Kaolin PubChem PDF

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PubChem CID: 56841936
Chemical Names: KAOLIN; China clay; 1332-58-7; Argilla; Glomax; Porcelain clay More...
Molecular Formula: H2Al2Si2O8H2O or Al2Si2O5(OH)4 or Al2H4O9Si2

Molecular Weight: 258.156 g/mol
InChI Key: NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Safety Summary: Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS)
Drug Information: Drug Indication Therapeutic Uses Clinical Trials
Kaolin is the most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is
prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th
ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: "high ridge"), the original site. (From Grant and Hackh's Chemical
Dictionary, 5th ed)
 from MeSH
Kaolin is a layered silicate mineral. Kaolin is used in ceramics, medicine, coated paper, as a food additive, in toothpaste, as a
light diffusing material in white incandescent light bulbs, and in cosmetics. Until the early 1990s it was the active substance
of anti-diarrhoea medicine Kaopectate.
 from DrugBank
KAOLIN is an odorless white to yellowish or grayish powder. Contains mainly the clay mineral kaolinite
(Al2O3(SiO2)2(H2O)2), a hydrous aluminosilicate. Kaolinite has mp 740-1785°C and density 2.65 g/cm3. Kaoline is insoluble
in water but darkens and develops a earthy odor when wet.
 Physical Description from CAMEO Chemicals
PUBCHEM  COMPOUND  KAOLIN Modify Date: 2018-10-06; Create Date: 2012-03-21

 Contents
1 2D Structure
2 3D Status
3 Names and Identifiers
4 Chemical and Physical Properties
5 Related Records
6 Chemical Vendors
7 Drug and Medication Information
8 Food Additives and Ingredients
9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
10 Use and Manufacturing
11 Identification
12 Safety and Hazards
13 Toxicity
14 Literature
15 Patents
16 Biological Test Results
17 Classification
18 Information Sources
1 2D Structure
 Search  Download  Get Image
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 from PubChem
2 3D Status
Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt
 from PubChem
3 Names and Identifiers
3.1 Computed Descriptors
3.1.1 IUPAC Name
oxo-oxoalumanyloxy-[oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)silyl]oxysilane;dihydrate
 from PubChem
3.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/2Al.O5Si2.2H2O.2O/c;;1-6(2)5-7(3)4;;;;/h;;;2*1H2;;/q2*+1;-2;;;;
 from PubChem
3.1.3 InChI Key
NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
 from PubChem
3.1.4 Canonical SMILES
O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O
 from PubChem
3.2 Molecular Formula

H2Al2Si2O8H2O
 from ILO-ICSC
Al2Si2O5(OH)4
 from Wikipedia
Al2H4O9Si2
 from PubChem
3.3 Other Identifiers
3.3.1 CAS
1332-58-7
 from CAMEO Chemicals, ChemIDplus, DrugBank, EPA Chemicals under the TSCA, European Chemicals Agency (…
95077-05-7
 from European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
3.3.2 EC Number
310-194-1
619-103-2
3.3.3 ICSC Number
1144
 from ILO-ICSC
3.3.4 RTECS Number
GF1670500
 from The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
3.3.5 Wikipedia
Title kaolin
 from Wikipedia
3.4 Synonyms
3.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms
1. Kaolin
2. Kaolinite
 from MeSH
3.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms
1. KAOLIN 11. Alphagloss 21. Emathlite 31. Comalco Kaolin 41. Kaophills-2
2. China clay 12. Altowhites 22. Hydrite 32. Light kaolin 42. AA Kaolin
3. 1332-58-7 13. Alfaplate 23. Kaopaous 33. Osmo kaolin 43. Clay (kaolin)
4. Argilla 14. Alphacoat 24. Langford 34. Kaolin colloidal 44. Acidic white clay
5. Glomax 15. Altowhite 25. Mcnamee 35. beta Coat 45. BOL Blanc
6. Porcelain clay 16. Apsilex 26. Parclay 36. Astra-Glaze 46. ASP (mineral)
7. Bolus alba 17. Argiflex 27. Vanclay 37. Snow tex 47. Burgess 10
8. White bole 18. Bentone 28. Fitrol 38. ASP Ultrafine 48. Airflo V 8
9. Hydrated aluminum silicate 19. Comalco 29. Arcilla blanca 39. Kao-gel 49. Amazon 88
10. Kaolin clay slurry 20. Electros 30. Argilla alba 40. Century HC 50. Amazon 90
 from PubChem
4 Chemical and Physical Properties
4.1 Computed Properties
Property Name Property Value
Molecular Weight 258.156 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 9
Rotatable Bond Count 4
Complexity 167
AAADcYAAPAwAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
Topological Polar Surface Area 98 A^2
Monoisotopic Mass 257.902 g/mol
Exact Mass 257.902 g/mol
Compound Is Canonicalized true
Formal Charge 0
Heavy Atom Count 13
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Isotope Atom Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 3
 from PubChem
4.2 Experimental Properties
4.2.1 Physical Description
KAOLIN is an odorless white to yellowish or grayish powder. Contains mainly the clay mineral kaolinite
(Al2O3(SiO2)2(H2O)2), a hydrous aluminosilicate. Kaolinite has mp 740-1785°C and density 2.65 g/cm3. Kaoline is
insoluble in water but darkens and develops a earthy odor when wet.
 from CAMEO Chemicals
1. CBI 11. Withheld

2. DryPowder
3. DryPowder, Liquid
4. DryPowder, PelletsLargeCrystals, WetSolid
5. DryPowder, WetSolid
6. Liquid
7. OtherSolid
8. PelletsLargeCrystals
9. WetSolid
10. WetSolid, Liquid
 from EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
WHITE POWDER.
 from ILO-ICSC
White to yellowish or grayish powder. Odorless.

 from OSHA Occupational Chemical DB
White to yellowish or grayish powder. [Note: When moistened, darkens & develops a clay-like odor.]
4.2.2 Color
White or yellowish-white, earhty mass or white powder; unctuous when moist

O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,
2006., p. 914
 from HSDB
White to yellowish or grayish powder [Note: When moistened, darkens...]

NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention.
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
 from HSDB
Triclinic
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 4-140
 from HSDB
White or near white ... pseudohexagonal flakes

Murray HH; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Clays, Uses. Online
Posting Date: 20 Dec 2002
 from HSDB
Fine white to light-yellow powder

Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
2004., p. V3: 2185
 from HSDB
4.2.3 Odor
When moistened ... develops a clay-like odor

 from HSDB
4.2.4 Taste
Earth taste
2004., p. V3: 2185
 from HSDB
4.2.5 Solubility
Insoluble (NIOSH, 2016)

Insoluble in water
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 724
 from HSDB
Insoluble in ether
2004., p. V3: 2185
 from HSDB
Insoluble in dilute acids and alkali hydroxides

 from HSDB
Solubility in water: insoluble

 from ILO-ICSC
Insoluble
4.2.6 Density
1.8 to 2.6 (NIOSH, 2016)

2.65 g/cu cm
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-140
 from HSDB
Relative density (water = 1): 2.6

 from ILO-ICSC
1.8-2.6
 from OSHA Occupational Chemical DB, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
4.2.7 Vapor Pressure
0 mm Hg (approx) (NIOSH, 2016)

0 mmHg (approx)
 from OSHA Occupational Chemical DB, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
4.2.8 Viscosity
Low viscosity
Murray HH; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Clays, Uses. Online
 from HSDB
4.2.9 pH
The pH of untreated kaolin slurries normally ranges from 4.5 to 6.5

Murray HH; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Clays. Online
 from HSDB
4.3 Spectral Properties

Index of refraction = 1.549; 1.564; 1.565
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-140
 from HSDB
5 Related Records
5.1 Related Compounds
Mixtures, Components, and

2 records
Neutralized Forms
Similar Compounds 11 records
 from PubChem
5.2 Substances
5.2.1 Related Substances
Same 19 records
 from PubChem
5.2.2 Substances by Category
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from PubChem
5.3 Entrez Crosslinks
PubMed 9 records
Taxonomy 1 record
OMIM 1 record
Gene 2 records
 from PubChem
6 Chemical Vendors
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from PubChem
7 Drug and Medication Information
7.1 Drug Indication

Used for upset stomach and diarrhea, a traditional medicine used in China, South America and Africa. Kaolin is also used
to treat AIDs-related diarrhea. Kaolin based bandages are also under investigation.
 from DrugBank
7.2 Clinical Trials
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1 to 2 of 2
Record ID Title Status Phase
Efficacy of Abciximab Bolus Only Regimen in Providing Inhibition of Platelet

NCT00929279 Completed 4
Action Over Time
NCT02229097 Efficacy of Coordinated Insulin Boluses in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Completed 4
 from ClinicalTrials.gov
7.3 Therapeutic Uses

Antidiarrheals; Pharmaceutic Aids
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)
 from HSDB
/Kaolin/ either alone or as...mixt with pectin, is used medicinally as an adsorbent...of value chiefly in treatment of diarrhea
caused by agents capable of being adsorbed, as, for example, diarrhea of food poisoning or dysentery.
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p.
751
 from HSDB
Kaolin has...been used in treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis, but it is doubtful whether any adsorptive capacity is
retained by time prepn reaches colon.
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p.
751
 from HSDB
VET: adsorbent, protective antidiarrheal. A physical adsorbent with hydrophilic capacity. Topical skin & GI protectant. It
incr bulk & slows .. Passage of feces. Has/ ability to absorb toxins...topically & intrauterine in addn to GI.
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 297
 from HSDB
MEDICATON (VET): orally...use in kaolin-pectin suspensions... externally...in application of poultice heat in arthritis,
myositis, &...swellings esp on legs of horses.
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 297
 from HSDB
/In paraquat poisoning/ ... gastric lavage should be followed by the administration of mineral adsorbents such as Fuller's
earth (kaolin) ... to bind any unabsorbed paraquat remaining in the gastrointestinal tract.
Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991., p. 603
 from HSDB
Kaolin and pectin may be used as adjuncts to rest, fluids, and an appropriate diet in the symptomatic treatment of mild to
moderate acute diarrhea. Kaolin and pectin should be used in the symptomatic treatment of chronic diarrhea only as a
temporary measure until the etiology of the diarrhea is determined. Kaolin and pectin may be minimally effective in
symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe acute diarrhea.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists,
Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements)., p. 1879
 from HSDB
Treatment of diarrhea
Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1039
 from HSDB
7.4 Drug Warning

... Formulation changes ... have occurred with Kaopectate ... The current Kaopectate marketed is not the formulation ...
with Kaolin and Pectin. In the late 1980's or early '90s, the manufacturer reformulated the product to contain attapulgite.
Then in 2003, the sponsor reformulated the product again, this time to include bismuth subsalicylate as the active
ingredient. ...
FDA Safety Drug Page. Drug Topics April 19, 2004. Available from the website www.fda.gov/cder/drug/mederrors/kaopectate.pdf as of
July 25, 2007
 from HSDB
If/...kaolin-containing product must be used...should be given...2 hr before lincomycin. If this...proves impractical,

lincomycin may be administered by injection or a nondiarrhea-producing antibiotic should be substituted.
Evaluations of Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Assn., 1976, 1978., p. 136
 from HSDB
Inert except for dangers of obstruction, perforation, & granuloma formation.

Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-
95
 from HSDB
The use of antidiarrheal mixtures containing opioids or poorly absorbed antibacterial agents with adsorbents and
protectants (most commonly, kaolin and pectin) and antispasmodic agents is unwarranted, since additional benefits
beyond those afforded by the single effective agent are questionable and the patient is subjected to the added expense
and the combined adverse effects of the individual ingredients.
American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994.,
p. 935
 from HSDB
7.5 Minimum/Potential Fatal Human Dose

Practically non-toxic: probable oral lethal dose (human) above 15 g/kg; more than 1 quart (2.2 lb) for 70 kg person (150
lb).
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-
95
 from HSDB
8 Food Additives and Ingredients
8.1 FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances
FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: 1 of 1 (Indirect Additives)
Indirect Additives CLAY (KAOLIN)
Title 21 of the U.S. Code of

175.300; 176.170; 178.3297; 186.1256
Federal Regulations (21 CFR)
 from FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
9.1 Pharmacology
Kaolin is an adsorptive agent.
 from DrugBank
9.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification
Antidiarrheals
Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that
cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.
See a list of PubChem compounds matching this category.
 from MeSH
9.3 ATC Code

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism
A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents
A07B - Intestinal adsorbents
A07BC - Other intestinal adsorbents
A07BC02 - Kaolin
 from WHO ATC
9.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Kaolin and pectin are not absorbed following oral administration.
 from HSDB
9.5 Mechanism of Action

Kaolin adsorbs water, toxins and bacteria, contributing to firmer stools, reducing fluid loss from diarrhea.
 from DrugBank
10 Use and Manufacturing
10.1 Uses
EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes

Processing Aids and Additives
 from EPA Safer Choice
10.1.1 Industry Uses
1. Abrasives 11. Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categ
2. Catalyst 12. Pigments
3. Fillers 13. Plasticizers
4. Ion exchange agents 14. Process regulators
5. Laboratory chemicals 15. Processing aids, not otherwise listed
6. Main component of ceramics bodies. 16. Refractories
7. Major component in ceramics manufacturing. 17. Refractory Materials
8. Major component of ceramics. 18. Surface active agents
9. Not known or reasonably ascertainable 19. formulation ingredient in pelleted enzyme products. Typically this
10. Oxidizing/reducing agents 20. used as ingredient in brake pad.
10.1.2 Consumer Uses
1. Adhesives and sealants 11. Floor coverings

2. Apparel and footwear care products 12. Fuels and related products
3. Arts, crafts, and hobby materials 13. Furniture and furnishings not covered el
4. Automotive care products 14. High temperature refractories for furnac
5. Automotive interior products 15. Metal Catalyst
6. Building/construction materials - wood and engineered wood products 16. Non-TSCA use
7. Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere 17. Not known or reasonably ascertainable
8. Catalyst 18. Paints and coatings
9. Cleaning and furnishing care products 19. Paper products
10. Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere 20. Personal care products
10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Kaolin is a hydrated aluminum silicate obtained by mining naturally occurring mineral deposits. Large deposits are found
in Georgia, USA and in Cornwall, England. Mined kaolin is powdered and freed of coarse, gritty particles either by
elutriation or by screening. Impurities such as ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate are removed
with a electromagnet and by treatment with hydrochloric acid and/or sulfuric acids.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England
2009, p. 353
 from HSDB
Prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,
2006., p. 914
 from HSDB
Naturally occurring deposits of kaolin are processed (purified) by one of two basic processes, a dry process or a wet
process ... the dry process involves crushing, drying, pulverizing and classifying ... the wet processes involve formation of a
kaolin slurry followed by various separation techniques (selective flocculation, magnetic separation, delamination,
flotation), dewatering and drying.
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to
Present., p. VA7: 120 (1986)
 from HSDB
10.3 Impurities
Quartz, mica, and feldspar are often found associated with the crude mineral and is often removed through screening and
elutriation.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review; Final Report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Final Report on the Safety Assessment of
Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium
Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium
Sodium Silicate, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite; International Journal of Toxicology 22 (Suppl 1): 37-102 (2003)
 from HSDB
The Food Chemicals Codex specifies limits of impurities for clay (Kaolin) as: acid-soluble substances <2%; Arsenic (as As)
<3 ppm; Heavy Metals (as Pb) <40 ppm; Lead <10 ppm.
 from HSDB
Kaolin, as mined, contains other minerals including quartz, muscovite, and altered feldspars.
Lemen R, Bingham E; Patty's Toxicology. (2005) NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Silica and Silica Compounds. On-line posting date: Apr
16, 2001.
 from HSDB
10.4 Formulations/Preparations
Snow Plus (Wilbur-Ellis Company), Kaolin clay 99.0%
Perdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval System. Kaolin (1332-58-7). Available from, as of April 2, 2013:
http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
 from HSDB
Wettable powder
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Kaolin (1332-58-7; PC 100104) (April 2000).
Available from, as of April 1, 2013: http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1
 from HSDB
Some grades have unusually fine particle size, high adsorption, and suspension properties.
Crop Protection Handbook Volume 98, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2012, p. 496
 from HSDB
Kapectolin: 5.8 g kaolin and 130 mg pectin per 30 mL

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2007.
 from HSDB
Kao-Spen; k-p: 5.2 g kaolin and 260 mg pectin per 30 mL

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2007.
 from HSDB
Kaolin with pectin: kaolin 20 g; pectin 1 g; tragacanth, powdered 0.5 g; benzoic acid 0.2 g; saccharin sodium 0.1 g; glycerin
2 mL; peppermint oil 0.15 mL; purified water, to make 100 mL
American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p. 56.08
 from HSDB
Suprex, a low grit general purpose kaolin conditioning agent.

Farm Chemicals Handbook 87. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1987., p. C-146
 from HSDB
Kaocasil (adsorbent for intestinal irritations): kaolin colloidal 1 g, calcium carbonate 1.5 g, mg trisilicate 1 g, bismuth
subgallate 1/4 g, papain 1/8 g, atropine sulfate 1/2000 g; kaola ointment (external analgesic, first texas pharm):
eucalyptol, guaiacol, creosote, methyl salicylate, glycerin, kaolin.
Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1976., p. V-365
 from HSDB
Kapinal antacid & adsorbent (Jenkins): paregoric 10 mins, kaolin 5 g, aluminum hydroxide 2 g, bismuth subcarbonate 1 g,
pectin 1 g, aromatics.
Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1976., p. V-365
 from HSDB
Afton, Barden, Barnet, Nuflo, Seiprex, Tako, Type 41 Clay

Farm Chemicals Handbook 87. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1987., p. C-146
 from HSDB
3% of loose face powder & 10% of pressed or cake face powder /generic specifications/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V7: 157
 from HSDB
Kaogoric Antidiarrheal: Paragoric, 5 min; Bismuth Subgallate, 120 mg; Zinc Sulfocarbolate, 15 mg; Pectin, 15 mg; Kaolin,
120 mg
GOSSELIN. CTCP 5TH ED 1984 p.V-333
 from HSDB
Kaopectate: Kaolin, 90 g, Pectin, 2 g; Kaopectate Concentrate: Kaolin, 135 g, Pectin, 3 g. /FORMER/

GOSSELIN. CTCP 5TH ED 1984 p.V-333
 from HSDB
Hydrous and calcined grades; dry powder, slurry; surface-modified grade; pulverized calcined grade; fine white powder
Kuney, J.H., J.M. Mullican (eds.). Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994., p. 177
 from HSDB
Pharmaceutical grade, finely pulverized powder, spray dried beads

Kuney, J.H., J.M. Mullican (eds.). Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994., p. 283
 from HSDB
Grades of kaolin: filler, refractory, chemical and water-washed, air-floated, and unprocessed
Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook. Volume I. Metals and Minerals, 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991 (Plus
Updates)., p. 273
 from HSDB
Technical, NF, also graded on basis of color and particle size

 from HSDB
Mainly kaolite (50% alumina, 55% silica, plus impurities and water)
 from HSDB
10.5 Consumption
Medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic uses ... 0.01% of total US consumption of Kaolin (2002)
IPCS INCHEM; Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) Monographs. Bentonite, kaolin, and selected clay minerals (EHC 231). Available
from, as of June 25, 2007: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
 from HSDB
46% FOR PAPER FILLING & COATING; 8% FOR ALUMINUM SULFATE & OTHER CHEMICALS; 6% FOR RUBBER; 5% FOR
REFRACTORY GROGS & CRUDES; 5% FOR FACE BRICK; 5% FOR FIREBRICK, BLOCK, & SHAPES; 3% FOR FIBERGLASS; 3%
FOR PAINT; 2% FOR SANITARY WARE; 2% FOR ADHESIVES; 2% FOR CATALYSTS IN OIL REFINING; 1% FOR FLUE LININGS &
HIGH ALUMINA BRICK; 1% FOR PORTLAND CEMENT; 1% FOR FERTILIZERS; 1% FOR PLASTICS; 1% FOR CROCKERY &
OTHER EARTHENWARE; 1% FOR ROOFING GRANULES; 1% FOR PESTICIDES & RELATED PRODUCTS; 1% FOR CERAMIC
FLOOR & WALL TILE; 5% FOR MISC USES (1975)
SRI
 from HSDB
Paper, 43%; Refractories, 7%; Rubber, 4% (1985)

BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1986 p.36
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Paper coating, 35%; paper-filling, 21%; refractories, 11%; fiberglass and insulation, 6%; face brick and rubber, 4% each;
paint and chemicals, 3% each (1989)
Updates)., p. 273
 from HSDB
Major uses for kaolin in the United States

Year Use
2006 61% paper and 39% other uses
2002 53% paper; 12% refractories; and 35% other uses
1998 56% paper; 14% refractories; 7% fiberglass; 5% paint; and 18% other uses
1995 55% paper; 8% kiln furniture; 6% fiberglass; 4% grogs; 4% paint; /and 23% other uses/
USGS; Mineral Commodity Summaries: Clays. Available from, as of June 25, 2007: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/
 from HSDB
/Kaolin Uses (estimated):/ 50% paper and 50% other uses.

USGS; Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013. Clays. Available from, as of March 28, 2013:
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2013/mcs2013.pdf
 from HSDB
Kaolin sold or used by producers in the United States, by use. (Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits;
may not add to totals shown.)
Use 2009 2010
Domestic:
Ceramics:
Catalyst (oil and gas refining) 233 179
Electrical porcelain Withheld Withheld
Fine china and dinnerware 7 6
Floor and wall tile 82 84
Pottery Withheld Withheld
Roofing granules 34 35
Sanitary ware 35 42
Miscellaneous ceramics 84 54
Chemical manufacture Withheld Withheld
Fiberglass, mineral wool 224 224
Fillers, extenders, binders:

Adhesive 19 20
Fertilizer Withheld Withheld
Paint 176 190
Paper coating 1,570 1,720
Paper filling 196 149
Pesticide Withheld Withheld
Plastic 63 50
Rubber 150 172
Miscellaneous fillers, extenders, binders 39 44
Heavy-clay products:
Brick, common and face 54 37
Portland cement 55 86
Refractories (Includes firebrick (blocks and shapes), grogs and calcines, and miscellaneous
614 695
refactories.)
Miscellaneous applications 137 167
Total 3,770 3,970
Exports, reported by producers:
Ceramics Withheld Withheld
Paint 61 84
Paper coating 1,260 1,190
Paper filling 46 44
Rubber 45 40
Miscellaneous 107 91
Total 1,520 1,450
Grand total 5,290 5,420
USGS; Minerals Yearbook 2010 Database on Clay and Shale. Available from, as of Mar 23, 2013:
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/myb1-2010-clays.pdf
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10.6 U.S. Production

(1972) 4.83X10+12 GRAMS
SRI
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(1975) 4.84X10+12 GRAMS

SRI
 from HSDB
(1985) 7.12X10+12 g
 from HSDB
8.97X10+6 metric tons (1989); 8.97X10+6 metric tons (1988); 8.00X10+6 metric tons (1987)
Updates)., p. 275
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Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year Production Range (pounds)
1986 No Reports
1990 >1 million - 10 million
1994 >1 million - 10 million
1998 >500 thousand - 1 million
2002 No Reports
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory
Update Rule (IUR). Kaolin (1332-58-7). Available from, as of May 1, 2007: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html
 from HSDB
United States production statistics for kaolin.

Year Production (data in thousand metric tons)
2006 (estimated) 7,740
2005 7,800
2004 7,760
2003 7,680
2002 8,010
2001 8,110
2000 8,800
1999 9,160
1998 9,450
1997 9,410
1996 9,180
1995 9,480
1994 8,770
1993 8,830
1992 8,740
1991 9,550
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Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Kaolin.
Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 billion pounds and greater.
US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Kaolin (1332-58-7). Available from, as of
March 28, 2013: http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm?s=chem&err=t
 from HSDB
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured
or imported into the United States. Chemical: Kaolin. National Production Volume: 2,179,369,725 pounds/year.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Kaolin (1332-58-7). Available from, as of March 28,
2013: http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/
 from HSDB
Kaolin: Salient Production Statistics for the United States

Production (sold or used) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (estimated)
Kaolin 6,740 5,290 5,420 5,770 5,900
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Kaolin world mine production and reserves:

Year 2011 Year 2012 (Estimated)
United States (sales) 5,770 5,900
Brazil (beneficated) 2,200 2,250
Czech Republic (crude) 3,610 3,600
Germany (sales) 4,900 4,500
Italy 640 640
Mexico 120 120
Spain 49 50
Turkey 700 1,000
Ukraine (crude) 1,100 1,300
United Kingdom (sales) 900 900
Uzbekistan (crude) 5,500 5,500
Other countries 8,410 8,300
World total (rounded) 33,900 34,000

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10.7 U.S. Imports

(1972) 2.31X10+10 GRAMS
SRI
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(1975) 1.74X10+10 GRAMS

SRI
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(1985) 3.63X10+10 g /Clays/

 from HSDB
United States import statistics for kaolin.

Year Import (data in thousand metric tons)
2006 (estimated) 290
2005 262
2004 205
2003 224
2002 158
2001 114
2000 63
1999 57
1998 53
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Kaolin: Salient Import Statistics for the United States

Imports for Consumption 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (estimated)
Kaolin 194 281 239 550 540
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10.8 U.S. Exports

(1972) 6.07X10+11 GRAMS
SRI
 from HSDB
(1975) 7.98X10+11 GRAMS

SRI
 from HSDB
(1984) 1.29X20+12 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, 1984 p.2-52
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(1989) 1.61X10+6 metric tons; (1988) 1.63X10+6 metric tons

Updates)., p. 279
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United States export statistics for kaolin.

Year Export (data in thousand metric tons)
2006 (estimated) 3,480
2005 3,580
2004 3,640
2003 3,520
2002 3,350
2001 3,440
2000 3,690
1999 3,310
1998 3,550
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Kaolin: Salient Export Statistics for the United States

Exports 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (estimated)
Kaolin 2,960 2,290 2,470 2,490 2,570
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11 Identification
11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

There is no single or simple procedure for the positive identification of montmorillonite-group or other aluminosilicates
or for their quantification in dust and other samples. The application of several methods may be necessary for even
approximate identification and rough quantification. These methods include X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy,
energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, differential thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. In the past, chemical methods
based on differences in resistance of various clay minerals to chemical attack, the so-called "rational methods of analysis,"
were used.
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 231: Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals (2005). Available from, as of April 3, 2013:
http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
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Method: NIOSH 0500, Issue 2; Procedure: gravimetric (filter weight); Analyte: particluate material; Matrix: air; Detection
Limit: 0.03 mg/sample. /Particluates not otherwise regulated, total/
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total. Available from, as of April 4, 2013:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
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Method: NIOSH 0600, Issue 3; Procedure: gravimetric (filter weight); Analyte: mass of respirable dust fraction; Matrix: air;
Detection Limit: 0.03 mg/sample. /Particluates not otherwise regulated, respirable/
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Respirable. Available from, as of April 4,
2013: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
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11.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) - also referred to as energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray microanalysis,
electron microscopic microanalysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry - and electron diffraction may permit the
rapid identification of individual clay mineral particles and have been applied particularly to the identification of inhaled
particles sampled via bronchoalveolar lavage or from lung specimens. EDXA requires a scanning or transmission electron
microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and appropriate mathematical tools for analysing the
resulting spectra. EDXA identifies and quantifies elements above atomic number 8. Since the basic classification of clay
minerals is based on structural formula and the atomic composition is similar for many different clay minerals, EDXA
cannot provide secure identification except by comparison with standards previously identified by other means.
Application of EDXA without appropriate standards is likely to generate significant errors. In practice, EDXA is ordinarily
combined with conventional transmission electron microscopy to first visualize a particle. Probe size is then adjusted
downward so that only the selected particle is analysed. The best results are obtained by operating the microanalysis in
scanning transmission mode. /Clay mineral particles/
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 231: Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals (2005). Available from, as of April 3, 2013:
http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
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11.3 OSHA Chemical Sampling

Kaolin (Total Dust)
 from OSHA Chemical Sampling Information
12 Safety and Hazards
12.1 Hazards Identification
12.1.1 GHS Classification
Signal: Danger
GHS Hazard Statements
Aggregated GHS information provided by 1240 companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each
notification may be associated with multiple companies.
Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 1082 of 1240 companies. For more detailed information, please visit
ECHA C&L website
Of the 16 notification(s) provided by 158 of 1240 companies with hazard statement code(s):
H315 (44.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (50%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]
H372 (24.05%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity,
repeated exposure]
H373 (24.05%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ
toxicity, repeated exposure]
Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in
parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with
percentage values above 10% are shown.
Precautionary Statement Codes

P260, P264, P270, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P314, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, and P501
(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found here.)
12.1.2 EPA Safer Chemical
Kaolin - Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern based on experimental and modeled data.
12.1.3 Health Hazard
Exposure Routes: inhalation, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms: Chronic pulmonary fibrosis, stomach granuloma Target
Organs: respiratory system, stomach (NIOSH, 2016)
12.1.4 Fire Hazard
Not combustible.
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12.1.5 Fire Potential
Not combustible.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Kaolin (1332-58-
7) (October 25, 1995). Available from, as of April 1, 2013: http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
 from HSDB
12.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations
Causes moderate eye irritation. Avoid contact with eyes or clothing. May cause irritation of the respiratory system. Avoid
breathing dust.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Registration Eligibility Document - Kaolin (100104). April 2000 Available from, as of June 5, 2007:
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm
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12.2 Safety and Hazard Properties
12.2.1 Flammability
Noncombustible Solid
12.2.2 OSHA Standards
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m, total dust; 5 mg/cu m, respirable fraction.
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from,
as of March 28, 2013: http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse
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12.2.3 NIOSH Recommendations
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 10 mg/cu m (total particulate).

