence line 40
Statical determinacy, reactions 4 Timoshenko method 314
rigid jointed frames 61 Torsion. circular rods 118
space trusses 57 multi-cell tubes 133
trusses 46 plastic 122
Stiffness coefficients 167 strain energy 121
Stiffness factor 215 thin rectangular section 134
Stiffness matrix, continuous beams 261 thin-walled tubes 132
grillages 269 with bending and axial force 122
pinned members 250 Transformati on matrix 250
plane frames 264 Transformed section, beams 103
space structure member 259 composite rods 81
transformatio n matrix 251 Trussed beam 198
Stiffness method 244 Trusses, complex 53
Strain 76 compound 53
Mohr circle for 89 deflections, see Deflection of trusses
normal 77 matrix methods applied 250
principal 87 redundant 189
shear 77 simple plane 45
Strain energy 9 5 space 57
axial load 9 5
bending 107
torsion 121 Uniqueness theorem 325
Stress 74 Unit-load method 171
complementa ry shear 76 Unsafe theorem 325
hoop 94 Upper-bound theorem 325
Mohr circle for 85
normal 75 Virtual displacement 10
principal 83 Virtual work, applied to plastic
shear 75 collapse 330
String polygon, see Funicular polygon deflections by 170
Struts, see Stability of columns influence lines by 32, 68
Superposition , principle of 16 Mohr equation of 170
Supports 2 principle of 9
Symmetry, stiffness factor 223
System coordinates 245
Warping 127, 154
Tangent modulus theory 309 Williot-Mohr displacement diagram
Temperature effects, arches 208 185
composite rods 81
redundant trusses 192 Young's modulus 78