Methanol - CH3OH - CID 887 - PubChem

3/17/24, 4:27 AM Methanol | CH3OH | CID 887 - PubChem
COMPOUND SUMMARY
Methanol
PubChem CID 887
Structure
2D 3D Crystal
Chemical Safety
Health
Flammable Acute Toxic Hazard
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet
Molecular Formula CH4O

CH3OH
Synonyms methanol
methyl alcohol
67-56-1
wood alcohol
carbinol
View More...
Molecular Weight 32.042 g/mol

Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates Create: Modify:

2004-09-16 2024-03-09
Description Methanol appears as a colorless fairly volatile liquid with a faintly

sweet pungent odor like that of ethyl alcohol. Completely mixes
with water. The vapors are slightly heavier than air and may travel
some distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Any
accumulation of vapors in confined spaces, such as buildings or
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methanol 1/176
sewers, may explode if ignited. Used to make chemicals, to

remove water from automotive and aviation fuels, as a solvent for
paints and plastics, and as an ingredient in a wide variety of
products.
CAMEO Chemicals
Methanol, tallow alkyl iminobisethanol appears as a yellow-

colored liquid with an "alcohol" odor. Less dense than water.
Vapors heavier than air. Corrosive. Contact may severely irritate
skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion,
inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals.
CAMEO Chemicals
Methanol is the primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic

alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. It has a role as
an amphiprotic solvent, a fuel, a human metabolite, an Escherichia
coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a Mycoplasma genitalium
metabolite. It is an alkyl alcohol, a one-carbon compound, a
volatile organic compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate
acid of a methoxide.
ChEBI
View More...
See also: Methoxide (conjugate).
Contents
Title and Summary
1 Structures
2 Names and Identifiers
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
4 Spectral Information
5 Related Records
6 Chemical Vendors
7 Drug and Medication Information
8 Food Additives and Ingredients
9 Agrochemical Information
10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
11 Use and Manufacturing
12 Identification
13 Safety and Hazards
14 Toxicity
15 Associated Disorders and Diseases
16 Literature
17 Patents
18 Interactions and Pathways
19 Biological Test Results
20 Taxonomy
21 Classification
22 Information Sources
1 Structures
1.1 2D Structure
Chemical Structure
Depiction
PubChem
1.2 3D Conformer
PubChem
1.3 Crystal Structures
1 of 3 View All
CCDC Number 286524
Associated Article DOI:10.1021/cg0701877
Crystal Structure Data DOI:10.5517/cc9m4qr
Crystal Structure
Depiction
The Cambridge Structural Database
2 Names and Identifiers
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
methanol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
PubChem
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
PubChem
2.1.3 InChIKey
OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
PubChem
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CO
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
PubChem
2.2 Molecular Formula

CH4O
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
CAMEO Chemicals; PubChem
CH4O
CH3OH
ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
CH3OH
Wikipedia
2.3 Other Identifiers
2.3.1 CAS
67-56-1
CAMEO Chemicals; CAS Common Chemistry; ChemIDplus; DTP/NCI; EPA Acute Exposure Guideli…
2.3.2 Related CAS
77810-22-1
Compound: Methanol, trimer
CAS Common Chemistry
146109-63-9
Compound: Methanol, hexamer
146109-62-8
Compound: Methanol, pentamer
View More...
2.3.3 Deprecated CAS
54841-71-3, 1173023-83-0, 1196157-60-4

ChemIDplus
1173023-83-0, 1196157-60-4, 54841-71-3
EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
54841-71-3, 1173023-83-0
EPA DSSTox
2.3.4 European Community (EC) Number
200-659-6
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
2.3.5 UNII
Y4S76JWI15
FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
2.3.6 UN Number
1230
CAMEO Chemicals; ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs); NJDOH RTK Hazardou…
2924
CAMEO Chemicals
1230 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
2.3.7 ChEBI ID
CHEBI:17790
ChEBI
2.3.8 ChEMBL ID
CHEMBL14688
ChEMBL
2.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID
DTXSID2021731
EPA DSSTox
2.3.10 ICSC Number
0057
2.3.11 KEGG ID
C00132
KEGG
D02309
KEGG
2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID
51042
Metabolomics Workbench
2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code
C217
NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
2.3.14 Nikkaji Number
J2.287.162E
Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
J2.364G
Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
2.3.15 NSC Number
85232
DTP/NCI
2.3.16 RTECS Number
PC1400000
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
2.3.17 RXCUI
1310568
NLM RxNorm Terminology
2.3.18 Wikidata
Q14982
Wikidata
Q27115113
Wikidata
Q83051206
Wikidata
2.3.19 Wikipedia
Methanol
Wikipedia
2.4 Synonyms
2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms
Alcohol, Methyl
Alcohol, Wood
Carbinol
Methanol
Methoxide, Sodium
Methyl Alcohol
Sodium Methoxide
Wood Alcohol
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms
methanol Alcohol, methyl Rcra waste number U154 Methylalkohol [German]

methyl alcohol Alcool methylique Hydroxymethane X-Cide 402 Industrial Bacte
67-56-1 MeOH Wilbur-Ellis Smut-Guard MetOH
wood alcohol Methyl hydrate Metanol NSC 85232
carbinol CH3OH Coat-B1400 CCRIS 2301
Wood naphtha Metanolo Caswell No. 552 Alcool metilico [Italian]
Methylol Alcool metilico Metanol [Spanish] Metylowy alkohol [Polish]
Methyl hydroxide Metylowy alkohol Metanolo [Italian] Alcool methylique [French]
Methylalkohol Freers Elm Arrester Alcohol,methyl AI3-00409
Monohydroxymethane Surflo-B17 HSDB 93 Methyl alcohol [NF]
PubChem
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
3.1 Computed Properties
Property Name Property Value Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release

Molecular Weight 32.042 g/mol
2021.10.14)
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release

XLogP3-AA -0.5
2021.10.14)
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem

1
Count release 2021.10.14)

Rotatable Bond Count 0
release 2021.10.14)
32.026214747 Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release

Exact Mass
g/mol 2021.10.14)
32.026214747 Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release

Monoisotopic Mass
g/mol 2021.10.14)

Topological Polar Surface Area 20.2Å²
release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count 2 Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge 0 Computed by PubChem

Complexity 2
release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count 0 Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter

0 Computed by PubChem
Count
Undefined Atom Stereocenter

Count
Defined Bond Stereocenter

Count
Undefined Bond Stereocenter

Count
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)
PubChem
3.2 Experimental Properties
3.2.1 Physical Description
Methanol appears as a colorless fairly volatile liquid with a faintly sweet pungent odor like
that of ethyl alcohol. Completely mixes with water. The vapors are slightly heavier than air
and may travel some distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Any accumulation of
vapors in confined spaces, such as buildings or sewers, may explode if ignited. Used to
make chemicals, to remove water from automotive and aviation fuels, as a solvent for
paints and plastics, and as an ingredient in a wide variety of products.
CAMEO Chemicals
Methanol, tallow alkyl iminobisethanol appears as a yellow-colored liquid with an "alcohol"

odor. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Corrosive. Contact may severely
irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin
absorption. Used to make other chemicals.
CAMEO Chemicals
Liquid; Pellets or Large Crystals; Dry Powder, Liquid

EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
Colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor; [NIOSH]
Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
Liquid
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
Colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); The National Institute for Occupational S…
3.2.2 Color / Form
Colorless liquid
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
Clear, colorless liquid

Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 892
3.2.3 Odor
Slight alcoholic odor when pure; repulsive, pungent odor when crude
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge,
UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1106
Characteristic pungent odor

3.2.4 Boiling Point
148.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health
(NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
64.7 °C at 760 mm Hg
64.00 to 65.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

The Good Scents Company Information System
65 °C
147 °F
3.2.5 Melting Point
-144 °F (NTP, 1992)

Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
-97.8 °C
-97.6 °C
-98 °C
-144 °F
3.2.6 Flash Point
52 °F (NTP, 1992)
Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
52 °F (NFPA, 2010)
National Fire Protection Association. 2010. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 14th edition,
edited by Guy R. Colonna. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. Note that this information is
subject to the copyright restrictions of the organization that provided the data.
CAMEO Chemicals
54 °F
9.7 °C (49.5 °F) - closed cup

Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Methanol. Product Number: 322415, Version 6.3. (Revision Date
09/23/2016). Available from, as of July 20, 2017: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
15.6 °C (open cup) /from table/

WHO/International Programme on Chemical Safety; Environmental Health Criteria 196, Methanol
(1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2017: https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
52 °F (11 °C) (closed cup)

National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy,
MA 2010, p. 325-81
9 °C c.c.
52 °F
3.2.7 Solubility
greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
Miscible with water at 25 °C

Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New
York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985., p. V2: 190
Miscible with water at 20 °C

Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985., p. 188
Miscible with ethanol, ether, benzene, most organic solvents and ketones
Soluble in acetone, chloroform

Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press,
Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3388
1000 mg/mL at 25 °C
Solubility in water: miscible
Miscible
3.2.8 Density
0.792 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical
Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
CAMEO Chemicals
0.8100 at 0 °C/4 °C; 0.7866 at 25 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.79

0.79
3.2.9 Vapor Density
1.11 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
1.11 (Air = 1)
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.1

1.11
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
3.2.10 Vapor Pressure
100 mmHg at 70.2 °F ; 237.87 mmHg at 100 °F (NTP, 1992)

Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
127.0 [mmHg]
VP: 92 mm Hg at 20 °C
VP: 18.7 kPa at 300 K

Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton:
FL 2014-2015, p. 6-124
127 mm Hg at 25 °C
Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. Second Revised Edition.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984., p. 57
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 12.9
96 mmHg
3.2.11 LogP
log Kow = -0.77

Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants.
Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 3
-0.77
HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
-0.74
3.2.12 Henry's Law Constant
Henry's Law constant = 4.55X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

PMID:19994967
Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987)
Based on measured Henry's law constants reported in literature, the equation that
describes the Henry's law constant temperature dependence of methanol over a
temperature range of 0-80 °C is: ln K = -12.46 + 5312.4/T where T is the absolute
temperature (kelvin) and K is units of moles/cu decimeter-atm
Warneck P; Atmospheric Environ 40: 7146-7151 (2006)
3.2.13 Stability / Shelf Life
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

3.2.14 Autoignition Temperature
867 °F (USCG, 1999)

CAMEO Chemicals
867 °F (464 °C)

MA 2010, p. 325-81
440 °C
3.2.15 Decomposition
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions: Carbon oxides

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience,
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2376
3.2.16 Viscosity
0.544 mPa.s at 25 °C
FL 2014-2015, p. 6-231
0.544 mPa at 25 °C
3.2.17 Heat of Combustion
726.1 kJ/mole
FL 2014-2015, p. 5-68
3.2.18 Heat of Vaporization
37.34 kJ/mole (at 25 °C)

FL 2014-2015, p. 6-140
3.2.19 Surface Tension
22.07 mN/m at 25 °C
FL 2014-2015, p. 6-182
3.2.20 Ionization Potential
10.84 eV
3.2.21 Odor Threshold
Odor Threshold Low: 4.2 [mmHg]

Odor Threshold High: 5960.0 [mmHg]
Detection odor threshold from AIHA (mean = 160 ppm)
The air odor threshold for methanol has been reported as 100 ppm. A level of 2,000 ppm ...
is barely detectable.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 370
Low threshold= 13.1150 mg/cu m; High threshold= 26840 mg/cu m; Irritating concn=
22875 mg/cu m.
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)
3.2.22 Refractive Index
Index of refraction: 1.3292 at 20 °C/D

3.2.23 Dissociation Constants
pKa = 15.3
Serjeant, E.P., Dempsey B.; Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23, 1979. New York,
New York: Pergamon Press, Inc., p. 989
3.2.24 Kovats Retention Index
Standard non-polar 372.7, 378.2, 400, 400, 361, 368, 380, 340, 384, 356, 373, 330, 395, 379, 373,
373, 408, 381, 373, 386.1, 382, 362, 381, 381, 370, 354.2, 381, 353, 381, 381,
348, 353, 391, 384
Semi-standard non-
336, 355, 381, 367.5, 353.5, 330, 404, 338, 370, 348
polar
Standard polar 910.4, 916, 866, 899, 888, 891, 917, 869, 860, 881, 892, 886, 897, 904, 914,
911, 892, 895, 899, 907, 920, 916.2, 911, 921, 903, 905, 898, 905, 903.1,
900.5, 897, 909, 907, 920, 883
NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
3.2.25 Other Experimental Properties
Dipole moment: 1.69 /debyes/; specific heat: 0.595-0.605 at 20-25 °C, forms azeotropes
with many compounds; burns with nonluminous bluish flame ...
Mobile, highly polar liquid

1 mg/L = 764 ppm; 1 ppm = 1.31 mg/cu m at 25 °C, 760 mm Hg

Bevan C; Monohydric Alcohols: C1 to C6. Patty's Toxicology. 6th ed. (1999-2017). New York, NY: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. On-line Posting Date: 17 Aug 2012
Heat of fusion: 3.215 kJ/mole

FL 2014-2015, p. 6-153
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Methanol (7 total), please visit
the HSDB record page.
3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties
Coriolis coupling Chemical diffusion Crystallographic point group Energy conversion effici
Gibbs energy Chemical shift Density Enthalpy
Schoenflies notation Chemical structure Diamagnetic susceptibility Enthalpy change
Absorbance Composition Dielectric constant Entropy
Acentric factor Compressibility Diffusion Equilibrium structure
Activity Corrosion Diffusive flux Excess enthalpy
Azeotropes Critical density Dispersion Excess volume
Boiling point Critical point Electric dipole moment Flash point
Centrifugal distortion Cross section Electron conductivity Formation energy
Chemical bond Crystal structure Electron number Formation enthalpy
SpringerMaterials
3.4 Chemical Classes

Solvents -> Alcohols (<C12)
4 Spectral Information
4.1 1D NMR Spectra
1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra NMR: 1 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra NMRShiftDB Link
NMRShiftDB
4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra
1 of 4 View All
Spectra ID 1773
Instrument Type Bruker
Frequency 600 MHz
Solvent Water
pH 7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity 3.34:100.00
Thumbnail
2 of 4 View All
Spectra ID 2575
Instrument Type JEOL
Frequency 90 MHz
Solvent CDCl3
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity 3.64:188.00, 3.59:124.00, 3.40:562.00, 3.76:36.00, 3.70:135.00, 3.45:1000.00
Thumbnail
4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra
1 of 3 View All
Spectra ID 3271
Instrument Type NEVA
Frequency 15.09 MHz
Solvent CDCl3
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity 50.05:1000.00
Thumbnail
2 of 3 View All
Source of Sample MCB Manufacturing Chemists, Norwood, Ohio
Copyright Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SpectraBase
4.1.3 17O NMR Spectra
1 of 2
Copyright Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All
Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
SpectraBase
2 of 2
Copyright Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All
Rights Reserved.
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SpectraBase
4.2 2D NMR Spectra
4.2.1 1H-1H NMR Spectra
2D NMR Spectra Type 1H-1H TOCSY
Spectra ID 1092
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1) 3.35:3.35
Thumbnail
4.2.2 1H-13C NMR Spectra
2D NMR Spectra Type 1H-13C HSQC
Spectra ID 1713
Instrument Type Bruker
Frequency 600 MHz
Solvent Water
pH 7.00
Shifts [ppm]
3.37:51.43:1.00
(F2:F1):Intensity
Thumbnail
4.3 Mass Spectrometry
4.3.1 GC-MS
1 of 10 View All
Spectra ID 29321
Instrument Type EI-B
Ionization Mode positive
SPLASH splash10-001i-9000000000-2173f5595be586c5c940
Top 5 Peaks 31.0 99.99

32.0 73.74
29.0 51.23
15.0 24.73
30.0 6.97
Thumbnail
Notes instrument=HITACHI RMU-7M
2 of 10 View All
Spectra ID 29529
SPLASH splash10-001i-9000000000-14ea8d185227ede9bff7
Top 5 Peaks 34.0 99.99