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Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 5 mg/cu m (respirable fraction).

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12.3 First Aid Measures
12.3.1 First Aid
Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the
lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this
chemical. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once.
Other measures are usually unnecessary. (NIOSH, 2016)
(See procedures)
Eye:Irrigate immediately
Breathing:Fresh air
12.3.2 Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest.

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12.3.3 Skin First Aid
Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

 from ILO-ICSC
12.3.4 Eye First Aid
Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).
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12.4 Fire Fighting Measures

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.
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12.4.1 Fire Fighting
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

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12.5 Accidental Release Measures
12.5.1 Spillage Disposal
Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled
substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.
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12.5.2 Cleanup Methods
Spillage Disposal: Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance.
Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.
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12.5.3 Disposal Methods
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for
occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use
or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air
quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental
and public health regulations.
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Do not contaminate water when disposing or rinsing of equipment wash waters.

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Container Disposal: Completely empty bag into application equipment. Dispose of empty bag in sanitary landfill or by
incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning, If burned stay out of smoke. /Snow Plus/
Wilbur-Ellis Company; Label for Snow Plus (July 2005). Available from, as of April 2, 2013:
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/002935-00534-20050728.pdf
 from HSDB
Pesticide Disposal: Pesticide. spray mixture or rinsate that cannot be used according to label instructions must be
disposed of according to Federal State and local procedures. /Snow Plus/
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12.5.4 Other Preventative Measures

Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Snow
Plus/
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Users should: A) Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. B) Remove clothing/
PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. C) Remove PPE immediately
after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible. wash thoroughly and
change into clean clothing. /Snow Plus/
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For terrestrial uses. do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below
the mean high water mark. /Snow Plus/
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Follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables. use detergent
and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. /Snow Plus/
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Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval (REI) of 4 hours. /Snow Plus/
 from HSDB
... Avoid contact with eyes or clothing. ... Avoid breathing dust. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling.
Remove contaminated clothing, and wash before reuse.
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The miners of China clay are not at risk because the clay is wet, but dust control is necessary in the bagging process and
during crude bulk storing and loading.
Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 196
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SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental
effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the
substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of
the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing
of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the
usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
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SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact
by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be
considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing
should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
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12.6 Handling and Storage
12.6.1 Storage Conditions
Kaolin should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England
2009, p. 353
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Do not contaminate water. food or feed by storage and disposal. ... Store in a dry, sheltered location (away from food or
feed). /Snow Plus/
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12.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection
12.7.1 REL
TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp)

12.7.2 PEL
TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) See Appendix G

12.7.3 PEL-TWA
15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³(respirable fraction)

12.7.4 REL-TWA
10 mg/m³ (total), 5 mg/m³ (resp)

12.7.5 IDLH
N.D.
See: IDLH INDEX
12.7.6 Threshold Limit Values
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 mg/cu m; particulate matter containing no asbestos and <1% crystalline silica;
respirable fraction.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 37
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Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more
than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA,
provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Particulate matter containing no asbestos and <1% crystalline silica;
respirable fraction/
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A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

 from HSDB
(respirable fraction): 2 mg/m3, as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

 from ILO-ICSC
carcinogen category: 3B
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12.7.7 Inhalation Risk
A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

 from ILO-ICSC
12.7.8 Effects of Short Term Exposure
May cause mechanical irritation.

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12.7.9 Effects of Long Term Exposure
Lungs may be affected by repeated or prolongated exposure to dust particles. This may result in fibrosis (kaolinosis).
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12.7.10 Allowable Tolerances
(a) The biochemical pesticide kaolin is temporarily exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of the
insecticide Kaolin, when used on crops (apples, apricots, bananas, beans, cane berries, citrus fruits, corn, cotton,
cranberries, cucurbits, grapes, melons, nuts, ornamentals, peaches, peanuts, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, seed crops,
small grains, soybeans, strawberries, sugar beets, and tomatoes) to control certain insect, fungus, and bacterial damage to
plants. This temporary exemption from the requirement of a tolerance will permit the marketing of the food commodities
in this paragraph when treated in accordance with the provisions of experimental use permit 70060-EUP-1, which is being
issued under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended (7 U.S.C. 136). This temporary
exemption from the requirement of a tolerance expires and is revoked December 31, 1999. This temporary exemption
from the requirement of a tolerance may be revoked at any time if the experimental use permit is revoked or if any
experience with or scientific data on this pesticide indicate that the tolerance is not safe. (b) Kaolin is exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance for residues when used on or in food commodities to aid in the control of insects, fungi, and
bacteria (food/feed use).
40 CFR 180.1180 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from,
 from HSDB
12.7.11 Personal Protection
(See protection codes)

Skin:No recommendation
Eyes:No recommendation
Wash skin:No recommendation
Remove:No recommendation
Change:No recommendation
12.7.12 Respirator Recommendations
Important additional information about respirator selection

12.7.13 Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

 from ILO-ICSC
12.7.14 Inhalation Prevention
Avoid inhalation of dust and mist. Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
 from ILO-ICSC
12.7.15 Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
 from ILO-ICSC
12.7.16 Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles.

 from ILO-ICSC
12.7.17 Protective Equipment and Clothing
Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No
recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the
need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No
recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No
recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)
/Wear/ protective gloves, safety spectacles.

 from HSDB
Avoid inhalation of dust and mist. Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
 from HSDB
Applicators and other handlers must wear: Long sleeved shirt, long pants, socks and shoes. /Snow Plus/
 from HSDB
/Restricted-entry interval (REI) of 4 hours:/ PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker
Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, wear:
coveralls, long-sleeved shirt, long pants, sock, shoes and waterproof gloves. /Snow Plus/
 from HSDB
Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Snow
Plus/
 from HSDB
12.8 Stability and Reactivity
12.8.1 Air and Water Reactions
No rapid reaction with air No rapid reaction with water

12.8.2 Reactive Group
Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

12.8.3 Reactivity Profile
KAOLIN is stable and chemically unreactive under ordinary conditions.

12.8.4 Reactivities and Incompatibilities
None reported
12.9 Regulatory Information
12.9.1 FIFRA Requirements
(a) The biochemical pesticide kaolin is temporarily exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of the
insecticide Kaolin, when used on crops (apples, apricots, bananas, beans, cane berries, citrus fruits, corn, cotton,
cranberries, cucurbits, grapes, melons, nuts, ornamentals, peaches, peanuts, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, seed crops,
small grains, soybeans, strawberries, sugar beets, and tomatoes) to control certain insect, fungus, and bacterial damage to
plants. This temporary exemption from the requirement of a tolerance will permit the marketing of the food commodities
in this paragraph when treated in accordance with the provisions of experimental use permit 70060-EUP-1, which is being
issued under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended (7 U.S.C. 136). This temporary
exemption from the requirement of a tolerance expires and is revoked December 31, 1999. This temporary exemption
from the requirement of a tolerance may be revoked at any time if the experimental use permit is revoked or if any
experience with or scientific data on this pesticide indicate that the tolerance is not safe. (b) Kaolin is exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance for residues when used on or in food commodities to aid in the control of insects, fungi, and
bacteria (food/feed use).
40 CFR 180.1180 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from,
 from HSDB
Section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA provides for the registration of new active ingredients if it is determined that (A) its composition is
such as to warrant the proposed claims for it; (B) its labeling and other materials required to be submitted comply with
the requirements of FIFRA; (C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment; and (D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice it will not generally
cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. To satisfy criteria "A" above, kaolin is not expected to cause
unreasonable adverse effects when used according to label instructions. Criteria "B" is satisfied by the current label and by
the data presented in this document. It is believed that this new pesticidal active ingredient will not cause any
unreasonable adverse effects, will aid in the control of damage to plants by insects, mites, fungi, and bacteria as claimed
satisfying Criteria "C". Criteria "D" is satisfied in that the toxicological properties of this product are less toxic than any
other conventional pesticide product currently in use. Therefore, kaolin is eligible for registration.
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12.9.2 FDA Requirements
Clay (kaolin) ... consists of hydrated aluminum silicate. The commercial products of clay (kaolin) contain varying quantities
of alkalies and alkaline earths. Clay (kaolin) is a white to yellowish or grayish fine powder. There are at least three different
minerals, kaolinite, dickite, and nacrite, classified as kaolin. Kaolinite or china clay is whiter, less contaminated with
extraneous minerals, and less plastic in water. (b) In accordance with part 186.1(b)(1), the ingredient is used as an indirect
human food ingredient with no limitation other than current good manufacturing practice. The affirmation of this
ingredient as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as an indirect human food ingredient is based upon the following
current good manufacturing practice conditions of use: (1) The ingredient is used in the manufacture of paper and
paperboard that contact food. (2) The ingredient is used at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice. (c)
Prior sanctions for this ingredient different from the uses established in this regulation do not exist or have been waived.
21 CFR 186.1256 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from,
 from HSDB
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active
ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence
currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these
ingredients for the specified uses: kaolin, colloidal is included in digestive aid drug products.
21 CFR 310.545(a)(8) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available
from, as of March 28, 2013: http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse
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13 Toxicity
13.1 Toxicological Information
13.1.1 NIOSH Toxicity Data
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Measurement System Route/Organism Dose Effect Date
590 gm/kg (37D

Reproductive: Effects on
Reproductive prior to September
oral/rat newborn: Growth statistics (e.g.,
Effects copulation/1-22D 2013
reduced weight gain)
pregnant)
Reproductive: Other effects on

370 gm/kg (37D female
Reproductive prior to September
oral/rat
Effects copulation/1-22D Reproductive: Effects on 2013
pregnant) newborn: Other neonatal
measures or effects
Brain and Coverings: Changes

in cerebral spinal fluid
lowest published Brain and Coverings: Other

Acute Toxicity September
intracerebral/rat toxic dose: 125 degenerative changes
Data 2013
mg/kg/2M
Immunological Including
Allergic: Increase in cellular
immune response
lowest published
Acute Toxicity intrapleural/guinea Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: September
toxic dose: 150
Data pig Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) 2013
mg/kg
lowest published
Acute Toxicity intratracheal/guinea Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: September
toxic dose: 150
Data pig Fibrosis (interstitial) 2013
mg/kg/2M
13.1.2 Carcinogen
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

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TLV-A4
13.1.3 Health Effects
Nuisance particulates accumulation in lungs (Kaolinosis) (HE19) Cumulative lung damage (HE10)
Health Effect Code(s)

HE19, HE10
13.1.4 Exposure Routes
Exposure mainly occurs via inhalation.