36.0 64.52
30.0 53.09
18.0 38.99
38.0 8.09
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Notes instrument=HITACHI M-80A
4.3.2 MS-MS
1 of 2
Spectra ID 1768
Instrument Type Quattro_QQQ
Ionization Mode Positive
SPLASH splash10-0000-0000000000-e3b0c44298fc1c149afb
Notes delivery=Flow_Injectionanalyzer=Triple_Quad
2 of 2
Spectra ID 5532
Instrument Type EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M)
Ionization Mode Positive
SPLASH splash10-001i-9000000000-fef92d3f671a9282b5a0
Top 5 Peaks 31.0 1

32.0 0.74
29.0 0.51
15.0 0.25
30.0 0.07
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4.3.3 LC-MS
1 of 2
MoNA ID HMDB0001875_ms_ms_1769
MS Category Experimental
MS Type LC-MS
MS Level MS2
Top 5 Peaks 33.481 100
SPLASH splash10-001i-9000000000-6d633534165eedf07b4d
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MassBank of North America (MoNA)
2 of 2
MoNA ID HMDB0001875_ms_ms_1770
MS Category Experimental
MS Type LC-MS
MS Level MS2
Top 5 Peaks 19.852 100
SPLASH splash10-014i-9000000000-757b6964771196ee308f
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MassBank of North America (MoNA)
4.3.4 Other MS
1 of 2
Other MS MASS: 61305 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version)
2 of 2
Accession ID MSBNK-Fac_Eng_Univ_Tokyo-JP008889
Authors TAJIMA S, GUNMA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Instrument HITACHI RMU-7M
MS Level MS
Ionization Mode POSITIVE
Ionization ENERGY 70 eV
Top 5 Peaks 31 999

32 737
29 512
15 247
30 70
SPLASH splash10-001i-9000000000-2173f5595be586c5c940
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License CC BY-NC-SA
MassBank Europe
4.4 UV Spectra
MAX ABSORPTION (GAS): 183.3 NM (LOG EPSILON= 2.18)
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 52nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co.,
1972., p. C-370
UV: 1-3 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press,
Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3388
4.5 IR Spectra
IR Spectra IR: 287 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)
4.5.1 FTIR Spectra
1 of 2
Instrument Name DIGILAB FTS-40
Technique NEAT
Source of Sample J. T. Baker Chemical Company
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SpectraBase
2 of 2
Technique Layer (0.016 mm) between KRS-5
Source of Sample Merck, Darmstadt
Copyright Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All
Rights Reserved.
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SpectraBase
4.5.2 ATR-IR Spectra
1 of 2
Technique ATR-Neat
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SpectraBase
2 of 2
Source of Sample Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog Number 154903
Copyright Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation

Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SpectraBase
4.5.3 Near IR Spectra
1 of 2
Instrument Name INSTRUMENT

PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=20995,REO=2,CNM=HPV,ZFF=2
Technique NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
SpectraBase
2 of 2
Instrument Name INSTRUMENT

PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=20995,REO=2,CNM=HPV,ZFF=2
Technique NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
SpectraBase
4.5.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra
1 of 2
Instrument Name DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique Vapor Phase
Thumbnail
SpectraBase
2 of 2
Instrument Name Bruker IFS 85
Technique Gas-GC
Rights Reserved.
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SpectraBase
4.6 Raman Spectra
1 of 2
Instrument Name Thermo Nicolet FT-Raman 960
Technique FT-Raman
Copyright Copyright © 2003-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Catalog Number 154903
Copyright Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation

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5 Related Records
5.1 Related Compounds with Annotation
PubChem
5.2 Related Compounds
Same Connectivity
33
Count
Same Parent,
65
Connectivity Count
Same Parent, Exact

24
Count
Mixtures,
Components, and
85700
Neutralized Forms
Count
Similar Compounds
162
Count
Similar Conformers
115
Count
PubChem
5.3 Substances
5.3.1 PubChem Reference Collection SID
481101457
PubChem
5.3.2 Related Substances
All Count 94532
Same Count 1069
Mixture Count 93463
PubChem
5.3.3 Substances by Category
PubChem
5.4 Other Relationships
Methoxide (conjugate)
PubChem
5.5 Entrez Crosslinks
PubMed Count 46
Protein Structures
146
Count
Taxonomy Count 7
OMIM Count 1
Gene Count 70
PubChem
5.6 NCBI LinkOut
NCBI
6 Chemical Vendors
PubChem
7 Drug and Medication Information
7.1 FDA National Drug Code Directory
National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
7.2 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug
DailyMed
7.3 Reported Fatal Dose

The minimum lethal dose of methanol in the absence of medical treatment is between 0.3
and 1 g/kg.
Environmental Health Criteria 196: Methanol pp. 8 (1997) by the International Programme on Chemical
Safety (IPCS) under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the
International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization.
... A 67-year-old woman ... committed suicide by ingestion of 500 mL of absolute methanol.
...
PMID:22398189
Cascallana JL et al; Forensic Sci Int 220 (1-3): e9-12 (2012)
7.4 Biomarker Information
MarkerDB
8 Food Additives and Ingredients
8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT;
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
8.2 FDA Substances Added to Food
Substance METHYL ALCOHOL
Used for (Technical

SOLVENT OR VEHICLE
Effect)
Document Number (21 73.345

CFR) 73.615
172.560
172.859
172.867
173.250
173.385
175.105
175.300
176.180
176.200
176.210
177.1200
177.2420
177.2460
177.2800
FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
8.3 FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances
Indirect Additives METHYL ALCOHOL
Title 21 of the U.S. 172.560

Code of Federal 172.859
Regulations (21 CFR)
172.867
173.250
173.385
175.105
175.300
176.180
176.200
176.210
177.1200
177.2420
177.2460
177.2800
73.345
73.615
FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
8.4 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on

Food Additives - JECFA
Chemical Name CARBINOL
Evaluation Year 1970
ADI LIMITED BY GMP
Report NMRS 48/TRS 462-JECFA 14/20,36
Tox Monograph FAS 70.39/NMRS 48A-JECFA 14/105
9 Agrochemical Information
9.1 Agrochemical Category

Insecticide
EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
10.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Solvents
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in
chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary,
5th ed) (See all compounds classified as Solvents.)
10.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Methanol is absorbed following inhalation or ingestion, and inhalation is the major route of
absorption in the occupational environment. There is no agreement on the potential risk of
dermal exposure to methanol. Methanol is uniformly distributed according to the relative
water content of the tissue.
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 374
Methyl alcohol is readily absorbed from GI and respiratory tracts.

Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore:
Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-275
The rate of absorption /of methanol from the gastrointestinal tract is approximately/... 8.4
mg/sq cm/hr. Time to peak serum concentration... after ingestion /is/... 30-60 minutes for
methanol... .
Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York
2002., p. 982
... Under ... experimental conditions in man following ingestion and inhalation, dosages of
71-84 mg/kg orally resulted in blood levels of 4.7-7.6 mg/100 mL ... 2-3 hr afterward.
urine/blood concentration ratio was ... constant at about 1.3. ... Inhalation of ... 500-1000
ppm ... for ... 3-4 hr gave urine concentration of about 1-3 mg/100 mL. ...
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C:
Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4537
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Methanol (27 total),
please visit the HSDB record page.
10.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

We recently showed that methanol emitted by wounded plants might function as a
signaling molecule for plant-to-plant and plant-to-animal communications. In mammals,
methanol is considered a poison because the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
converts methanol into ... formaldehyde /and other products/. However, the detection of
methanol in the blood and exhaled air of healthy volunteers suggests that methanol may
be a chemical with specific functions rather than a metabolic waste product. Using a
genome-wide analysis of the mouse brain, we demonstrated that an increase in blood
methanol concentration led to a change in the accumulation of mRNAs from genes
primarily involved in detoxification processes and regulation of the alcohol/aldehyde
dehydrogenases gene cluster. To test the role of ADH in the maintenance of low methanol
concentration in the plasma, we used the specific ADH inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP)
and showed that intraperitoneal administration of 4-MP resulted in a significant increase in
the plasma methanol, ethanol and formaldehyde concentrations. Removal of the intestine
significantly decreased the rate of methanol addition to the plasma and suggested that the
gut flora may be involved in the endogenous production of methanol. ADH in the liver was
identified as the main enzyme for metabolizing methanol because an increase in the
methanol and ethanol contents in the liver homogenate was observed after 4-MP
administration into the portal vein. Liver mRNA quantification showed changes in the
accumulation of mRNAs from genes involved in cell signaling and detoxification processes.
We hypothesized that endogenous methanol acts as a regulator of homeostasis by
controlling the mRNA synthesis.
PMID:24587296
Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937363
Komarova TV et al; PLoS One 9 (2): e90239 (2014)
Many studies have reported that methanol toxicity to primates is mainly associated with its
metabolites, formaldehyde (FA) and formic acid. While methanol metabolism and
toxicology have been best studied in peripheral organs, little study has focused on the
brain and no study has reported experimental evidence that demonstrates transformation
of methanol into FA in the primate brain. In this study, three rhesus macaques were given a
single intracerebroventricular injection of methanol to investigate whether a metabolic
process of methanol to FA occurs in nonhuman primate brain. Levels of FA in cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) were then assessed at different time points. A significant increase of FA levels
was found at the 18th hour following a methanol injection. Moreover, the FA level returned
to a normal physiological level at the 30th hour after the injection. These findings provide
direct evidence that methanol is oxidized to FA in nonhuman primate brain and that a
portion of the FA generated is released out of the brain cells. This study suggests that FA is
produced from methanol metabolic processes in the nonhuman primate brain and that FA
may play a significant role in methanol neurotoxicology.
PMID:27066393
Zhai R et al; Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016: 4598454 (2016)
Methanol is among the most common short-chain alcohols in fermenting fruits, the natural
food and oviposition sites of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Our previous results
showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) were associated with methanol
detoxification in the larvae. Catalases, alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), esterases (ESTs) and
glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were specifically inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-
AT), 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethylmeleate (DEM),
respectively. CYPs were inhibited by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and 1-aminobenzotriazole
(1-ABT). In the present paper, the involvements of these enzymes in methanol metabolism
were investigated in female and male adults by determining the combination indices of
methanol and their corresponding inhibitors. When PBO, 1-ABT, 3-AT, 4-MP and TPP were
individually mixed with methanol, they exhibited significant synergism to the mortality of
the adults after 72 hr of dietary exposure. In contrast, the DEM and methanol mixture
showed additive effects. Moreover, methanol exposure dramatically increased CYP activity
and up-regulated mRNA expression levels of several Cyp genes. Bioassays using different
strains revealed that the variation in ADH activity and RNAi-mediated knockdown of alpha-
Est7 significantly changed LC50 values for methanol. These results suggest that CYPs,
catalases, ADHs and ESTs are partially responsible for methanol elimination in adults. It
seems that there are some differences in methanol metabolism between larvae and adults,
but not between female and male adults.
PMID:23751173
Wang SP et al; Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 166 (1): 7-14 (2013)
Metabolism of methanol occurs in a three-step process initially involving oxidation to

formaldehyde by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase, which is a saturable rate-limiting process.
In the second step, formaldehyde is oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to formic acid or
formate depending on the pH. In the third step, formic acid is detoxified by a folate-
dependent pathway to carbon dioxide. Elimination of methanol from the blood appears to
be slow in all species, especially when compared to ethanol. In humans, urinary methanol
concentrations have been found to be proportional to the concentration of methanol in
blood.
WHO/Health and Safety Guide No. 105 for Methanol (67-56-1) (1997). Available from, as of September
29, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/hsg.html
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Methanol (18 total), please visit the
HSDB record page.
Methanol is metabolized to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase, then from that to

formate by formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and then to carbon dioxide by limited H4
folate. (T10)
Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
10.4 Biological Half-Life

... The mean plasma half-life of methanol during fomepizole treatment was 52 hr (range 22-
87); the higher the serum methanol, the longer the half-life. ...
PMID:16035197
Hovda KE et al; Clin Toxicol (Phila). 43 (4): 221-7 (2005)
Biological half-life of methanol elimination in expired air is 1.5 hr after either oral or dermal
application.
Dutkiewicz B; Int Congr Ser- Excerpta Med 440 (Ind Environ Xenobiotics): 106-9 (1978)
... Experiments were made during the morning after /human volunteers/ had consumed
1000-1500 mL red wine (9.5% weight/volume ethanol, 100 mg/L methanol) the previous
evening. The washout of methanol from the body coincided with the onset of hangover.
The concentrations of ethanol and methanol in blood were determined indirectly by
analysis of end-expired alveolar air. In the morning when blood-ethanol dropped below the
Km of liver alcohol dehydrogenase of about 100 mg/L (2.2 mM), the disappearance half-life
of ethanol was 21, 22, 18 and 15 min in 4 test subjects, respectively. The corresponding
elimination half-lives of methanol were 213, 110, 133 and 142 min in these same
individuals. ...
PMID:3588516
Jones AW; Pharmacol Toxicol 60 (3): 217-20 (1987)
Urinary methanol levels decreased exponentially with a half-life of about 2.5 to 3 hr in four
volunteers exposed by inhalation to 102, 205, or 300 mg/cu m for 8 hr.
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 381
For more Biological Half-Life (Complete) data for Methanol (7 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
10.5 Mechanism of Action

... The metabolic mechanisms of methanol toxicity /are/ reviewed. ... It is noted that the
most severe toxicity occurs many hours following peak blood and tissue methanol
concentrations so that these do not necessarily provide an accurate indication of toxicity.
Individual differences are seen both in this latent period and in individual susceptibility to
methanol. This susceptibility may depend on the activity of folic acid requiring metabolic
reactions involved in formate metabolism, formate being an intermediate produced during
methanol oxidation and responsible for many toxic effects of methanol. Studies of the
characteristics of methanol poisoning in non-primates and monkeys are examined. Despite
the ingestion of lethal doses of methanol, non-primates generally do not develop
significant metabolic acidosis nor impairment of vision, and no consistent histopathology
has been demonstrated in these species. In monkeys, results suggest that the latent period
represents a period of compensated metabolic acidosis; when compensatory mechanisms
are exhausted, blood pH begins to drop. Formate accumulates and produces acidosis in the
methanol poisoned monkey, but not in the rat, apparently due to a slower rate of formate
metabolism to carbon dioxide in the monkey. ... Studies demonstrating the role of alcohol
dehydrogenase in methanol metabolism in the monkey are reported; however, the
catalase/peroxidative system which participates in methanol metabolism in rats apparently
does not function in the monkey. Formaldehyde and formate metabolism are also
examined. The regulation of the rate of formate metabolism is governed by regulation of
the hepatic tetrahydrofolate concentrations. ... Further research is needed to determine
what step or process it is which places the primate at a distinct liability in the metabolic
disposition of one carbon moieties.
Tephly TR, Martin KE; Food Sci Technol 12: 111-40 (1984)
Methanol toxicity is observed in monkeys and humans but is not seen in rats or mice. The
expression of methanol poisoning is related to the ability of an animal to metabolize
formate to carbon dioxide. Since the rate of formate oxidation is related to hepatic
tetrahydrofolate content and the activites of folate dependent enzymes, studies were
designed to determine hepatic concentrations of hepatic tetrahydrofolate and activites of
folate dependent enzymes of human liver and livers of species considered insensitive to
methanol poisoning. An excellent correlation between hepatic tetrahydrofolate and
maximal rates of formate oxidation has been observed. In human liver, levels were only
50% of those observed for rat liver and similar to those found in monkey liver. Total folate
was also lower (60% decreased) in human liver than that found in rat or monkey liver.
Interestingly, mouse liver contains much higher hepatic tetrahydrofolate and total folate
than rat or monkey liver. This is consistent with higher formate oxidation rates in this
species. A second important observation has been made. 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate
dehydrogenase activity, the enzyme catalyzing the final step of formate oxidation to
carbon dioxide, was markedly reduced in both monkey and human liver. Thus, two
mechanisms may be operative in explaining low formate oxidation in species susceptible to
methanol toxicity, low hepatic tetahydrofolate levels and reduced hepatic 10-
formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity.
PMID:3574297
Johlin FC et al; Mol Pharmacol 31 (5): 557-61 (1987)
Formic acid, the toxic metabolite of methanol, has been hypothesized to produce retinal
and optic nerve toxicity by disrupting mitochondrial energy production. It has been shown
in vitro to inhibit the activity of cytochrome oxidase, a vital component of the mitochondrial
electron transport chain involved in ATP synthesis. Inhibition occurs subsequent to the
binding of formic acid to the ferric heme iron of cytochrome oxidase, and the apparent
inhibition constant is between 5 and 30 mM. Concentrations of formate present in the