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inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

13.1.5 Symptoms
Chronic pulmonary fibrosis; stomach granuloma; bronchitis, cough, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), pneumoconiosis,
decreased pulmonary function (mild)
Chronic pulmonary fibrosis, stomach granuloma

13.1.6 Eye Symptoms
Redness.
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13.1.7 Target Organs
Respiratory system, stomach

respiratory system, stomach

13.1.8 Interactions
... Kaolin will /impair absorption/ when administered with erythromycin or digoxin.
Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982., p.
21
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Kaolin and pectin preparations may impair the absorption of oral lincomycin by up to 90% when the drugs are
administered concomitantly.
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The authors/ treated cultured tracheas from hamsters with Georgia kaolin (composition not indicated; diameter 3-5 um)
and kaolin coated with 3-methylcholanthrene, implanted the tracheas after 4 weeks into syngeneic hamsters, and
followed the animals until moribund at 105-110 weeks. Animals treated with kaolin did not develop tumors, but a high
incidence of pulmonary tumors, often fatal, was observed in animals treated with kaolin coated with 3-
methylcholanthrene. Animals treated with 3-methylcholanthrene coated hematite or carbon particles also developed a
similar spectrum of tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, undifferentiated tumors).
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13.1.9 Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION: Kaolin is a mixture of different minerals. Its main component is kaolinite and it frequently contains
quartz, mica, feldspar, illite and montmorlilonite. Kaolinite composition is tiny sheets of triclinic crystals with
pseudohexagonal morphology. It is formed by rock weathering. Kaolin is used in paper production, in paints, rubber,
plastic, ceramic, chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Kaolin is a natural component in
soil and found in ambient air. Kaolin mining and refining involve considerable exposure and significant exposure is
expected in paper, rubber and plastics production. Long term exposure to kaolin causes the development of radiologically
diagnosed pneumoconiosis in an exposure related fashion. Reduced respiratory function and related symptoms been
reported. Kaolin contains quartz and exposure to quartz is casually related to silicosis and lung cancer. Significant
increases in the incidence of mortality from chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema have been reported after
exposure to quartz. ANIMAL STUDIES: Kaolin instilled intratracheally produces storage foci, foreign body reaction and
diffuse exudative reaction. After high doses of kaolin containing 8-65% quartz, fibrosis was noted. Kaolin has a low toxicity
to aquatic species. Intratracheal instillation of kaolin to a guinea pig, stopped lung collagen production after a long
exposure period. Nonsignificant LDH, protein or phospholipid leakage to the supernatant fraction observed in
bronchioalveolar fluid 15-60 days after intratracheal instillation of kaolin in rats. Rats given ip administration of kaolin
developed after 1-3 months reticulin fibers. Kaolin intratracheal administration has provided data indicating rats and
guinea pigs were more susceptible to bacterial infections.[
World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety; Environmental Health Criteria 231 Bentonite, Kaolin, and
Selected Clay Minerals. pp. 1-5 (2005)]
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13.1.10 Antidote and Emergency Treatment
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start
artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained.
Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If
vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open
airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention.
/Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St.
Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
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/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if
necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by
nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and
treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with
water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse
mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and
does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
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/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is
unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques
with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a
beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... .
Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs
of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of
fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... .
/Poisons A and B/
Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1
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13.1.11 Human Toxicity Excerpts
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Occupationally inhaled kaolin produced chronic pulmonary fibrosis /From table/
Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 528
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/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Kaolin and pectin preparations have essentially no adverse effects. Constipation may occur but
is usually mild and transient; however, constipation may rarely lead to fecal impaction, especially in infants or debilitated
geriatric patients.
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/CASE REPORTS/ /The author/ reported in detail on six workers who had been working in the drying and bagging of
kaolin /from Cornwall mines, in England/. ...Medical and radiological examinations /were performed/ of those
occupationally exposed to kaolin. All had radiological pneumoconiosis, and two were further studied in autopsy. In one
case, characteristic silicotic-type nodulation together with progressive tuberculosis were found. Large quantities of
kaolinite and amorphous quartz were found in the lung. In another case, large quantities of pure kaolinite (as much as 20-
40 g) were found in the lung without tuberculosis but with severe fibrosis. The disease was like the pneumoconiosis of
coal miners and differed from classic silicosis. In the upper part of the lung, greyish or blue-greyish massive confluent
lesions were described, which were not as hard on palpation as the silicotic conglomerates.
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/CASE REPORTS/ A 62-year-old white male employed for 43 years in the polishing room of a cotton textile mill was
admitted to a tertiary care center with progressive dyspnea and productive cough that had not responded to therapy for
tuberculosis. In spite of aggressive antibiotic therapy and respiratory support, the patient died as a consequence of
respiratory failure. Small rounded and irregular opacities had been noted on the chest radiograph. Review of job-site
spirometry demonstrated a worsening restrictive pattern over a 4-year period prior to his death. Additional occupational
history revealed long-term exposure to kaolin in the polishing room, and pathologic examination of lung tissue confirmed
extensive fibrosis and substantial quantities of kaolin. Kaolinosis is a disease typically found among individuals involved in
mining or processing this material rather than in user industries. This case illustrates the importance of obtaining a
complete occupational history in reaching a diagnosis.
Abstract: PubMed
Levin JL et al; Am J Ind Med; 29 (2): 215-21 (1996)
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/CASE REPORTS/ Evaluation of lungs of Cornish china clay workers found nodular changes in those exposed to china
stone and irregular changes with interstitial fibrosis in those exposed to china clay (kaolinite). The complicated
pneumoconiosis progresses more slowly than silicosis; progressive massive fibrosis and Caplan's syndrome /SRP:
(pulmonary nodules in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients who also have pneumoconiosis)/ may also occur.
Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 484
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/CASE REPORTS/ ... Two cases of pneumoconiosis /were reported/ in workers who had primarily worked with kaolin during
their working lifetime. Postmortem lung examination showed extensive nodular fibrosis in the upper regions. One
individual suffered severe dyspnea. No information was provided concerning smoking habits. The only exposure
information provided was that the workers had worked under dusty conditions.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational
Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2006.
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/CASE REPORTS/ ... Seven cases of pneumoconiosis /were reported/, primarily involving baggers and millers of kaolin. ...
All but one of the seven reported cases of pneumoconiosis had more than 20 years of exposure; the one individual who
was free from respiratory symptoms had 14 years of exposure. All of the cases showed extensive fibrosis radiographically.
Chemical analysis of autopsied lung samples from two of the cases did not indicate the presence of crystalline silica and
tuberculosis was not considered a factor. No smoking history was provided.
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/CASE REPORTS/ In the case of a 36-year-old man who worked in /a kaolin/ plant for 17 years, chest films were taken at
the end of his career and detected lesions of extensive confluent consolidation and nodule formation of advanced
pneumoconiosis with infection. Autopsy and microscopic findings included alveolar spaces uniformly expanded, three
areas of whorled fibrous tissue, scattered areas of cystic spaces, hilar nodes heavily pigmented, deposits of brownish black
particulate matter, a large vessel with recent thrombus, hemorrhage, and necrosis, marked fibrous thickening of the
pleura, and dense fibrous scarring of the lymph nodes. The final diagnosis was pneumoconiosis (kaolinosis) with
pulmonary thrombosis and infarction of the lungs.
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/CASE REPORTS/ /A/ second case study was a 35-year-old man who worked in a Kaolin-processing plant for 21 years.
Within his last 3 years, he had dyspnea and a slight cough with small amounts of dark colored sputum. The sputum was
negative for bacteria. Chest films revealed advanced pneumoconiosis with infection, confluent consolidation, nodular
infiltration, cavitation, and emphysema. Autopsy and microscopic findings included nodules in the right and middle lobes,
pleural spaces were thickened and shaggy, large bulbous emphysematous blebs, a pulmonary artery with organizing
thrombus, heavily pigmented hilar lymph nodes, whorled fibrous collagenous tissue, and spaces and walls with
macrophages. The final diagnosis was pneumoconiosis (kaolinosis).
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/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Several epidemiologic studies have evaluated kaolin workers in Georgia where 70% of
commercial USA kaolin is strip mined. A cross-sectional survey of 459 workers in three kaolin plants representing 85% of
the total eligible population had on overall prevalence of simple pneumoconiosis of 9.2%; pneumoconiosis correlated
with duration of exposure longer than 15 years in job categories associated with greater dust exposure. The
pneumoconiosis was not associated with respiratory symptoms and had minimal effect on pulmonary function, even in
complicated cases.
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/SURVEILLANCE/ ... A 13% prevalence rate of pneumoconiosis /was found/ in current Georgia kaolin workers and 9% in
former workers who had greater than 5 years of exposure. Seven of eight workers had only worked in the milling area,
with only one from the mine. These workers' exposures ranged from 15 to 29 years. No pneumoconiosis was seen in
workers with less than 5 years' experience. Lung function testing showed reduction in forced vital capacity, forced
expiratory volume 1, and peak flow rate. Environmental exposure ranged from 1 to 2 mg/cu m in the milling and bagging
operation and 0.2 mg/cu m in the mining operation. Adjacent to the pulverizers and bag house, the dust fraction smaller
than 10 um constituted more than 50% of the mass. In other locations, this size fraction constituted 10% to 20% of the
mass. No crystalline silica was found. Smoking did not appear to be a factor in the pneumoconiosis; however, the study
population may have been too small to address the factors.
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/SURVEILLANCE/ A study of 2000 Georgia kaolin workers found adjusted prevalence rates of 3.2% for simple
pneumoconiosis and 0.63% for complicated disease. They concluded that complicated pneumoconiosis had a modest
effect on ventilatory function and that reduced forced expiratory volume (FEV) was seen in calcined clay workers.
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/SURVEILLANCE/ ... /The authors/ evaluated 350 workers at a kaolin plant in Georgia. Thirty-two workers with abnormal
chest radiographs were clinically evaluated. Twelve workers with mild kaolinosis but without any evidence of pleural
changes on chest roentgenograms had computed tomography (CT) of the chest to assess the presence of pleural
thickening. Nineteen workers had radiographic changes consistent with kaolin pneumoconiosis (prevalence 5.4%), and
four workers had evidence of pleural plaques (prevalence 1.1%). Five of the 12 workers had evidence of pleural thickening
on CT.
Abstract: PubMed
Chaudhary BA et al; South Med J 90 (11): 1106-9 (1997)
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/GENOTOXICITY/ Recently, manufactured nano/microparticles such as fullerenes (C60), carbon black (CB) and ceramic
fiber are being widely used because of their desirable properties in industrial, medical and cosmetic fields. However, there
are few data on these particles in mammalian mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. To examine genotoxic effects by C60, CB
and kaolin, an in vitro micronuclei (MN) test was conducted with human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells. In addition, DNA
damage and mutations were analyzed by in vivo assay systems using male C57BL/6J or gpt delta transgenic mice which
were intratracheally instilled with single or multiple doses of 0.2 mg per animal of particles. In in vitro genotoxic analysis,
increased MN frequencies were observed in A549 cells treated with C60, CB and kaolin in a dose-dependent manner.
These three nano/microparticles also induced DNA damage in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice measured by comet assay.
Moreover, single or multiple instillations of C60 and kaolin, increased either or both of gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies in
the lungs of gpt delta transgenic mice. Mutation spectra analysis showed transversions were predominant, and more than
60% of the base substitutions occurred at G:C base pairs in the gpt genes. The G:C to C:G transversion was commonly
increased by these particle instillations. Manufactured nano/microparticles, CB, C60 and kaolin, were shown to be
genotoxic in in vitro and in vivo assay systems.[Totsuka Y et al; Part Fibre Toxicol 6: 23 (2009)] Full text: PMC2745356
Abstract: PubMed
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/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Long-term exposure to kaolin may lead to a relatively benign pneumoconiosis, known
as kaolinosis. Deterioration of lung function has been observed only in cases with prominent radiological alterations.
Based on data from china clay workers in the United Kingdom, it can be very roughly estimated that kaolin is at least an
order of magnitude less potent than quartz.
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/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Although ... generally considered ... innocuous, granuloma of the stomach has been
reported from its use ...
Goodman, L.S., and A. G. Gilman. (eds.). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Co., 1970., p. 990
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13.1.12 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /In/ an acute oral study in which 120 rats were fed doses of Kaolin ranging
from 100 to 210 g/kg. Fourteen rats were controls. Kaolin was inert and nonstatic except for the danger of bowel
obstruction resulting in perforation. The clinical signs were listlessness, anorexia, oliguria, hypothermia, and dyspnea.
These were a pathological reaction from over distension of the alimentary canal by an inert solid. The number of fatalities
and the incidence and advance of bowel obstruction along the small intestine were dose related. The dose that killed 50%
of the rats by bowel obstruction was 149 g/kg.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Investigators/ fed a group of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats a control diet plus
0.5 mL Kaolin 20%-pectin 1%. The control diet was then fed for 48 hr and 72 hr later stool samples were collected. The
samples were analyzed for volume, sodium, potassium, and fat content. The results were 103% increase in sodium; 184%
increase in potassium; fat excretion remained at baseline.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The effects of kaolin by inhalation in guinea-pigs until 3 months after the
exposure, /were only/ mild alveolar proliferation... Thereafter, patchy bronchopneumonia occurred, with massive
eosinophil infiltration. By 6 months, plaque formation and capillary bronchitis were observed.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... caused no dermal irritation in rabbits treated with 0.5 g kaolin for 4 hours.
No toxicity or clinical abnormalities were observed throughout the study.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After the instillation of a single dose of commercial acid-washed kaolin
containing 8% hydrated free silica and 12% mica, grade 2-3 fibrosis was observed in rats after 8 months (grade 1 =
minimal reticulin fibrosis, grade 4 = maximal fibrosis, as induced by quartz).
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Investigators/ gave subplantar injections of 0.05 mL of a 5% solution of
Bentonite to male Wistar rats. The rats either received both hind paw injections at an interval of 24 hr or their left paw was
injected with Bentonite and their right paw injected with 0.05 mL of a 10% solution of Kaolin. The injection was of Kaolin.
Subcutaneous Bentonite granulomas were produced on the left side, both dorsally and ventrally. Simultaneously Kaolin
granulomas were produced on the right side analogous to the Bentonite injection. Sodium salicylate and prednisone
suppressed the Bentonite edema during the first 24 hr. The presence of mononuclear cells was confirmed.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Five hundred female SPF Sprague-Dawley rats were divided
into groups each with 10 animals. The rats were exposed over a period of 3 months to 50-mg/rat intratracheal instillations
of Kaolin. The following assessments were made: weight of the fresh lungs; macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the
lungs; amount of collagen and dust present in the lungs; and calculation of the toxicity index from the amount of collagen
formed per mg of dust. The weight of fresh lungs subjected to Kaolin was 1.76 g. Collagen formed per lung was 23.9 mg.
The dust per lung was 30.2 mg and the collagen/dust ratio was 0.79. Microscopic examinations of the lungs showed no
alveolar proteinosis but Kaolin was detected in the bronchiolovascular lymphoid sheaths. No information regarding
nonexposed lungs was presented. The opinion of the investigators was that exposure to Kaolin results in "pulmonary
toxicity" and possesses "fibrogenic capacity"
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... Guinea pigs and rats /were exposed/ to airborne kaolin
dust for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 1 year. Guinea pigs exposed at 23.4 mg/cu m showed slight pleural mottling. The
lymph nodes contained large masses of dust cells. Rats exposed at 27.1 mg/cu m developed scattered dust foci;
collagenous fibers were observed between the cells and the lymph nodes contained large masses of dust. Intratracheal
injection of rats with kaolin dust was associated with similar reactions, but the coarser particles elicited a large number of
foreign body giant cells. The silica content of the kaolin was not specified.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ /Investigators/gave 12 fetal lambs and six fetal
monkeys subarachnoid injections of Kaolin. A sterile suspension of 2% Kaolin in saline was injected into the cisterna
magna. Fetal lambs received 1 to 3 mL of Kaolin and fetal rhesus monkeys received 0.5 to 1.0 mL. After injection the
fetuses were replaced into the uterus. Prenatal ultrasound monitoring was used to document the progression of fetal
ventriculomegaly. Cesarean sections were scheduled for 140 to 145 days for the sheep and 160 to 165 days for monkeys.
Newborn animals with gross head enlargement were killed 2 hr after birth and necropsy was performed. Brains were
sectioned for gross and microscopic examination. Five lambs and one monkey underwent ventriculoamniotic shunting at
120 days after gestation. Ventricular dilatation was apparent at 1 week following Kaolin injections. The cerebral mantle
was markedly thinned, with relative preservation of the cortex and severe attenuation of the white matter. The average
cortical thickness of the cingulate gyrus in the Kaolin-injected sheep was 716 u compared to 1225 u in control animals.
The corpus callosum was an average of 125 u in thickness in the sheep compared to 475 u in control animals. Microscopic
examination of the cortical neurons were well preserved and contained the complexity and density of neural processes. A
mild-to-moderate fibrotic reaction and inflammatory cell response along the basal meninges was apparent. A large
number of macrophages containing Kaolin infiltrated the subarachnoid space. In five fetuses, Kaolin was injected
mistakenly into either the epidural tissues superficial to the cisterna magna or into the cervical musculature. None of
these fetuses had hydrocephalus at birth.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were administrated 0.1 mL Kaolin (250 mg/mL)
into cisterna magna. One, 4 and 8 weeks later, brains were analyzed using antibodies against MHC class I (OX18), MHC
class II (OX6), CD4 (OX38), CD8 (OX8), OX42, ED1, NF, GFAP, AChE and TH. Remarkably high numbers of T lymphocytes,
and OX42- and ED1-positive macrophages were found aggregated in subarachnoid spaces, and in the third and fourth
ventricles. Marked aggregations of ED1-positive reactive microglial cells were also found in paraventricular structures,
medial septum, retrosplenic cortex and commissural structures. However, no such cells were found in hippocampus. ED1-
positive areas were also positive for round cells with a rim of MHC I fluorescent cytoplasm as well as for OX42-positive
cells and MHC II positive microglial cells. At week 1, in ventro-frontal areas of cortex, CD8-positive cells and MHC I
positive astroglial fibers were detected. At week 1, MHC I positive ramified microglial cells were also recognized in almost
the entire brain. These positive cells gradually decreased with time and finally remained rounded with a rim of fluorescent
cytoplasm. In addition, ED1 positive partly ramified microglial cells could be recognized in corpus callosum, probably
representing cells in transition between ramified and reactive microglia. CD8+ cells entered ventral brain structures, and
were found in the horizontal diagonal band at week 4, and had disappeared at week 8. Finally in cortex, ED1 positive
microglial cells could be identified only in the retrosplenic cortex, and there were also "dark shrunken neurons" in light
microscopic stainings. However, there was only a moderate GFAP positive gliosis. In conclusion, kaolin-induced
hydrocephalus leads to immune reactions in several defined areas such as cholinergic systems, corpus callosum,
circumventricular organs, pontine cerebellar peduncles and the vestibular nucleus.
Abstract: PubMed
Shinoda M, Olson L; Int J Neurosci 92 (1-2): 9-28 (1997)
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/GENOTOXICITY/ Recently, manufactured nano/microparticles such as fullerenes (C60), carbon black (CB) and ceramic
fiber are being widely used because of their desirable properties in industrial, medical and cosmetic fields. However, there
are few data on these particles in mammalian mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. To examine genotoxic effects by C60, CB
and kaolin, an in vitro micronuclei (MN) test was conducted with human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells. In addition, DNA
damage and mutations were analyzed by in vivo assay systems using male C57BL/6J or gpt delta transgenic mice which
were intratracheally instilled with single or multiple doses of 0.2 mg per animal of particles. In in vitro genotoxic analysis,
increased MN frequencies were observed in A549 cells treated with C60, CB and kaolin in a dose-dependent manner.
These three nano/microparticles also induced DNA damage in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice measured by comet assay.
Moreover, single or multiple instillations of C60 and kaolin, increased either or both of gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies in
the lungs of gpt delta transgenic mice. Mutation spectra analysis showed transversions were predominant, and more than
60% of the base substitutions occurred at G:C base pairs in the gpt genes. The G:C to C:G transversion was commonly
increased by these particle instillations. Manufactured nano/microparticles, CB, C60 and kaolin, were shown to be
genotoxic in in vitro and in vivo assay systems.[Totsuka Y et al; Part Fibre Toxicol 6: 23 (2009)] Full text: PMC2745356
Abstract: PubMed
 from HSDB
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ /The authors/ treated cultured tracheas from hamsters with Georgia kaolin
(composition not indicated; diameter 3-5 um) and kaolin coated with 3-methylcholanthrene, implanted the tracheas after
4 weeks into syngeneic hamsters, and followed the animals until moribund at 105-110 weeks. Animals treated with kaolin
did not develop tumors, but a high incidence of pulmonary tumors, often fatal, was observed in animals treated with
kaolin coated with 3-methylcholanthrene. Animals treated with 3-methylcholanthrene coated hematite or carbon particles
also developed a similar spectrum of tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, undifferentiated tumors).
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/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ /The authors/ studied the cytotoxicity of Cornwall (United Kingdom) and Georgian
(USA) kaolinite on mouse peritoneal macrophages. The Cornwall sample contained 98% kaolinite and 2% mica, and 98%
of the particles were smaller than 5 um in diameter; the Georgia kaolin contained 99% kaolinite and no quartz, mica, or
feldspar. Both caused cytoplasmic /lactate dehydrogenase/ (LDH) liberation from macrophages, and the cytotoxicity was
apparently caused by kaolinite, not the other dust components. After polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide adsorption, the cytotoxic
effect of kaolinite specimens from Cornwall decreased significantly. ... /The authors/ concluded that the amorphous silica-
rich gel coating the kaolinite particles was probably responsible for the cytotoxic effect of kaolinite. ...
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/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Apoptosis was measured in rat alveolar macrophage NR8383 cells challenged in vitro
with respirable quartz or kaolin dust and with the dusts pretreated with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to model
conditioning of respired dusts by interaction with a primary phospholipid component of pulmonary surfactant. Quartz
dust is known to induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. For this study, quartz and kaolin were compared as dusts of similar
cytotoxicity in some in vitro assays but of differing pathogenic potential: quartz can cause significant pulmonary fibrosis
while kaolin generally does not. NR8383 cells exposed to native quartz at concentrations from 50 to 400 ug/mL for 6 hr
showed a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis measured by the TdT-mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end labeling
(TUNEL), cell death ELISA, and DNA ladder formation assays, while native kaolin induced significant response only at the
higher concentrations and only in the TUNEL and ELISA assays. For cell challenge from 6 hr to 5 days at 100 ug/mL of
dust, quartz was active at all times while kaolin was active only at 5 days. DPPC pre-treatment suppressed quartz activity
until 3 days and kaolin activity through 5 days. Cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase, measured in parallel
experiments to compare dust apoptotic and necrotic activities, indicated that components of serum as well as surfactant
may affect kaolin in vitro expression of those activities.
Abstract: PubMed
Gao N et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 175 (3): 217-25 (2001)
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/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... Washed sheep erythrocytes /were exposed/ to kaolin that was simply characterized
as "native dust." The kaolin was found to be significantly hemolytic and had less than a 5 um particle size.
 from HSDB
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... In vitro cytotoxicity tests /were conducted/ with sheep erythrocytes and rat alveolar
macrophages. Kaolin was found to be more cytotoxic than quartz. ... Treatment with lecithin resulted in suppression of the
cytotoxicity. The results imply that the kaolin can damage cells through a cell membrane and dust interaction. By coating
kaolin particles with a component of surfactant, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the in vitro cytotoxicity for a period of
time.
 from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The daily variation in an intensity of kaolin-induced writhing reaction was examined in
mice kept under conditions of light; 07:00 - 19:00 and dark; 19:00 - 07:00. The number of writhes was counted for 30
minutes after a single intraperitoneal injection of kaolin at 00:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00, 08:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00,
18:00, 20:00 and 22:00. The number of writhes showed a daily variation with a peak at 18:00 and a trough at 06:00. The
intensity of writhing reaction was significantly reduced by pretreatment with the bradykinin B1 (Des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK) and
B2 (icatibant) receptor antagonists. Significant daily variation in this parameter was still observed in the group with the B1
antagonist, but disappeared in the B2 antagonist-treated group. ...
Abstract: PubMed
Sakamoto K et al; Life Sci 61 (13): 1253-9 (1997)
 from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... The intent of this study was to determine the effects of kaolin (clay) ingestion on the
maternal blood and embryonic development of the pregnant rat. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into
three groups: control diet, 20% kaolin diet, and iron-supplemented 20% kaolin diet. The diets were fed 37 to 68 days, 69
to 95 days, and 96 to 117 days prior to fertilization, and the same diets were fed for the duration of the gestation period.
The rats fed the kaolin diet exhibited significant reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell levels, thus
indicating maternal anemia. There was also a significant reduction in the birth weight of the pups born to kaolin fed rats.
The kaolin fed rats receiving an iron supplement maintained hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell levels, and pup
weight within the normal range.
Abstract: PubMed
Patterson EC et al; J Nutr 107 (11): 2020-5 (1977)
 from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Following intratracheal dust treatment in rats, the histological reaction was found to
depend on the composition of the dust. Foreign body reaction as an effect of kaolinite was observed in all cases where
the crystalline quartz content of the dust was less than or equal to 30%. The sample containing 65% quartz and 35%
kaolinite caused progressive fibrosis. In addition to the composition, particle size also played a role in the development of
the tissue reaction. Kaolin samples containing particles less than 2 um caused storage foci, while the kaolin samples
containing bigger particles (particle size between 2 and 5 um) caused mainly storage foci but also, to a smaller extent,
foreign body reaction.
 from HSDB
13.1.13 Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat dermal >5000 mg/kg bw