blood and tissues of methanol-intoxicated humans, non-human primates and rodent
models of methanol-intoxication are within this range. Studies conducted in methanol-
sensitive rodent models have revealed abnormalities in retinal and optic nerve function and
morphology, consistent with the hypothesis that formate acts as a mitochondrial toxin. In
these animal models, formate oxidation is selectively inhibited by dietary or chemical
depletion of folate coenzymes, thus allowing formate to accumulate to toxic
concentrations following methanol administration. Methanol-intoxicated rats developed
formic acidemia, metabolic acidosis and visual toxicity analogous to the human methanol
poisoning syndrome.
In addition to neurofunctional changes, bioenergetic and morphological alterations

indicative of formate-induced disruption of retinal energy metabolism have been
documented in methanol-intoxicated rats. Morphological studies, coupled with cytochrome
oxidase histochemistry, revealed generalized retinal edema, photoreceptor and /retinal
pigment epithelium/ (RPE) vacuolation, mitochondrial swelling and a reduction in
cytochrome oxidase activity in photoreceptor mitochondria from methanol intoxicated rats.
The most striking structural alterations observed in the retinas of methanol-intoxicated rats
were vacuolation and mitochondrial swelling in inner segments of the photoreceptor cells.
Photoreceptor mitochondria from methanol-intoxicated rats were swollen and expanded to
disrupted cristae and showed no evidence of cytochrome oxidase reaction product. In
contrast, photoreceptor mitochondria from control animals showed normal morphology
with well-defined cristae and were moderately reactive for cytochrome oxidase reaction
product. These findings are consistent with disruption of ionic homoeostasis in the
photoreceptors, secondary to inhibition of mitochondrial function. Biochemical
measurements also showed a significant reduction in retinal and brain cytochrome oxidase
activity and ATP concentrations in methanol-intoxicated rats relative to control animals.
Surprisingly, no differences from control values were observed in hepatic, renal or cardiac
cytochrome oxidase activity or ATP concentrations in methanol-intoxicated rats. The
reduction in retinal function, inhibition of retinal, optic nerve and brain cytochrome oxidase
activity, depletion of retinal and brain ATP concentrations, and mitochondrial disruption
produced in methanol-intoxicated rats are consistent with the hypothesis that formate acts
as a mitochondrial toxin with selectivity for the retina and brain.
For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for Methanol (6 total), please visit the
HSDB record page.
10.6 Human Metabolite Information
10.6.1 Tissue Locations
Adrenal Gland Platelet

Brain Prostate
Epidermis Skeletal Muscle
Erythrocyte Spleen
Fibroblasts Testis
Hair
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Pancreas
10.6.2 Cellular Locations
Endoplasmic reticulum
Extracellular
Lysosome
10.7 Biochemical Reactions
Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database
PubChem
11 Use and Manufacturing
11.1 Uses
Methanol is primarily used as an industrial solvent for inks, resins, adhesives, and dyes. It is
also used as a solvent in the manufacture of cholesterol, streptomycin, vitamins, hormones,
and other pharmaceuticals. Methanol is also used as an antifreeze for automotive radiators,
an ingredient of gasoline (as an antifreezing agent and octane booster), and as fuel for
picnic stoves. Methanol is also an ingredient in paint and varnish removers. Methanol is
also used as an alternative motor fuel.
EPA Air Toxics
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer
products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
Sources/Uses
Used as a solvent, alcohol denaturant, antifreeze, and chemical intermediate; [ACGIH]
Naturally present in blood and urine and in fruits and vegetables; [CHEMINFO] Used in
paint removers, windshield-washing solutions, and duplication fluids; [Olson, p. 314]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Olson - Olson KR (ed). Poisoning & Drug Overdose, 7th Ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-
Hill, 2018., p. 314
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]
Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]
Silk-Screen Printing [Category: Other]
Activities with risk of exposure

Sculpturing plastics [Category: Hobbies]
Smoking cigarettes [Category: Food & Drugs]
Both oil base and water base fracturing fluids are being used in the fracturing industry.
Water base, which includes alcohol-water mixtures and low strength acids, make up the
majority of treating fluids. The common chemicals added to these fluids are polymers for
viscosity development, crosslinkers for viscosity enhancement, pH control chemicals, gel
breakers for polymer degradation following the treatment, surfactants, clay stabilizers,
alcohol, bactericides, fluid loss additives and friction reducer. /Hydraulic fracturing/
Halliburton; Hydraulic Fracturing. Document ID: EPA-HQ-ORD-2010-0674-1634 p.32. Available from, as
of October 27, 2011: https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-ORD-2010-0674-
1634
Hydraulic fracturing uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under
extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground. These cracks in the rock
then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production. ... Chemical Name:
Methanol; Chemical Purpose: Product stabilizer and/or winterizing agent; Product Function:
Corrosion inhibitor.
FracFocus; Chemical Disclosure Registry, Hydraulic Fracturing, How it Works; What Chemicals are Used.
Available from, as of October 28, 2011: https://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-chemicals-are-used
In 2013, the breakdown of total methanol use was formaldehyde, 31%; MTBE, 11%; acetic
acid, 10%; and all other includes chloromethane, methyl methacrylate, methylamine,
dimethyl terephthalate, solvents, glycol methyl ethers, antifreeze in windshield wipers, and
drilling muds and fuels.
English A et al; Methanol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2017). John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: March 16, 2015
... Dehydrator of natural gas; fuel for utility plants (methyl fuel); feedstock for manufacture
of synthetic proteins by continuous fermentation; source of hydrogen for fuel cells, home-
heating-oil extender.
For more Uses (Complete) data for Methanol (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Substance listed with specific concentration in tattoo ink and/or permanent make up
according to EU Commission Regulation 2020/2081. The concentration limit (by weight) is
11%.
S86 | TATTOOINK | Regulated Tattoo Ink Ingredients as per EU regulation 2020/2081 | A list of regulated
ingredients for tattoo ink and permanent make up (https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/how-safe-are-
our-tattoos-and-permanent-makeup), Appendix 13 added to Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2081,
14 December 2020 amending Annex XVII of REACH (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/2081/oj).
Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5710243
NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
Methanol is found in a host of consumer products, including windshield washer fluid, and is
used in the manufacture of formaldehyde. (T10)
11.1.1 Use Classification
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

EPA Air Toxics
Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Hazard Classes and Categories -> Teratogens, Flammable - 3rd degree

NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
Cosmetics -> Denaturant; Solvent

S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and
Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
-> NIOSH Emergency Response Categories

SOLVENTS
USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
11.1.2 Industry Uses
Viscosity adjustors Odor agents

Fuel Pigments
Fuel agents Surfactant (surface active agen
Laboratory chemicals Other
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories Anti-adhesive agents
Surface modifier Intermediates
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable Processing aids not otherwise
Anti-freeze agent Dust suppressant
Chain transfer agent Solvents (for cleaning or degre
Adhesives and sealant chemicals Intermediate
https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
11.1.3 Consumer Uses
Dust suppressant Paint additives and coating additives not described by other
Other Laboratory chemicals
Anti-adhesive agents Functional fluids (open systems)
Intermediates Fuel
Processing aids not otherwise specified Odor agents
Pigments Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Intermediate UV stabilizer
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Anti-freeze agent Solvent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable Freeze-thaw additive
11.1.4 Household Products
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 301 consumer products that contain Methanol in the following categories is
provided:
• Auto Products
• Commercial / Institutional
• Hobby/Craft
• Home Maintenance
• Inside the Home
• Landscaping/Yard
• Personal Care
• Pesticides
Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
11.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Methanol is currently produced on an industrial scale exclusively by catalytic conversion of
synthesis gas according to the principles of the low-pressure (LP) methanol process (5-10
MPa). The main advantages of the low-pressure processes are lower investment and
production costs, improved operational reliability, and greater flexibility in the choice of
plant size.
Ott J et al; Methanol. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2017). NY, NY: John
Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: October 15, 2012
All commercial methanol processes employ a synthesis loop. ... This configuration
overcomes equilibrium conversion limitations at typical catalyst operating conditions. ... A
recycle system that gives high overall conversions is feasible because product methanol
and water can be removed from the loop by condensation. The makeup synthesis gas is
compressed, mixed with recycled gas, and preheated against the converter effluent gas
before entering the converter. The converter effluent is first used to heat the saturator
water or boiler feedwater before being returned to the loop interchanger and then on to a
cooler, which condenses the crude methanol-water mixture. Noncondensable gases are
disengaged in a catchpot for recycle. A purge is taken from this recycle to remove excess
hydrogen, methane, and other inerts. The crude methanol mixture is sent forward to the
distillation section for the final purification.
By high-pressure catalytic synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen; partial oxidation
of natural gas hydrocarbons; several processes for making methanol by gasification of
wood, peat, and lignite have been developed but have not yet proved out commercially;
from methane with molybdenum catalyst (experimental).
11.3 Impurities
In addition to water, typical impurities include acetone and ethanol.
11.4 Formulations / Preparations
Methanol for Laboratory Use. Methanol is available commercially in various purity grades
for fine chemicals: 1. "Purum" quality (>99.0%). This quality corresponds to commercial
grade AA methanol. Methanol with this specification typically has a purity of = 99.85%. 2.
"Puriss. p.a." quality (>99.8%). This methanol has a certified analytical quality with
specifications in terms of water content and evaporation residues. 3. Highest purity, e.g.,
CHROMASOLV Methanol (= 99.9%). This methanol is extremely pure and can be used for
spectroscopic or semiconductor applications.
Commercial Methanol. In addition to laboratory grades, commercial methanol is generally

classified according to ASTM purity grades A, AA, and IMPCA specification.
Federal specifications for pure methanol in the United States:

Property Grade A Grade AA IMPCA
Ethanol content, mg/kg <10 <50
Acetone content, mg/kg <30 <20 <30
<30
<5
Acid content (as acetic

<30 <30 <30
acid), mg/kg
Color (PtCo) <5 <5 <5
Carbonizable impurities,
<30 <30 <30
color (PtCo)
Distillation range (101.3

kPa), °C must include 64.6 <1 <1 <1
+/- 0.1deg C
Nonvolatile matter, mg/100

<10 <10 <0.8
mL
Specific gravity (20/20 °C),

0.7928 0.7928 0.791-0.793
kg/L
Permanganate time, min >30 >30 >60
Methanol content, wt% >99.85 >99.85 >99.85
Water content, wt% <0.15 <0.10 <0.10
characteristic, characteristic,
Odor
nonresidual nonresidual
free of opalescence, free of opalescence, clear and free of

Appearance suspended matter and suspended matter and suspended
sediment sediment matter
Chloride as Cl-, mg/kg 0.5
Sulfur, mg/kg 0.5
Total iron, mg/kg 0.1
Hydrocarbons pass test
Grade: Technical, CP (99.85%), electronic (used to clean and dry components), fuel.
In addition to laboratory grades, commercial methanol is generally classified according to

ASTM purity grades A, AA, and IMPCA specification.
11.5 Consumption Patterns

39% FOR FORMALDEHYDE; 12% EXPORTED; 8% FOR SOLVENT USAGE; 6% FOR DIMETHYL
TEREPHTHALATE; 6% FOR METHYL HALIDES; 4% FOR METHYL METHACRYLATE; 3% FOR
ACETIC ACID; 3% FOR METHYLAMINES; 1% FOR FORMALDEHYDE INHIBITOR; 17% MISC
(1973)
SRI
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Methanol. Formaldehyde, 27%; MTBE /methyl tert-butyl ether/, 25%;
acetic acid, 11%; chloromethanes, 7%; solvents, 8%; methyl halides, 4%; methyl
methacrylates, 4%; methylamines, 3%; methylene chloride, 2%; utility power, 1%;
miscellaneous and exports, 2%.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 230 (12): 70 (1986)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Methanol. Demand: 1985: 1.29 billion gallons; 1986: 1.35 billion
gallons; 1990 /projected/: 1.6 billion gallons.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Methanol. Formaldehyde, 27%; MTBE /methyl tert-butyl ether/, 26%;
acetic acid, 11%; chloromethanes, 7%; solvents, 7%; methyl halides, 4%;
methylmethacrylates, 4%; methylamines, 3%; methylene chloride, 2%; miscellaneous and
exports, 9%.
For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Methanol (8 total), please visit the
HSDB record page.
11.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume
2019: 10,000,000,000 - <20,000,000,000 lb
2018: 10,000,000,000 - <20,000,000,000 lb
2017: 10,000,000,000 - <20,000,000,000 lb
2016: 10,000,000,000 - <20,000,000,000 lb
(1984) 3.72X10+12 g
USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES p.256 (1984)
5.00X10+9 lb /Synthetic/
USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES p.266 (1985)
(1990) 8.35 billion lb

Chem & Engineering News 70 (15): 17 (4/13/92)
(1991) 8.71 billion lb

Chem & Engineering News 71 (15): 11 (4/12/93)
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for Methanol (16 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
11.7 U.S. Imports

(1983) 6.74X10+7 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION & GENERAL IMPORTS, p.1-360 (1984)
(1984) 5.13X10+8 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION & GENERAL IMPORTS, p.1-360 (1984)
17.72X10+6 gal /For producing synthetic natural gas (SNG) or for use as fuel/
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS P.1-527 (1986)
3.59X10+8 gal /NSPF/

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS P.1-527 (1986)
1.421 billion gallons in 2000, 1.816 billion gallons in 2001

Kirshner M; Chemical Marketing Reporter. December 16, (2002)
11.8 U.S. Exports

(1984) 1.95X10+10 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS p.2-75 (1984)
(1987) 1.2X10+6 gal

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U. S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, P.2-76 (OCTOBER 1987)
32 million gallons in 2000, 52 million gallons in 2001

Kirshner M; Chemical Marketing Reporter. December 16, (2002)
11.9 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
Printing and Related Support Activities A

Wholesale and Retail Trade Pe
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing S
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, Pa
and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
A
Plastics Product Manufacturing
N
Utilities
W
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
A
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
C
Other (requires additional information)
R
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status

Methanol: ACTIVE
EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
Originally called wood alcohol, since it was obtained from the destructive distillation of
wood, today commercial methanol is sometimes referred to as synthetic methanol because
it is produced from synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides, generated by a
variety of sources
Up until 2001, methanol had some use as a base fluid in hydraulic fracturing applications
(base fluid meaning methanol was the main component in the fluid rather than water), but
this use appears to be infrequent currently due to safety handling considerations
(flammability) and much higher cost (3 to 4 times more expensive than water-based fluids);
in current water-based fracking fluids, methanol acts as a corrosion and scale inhibitor
(prevents corrosion of pipes) and friction reducer, and methanol enhances the removal of
formation water to allow the natural gas to flow through the well.
Saba T et al; White Paper: Methanol Use in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids, Methanol Institute, August 29,
2011. Available from, as of Sept 19, 2011: https://www.methanol.org/
11.10 Sampling Procedures

Two sampling methods for reliable determination of methanol concentration were studied.
Methanol vapor stored in glass container was found to be decomposed on the glass
surface. The decomposition increased as the surface area of the glass container was
extended. The proportion of the decomposition in the glass container was relatively high,
especially when the concentration of methanol vapor was low. Therefore, a reliable
determination by the above sampling method was impossible. In the solid sorbent
sampling by silica gel, the collected methanol was also decomposed, but the decomposed
amount was negligibly small compared to the collected methanol when the amount of
methanol was more than 0.1 microliter of the liquid methanol. It could be concluded from
the foregoing findings that the determination of methanol concentration by this method is
reliable.
PMID:3773296
Niisawa K et al; Sangyo Igaku 28 (3): 177-80 (1986)
12 Identification
12.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: EPA-RCA 8015C; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection;
Analyte: methanol; Matrix: surface water, ground water, and solid matrices; Detection Limit:
21 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Methanol (67-56-1).
Available from, as of June 26, 2017: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-RCA 8260B; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy; Analyte:

methanol; Matrix: various; Detection Limit: not provided.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Methanol (67-56-1).
Available from, as of June 26, 2017: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: NIOSH 2000; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detector;
Analyte: methanol; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.7 ug per sample.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Methanol (67-56-1). Available from, as of June 28,
2017: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/
Method: NIOSH 2549; Procedure: thermal desorption, gas chromatography, mass

spectrometry; Analyte: methanol; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 100 ng per tube or less.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Methanol (67-56-1). Available from, as of June 28,
2017: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for Methanol (9 total), please visit
12.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

A new method for rapid, direct determination of formate in blood serum samples by
capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection is presented. A selective
separation of formate was achieved in approximately 1 min using an electrolyte system
comprising 10 mM L-histidine, 15 mM glutamic acid and 30 uM cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide at pH 4.56. The only sample preparation was dilution (1:100) with deionized water.
The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was 2.2 uM and 7.3 uM, respectively, which
corresponds to 0.22 mM and 0.73 mM in undiluted blood serum. The method provides a
simple and rapid diagnostic test in suspected methanol intoxication cases. The method has
been successfully tested on determination of formate in blood of a patient admitted to the
hospital under acute methanol intoxication. The peak concentration of formate detected in
the patient blood serum was 12.4 mM, which is 10- to 100-fold higher than the normal
values in healthy population. The developed method presents the fastest test currently
available to detect formate in blood samples.
PMID:23419511
Kuban P, Foret F; J Chromatogr A 1281: 142-7 (2013)
Ultramicro chromatographic method, incl methanol, in blood and urine.

Manno BR, Manno JE; Simple Approach to Gas Chromatographic Microanalysis of Alcohol in Blood &
Urine By Direct-Injection Technique; J Anal Tox 2 (6): 257-61 (1978)
... Determination in blood serum of methanol ... was accomplished by gas chromatography
using a Varian Model 2100 gas chromatograph equipped with dual columns, dual flame
ionization detectors, and a linear temp programmer. Standard curves were linear ... over the
concn range 1-100 nmol/mL and the limits of detection were 0.1 nmol/mL ethylene glycol.
No interference from 30 solvents studied was detected.
Cheung ST, Lin WN; J Chromatogr 414 (1): 248-50 (1987)
A sampling strategy was developed to detect personal exposure to methanol and formic
acid vapors. Formic acid is the metabolic end product of methanol, and part of inhaled
formic acid is excreted directly in urine, so that urinary formic acid would reveal exposure
to both agents. A linear relationship to inhaled vapors, however, could be shown only if
urinary sampling were delayed until 16 hr (next morning) after exposure. Exposure to
methanol vapor at the current Finnish hygienic limit level (200 ppm) produced 80 mg
formic acid/g creatinine; exposure to formic acid at the hygienic limit (5 ppm) caused 90
mg/g creatinine. The similarity of these figures may indicate a common toxicological
foundation of these empirically set values.
PMID:3565260
Liesivuori J, Savolainen H; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48 (1): 32-34 (1987)
Headspace gas chromatography was used to determine the concentration of ethanol and
methanol in blood samples from 519 individuals suspected of drinking and driving in
Sweden where the legal alcohol limit is 0.50 mg/g in whole blood (11 mmol/L). The
concentration of ethanol in blood ranged from 0.01 to 3.52 mg/g with a mean of 1.83 + or
- 0.82 mg/g (+ or - standard deviation). The frequency distribution was symmetrical about
the mean but deviated from normality. A plot of the same data on normal probability paper
indicated that it might be composed of two subpopulations (bimodal). The concentration of
methanol in the same blood specimens ranged from 1 to 23 mg/L with a mean of 7.3 + or -
3.6 mg/L (+ or - standard deviation) and this distribution was markedly skew (+). The
concentration of ethanol (x) and methanol (y) were positively correlated (r= 0.47, P<0.001)
and implies that 22% (r2) of the variance in blood-methanol can be attributed to its linear
regression on blood-ethanol. The regression equation was y= 3.6 + 2.1 x and the standard
error estimate was 0.32 mg/L. This large scatter precludes making reliable estimates of
blood-methanol concentration from measurements of blood-ethanol concentration and
the regression equation. But higher blood-methanol concentrations are definitely
associated with higher blood-ethanol in this sample of Swedish drinking drivers. Frequent
exposure to methanol and its toxic products of metabolism, formaldehyde and formic acid,
might constitute an additional health risk associated with heavy drinking in predisposed
individuals. The determination of methanol in blood of drinking drivers in addition to
ethanol could indicate long-standing ethanol intoxication and therfore potential problem
drinkers or alcoholics.
PMID:3410397
Jones AW, Lowinger H; Forensic Sci Int 37 (4): 277-85 (1988)
12.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC GASES BY EXTRACTIVE FTIR SPECTROMETRY 3800
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SCREENING) 2549
METHANOL 2000
13 Safety and Hazards
13.1 Hazards Identification
13.1.1 GHS Classification
1 of 6 View All
Pictogram(s)
Health
Flammable Acute Toxic Hazard
Signal Danger
GHS Hazard H225 (99.99%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable
Statements liquids]
H301 (99.96%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]
H311 (99.96%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]
H331 (99.96%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]
H370 (100%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ
toxicity, single exposure]
Precautionary P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271,
Statement Codes P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316,
P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405,
and P501
(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS
Classification page.)
ECHA C&L Aggregated GHS information provided by 7589 companies from 139
Notifications notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated
Summary with multiple companies.
Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 4 of 7589 companies. For
more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.
Of the 138 notification(s) provided by 7585 of 7589 companies with hazard
statement code(s).
Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities,
additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the
notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only
hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.
13.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories
Flam. Liq. 2 (99.99%)

Acute Tox. 3 (99.96%)
Acute Tox. 3 (99.96%)
Acute Tox. 3 (99.96%)
STOT SE 1 (100%)
Flammable liquid - category 2

Acute toxicity - category 3
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) - category 1
Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
View More...
13.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification
1 of 2 View All
NFPA 704 Diamond
1-3-0
NFPA Health Rating 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant
irritation.
NFPA Fire Rating 3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient
temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air
under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient
temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.
NFPA Instability 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire
Rating conditions.
13.1.4 Highly Hazardous Substance
REACH Restricted Substance
Restricted substance: Methanol

Restriction condition document: PDF link
13.1.5 Health Hazards
Exposure to excessive vapor causes eye irritation, headache, fatigue and drowsiness. High
concentrations can produce central nervous system depression and optic nerve damage.
50,000 ppm will probably cause death in 1 to 2 hrs. Can be absorbed through skin.
Swallowing may cause death or eye damage. (USCG, 1999)
CAMEO Chemicals
Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested. Contact with substance may cause severe
burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may
cause dizziness or asphyxiation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause
environmental contamination. (ERG, 2020)
U.S. Department of Transportation, Transport Canada, and Secretariat of Communications and Transport
of Mexico, with collaboration from Argentina's Centro de Información Química para Emergencias. 2020
Emergency Response Guidebook. https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/training/hazmat/erg/emergency-
response-guidebook-erg (accessed December 14, 2023).
CAMEO Chemicals
ERG 2020, Guide 131 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)

- TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
- Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
- Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
- Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation.
- Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.
13.1.6 Fire Hazards
Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode. (USCG, 1999)

CAMEO Chemicals

Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may
form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or
confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors
or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when
heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers
may explode when heated. Many liquids will float on water. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals

- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of
detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or
confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or
involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids will float on water.
Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. Risk of fire and explosion on contact
with incompatible substances.
13.1.7 Hazards Summary
Methanol is released to the environment during industrial uses and naturally from volcanic
gases, vegetation, and microbes. Exposure may occur from ambient air and during the use
of solvents. Acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) exposure of humans to methanol by
inhalation or ingestion may result in blurred vision, headache, dizziness, and nausea. No
information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of
methanol in humans. Birth defects have been observed in the offspring of rats and mice
exposed to methanol by inhalation. EPA has not classified methanol with respect to
carcinogenicity.
EPA Air Toxics
Methanol poisoning can cause blindness and death. The lethal oral dose in humans is 2 to 8
ounces. Most cases have occurred after ingestion. Methanol poisoning after inhalation or
skin absorption in the workplace has been reported. [ACGIH] Symptoms of methanol
poisoning include initial CNS depression and vomiting followed by metabolic acidosis and
severe vision impairment 8-24 hours later. Coma, respiratory failure, and death may ensue.
[CHEMINFO] In high-dose reproductive studies in animals, methyl alcohol causes testicular
damage and birth defects. [Frazier, p. 179-80] Patients may present with inebriation and
gastritis. There is a characteristic latency of 6-30 hours after exposure. Combined osmolar
and anion gaps suggest poisoning by methanol or ethylene glycol, but also may occur in
severe alcoholic ketoacidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis. [Olson, p. 35, 314-5]
Frazier - Frazier LM, Hage ML (eds). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace. New York: John Wiley &
Sons, 1998., p. 179-80
Olson - Olson KR (ed). Poisoning & Drug Overdose, 7th Ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-
Hill, 2018., p. 35, 314-5
13.1.8 Fire Potential
Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers.

13.1.9 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations
Irritates the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.

Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume
1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1752
/Methanol/ is an eye and skin irritant.

Methanol is irritating to the eye and causes conjunctivitis, chemosis, iritis, and corneal
opacity. Methanol was reported to be a mild eye irritant. However, in another study,
undiluted methanol caused moderate corneal opacity in three of six rabbits and
conjunctival redness in all six rabbits. A 50% aqueous methanol solution caused minimal to
no effects, and a 25% aqueous solution caused no effects.
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 372
13.1.10 EPA Hazardous Waste Number
U154; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing

chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product.
F003; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a spent solvent.
13.2 Safety and Hazard Properties
13.2.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)
13.2.1 AEGLs Table
AEGLs 10 min 30 min 60 4 hr 8 hr

min
AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain

asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects
670 670 530 340 270
are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon
cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)
AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting

adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape 11,000* 4,000 2,100 730 520
(Unit: ppm)
AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit:

** 14,000* 7,200* 2,400 1,600
ppm)
EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)
13.2.2 AEGLs Notes
Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) = 55,000 ppm

* = > 10% LEL; ** = > 50% LEL
AEGL 3 - 10 min = ** 40,000 ppm
For values denoted as * safety consideration against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be
taken into account
For values denoted as ** extreme safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s)
must be taken into account
Level of Distinct Order Awareness (LOA) = 8.9 ppm
AEGLs Status: Interim
EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)
13.2.2 Flammable Limits
Lower flammable limit: 6.0% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 36% by volume
MA 2010, p. 325-81
Flammability
Class IB Flammable Liquid: Fl.P. below 73 °F and BP at or above 100 °F.
13.2.3 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
6 % (NTP, 1992)
Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
6.0%
13.2.4 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
36.5 % (NTP, 1992)

Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals
36%
13.2.5 Critical Temperature & Pressure
Critical temperature: 240.0 °C; critical pressure: 78.5 atm

13.2.6 Physical Dangers
The vapour mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are easily formed.
13.2.7 Explosive Limits and Potential
Lower explosive limit 6.0%; Upper explosive limit 36.5 %

Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame.

Explosive limits , vol% in air: 6-50
13.2.8 OSHA Standards
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m).
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of
Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 22, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m); STEL 250 ppm (325 mg/cu m), skin
designation, is still enforced in some states.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington,
D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 367
13.2.9 NIOSH Recommendations
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m),
skin
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Minute Short-Term Exposure Limit: 250 ppm (325 mg/cu
m), skin.
13.3 First Aid Measures
13.3.1 First Aid
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes
with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a
hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the
victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the
victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation)
develop.
SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all
contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be
prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.
INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If
symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth,
throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a
hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown
atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be
used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under
Protective Clothing.
INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being
aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If
the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the
chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport
the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by
mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the
head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim
to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)
Carolina.
CAMEO Chemicals

Call 911 or emergency medical service. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air if
it can be done safely. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not perform
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; wash face and
mouth before giving artificial respiration. Use a pocket mask equipped with a one-way
valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance,
immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of burns,
immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove
clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals

- Call 911 or emergency medical service.
- Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions
to protect themselves.
- Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.
- Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
- Do not perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;
wash face and mouth before giving artificial respiration. Use a pocket mask equipped with a
one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
- Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
- Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
- In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at
least 20 minutes.
- Wash skin with soap and water.
- In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water.
Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
- Keep victim calm and warm.
- Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
(See procedures)
Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the
eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical
attention immediately.
Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin
with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the
clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get
medical attention.
Breathing: Respiratory support
Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical
attention immediately.
13.3.2 Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
13.3.3 Skin First Aid
Rinse contaminated clothes (fire hazard) with plenty of water. Refer for medical attention .
13.3.4 Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible),
then refer for medical attention.
13.3.5 Ingestion First Aid
Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for
medical attention.
13.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:
CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray
when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an
invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).
SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move
undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for
later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use
unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound
from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed
in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is
impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals

Some of these materials may react violently with water.
SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move
undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for
later disposal. Do not get water inside containers.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use
unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound
from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed
in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is
impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals
Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep
drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.
13.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures
Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or
carbon dioxide.
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use
water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all
containers with flooding quantities or water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 564
13.4.2 Firefighting Hazards
Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined
areas may explode when exposed to fire.
13.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2020, Guide 131 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)
- CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If
shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on
the inside back cover.
- Keep unauthorized personnel away.
- Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.
- Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.
Spill or Leak: ERG 2020, Guide 131 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)

- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
Small Spill
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for
later disposal.
- Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Large Spill
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

- Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
13.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150
feet) in all directions.
SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction,
as necessary.
FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in
all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
(ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150
feet) in all directions.
SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction,
as necessary.
FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in
all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
(ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals
Evacuation:ERG 2020, Guide 131 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)
Immediate precautionary measure

- Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Spill
- For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in

the downwind direction, as necessary.
Fire
- If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- [FLAG] In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for
this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the ERAP Program Section (page
390).
13.5.2 Spillage Disposal
Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. Personal
protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do
NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as
possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Wash away remainder with
plenty of water. Store and dispose of according to local regulations.
13.5.3 Cleanup Methods
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and

emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.
Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe
areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can
accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if
safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and
cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner
or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.
General Spill Actions: Stop or reduce discharge of material if this can be done without risk.
Eliminate all sources of ignition. Avoid skin contact and inhalation. A fluorocarbon water
foam can be applied to the spill to diminish vapor and fire hazard. Hycar and carbopol,
which are absorbent materials, have shown possible applicability for vapor suppression
and/or containment of methanol in spill situations. Leaking containers should be removed
to the outdoors or to an isolated, well-ventilated area and the contents transferred to other
suitable containers. The following materials are recommended for plugging leaks of
methanol: polyester (eg Glad bag), imid polyester (eg brown-in-bag), stafoam urethane
foam, sea-going epoxy putty, and MSA urethane.
Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Methanol (Draft) p.98 (1981)
Spills on Land: Contain if possible by forming mechanical or chemical barriers to prevent

spreading. Absorb on sand, vermiculite or other absorbent and shovel into metal containers
for disposal. Application of universal gelling agent to immobilize the spill, or the use of fly
ash or cement powder to absorb the liquid bulk should also be considered. Other
recommended sorbent materials are activated carbon and a universal sorbent material.
Spills in Water: After containment, a universal gelling agent can be injected to solidify
trapped mass to increase the effectiveness of berms. Activated carbon can be applied at
10% the spilled amount over region occupied by 10 mg/L or greater concentrations. Then
use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants.
For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Methanol (8 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
13.5.4 Disposal Methods
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA
hazardous waste number U154 and F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 2, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment,

or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or
decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable
environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge
to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the
governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due
consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and
ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to
manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR
Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and
federal requirements for disposal.
Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but
exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-
recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste
disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused
product.
Disposal: Waste methanol must never be discharged directly into sewers or surface waters.
Large quantities of waste methanol can either be disposed of at licensed waste solvent
disposal company or reclaimed by filtration and distillation. It can also be incinerated.
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Methanol (7 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
13.5.5 Preventive Measures
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and

emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.
Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe
areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can
accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if
safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.
Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor
or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.
Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.
Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands
before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without
touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of
contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory
practices. Wash and dry hands.
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Methanol (13 total), please visit the
HSDB record page.
13.6 Handling and Storage
13.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk
through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into
waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to
reduce vapors.
SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor,
but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk
through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into
waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to
reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material. For hydrazine,
absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads). Use clean, non-
sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor,
but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals
13.6.2 Safe Storage
Separated from incompatible materials. Cool. Fireproof. Keep in a well-ventilated room.
13.6.3 Storage Conditions
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are
opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
When large amounts of methanol are stored in enclosed 14 Methanol spaces, monitoring
by means of lower explosion limit monitors is desirable.
Permanently installed fire-extinguishing equipment should be provided in large storage

facilities. Water cannons are generally installed in storage tank farms to cool steel
constructions and neighboring tanks in the event of fire. Large tanks should have
permanently installed piping systems for alcohol-resistant fire-extinguishing foams.
Small-Scale Storage. Small amounts (</= 10 L) of methanol for laboratory and industrial
use are stored in glass bottles or sheet-metal cans; amounts up to 200 L are stored and
transported in steel drums. Some plastic bottles and containers cannot be used because of
their permeability and the danger of dissolution of plasticizers. High-density polyethylene
and polypropylene are suitable, whereas poly(vinyl chloride) and polyamides are unsuitable.
For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Methanol (6 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
13.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2020, Guide 131 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer
when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited
chemical protection.
Exposure Summary
Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methanol in urine = 15 mg/L; sample at end of
shift;
Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
100.0 [ppm]
13.7.1 Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
REL-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
200 ppm (260 mg/m³)