 from HSDB
LD50 Rat oral >5000 mg/kg bw

 from HSDB
13.1.14 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Daphnia pulex (Water flea); Concentration: >1.1 g/L for 24 and 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified
in source examined/
 from HSDB
LD50; Species: /Apis mellifera/ (Honeybee) dietary >100 ug/bee for 48 hr

 from HSDB
13.1.15 Populations at Special Risk
Kaolin and pectin preparations should be used in children younger than 3 years of age (and probably in patients older
than 60 years of age) only under the supervision of a physician.
 from HSDB
13.2 Ecological Information
13.2.1 Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary
Kaolin is a naturally occurring mineral; its use in paper, domestic products, petroleum industry, construction materials,
medications and cosmetics may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in
insecticide formulations will result in its direct release to the environment. Kaolins occur on every continent, but only a
few countries (England, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Spain, the former Soviet Union and Australia) and the
state of Georgia in the USA can be mined and beneficiated to meet the rigid industrial specifications required for use as a
filler, extender pigment, or ceramic raw material. Only those in England, Brazil and Georgia can meet specifications for
coating clays for paper. Occupational exposure to kaolin may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with
this compound at workplaces where kaolin is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be
exposed to kaolin via inhalation of, ingestion of, and dermal contact with consumer products containing kaolin. (SRC)
 from HSDB
13.2.2 Natural Occurring Sources
Kaolinite is found in most weathering zones and soil profiles. Montmoritllonites, which as chemically more complex than
kaolinites, are common in the lower parts of weathering profiles, nearer the rock, where chemistry exerts a strong control
on mineralogy. Water molecules are strongly attracted to clay mineral surfaces(1).
(1) USGS; Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. Available from, as of Mar 28, 2013:
http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/clays/
 from HSDB
Kaolin related clays occur in several different types of deposits. Many kaolin deposits throughout the world are in the
form of tabular lenses and discontinuous beds in sedimentary rock. Extensive sedimentary deposits of this type occur in
the Georgia-South Carolina kaolin belt, Arkansas bauxite region and Ione district California.
Lefond SJ, ed; Industrial Minerals & Rocks, 5th ed, V1 p.618 (1983)
 from HSDB
Kaolins occur on every continent, but only a few countries (England, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Spain, the
former Soviet Union and Australia) and the state of Georgia in the USA can be mined and beneficiated to meet the rigid
industrial specifications required for use as a filler, extender pigment, or ceramic raw material. Only those in Georgia,
England, and Brazil can meet specifications for coating clays for paper(1).
(1) Murray HH; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (2005). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Clays. Online Posting
Date: Dec 15, 2000.
 from HSDB
The English kaolins occur in the southwest of England in Cornwall. A large sedimentary deposit of kaolin of Pliocene age is
mined along the Jari River, a tributary of the Amazon, on the border of the states of Para and Amapa. Another large
sedimentary kaolin area in Brazil is being mined and processed. This kaolin is coarse, somewhat similar to the Cretaceous
kaolins in Georgia. Former Czechoslovakia is the principal producer of kaolin in eastern Europe. In Germany, both primary
and secondary deposits are being mined. In the eastern part of Germany, near Dresden, are two large primary deposits at
Caminau and Kemmlitz. Kaolin is mined in Spain in two locations. A primary kaolin is mined in the northwestern corner of
Spain in Galicia. These deposit are residues resulting from the weathering of a large granitic body. A secondary or
sedimentary kaolin of Cretaceous age is mined in the state of Guadalajara, east of Madrid. In the Ukraine, a large primary
deposit is being mined and processed near Proyanovski. In China, several kaolin deposits are being mined. The largest is
located near Suzhou, southwest of Shanghai. The Suzhou deposit is primary, resulting from both weathering and
hydrothermal alteration of granites and other acid igneous rocks(1).
(1) Murray HH; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (2005). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Clays. Online Posting
Date: Dec 15, 2000.
 from HSDB
13.2.3 Artificial Sources
Kaolin's production and use in paper, domestic products, petroleum industry, construction materials, medications and
cosmetics(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in insecticide
formulations(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) Murray HH; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Clays, Uses. Online
 from HSDB
13.2.4 Atmospheric Concentrations
Kaolin and the clay mineral kaolinite are natural soil components and occur in the ambeint air as floating dust(1).
(1) IPCS; Environmental Health Criteria 231. Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Org,
Internl Prog Chem Safety (2005)
 from HSDB
13.2.5 Other Environmental Concentrations
Kaolin-coated paper is used in the manufacture of cigarettes(1).