REL-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
250 ppm (325 mg/m³)
TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m3) [skin]
13.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
200.0 [ppm]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)

200 ppm (260 mg/m³)
TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) See Appendix G
13.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
6000 ppm (NIOSH, 2023)

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (full
website version). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg.
CAMEO Chemicals
6000 ppm [From NPG: Methyl alcohol] (NIOSH, 2023)

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (full
website version). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg.
CAMEO Chemicals
6000.0 [ppm]
Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Two human studies showed no effects at vapor
concentrations ranging from 160 to 1,000 ppm [McAllister 1954; MDOH 1937]. It has been
stated that it probably would be dangerous to be exposed to concentrations of the order of
30,000 to 50,000 ppm for as much as 30 to 60 minutes [Patty 1963].
6000 ppm
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB); Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
6000 ppm
See: 67561
13.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
200.0 [ppm]
TLV-STEL
250.0 [ppm]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 200 ppm, skin; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL):
250 ppm, skin.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for
Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 39
Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methanol in urine; Sampling Time: end of
shift; BEI: 15 mg/L; Notation: The determinant may be present in biological specimens
collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration
which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are
incorporated in the BEI value.; The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after
exposure to other chemicals.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for
Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 116
200 ppm as TWA; 250 ppm as STEL; (skin); BEI issued.

130 mg/m
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
200 ppm [2008]

TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
250 ppm [2008]
13.7.5 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines
Emergency Response: ERG 2020, Guide 131 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray
when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of
detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
Small Fire
- Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Large Fire
- Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
- If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
- Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.
- Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
Fire Involving Tanks or Car/Trailer Loads
- Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor
nozzles.
- Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
- Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank.
- ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is
impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
ERPG-1: 200 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or
objectionable odor [AIHA]
ERPG-2: 1000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action
[AIHA]
ERPG-3: 5,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]
13.7.6 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines
Arab Republic of Egypt TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m), skin
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V8 1284
Australia TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m); STEL 250 ppm, skin
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V8 1284
Beligium TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m); STEL 250 ppm, skin
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V8 1284
Denmark TWA 200 (260 mg/cu m), skin

York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V8 1284
For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for Methanol (20
total), please visit the HSDB record page.
13.7.7 Inhalation Risk
A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this
substance at 20 °C.
13.7.8 Effects of Short Term Exposure
The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause
effects on the central nervous system. This may result in loss of consciousness. Exposure
could cause blindness and death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is
indicated.
13.7.9 Effects of Long Term Exposure
Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have
effects on the central nervous system. This may result in persistent or recurring headaches
and impaired vision.
13.7.10 Allowable Tolerances
Residues of methyl alcohol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in
accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in
pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after
harvest. Use: solvent.
40 CFR 180.910 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations. Available from, as of June 1, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: synergist.
pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solvent, cosolvent.
13.7.11 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Approved canister mask for high vapor concentrations; safety goggles; rubber gloves.
(USCG, 1999)
CAMEO Chemicals

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical
protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO
RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but
only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2020)
CAMEO Chemicals
Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection
tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN
166(EU).
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic
protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the
concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are

appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type AXBEK
(EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the
sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and
components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH
(US) or CEN (EU).
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Methanol (15 total),
(See protection codes)

Skin: Prevent skin contact - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin
contact.
Eyes: Prevent eye contact - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Wash skin: When contaminated
Remove: When wet (flammable)
Change: No recommendation
13.7.12 Respirator Recommendations
NIOSH/OSHA
Up to 2000 ppm:
(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator
Up to 5000 ppm:
(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode
Up to 6000 ppm:
(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a
continuous-flow mode
(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece
(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece
Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:
(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is
operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-
contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus
Escape:
Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus
Important additional information about respirator selection
13.7.13 Fire Prevention
NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with incompatible substances.

Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use
compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling. Use non-sparking handtools.
13.7.14 Exposure Prevention
PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!
13.7.15 Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation. Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

13.7.16 Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
13.7.17 Eye Prevention
Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

13.7.18 Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.
13.8 Stability and Reactivity
13.8.1 Air and Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Soluble in water in all proportions.

CAMEO Chemicals
Highly flammable. Soluble in water.
CAMEO Chemicals
13.8.2 Reactive Group
Alcohols and Polyols

CAMEO Chemicals
Alcohols and Polyols

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines
CAMEO Chemicals
13.8.3 Reactivity Alerts
Highly Flammable
CAMEO Chemicals
13.8.1 CSL Reaction Information
1 of 8
CSL No CSL00025
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; NITRIC OXIDE
GHS Category Flammable
Warning Message vapor can ignite in the presence of a spark
Source Reference ACS Safety Letters
CSL Status Approved
Modified Date 8/7/2018
Pistoia Alliance Chemical Safety Library
2 of 8
CSL No CSL00027
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; PALLADIUM
GHS Category Pyrophoric
Reaction Scale M (up to 100g)
Warning Message Palladium on carbon (10%) is highly pyrophoric under hydrogen

atmosphere and to some extent in air. Palladium on carbon (Pd/C)
frequently ignites when it first comes in contact with methanol (and to a
lesser extent, any flammable organic solvent) and as such represents a
significant safety risk.
Source Reference User-Reported
CSL Status Approved
Additional Info Addition of Pd/C (10% wet) to the reaction flask containing hydrogen
atmospehere (additional catalyst addition to the ongoing reaction in 100
mL methanol) resulted is small fire.
3 of 8
CSL No CSL00028
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; 1-acetoxyethyl bromide
GHS Category Gas Emitter
Reaction Scale Not Available
Warning Message A significant amount of heat and gas was generated upon the addition of
methanol to 1-acetoxyethyl bromide at 25°
CSL Status Approved
4 of 8
CSL No CSL00044
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; Precious metal catalysts
Reaction Class Hydrogenation
GHS Category Flammable
Warning Message Risk of fire in the presence of air
CSL Status Approved
5 of 8
CSL No CSL00051
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; boron tribromide
GHS Category Flammable,Water Reactive
Warning Message Quenching a small amount of boron tribromide into methanol resulted in
significant exotherm and ignition. Boron tribromide should be quenched
by diluting in an inert solvent (hexanes, dichloromethane) and then slowly
pouring over ice.
CSL Status Approved
6 of 8
CSL No CSL00068
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; NITRIC ACID
GHS Category Explosive
Warning Message Potentially explosive in the presence of polar molecules
CSL Status Approved
7 of 8
CSL No CSL00077
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; 5-METHYLISOXAZOLE; SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Warning Message potentially explosive
CSL Status Approved
8 of 8
CSL No CSL00094
Reactants/Reagents METHANOL; CHLORINE
Warning Message Potentially explosive in the presence of alcohols
CSL Status Approved
13.8.4 Reactivity Profile
METHANOL reacts violently with acetyl bromide [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Mixtures with
concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions.
Reacts with hypochlorous acid either in water solution or mixed water/carbon
tetrachloride solution to give methyl hypochlorite, which decomposes in the cold and may
explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Gives the same product with chlorine. Can react
explosively with isocyanates under basic conditions. The presence of an inert solvent
mitigates this reaction [Wischmeyer 1969]. A violent exothermic reaction occurred between
methyl alcohol and bromine in a mixing cylinder [MCA Case History 1863. 1972]. A flask of
anhydrous lead perchlorate dissolved in methanol exploded when it was disturbed [J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 52:2391. 1930]. P4O6 reacts violently with methanol. (Thorpe, T. E. et al., J.
Chem. Soc., 1890, 57, 569-573). Ethanol or methanol can ignite on contact with a platinum-
black catalyst. (Urben 1794).
CAMEO Chemicals
METHANOL, TALLOW ALKYL IMINOBISETHANOL is a mixture of an alcohol with an organic

compound containing both amine and alcohol substituents. Amines are chemical bases.
They neutralize acids to form salts plus water. These acid-base reactions are exothermic.
The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely
independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with
isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and
acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with
strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.
CAMEO Chemicals
13.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities
Incompatible materials: Acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, oxidizing agents, alkali metals,
reducing agents, acids.
Distillation of mixtures with C1-C3 alcohols gives highly explosive alkyl perchlorates.
/Barium perchlorate/
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.,
1990, p. 80
During hydrogenation of an unspecified substrate in methanol solution under hydrogen at

100 bar with Raney nickel catalyst, sudden temperature increase led to hydrogenolysis of
methanol to methane, and the pressure increase led to an overpressure accident. Such
incidents may be avoided by control of agitation, limiting the amount of catalyst, and
checking thermal stability of starting materials and end products beforehand.
1990, p. 174
Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Methanol (25
total), please visit the HSDB record page.
13.9 Transport Information
13.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be
easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors
may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will
spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor
explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated
with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer
may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are
lighter than water.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested
or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or
burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may
cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause
pollution.
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response
Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer,
refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate
precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically
recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations
ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is
possible.
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Methanol (8 total), please visit the
HSDB record page.
13.9.2 DOT ID and Guide
1230 131
13.9.3 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO
UN 1230; Methanol
IMO 3; Methanol
13.9.4 Standard Transportation Number
49 092 30; Methanol or methyl alcohol (wood alcohol)
49 092 37; Methanol (contaminated, only for refining)

49 104 04; Methanol, solidified (alcohol, not otherwise specified)
13.9.5 Shipment Methods and Regulations
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in

commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is
properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as
required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are
published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619
and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member
airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Methanol is included on the dangerous
goods list.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 57th Edition. Montreal, Quebec
Canada. 2016., p. 278
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for
transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and
a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with
such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index
should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be
used when shipping any substance or article. Methanol is included on the dangerous goods
list.
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
Volume 2 2014, p. 53
13.9.6 DOT Label
Flammable Liquid Poison (international)

CAMEO Chemicals
Flammable Liquid Corrosive
CAMEO Chemicals
13.9.7 UN Classification
UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II

13.10 Regulatory Information

REACH Registered Substance
Status: Active Update: 17-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-
dossier/-/registered-dossier/15569
Status: Active Update: 26-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-
dossier/-/registered-dossier/23030
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Methanol: HSNO Approval: HSR001186 Approved with controls

New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
13.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The
intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and
reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous
emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health
and environmental impact and energy requirements. Methanol is produced, as an
intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious
health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards
requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is
required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission
sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Methanol is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990
13.10.2 State Drinking Water Guidelines
(FL) FLORIDA 5,000 ug/L

USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of
State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 3000 ug/L

(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 4,000 ug/L

(WI) WISCONSIN 5000 ug/L

13.10.3 CERCLA Reportable Quantities
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center
(NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an
amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free
number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is
required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
13.10.4 RCRA Requirements
U154; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when methanol, as a commercial chemical product or

manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product
or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed
according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous
waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of
a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste
may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
F003; When methanol is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a

nonspecific source (F003), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to
State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations.
13.10.5 FIFRA Requirements
pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after
harvest. Use: solvent.
pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: synergist.
pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solvent, cosolvent.
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of
older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions
about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer
health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November
1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk
in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality
Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior
to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for
human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than
those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List
D. Methyl alcohol is found on List D. Case No: 4003; Pesticide type: insecticide, fungicide,
herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 3/95; OPP has made a decision that
some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (RED) document .; Active ingredient (AI): methyl alcohol; AI Status: The
active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products. Thus, we characterize it
as "cancelled."
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of
Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738-R-98-002, p. 290
13.10.6 FDA Requirements
Methyl alcohol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.
21 CFR 175.105 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal
Methyl alcohol may be present in the following foods under the conditions specified: (a) In
spice oleoresins as a residue from the extraction of spice, at a level not to exceed 50 parts
per million. (b) In hops extract as a residue from the extraction of hops, at a level not to
exceed 2.2 percent by weight; Provided, That: (1) The hops extract is added to the wort
before or during cooking in the manufacture of beer. (2) The label of the hops extract
specifies the presence of methyl alcohol and provides for the use of the hops extract only
as prescribed by paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
21 CFR 173.250 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal
13.11 Other Safety Information
13.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products
Poisonous gases, including formaldehyde, are produced in fire.

13.11.2 Other Hazardous Reactions
Accidental use of methanol in place of hexane to rinse out a hypodermic syringe used for a
dilute alkylaluminium solution caused a violent reaction which blew the plunger out of the
barrel.
1990, p. 174
A crust of residual cynauric chloride left in a reactor from a previous batch reacted with the
methanol (usually charged first) to form hydrogen chloride. When the base was added
(usually before the chloride), vigorous evolution of carbon dioxide expelled some of the
solvent. In a second incident, accidentally boubling the charge of cyanuric chloride but not
the base, led to the development of free acid (which auto-catalyses the reaction with
methanol), and a runaway reaction developed causing violent boiling of the solvent, methyl
chloride evolution and damage to the plant.
1990, p. 333
Dichloromethane, previously considered to be non-flammable except in oxygen, becomes

flammable in air... at 27 °C/1 bar in presence of less than 0.5 vol% of methanol.
1990, p. 141
13.11.3 History and Incidents
We address the controversies surrounding a 2013 outbreak of methanol poisoning in

Tripoli, Libya. We critically examine and systematically analyze the outbreak to highlight the
lessons learned from this disaster and how to act properly to prevent similar outbreaks in
future. Many health problems have been directly attributed to drinking alcohol; the type
and quality of alcohol determines the detrimental effects. An unregulated and flourishing
black market in alcohol is among the factors behind the Libyan tragedy, where
approximately 90 deaths and about 1000 hospital admissions were reported. We reviewed
gaps in local and regional alcohol policy, and highlighted the issue of illegally produced
and home-made alcohol. Collaboration between countries in the region plus critical health
and policy reforms in Libya, with emphasis on public health preparedness, can dramatically
decrease morbidity and mortality associated with such outbreaks.
PMID:24831674
Taleb ZB, Bahelah R; J Public Health Policy 35 (4): 489-98 (2014)
An outbreak of acute methanol intoxication involving 28 young men in Papua New Guinea
in 1977, each of whom consumed an equivalent of 60-600 mL pure methanol, resulted in all
becoming hospitalized within 8-36 hr due to acute metabolic acidosis, severe visual
impairment and acute pancreatitis. Four died within 72 hr after hospitalization. Of 24 who
recovered, 16 showed no residual complications, 6 had bilateral visual impairment and 2
had difficulty in speech as well as visual impairment.
... In Atlanta, Georgia, USA, in 1951, when within a 5-day period, 323 people consumed
bootlegged whiskey contaminated with 35-40% methanol and 41 of them died. ... The
poisoning of 18 individuals /was reported/, of whom 8 died, when a diluted paint thinner
containing approximately 37% (by volume) methanol was used as an alcoholic beverage in
Lexington, Kentucky, USA. An epidemic in the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1979 in
which methanol diluent used in photocopying machines was used as "home-made" spirits
(containing approximately 3% methanol) resulted in 46 definite cases of methanol
intoxication and 3 deaths. Methanol poisoning among 23 servicemen in an Army hospital in
Korea who had ingested bootleg sake contaminated with methanol was reported. ... Acute
methanol poisoning in 49 naval personnel who consumed drinks made from duplicating
fluid containing a high concentration of methanol /was also reported/.
Methanol poisoning has become a considerable problem in Iran. Liver can show some
features of poisoning after methanol ingestion. Therefore, our concern was to examine liver
tissue histopathology in fatal methanol poisoning cases in Iranian population. In this study,
44 cases of fatal methanol poisoning were identified in a year. The histological changes of
the liver were reviewed. The most striking features of liver damage by light microscopy
were micro-vesicular steatosis, macro-vesicular steatosis, focal hepatocyte necrosis, mild
intra-hepatocyte bile stasis, feathery degeneration and hydropic degeneration. Blood and
vitreous humor methanol concentrations were examined to confirm the proposed history of
methanol poisoning. The majority of cases were men (86.36%). In conclusion, methanol
poisoning can cause histological changes in liver tissues. Most importantly in cases with
mean blood and vitreous humor methanol levels greater than 127 +/- 38.9 mg/dL more
than one pathologic features were detected.
PMID:22082823
Akhgari M et al; Toxicol Ind Health 29 (2): 136-41 (2013)
... Teacher aides who worked at or near spirit duplicators that used a 99% methanol
duplicator fluid /were studied/. The exposures ranged from 1 hr/day for 1 day/wk to 8
hr/day for 5 days/wk and had occurred for 3 years. Since the introduction of the equipment,
the aides began to experience headaches, dizziness and eye irritation, blurred vision and
nausea/upset stomach while working near the machines. Fifteen-minute breathing zone
samples near 21 operating machines contained between 475 and 4000 mg/cu m of
methanol vapor. Fifteen of these samples exceeded the NIOSH recommended 15-min
standard of 1050 mg/cu m (800 ppm). The aides were also exposed while collating and
stapling papers impregnated with the fluid up to 3 hr earlier and these exposures ranged
from 235-1140 mg/cu m. The results suggested that chronic effects may occur when
methanol concentrations exceed the threshold limit value (TLV) of 260 mg/cu m (200 ppm).
The effects reported in the study ... were similar in nature but appeared less severe than
those reported from acute poisoning by methanol.
13.11.4 Special Reports
Bruckner JV et al; p.1031-1112 in Casarett and Doull's Toxicology; Klaassen CD, ed (2013)
NIOSH; Criteria Document: Methyl Alcohol (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 76-148
DHHS/NTP; NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and

Developmental Effects of Methanol (September 2003) NIH Pub No. 03-4478.
WHO/International Programme on Chemical Safety; Environmental Health Criteria 196,

Methanol (1997).[Available from, as of July 19, 2017:
http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html]
14 Toxicity
14.1 Toxicological Information
14.1.1 Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Methanol is a clear colorless liquid, used in hydraulic fracturing
mixtures. It is also used as dehydrator of natural gas; fuel for utility plants (methyl fuel);
feedstock for manufacture of synthetic proteins by continuous fermentation; source of
hydrogen for fuel cells, home-heating-oil extender. HUMAN STUDIES: Humans (and non-
human primates) are uniquely sensitive to methanol poisoning. Nearly all of the available
information on methanol toxicity in humans relates to the consequences of acute rather
than chronic exposures. A vast majority of poisonings involving methanol have occurred
from drinking adulterated beverages and from methanol-containing products. The
minimum lethal dose of methanol in the absence of medical treatment is between 0.3 and 1
g/kg. Wide interindividual variability of the toxic dose is a prominent feature in acute
methanol poisoning. Two important determinants of human susceptibility to methanol
toxicity appear to be (1) concurrent ingestion of ethanol, which slows the entrance of
methanol into the metabolic pathway, and (2) hepatic folate status, which governs the rate
of formate detoxification. The symptoms and signs of methanol poisoning, which may not
appear until after an asymptomatic period include visual disturbances, nausea, abdominal
and muscle pain, dizziness, weakness and disturbances of consciousness ranging from
coma to clonic seizures. Visual disturbances range from mild photophobia and misty or
blurred vision to markedly reduced visual acuity and complete blindness. In extreme cases
death results. The principal clinical feature is severe metabolic acidosis of the anion-gap
type. ANIMAL STUDIES: The rate of metabolic detoxification, or removal of formate is vastly
different between rodents and primates and is the basis for the dramatic differences in
methanol toxicity observed between rodents and primates. The acute and short term
toxicity of methanol varies greatly between different species, toxicity being highest in
species with a relatively poor ability to metabolize formate. In such cases of poor
metabolism of formate, fatal methanol poisoning occurs as a result of metabolic acidosis
and neuronal toxicity, whereas, in animals that readily metabolize formate, consequences of
CNS depression (coma, respiratory failure) are usually the cause of death. Overall methanol
has a low acute toxicity to non-primate animals. In the rabbit, methanol is a moderate
irritant to the eye. It was not skin sensitizing. The association between methanol exposure
and lymphoma in some animal studies is weak, and is better interpreted as due to
confounding factors or to a mechanism not relevant in humans. The inhalation of methanol
by pregnant rodents throughout the period of embryogenesis induces a wide range of
concentration-dependent teratogenic and embryolethal effects. Treatment-related
malformations, primarily extra or rudimentary cervical ribs and urinary or cardiovascular
defects, were found in fetuses of rats. Increased incidences of exencephaly and cleft palate
were found in the offspring of mice. No increase in micronuclei was observed in the bone
marrow of mice exposed to methanol. Methanol did not induce micronuclei in Chinese
hamster lung V79 cells in vitro. Methanol was mutagenic in the mouse lymphoma assay, in
a Basc test, or in Drosophila, sex-linked, recessive lethal mutation assay. Treatment of
primary cultures of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells with methanol did not lead to cell
transformation. Methanol was not mutagenic to Salmonella strains TA97, TA98, TA1535, TA
1537, and TA1538 in Ames tests with or without metabolic activation. Equivocal results were
obtained with Salmonella strain TA102 in the presence of metabolic activation. Methanol
was not mutagenic in a DNA-repair test using various strains of E. coli WP2 and in a forward
mutation assay using Schizosaccharomyces pombe. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Methanol is of
low toxicity to aquatic organisms, and effects due to environmental exposure to methanol
are unlikely to be observed, except in the case of a spill.
The target of methanol in the eye is the retina, specifically the optic disk and optic nerve.
Muller cells and rod and cone cells are altered functionally and structurally, because
cytochrome oxidase activity in mitochondria is inhibited, resulting in a reduction in ATP.
(T10)
14.1.2 NIOSH Toxicity Data
14.1.3 Carcinogen Classification
Carcinogen
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Classification
14.1.4 Health Effects
Acute methanol poisoning in humans is characterized by an asymptomatic period of 12h to

24h followed by formic acidemia, ocular toxicity, coma, and in extreme cases death. Visual
disturbances develop between 18h to 48h after ingestion and range from mild
photophobia and blurred vision to markedly reduced visual acuity and complete blindness.
(T10)
14.1.5 Exposure Routes
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by
ingestion.
inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
Oral (T10)
14.1.6 Symptoms
irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; headache, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting; visual disturbance, optic nerve damage (blindness); dermatitis
Methanol can produce sensory irritation and narcosis at airborne concentrations below
those which produce organ system pathology. (T10)
14.1.7 Inhalation Symptoms
Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Weakness. Visual disturbances. Drowsiness. Shortness of

breath. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.
14.1.8 Skin Symptoms
Dry skin. Redness.

14.1.9 Eye Symptoms
Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.
14.1.10 Ingestion Symptoms
Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.
14.1.11 Target Organs
Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract

14.1.12 Acute Toxicity Link
Chemical: METHANOL
USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
14.1.13 Adverse Effects
Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects
in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity
includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.
14.1.14 Acute Effects
ChemIDplus
14.1.15 Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) = 64,000 ppm/4 hr
14.1.16 Interactions
Methanol is a toxic alcohol that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in overdose,
while ethanol is a readily available and effective antidote. Little is known about the
pharmacokinetics of methanol in the presence of ethanol and vice versa. This paper
explores the influence of methanol and ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of each other
along with the effect of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD) on alcohol
removal. Multiple plasma, urine and dialysate samples were collected from a 42-year-old
male who ingested 166 g of methanol. Methanol and ethanol concentrations in both
plasma and urine were assayed and the concentration-time data were modelled using
nonlinear mixed-effects modelling software NONMEM VI. Simulations were performed
using the final model parameters in MATLAB software where a variety of initial doses and
ethanol infusions were assessed. The final model included a competitive metabolic
interaction between methanol and ethanol as well as first-order elimination due to renal,
CVVHD and an additional non-renal non-CVVHD mechanism. Simulations from the model
show a loading dose of 28.4 g/70 kg of ethanol results in a target plasma concentration of
1 g/L. Due to the competitive interaction between methanol and ethanol, higher amounts
of methanol require lower maintenance doses of ethanol but for longer. CVVHD was shown
to increase the dose rate of ethanol required but to decrease the duration of the
maintenance phase. ...
PMID:21271747
Coulter CV et al; Clin Pharmacokinet 50 (4): 245-51 (2011)
The drug 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP; fomepizole) is a competitive ADH inhibitor and an

effective antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. The concentration at which
4-MP inhibits 50% of ADH is 0.1 umol/L. The drug is used iv and orally and is eliminated by
Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
Sullivan, J.B., Krieger G.R. (eds). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Second edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1999., p. 1179
... Ranitidine /was tested/ as an antidote for methanol acute toxicity and compared with
ethanol and 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP). This study was conducted on 48 Sprague-Dawley
rats, divided into 6 groups, with 8 rats in each group (one negative control group [C1], two
positive control groups [C2, C3] and three test groups [1, 2 and 3]). C2, C3 and all test
groups were exposed to nitrous oxide by inhalation, then, C3 group was given methanol (3
g/kg orally). The three test groups 1, 2 and 3 were given ethanol (0.5 g/kg orally), 4-MP (15
mg/kg intraperitoneally) and ranitidine (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally), respectively, 4 hr after
giving methanol. Rats were sacrificed and heparinized, cardiac blood samples were
collected for blood pH and bicarbonate. Non-heparinized blood samples were collected for
formate levels by high performance liquid chromatography. Eye balls were enucleated for
histological examination of the retina. Ranitidine corrected metabolic acidosis (p = 0.025),
decreased formate levels (p = 0.014) and improved the histological findings in the retina
induced by acute methanol toxicity.
PMID:20026516
El-Bakary AA et al; Hum Exp Toxicol. 29 (2): 93-101 (2010)
... The effect of lycopene on methanol-induced liver injury /was evaluated/ and ... the results
/compared/ with those after fomepizole, which is used in treatment of methanol
intoxication. Experiments were carried out with 30 female Wistar rats weighting 180-200 g.
Rats were injected with an ip dose of 3 g/kg methanol as a 50% solution in isotonic saline
once for intoxication. Rats were pretreated with fomepizole (50 mg/kg) and/or lycopene
(10 mg/kg) before methanol. After 24 hr all the drug-treated and intoxicated rats were
sacrificed under anesthesia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in order to
assess lipid peroxidation, and caspase-3 activity was determined by immunostaining of liver
tissues to evaluate apoptosis. Methanol administration significantly increased the MDA
level and caspase-3 activity in liver. Pretreatment with lycopene and/or fomepizole
decreased the MDA levels significantly. Similarly, lycopene and fomepizole decreased
methanol-induced caspase-3 activity. The findings of the present study demonstrate that
methanol intoxication causes hepatic toxicity in rats and that this is likely a result of reactive
oxygen species and apoptosis induction. Lycopene has protective effects against methanol-
induced hepatic injury similar to fomepizole. It was demonstrated for the first time that
both lycopene and fomepizole prevent methanol-induced hepatic injury by reducing the
increase of lipid oxidation and caspase-3 activation.
PMID:20482279
Kurcer MA et al; Med Food. 13 (4): 985-91 (2010)
For more Interactions (Complete) data for Methanol (17 total), please visit the HSDB record
page.
14.1.17 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Poisoning with methanol and ethylene glycol can cause serious morbidity and mortality.
Specific treatment involves the use of antidotes (fomepizole or ethanol) with or without
extracorporeal elimination techniques. A prospective audit of patients with methanol or
ethylene glycol poisoning reported by telephone to the National Poisons Information
Service (NPIS) in the UK was conducted during the 2010 calendar year and repeated during
the 2012 calendar year. The study was conducted to determine the frequency of clinically
significant systemic toxicity and requirement for antidote use and to compare outcomes
and rates of adverse reaction and other problems in use between ethanol and fomepizole.
The NPIS received 1315 enquiries involving methanol or ethylene glycol, relating to 1070
individual exposures over the 2-year period. Of the 548 enquiries originating from
hospitals, 329 involved systemic exposures (enteral or parenteral as opposed to topical
exposure), of which 216 (66%) received an antidote (204 for ethylene glycol and 12 for
methanol), and 90 (27%) extracorporeal treatment (86 for ethylene glycol and 4 for
methanol). Comparing ethanol with fomepizole, adverse reactions (16/131 vs. 2/125, p <
0.001) and administration errors, lack of monitoring, or inappropriate use (45/131 vs. 6/125,
p < 0.0001) were reported more commonly, whereas non-availability and inadequate stocks
were reported less commonly (6/125 vs. 33/131, p < 0.0001). Eight fatalities and
complications or sequelae occurred in 21 patients. Poor outcome (death, complications, or
sequelae) was significantly associated with older age, higher poisoning severity scores, and
lower pH on admission (p < 0.001). Systemic poisoning with ethylene glycol or methanol
results in hospitalization at least 2-3 times per week on average in the UK. No difference in
outcome was detected between ethanol and fomepizole-treated patients, but ethanol was
associated with more frequent adverse reactions.
Thanacoody RH et al; Clin Toxicol (Phila) 54 (2): 134-40 (2016)
Methanol poisonings can produce significant toxicity in humans, including acidosis,