 from HSDB
13.2.6 Probable Routes of Human Exposure
According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in
the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of kaolin is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and
Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of Mar 25, 2013:
http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
 from HSDB
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 772,130 workers (117,194 of these are female) are
potentially exposed to kaolin in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to
kaolin may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where kaolin is
produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to kaolin via inhalation of, ingestion of,
and dermal contact with consumer products containing kaolin(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially
exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Mar 25, 2013:
http://www.cdc.gov/noes/
 from HSDB
Kaolin occupational exposure(1).

Year Exposure group No. area samples Avg/range (mg/cu m)
1981 Car loader 3 10/7-15
1981 Bin operator 7 20/10-30
1981 Mill operator 8 20/10-80
1981 Baghouse operator 3 5/1-9
 from HSDB
13.2.7 Body Burdens
Kaolin occupational exposure - personal samples(1).

Year Exposure group No. area samples Avg/range (mg/cu m)
1981 Miner 10 0.2/0.1-0.35
1981 Car loader 3 1/0.7-1.2
1981 Bin operator 3 2/1.3-2.5
1981 Mill operator 3 1/0.8-1.2
1981 Baghouse operator 5 2/0.3-5
1951 Kaolin mining & processing max value 377
1960 Kaolin mining & processing 361
1979 Kaolin mining and processing <5
1977 Kaolin processing 14 3.9 mean

1980 Maintenance area 15 0.9 mean
1981 Maintenance area 11 0.1 mean
1981 Kaolin mine 12 0.8 mean
1981 Kaolin mine 5 0.1 mean
1980 Kaolin mine 4 0.14
1990 "UK" China Clay industry 8000 1.6
1978 Attritor mill 500 4.7 (9.32 mean)
1990 Attritor mill 2.1 (3.36 mean)
1978 Dryers 3.5 (5.41 mean)
1990 Dryers 1.7 (2.78 mean)
1978 Calciners 3.5 (3.93 mean)
1990 Calciners 2.32 (3.25 mean)
1978 Slurry paints 2 1.6 (mean)
1990 Slurry paints 1.2 (2.26 mean)
1984-1986 Attritor mill 114 2.7
1984-1986 Dryers 681 1.9
1984-1986 Calciners 63 2.5
1984-1986 Slurry paints 69 1.1
1984-1986 Tube presses 5 0.5
 from HSDB
14 Literature
14.1 Depositor Provided PubMed Citations
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from PubChem
14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from PubChem
14.3 Synthesis References
Synthesis Reference
Joseph C. Muhler, Mark S. Putt, "Dentifrice preparation comprising purified, calcined kaolin abrasives." U.S. Patent
US4122163, issued April, 1948.
 from DrugBank
14.4 General References
General Reference
Trabattoni D, Gatto P, Bartorelli AL: A new kaolin-based hemostatic bandage use after coronary diagnostic and
interventional procedures. Int J Cardiol. 2012 Apr 5;156(1):53-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.030. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
Abstract: PubMed
 from DrugBank
14.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature
CLICK TO LOAD...
View More Chemical-Chemical Co-Occurrences and Evidence for Kaolin
 from PubChem
14.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature
CLICK TO LOAD...
View More Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences and Evidence for Kaolin
 from PubChem
14.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature
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View More Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences and Evidence for Kaolin
 from PubChem
15 Patents
15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from PubChem
16 Biological Test Results
16.1 BioAssay Results
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from PubChem
17 Classification
17.1 Ontologies
17.1.1 MeSH Tree
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from MeSH
17.1.2 ChEBI Ontology
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from ChEBI
17.1.3 WHO ATC Classification System
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from WHO ATC
17.1.4 WIPO IPC
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from WIPO
17.1.5 EPA Safer Choice
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17.1.6 ChemIDplus
CLICK TO LOAD...
 from ChemIDplus
17.1.7 CAMEO Chemicals
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18 Information Sources
1. CAMEO Chemicals /source/CAMEO Chemicals
KAOLIN
https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/25036 https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/25036
CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
2. ChemIDplus /source/ChemIDplus
Kaolin [USP:JAN]
https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/sid/0001332587 https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/sid/0001332587
ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
https://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidheavy.jsp https://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidheavy.jsp
3. DrugBank /source/DrugBank
Kaolin
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01575 http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01575
4. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA /source/EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
Kaolin
http://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting http://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
5. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) /source/European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

Kaolin
https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.100.108 https://echa.europa.eu/substance-
information/-/substanceinfo/100.100.108
Kaolin
https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals
Kaolin
https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/72834 https://echa.europa.eu/information-
on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/72834
6. ILO-ICSC /source/ILO-ICSC
KAOLIN
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_version=2&p_card_id=1144 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?
p_version=2&p_card_id=1144
7. OSHA Occupational Chemical DB /source/OSHA Occupational Chemical DB

KAOLIN
http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=233 http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=233
8. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) /source/The National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Clay (kaolin)
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/GF197D64.html https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/GF197D64.html
Kaolin
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0364.html https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0364.html
9. ChEBI /source/ChEBI
Kaolin
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:140503 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:140503
ChEBI Ontology
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
10. HSDB /source/HSDB
KAOLIN
https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+1332-58-7 https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-
bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+1332-58-7
11. ClinicalTrials.gov /source/ClinicalTrials.gov

Kaolin
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ https://clinicaltrials.gov/
12. EPA Safer Choice /source/EPA Safer Choice

Kaolin
https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/safer-ingredients https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/safer-ingredients
EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients Classification
https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
13. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) /source/FDA Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
CLAY (KAOLIN)
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=IndirectAdditives&id=CLAYKAOLIN
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=IndirectAdditives&id=CLAYKAOLIN
14. Wikipedia /source/Wikipedia

kaolin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin
15. OSHA Chemical Sampling Information /source/OSHA Chemical Sampling Information

Kaolin (Total Dust)
https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_248800.html
https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_248800.html
16. WHO ATC /source/WHO ATC

https://www.whocc.no/atc/ https://www.whocc.no/atc/
ATC Code
https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/
17. PubChem
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
18. MeSH /source/MeSH

Kaolin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007616 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007616
MeSH Tree
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
Antidiarrheals
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000930 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000930
19. WIPO /source/WIPO

International Patent Classification
http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/ http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/

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NIH U.S.

National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information

 Compound Summary for CID 56841936

Kaolin  Cite this Record

PubChem CID: 56841936

Molecular Formula: H2Al2Si2O8H2O or Al2Si2O5(OH)4 or Al2H4O9Si2

Drug Information: Drug Indication Therapeutic Uses Clinical Trials

PUBCHEM  COMPOUND  KAOLIN Modify Date: 2018-10-06; Create Date: 2012-03-21

3 Names and Identifiers

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

7 Drug and Medication Information

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10 Use and Manufacturing

12 Safety and Hazards

16 Biological Test Results

3.1 Computed Descriptors

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

3.1.3 InChI Key

3.1.4 Canonical SMILES

3.2 Molecular Formula

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.3 ICSC Number

3.3.4 RTECS Number

3.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

3.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

4.1 Computed Properties

Property Name Property Value

Molecular Weight 258.156 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 9

Rotatable Bond Count 4

Topological Polar Surface Area 98 A^2

Monoisotopic Mass 257.902 g/mol

Exact Mass 257.902 g/mol

Compound Is Canonicalized true

Heavy Atom Count 13

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0

Isotope Atom Count 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 3

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description

1. CBI 11. Withheld

 from EPA Chemicals under the TSCA

White to yellowish or grayish powder. Odorless.

White or yellowish-white, earhty mass or white powder; unctuous when moist

White to yellowish or grayish powder [Note: When moistened, darkens...]

White or near white ... pseudohexagonal flakes

Fine white to light-yellow powder

When moistened ... develops a clay-like odor

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2016)

Insoluble in dilute acids and alkali hydroxides

Solubility in water: insoluble

1.8 to 2.6 (NIOSH, 2016)

Relative density (water = 1): 2.6

4.2.7 Vapor Pressure

0 mm Hg (approx) (NIOSH, 2016)

The pH of untreated kaolin slurries normally ranges from 4.5 to 6.5

4.3 Spectral Properties