blindness, and death. The current mainstay of therapy is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
inhibition to prevent formation of formic acid and hemodialysis to correct acidosis and
remove both parent compound and toxic metabolite. Folate has been recommended as an
adjunctive therapy to increase formic acid oxidation into carbon dioxide and water. We
retrospectively reviewed recommendation of folate therapy for methanol poisoning by our
regional poison center from 2002 to 2012. One hundred two patients met inclusion criteria.
Our findings demonstrate a sharp decline in folate recommendation over the course of the
study period (48% vs. 12% during the years 2002-2006 and 2007-2012, respectively),
despite similar rates of ADH inhibition, hemodialysis, and serious outcomes. This may be
related to the approval of the use of fomepizole in methanol poisoning in 2002, which
provides a quicker, more reliable means of ADH inhibition than ethanol infusions. We also
provide a review of the available evidence of folate use in methanol poisoning.
PMID:24531405
Lim CS, Bryant SM; Am J Ther 23 (3): e850-4 (2016)
/EXPL THER/ Methanol toxicity is one of the major public health problems because it can
cause severe morbidity and mortality. Methanol intoxication causes changes in the balance
between the production of free radicals and antioxidant capacity. We aimed to investigate
the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the total oxidant status, total
antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) parameters of the liver and the
serum in a rat model of acute methanol intoxication. Rats were treated with intraperitoneal
(i.p.) Methotrexate (MTX) for 7 days. On the 8th day, i.p. Methanol was administered in the
methanol, ethanol and CAPE groups. Four hours after methanol treatment, ethanol was
injected i.p. in the ethanol group; CAPE (i.p.) in the CAPE group; serum physiologic i.p. in
other groups. After 8 hours, rats were killed and the serum and the liver samples were
obtained for biochemical analyses. The OSI value was significantly higher in the methanol
group compared to the ethanol and CAPE groups. Serum TAS levels of the methanol group
were significantly different compared to the control group, but not compared to the MTX
group. The amelioration of oxidative stress was greater in the CAPE group compared to the
ethanol group but was not statistically significant. This study demonstrates that CAPE
treatment ameliorates oxidative stress in the serum and liver in a rat model of acute
methanol intoxication.
PMID:27139198
Yazgan UC et al; Ir J Med Sci 186 (2): 519-523 (2017)
/EXPL THER/ The retinal pathophysiology of methanol intoxication is that formate inhibits
retinal mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress. /The objective of the study
was/ to investigate the effect of coenzyme Q10 and curcumin on chronic methanol
intoxication causing retinopathy in rats. The authors designed an experimental study of
chronic methanol intoxication in rats depleted of folate with methotrexate. The studied
group received methanol (2 mg/kg body weight in saline by intraperitoneal injection) and
methotrexate (0.1 mg/kg body weight in saline by subcutaneous injection) every other day
for ten weeks to induce chronic methanol intoxication, while another group received saline
as vehicle and served as control group. The studied rats were confirmed to develop
significant retinopathy after 10 weeks and then assigned to three treatment arms: either
corn oil (as control) or coenzyme Q10 (20 mg/kg/day) or Curcuma longa extract (2.5
mg/kg/day) for four weeks. Eyes were enucleated and the retinal tissue was prepared for
histological examination. The sections were evaluated by an experienced pathologist and
blinded to the experimental conditions. Histological analysis revealed that animals treated
with both methanol and methotrexate showed vacuolation of photoreceptor inner
segment and disaggregation of cells in the inner and outer nuclear layers of the retina
compared to a normal histological appearance in control animals. The retinal histology in
the experimental animals with administration of Coenzyme Q10 or Curcuma longa extract
appeared essentially normal and this was not found in the experimental animals which
received corn oil. Coenzyme Q10 and curcumin administration improves retinal histology
by reversing the pathological changes due to chronic methanol and establish a
morphologically normal retina.
PMID:22696856
Chirapapaisan N et al; J Med Assoc Thai 95 Suppl 4: S76-81 (2012)
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Methanol (21 total),
14.1.18 Medical Surveillance
The aim of this article was to study the role of serum formate (S-formate) in diagnosing
methanol poisoning. A prospective study was undertaken of 38 patients from the Czech
methanol mass poisoning in 2012 - median age 51 [interquartile range (IQR) 37-62] years
with confirmed methanol poisoning. S-formate was measured enzymatically. The receiver
operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to examine the predictive ability of S-
formate. Asymptomatic patients had median S-formate of 1.9 (IQR 1.5-2.4) mmol/L. The
median S-formate was 15.2 (IQR 13.9-17.6) mmol/L in symptomatic subjects with visual
disturbances, 15.4 (12.1-18.0) mmol/L in subjects with dyspnea and 15.7 (IQR 12.8-18.5)
mmol/L in comatose patients. The differences in serum formate concentrations in
symptomatic patients depending on clinical features were not significant (all p > 0.05).
Patients with long-term visual sequelae of poisoning had median S-formate of 16.1 (IQR
14.3-19.9) mmol/L; with central nervous system (CNS) sequelae, patients had 15.9 (IQR
14.2-19.5) mmol/L. In lethal cases, the median S-formate was 15.2 (IQR 13.8-15.9) mmol/L.
The probability of a poor outcome (death or survival with sequelae) was higher than 90% in
patients with S-formate >/= 17.5 mmol/L, S-lactate >/= 7.0 mmol/L and/or pH <6.87. The
ROC analysis showed that the corresponding areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.64 (0.44-
0.85 CI 95%) for S-formate, 0.75 (0.56-0.93 CI 95%) for 'S-formate+S-lactate' and only 0.54
(0.38-0.69 CI 95%) for serum methanol, which is lower than for S-formate (p < 0.05). The
measurement of S-formate is an important tool in the laboratory diagnostics and clinical
management of acute methanol poisoning. S-formate >/= 3.7 mmol/L can lead to the first
clinical signs of visual toxicity, indicating haemodialysis. S-formate >/= 11-12 mmol/L is
associated with visual/CNS sequelae and a lethal outcome.
PMID:25308806
Zakharov S et al; Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 116 (5): 445-51 (2015)
The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is
exposed to methyl alcohol at potentially hazardous levels: 1. A complete history and
physical examination should be given to detect existing conditions that might place the
employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring.
Examination of the skin, liver, kidneys, and eyes should be stressed. Skin disease: Methyl
alcohol is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with
... existing skin disorders may be susceptible to the effects of this agent. Liver function tests:
Methyl alcohol may cause liver damage. A profile of liver function should be obtained by
utilizing a medically acceptable array of biochemical tests. Kidney disease: Although methyl
alcohol has not been proven to be kidney toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in
the elimination of toxic substances justifies special consideration in those with impaired
renal function. Eye disease: Because methyl alcohol may cause optic atrophy and blindness,
those with existing eye diseases may be at increased risk from exposure. The
aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. In addition,
anyone developing the above-listed conditions or who has been splashed in the eyes with,
has ingested, or otherwise has been exposed to methyl alcohol should be placed under
medical surveillance.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health
Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1
A study was performed among 20 workers employed in a printing office at 3 different work
places (methanol concentration of 85, 101 and 134 ppm) to determine whether the
concentration of formic acid in blood or urine and the methanol content of alveolar air
permit the estimation of methanol exposure. Blood, urine and end expiratory air were
collected at the beginning and the end of the shift. For comparison formic acid
concentrations were determined in the morning and in the afternoon in blood and urine of
36 and 15 control persons, respectively. The concentration of formic acid in blood
increased significantly from 3.2:2.4 mg/L before to 7.9:3.2 mg/L after the shift in the
exposed workers (mean increase 4.7:3.8 mg/L). The corresponding concentrations in urine
were 13.1:5.3 mg/L. This difference is also significant. In the control groups there was a
small but significant decrease of formic acid concentration in blood from 5.6:4.5 mg/L in
the morning to 4.9:4.2 mg/L in the afternoon. In urine, the formic acid concentrations in the
morning (11.9:6.4 mg/L) and in the afternoon (11.7:5.6 mg/L) were not significantly
different. The increase of formic acid concentration in blood during the shift is the most
useful parameter for monitoring methanol-exposed persons.
PMID:422265
Baumann K, Angerer J; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 42 (3-4): 241-9 (1979)
A sampling strategy was developed to detect personal exposure to methanol and formic
acid vapors. Formic acid is the metabolic end product of methanol, and part of inhaled
formic acid is excreted directly in urine, so that urinary formic acid would reveal exposure
to both agents. A linear relationship to inhaled vapors, however, could be shown only if
urinary sampling were delayed until 16 hr (next morning) after exposure. Exposure to
methanol vapor at the current Finnish hygienic limit level (200 ppm) produced 80 mg
formic acid/g creatinine; exposure to formic acid at the hygienic limit (5 ppm) caused 90
mg/g creatinine. The similarity of these figures may indicate a common toxicological
foundation of these empirically set values.
PMID:3565260
Liesivuori J, Savolainen H; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48 (1): 32-34 (1987)
Headspace gas chromatography was used to determine the concentration of ethanol and
methanol in blood samples from 519 individuals suspected of drinking and driving in
Sweden where the legal alcohol limit is 0.50 mg/g in whole blood (11 mmol/L). The
concentration of ethanol in blood ranged from 0.01 to 3.52 mg/g with a mean of 1.83 + or
- 0.82 mg/g (+ or - standard deviation). The frequency distribution was symmetrical about
the mean but deviated from normality. A plot of the same data on normal probability paper
indicated that it might be composed of two subpopulations (bimodal). The concentration of
methanol in the same blood specimens ranged from 1 to 23 mg/L with a mean of 7.3 + or -
3.6 mg/L (+ or - standard deviation) and this distribution was markedly skew (+). The
concentration of ethanol (x) and methanol (y) were positively correlated (r= 0.47, P<0.001)
and implies that 22% (r2) of the variance in blood-methanol can be attributed to its linear
regression on blood-ethanol. The regression equation was y= 3.6 + 2.1 x and the standard
error estimate was 0.32 mg/L. This large scatter precludes making reliable estimates of
blood-methanol concentration from measurements of blood-ethanol concentration and
the regression equation. But higher blood-methanol concentrations are definitely
associated with higher blood-ethanol in this sample of Swedish drinking drivers. Frequent
exposure to methanol and its toxic products of metabolism, formaldehyde and formic acid,
might constitute an additional health risk associated with heavy drinking in predisposed
individuals. The determination of methanol in blood of drinking drivers in addition to
ethanol could indicate long-standing ethanol intoxication and therfore potential problem
drinkers or alcoholics.
PMID:3410397
Jones AW, Lowinger H; Forensic Sci Int 37 (4): 277-85 (1988)
14.1.19 Human Toxicity Excerpts
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effects of methanol vapor (249 mg/cu m; SD + 7 mg/cu
m) for 75 min on neurobehavioral measures were studied in 12 healthy young men. The
exposure produced significant increases (approximately 3 fold) in blood and urine
methanol levels but no changes in plasma formate level. Although most of the
neurobehavioral end-points were unaffected by exposure to methanol, statistically
significant effects and trends were found for a cluster of variables, including the latency of
the p-200 component of event-related potentials, performance on the Sternberg memory
task and subjective measures of fatigue and concentration. However, the effects were small
and did not exceed the normal range.
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Volunteers in the dermal exposure portion of the

experiment ... consisted of the four subjects who participated in the inhalation study and
four additional male subjects (age 26-33 years). Mean pre-exposure blood and breath
methanol levels were measured at 1.2 mg/L and 0.2 ppm, respectively. One hand from each
volunteer was placed in a beaker containing neat methanol (99.8% purity) for time periods
of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 minutes. Blood and breath methanol samples were taken immediately
after exposure and at 12 additional time points for 8 hours following exposure. ... Blood and
breath methanol concentrations peaked at about 45 and 15 minutes following exposure
and were measured at 11.3 mg/L and 9.3 ppm, respectively. Authors noted that exposure to
one hand (<3% of body surface area) for 16 minutes resulted in a blood methanol
concentration that is about equal to that achieved by breathing 400 ppm methanol vapors
for 8 hours. It was speculated by study authors that the rapid rise in breath, compared to
blood methanol levels, occurs because methanol is first transported to the central
circulation and lungs prior to becoming equally distributed throughout all body water. The
study authors estimated that following a dermal exposure, 2 hours would need to pass
before methanol blood concentrations could be estimated from breath levels.
DHHS/NTP; NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects
of Methanol p.II-16 (September 2003) NIH Pub No. 03-4478.
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...A study /was conducted/ to determine if methanol in

breath is a useful indicator of blood levels following oral or dermal exposure. ... In the
inhalation portion of the experiment, mean pre-exposure blood and breath methanol
concentrations were measured at 2.65 mg/L and 1.3 ppm, respectively, in 4 subjects (3
males and 1 female, age 31-55 years). Each subject was exposed to 0, 100, 200, 400, and
800 ppm methanol vapors [purity not specified] for 8 hours. ... Following 6 and 8 hours of
exposure, 4 blood and breath samples were taken at 5-minute intervals. ... Blood and breath
levels of methanol were significantly increased at 6 and 8 hours. Peak blood levels were
11.1 and 13.4 mg/L at each respective time period. Breath concentrations were highest
immediately after the 6- and 8-hour exposure (71.7 and 76.9 ppm, respectively), but rapidly
declined within 15 minutes of breathing clean air (3.5 and 3.3 ppm). The authors suggested
that the initial high concentration of breath methanol reflected absorption and desorption
of methanol from airways. Therefore, the authors concluded that methanol breath levels
would be useful for estimating blood concentrations only after 10-15 minutes of breathing
clean air because that is the time needed for desorption of methanol from airways.
DHHS/NTP; NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects
of Methanol p.II-16 (September 2003) NIH Pub No. 03-4478.
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and /antigen/ CD34 were
immunohistochemically localized in the post-mortem optic nerve head, and brain tissue
(basal ganglia putamen) samples were collected from methanol-exposed and non-
methanol-exposed (control) /human/ subjects. There was a positive correlation between the
GFAP and CD34 intensity of staining scores in the methanol-exposed group (P=0.711,
P=0.010). Furthermore, there was also a positive correlation between the brain putamen
and optic nerve head GFAP extent of staining in the methanol-exposed group (P=0.720,
P=0.008). A statistically significant difference was found between the methanol-exposed
group and the control group optic nerve CD34 intensity scores (P=0.014), but no significant
difference was found between optic nerve CD34 and GFAP extent scores (P=0.05). The
study revealed that methanol affects brain putamen and the optic nerve selectively.
/Researchers/ detected a positive significant correlation between brain and optic nerve
GFAP expression. CD34 expression was markedly decreased by the toxic effects of
methanol.
PMID:18288452
Turkmen N et al; Adv Ther 25 (2): 123-32 (2008)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Methanol (93 total), please visit the
HSDB record page.
14.1.20 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The incidence of accidental or suicidal ingestion

of methyl alcohol is high and methyl alcohol intoxication has high mortality. Methyl alcohol
intoxication causes severe neurological sequelae and appears to be a significant problem.
Methyl alcohol causes acute metabolic acidosis, optic neuropathy leading to permanent
blindness, respiratory failure, circulatory failure and death. It is metabolized in the liver, and
its metabolite formic acid has direct toxic effects, causing oxidative stress, mitochondrial
damage and increased lipid peroxidation associated with the mechanism of neurotoxicity.
Methanol is known to cause acute toxicity of the central nervous system; however, the
effects on peripheral neuromuscular transmission are unknown. In our study, we aimed to
investigate the electrophysiological effects of experimentally induced acute methanol
intoxication on neuromuscular transmission in the early period (first 24 hr). After approval
by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Ege University, the study was carried out on
10 Wistar rats, each weighing about 200 g. During electrophysiological recordings and
orogastric tube insertion, the rats were anesthetized using intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of
ketamine 100 mg/kg and IP injection of xylazine 10 mg/kg. The rats were given 3 g/kg
methyl alcohol by the orogastric tube. Electrophysiological measurements from the
gastrocnemius muscle were compared with baseline. Latency measurements before and 24
hr after methanol injection were 0.81 +/- 0.11 ms and 0.76 +/- 0.12 ms, respectively. CMAP
amplitude measurements before and 24 hr after methanol injection were 9.85 +/- 0.98 mV
and 9.99 +/- 0.40 mV, respectively. CMAP duration measurements before and 24 hr after
methanol injection were 9.86 +/- 0.03 ms and 9.86 +/- 0.045 ms, respectively. It was
concluded that experimental methanol intoxication in the acute phase (first 24 hr) did not
affect neuromuscular function.
PMID:27366524

Moral AR et al; Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 43 (5): 337-43 (2015)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Methanol is a large volume industrial chemical

and widely used solvent and fuel additive. Methanol's well known toxicity and use in a wide
spectrum of applications has raised long-standing environmental issues over its safety,
including its carcinogenicity. Methanol has not been listed as a carcinogen by any
regulatory agency; however, there are debates about its carcinogenic potential.
Formaldehyde, a metabolite of methanol, has been proposed to be responsible for the
carcinogenesis of methanol. Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and actively targets DNA
and protein, causing diverse DNA and protein damage. However, formaldehyde-induced
DNA adducts arising from the metabolism of methanol have not been reported previously,
largely due to the absence of suitable DNA biomarkers and the inability to differentiate
what was due to methanol compared with the substantial background of endogenous
formaldehyde. Recently, we developed a unique approach combining highly sensitive
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods and exposure to stable isotope labeled
chemicals to simultaneously quantify formaldehyde-specific endogenous and exogenous
DNA adducts. In this study, rats were exposed daily to 500 or 2000 mg/kg [13CD4]-
methanol by gavage for 5 days. Our data demonstrate that labeled formaldehyde arising
from [13CD4]-methanol induced hydroxymethyl DNA adducts in multiple tissues in a dose-
dependent manner. The results also demonstrated that the number of exogenous DNA
adducts was lower than the number of endogenous hydroxymethyl DNA adducts in all
tissues of rats administered 500 mg/kg per day for 5 days, a lethal dose to humans, even
after incorporating an average factor of 4 for reduced metabolism due to isotope effects of
deuterium labeled methanol into account.
PMID:22157354
Lu K et al; Toxicol Sci 126 (1): 28-38 (2012)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ An approximate intraperitoneal methanol LD50

of 3-4 g/kg for pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was reported ... . Doses of 2 and 3
g/kg produced metabolic acidosis in the animals, while monkeys given 4 g/kg became
severely acidotic and exhibited signs of toxicity that were remarkably similar to those
reported in human poisoning. These animals displayed a sharp decrease in blood pH (7.03)
at 7.5-21 hr after methanol administration. Bicarbonate was the single blood electrolyte
observed to change during the course of methanol acidosis. There was a latent period of
15-18 hr prior to the onset of overt signs of toxicity, followed by a sequence of signs
beginning with behavioral distress, coma within 24-30 hr and death. This time-course
parallels that reported for humans suffering from methanol poisoning.
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Methanol is irritating to the eye and causes
conjunctivitis, chemosis, iritis, and corneal opacity. Methanol was reported to be a mild eye
irritant. However, in another study, undiluted methanol caused moderate corneal opacity in
three of six rabbits and conjunctival redness in all six rabbits. A 50% aqueous methanol
solution caused minimal to no effects, and a 25% aqueous solution caused no effects.
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 372
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Methanol (80 total), please visit
14.1.21 Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 5628 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 14.4 g/kg

York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 372
LD50 Monkey oral 2-3 g/kg

York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 372
LD50 Mouse oral 7300 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Methanol (13 total), please visit
14.1.22 Ecotoxicity Values
EC50; Species: Chlorella fusca ssp. vacuolata (Green Algae) strain 21115; Conditions:
freshwater, static, 28 °C, pH 6.9; Concentration: 0.77 umol/L for 24 hr; Effect: decreased
population growth rate /100% purity/
Adema DMM; Aquatic Toxicity of Compounds that may be Carried by Ships (Marpol 1973 Annex II). A
Progress Report for 1985, Tech Rep No R85/217: 40 (1985) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available
from, as of June 21, 2017
EC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green Algae) 65000-78000 cells/mL; Conditions:

static, 25 °C; Concentration: 3.6 umol/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 3.46-3.74 ug/L;
Effect: general growth
Stratton GW, Smith TM; Bul. Environ. Contam Toxicol 40 (5): 736-742 (1988) as cited in the ECOTOX
database. Available from, as of June 21, 2017
EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae) 15000 cells/mL; Conditions:

freshwater, static, 24 °C; Concentration: 3010 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 1910-
5570 ug/L); Effect: physiology photosynthesis /99% purity formulation/

Hsieh SH et al; Water Res 40 (10): 1957-64 (2006) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of
June 21, 2017
EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae) 15000 cells/mL; Conditions:

freshwater, static, 24 °C; Concentration: >60400 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population growth
rate /99% purity formulation/
Hsieh SH et al; Water Res 40 (10): 1957-64 (2006) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of
June 21, 2017
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Methanol (48 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
14.1.23 Ecotoxicity Excerpts
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ At 40,000-80,000 mg/L, methanol killed Chironomus dorsalis meig

larvae within 2 days; 500-20,000 mg/L within 26 days. 50-200 mg/L delayed imago
emergence; at emergence, limb defects or hemorrhages were observed. 250 mg/L cause
morphological changes in larval development.
Puzikova NB; Tr Sarat Otd Gosniorkh 13: 151-3 (1975)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The mussel, Mytilus edulis, /was exposed/ to methanol
concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10% (v/v) for 96 hr. All the mussels in both the 5 and 10%
exposure groups died within 13.5 hr. Sublethal narcotic effects such as slow movement and
sporadic filter feeding were reported in mussels exposed to 2 and 3%. Mussels exposed to
1% methanol exhibited no adverse effects during the 96-hr exposure period.
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effect of methanol on the fertilization of chum salmon

(Oncorhynchus keta) ova was examined at methanol exposure levels of 0.001% to 10% by
volume (7.9 to 79,000 mg/L). Both gametes (sperm and unfertilized ova) and fertilized eggs
were exposed to methanol for brief periods. Exposures up to and including 1% methanol
did not significantly affect fertilization, survival to hatching, hatching time, alevin size at
hatch or physical deformities among alevins, although a methanol concentration of 10%

was lethal in most cases.
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Ninety-six-hour acute toxicity tests revealed cladoceran crustacea

Moina micrura as the most sensitive to methanol (LC50, 4.82 g/L), followed by freshwater
teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (LC50, 15.32 g/L) and oligochaete worm Branchiura
sowerbyi (LC50, 54.89 g/L). The fish, when exposed to lethal concentrations of methanol,
showed difficulties in respiration and swimming. The oligochaete body wrinkled and
fragmented under lethal exposure of methanol. Effects of five sublethal concentrations of
methanol (0, 23.75, 47.49, 736.10, and 1527.60 mg/L) on the feeding rate of the fish and on
its growth and reproduction were evaluated by separate bioassays. Ninety-six-hour
bioassays in the laboratory showed significant reduction in the appetite of fish when
exposed to 736.10 mg/L or higher concentrations of methanol. Chronic toxicity bioassays
(90 days) in outdoor enclosures showed a reduction in growth, maturity index and
fecundity of fish at 47.49 mg/L or higher concentrations of methanol. Primary productivity,
phytoplankton population, and alkalinity of water were also reduced at these
concentrations. Chronic exposure to 1527.60 mg/L methanol resulted in damages of the
epithelium of primary and secondary gill lamellae of the fish. The results revealed 23.75
mg/L as the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of methanol to freshwater aquatic
ecosystem.
PMID:15162848
Kaviraj A et al; Int J Toxicol 23 (1): 55-63 (2004)
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Methanol (6 total), please visit the HSDB
record page.
14.1.24 Ongoing Test Status
EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The
iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-
throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project
and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title
compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard
Application; Available from, as of July 27, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]
The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of
Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-
Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies",
"Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for methanol
is available.[Available from, as of July 26, 2017: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?
e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]
14.1.25 Populations at Special Risk
Persons with existing skin, kidney, liver, or eye disorders may be at an increased risk when
exposed to methanol.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health
Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1
Folate-deficient individuals might be at greater risk from inhalation /or ingestion/ of low
concentrations of methanol, compared to normal individuals. Human populations that are
potentially at high risk of folate deficiency include pregnant women, the elderly, individuals
with poor-quality diets, alcoholics and individuals on certain medications or with certain
diseases.
It has been suggested that the metabolic acidosis due to methanol might be exacerbated in
individuals with diabetes since it is well known that these patients suffer from diabetic
ketoacidosis. However, there are no clinical or experimental data on any interaction
between methanol acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis.
14.2 Ecological Information
14.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity
Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA
EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
14.2.2 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants
Resident Soil (mg/kg) 1.20e+05
Industrial Soil (mg/kg) 1.20e+06
Resident Air (ug/m3) 2.10e+04
Industrial Air (ug/m3) 8.80e+04
Tapwater (ug/L) 2.00e+04
MCL (ug/L) 2.00e+00
Risk-based SSL
4.10e+00
(mg/kg)
Chronic Oral
Reference Dose 2.00e+00
(mg/kg-day)
Chronic Inhalation
Reference
2.00e+01
Concentration
(mg/m3)
Volatile Volatile
Mutagen Mutagen
Fraction of 1
Contaminant
Absorbed in
Gastrointestinal Tract
Soil Saturation
Concentration 1.06e+05
(mg/kg)
EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
14.2.3 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical

Contaminants
Resident Soil (mg/kg) 3.70e+05
Industrial Soil (mg/kg) 3.70e+06
Resident Air (ug/m3) 6.30e+04
Industrial Air (ug/m3) 2.60e+05
Tapwater (ug/L) 6.10e+04
MCL (ug/L) 2.00e+00
Chronic Oral
Reference Dose 2.00e+00
(mg/kg-day)
Chronic Inhalation
Reference
2.00e+01
Concentration
(mg/m3)
Volatile Volatile
Mutagen Mutagen
Fraction of
Contaminant
1
Absorbed in
Gastrointestinal Tract
Soil Saturation
Concentration 1.06e+05
(mg/kg)
EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
14.2.4 ICSC Environmental Data
Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.
14.2.5 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary
Methanol's production and use as a solvent, fuel additive, and in the production of
formaldehyde, acetic acid, and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) may result in its release
to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in hydraulic fracturing fluids will
result in its direct release to the environment. It can also be released directly to the
environment in exhaust gases from combustion engines. Methanol has been identified as a
natural emission product from various plants and as a biological decomposition product of
biological wastes and sewage; natural emission sources include volcanic gases, vegetation,
microbes, and insects, and methanol is a product of decaying organic material. If released
to the atmosphere, a vapor pressure of 127 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that methanol will
exist solely in the vapor phase. Vapor phase methanol is degraded in the atmosphere by
reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in
air is estimated to be 17 days. If released to soil, methanol is expected to have very high
mobility based upon a measured Koc of 2.75. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is
expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.55X10-6
atm-cu m/mole. Methanol may also volatilize from dry soils based upon its vapor pressure.
Biodegradation half-lives of 1 and 3.2 days measured in a sandy silt loam and sandy loam
from Texas and Mississippi, respectively, suggest that biodegradation is an important
environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, methanol is not expected to
adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water
surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's
Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.6
and 35 days, respectively. Rapid biodegradation in a variety of screening studies using
sewage seed and activated sludge inoculum suggests that biodegradation is an important
environmental fate process in water. BCF values of less than 10 in fish suggest that
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis and photolysis are not expected to
be an important environmental fate processes since this compound lacks functional groups
that hydrolyze and photolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to
methanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at
workplaces where methanol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general
population may be exposed to methanol via inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of
food and drinking water. Exposure to methanol can occur when people use certain paint
strippers, aerosol spray paints, wall paints, windshield wiper fluid, and small engine fuel.
(SRC)
14.2.6 Natural Pollution Sources
Methanol has been identified as a volatile emission product from evergreen cypress
trees(1). Methanol is formed during biological decomposition of biological wastes, sewage,
sludges and various organic compounds(2,3). Natural emission sources include volcanic
gases, vegetation, microbes, and insects(4). Methanol is a product of decaying organic
material(5).
(1) Isidorov VA et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1-8 (1985) (2) Abrams EF et al; Identification of Organic
Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources EPA-560/3-75-002 p. 102 (1975) (3) Van Aken B et al;
Environ Sci Technol 38: 4572-4579 (2004) (4) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds.
Sources, Occurrence, and Bioassay. Orlando, FL: Academic Press p. 232 (1986) (5) US EPA; Chemicals in
the Environment: Methanol (CAS NO. 67-56-1). EPA-749-F-94-013. Dec, 1994. Washington, DC: Off Poll
Prevent Toxics. Available, as of Jul 18, 2017: https://www.epa.gov/
A small amount of methanol is found in the expired breath of normal subjects, possibly by
endogenous metabolic production.
Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia,
PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983., p. 393
14.2.7 Artificial Pollution Sources
Methanol's production and use as a solvent, fuel additive, and in the production of
formaldehyde, acetic acid, and dimethyl terephthalate, chemical synthesis, antifreeze, fuel
for utility plants, fermentation feedstock and home heating oil extender(1) may result in its
release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Methanol's use in
hydraulic fracturing fluids(2,3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). The
largest anthropogenic source of methanol release to the environment is evaporation from
solvent uses which amounts to an estimated 1.1 billion lbs annually(4). Annual emission
releases from methanol production, end-product manufacturing, and storage/handling
have been estimated to be 68, 49, and 12 million lbs, respectively(4). Methanol has been
identified as product in the exhaust of combustion engines using fuels containing ethanol,
2-propanol, isooctane and hexane(5).
(1) Larranaga MD et al, eds; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., p. 892 (2016) (2) FracFocus; Chemical Discovery Registry, Hydraulic Fracturing, What
Chemicals are Used. Available from, as of July 18, 2017: https://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-
chemicals-are-used (3) Saba T et al; White Paper: Methanol Use in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids,
Methanol Institute, January 20, 2012. Available from, as of July 18, 2017:
https://www.methanol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/White-Paper-Methanol-Use-in-Hydraulic-
Fracturing-Jan-11.pdf (4) USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profiles (CHIPS). USEPA-560/11-80-011
p. 196-7 (1980) (5) Zervas E et al; Environ Sci Technol 36: 2414-2421 (2002)
14.2.8 Environmental Fate
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 2.75(2)

indicates that methanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of
methanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a
Henry's Law constant of 4.55X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(3). Methanol is expected to volatilize
from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 127 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation
half-lives of 1 and 3.2 days measured in a sandy silt loam and sandy loam from Texas and
Mississippi, respectively(5), suggest that biodegradation is an important environmental fate
process in soil(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Schuurmann G et al; Environ Sci Technol (supplemental
material) 40: 7005-7011 (2006) (3) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987) (4) Boublik T
et al, eds; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd rev ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 57 (1984) (5)
Loehr RC; Treatability potential for EPA listed hazardous wastes in soil. EPA/600/2-89/011., Ada, OK:
Robert S. Kerr Environ Res Lab (1989)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 2.75(2)

indicates that methanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC).
Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of
4.55X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation
method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.6 and 35 days,
respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF of <10 measured in fish(6)
suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Methanol lacks functional
groups that hydrolyze or absorb light under environmentally relevant conditions(3),
therefore hydrolysis and photolysis are not expected to be important environmental fate
processes(SRC). Methanol has been shown to undergo rapid biodegradation in a variety of
screening studies using sewage seed and activated sludge inoculum(7-10), which suggests
that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Schuurmann G et al; Environ Sci Technol (supplemental
material) 40: 7005-7011 (2006) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation
Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 7-4, 7-5, 8-12, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (4) Gaffney JS
et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987) (5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6)
Freitag D et al; Chemosphere 14: 1589-1616 (1985) (7) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (8)
Gellman I, Heukelekian H; Sew Indust Wastes 27: 793-801 (1955) (9) Gerhold RM, Malaney GW; J Water
Pollut Control Fed 38: 562-79 (1966) (10) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP).
Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of July 18,
2017: https://www.nite.go.jp/en/chem/chrip/chrip_search/systemTop
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile

organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), methanol, which has a vapor pressure of 127 mm
Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-
phase methanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 days(SRC),
calculated from its rate constant of 9.0X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The major
degradation product from reaction with hydroxyl radicals is formaldehyde(4).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Boublik T et al, eds; The Vapour Pressures of
Pure Substances. 2nd rev ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 57 (1984) (3) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6:
3625-4055 (2006) (4) Grosjean D; J Braz Chem Soc 8: 433-442 (1997)
14.2.9 Environmental Biodegradation
AEROBIC: The half-life for methanol applied to a sandy loam from Mississippi (68% sand,
23.4% silt, 8.6% clay, 0.94% organic carbon, pH 4.8) was 3.2 days. The half-life of methanol
applied to a sandy silt loam from Texas (61.5% sand, 31.1% silt, 7.4% clay, 3.28% organic
carbon, pH 7.8) was 1 day. The moisture content of each soil was maintained at
approximately 80% of its field capacity over the 64 day incubation period, and the half-lives
did not account for any potential volatilization loss(1).
(1) Loehr RC; Treatability potential for EPA listed hazardous wastes in soil. EPA/600/2-89/011., Ada, OK:
Robert S. Kerr Environ Res Lab (1989)
AEROBIC: Methanol, present at 0.050 mg/L, reached 48% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days
using a sewage inoculum(1). Using activated sludge as inoculum, methanol achieved 93%
(2) and 21%(3) of its theoretical BOD in 2 day and 1 day Warburg respirometer studies,
respectively. Using a standard dilution technique, methanol reached 53.4% of its theoretical
BOD in 5 days, and 97.7% of the theoretical BOD was achieved in 50 days using sewage
seed(4). Using an activated sludge acclimated to methanol, 55% of the theoretical BOD was
achieved in 23 hours(5). Methanol had a half-life of 0.4 days in a sewage die-away test(6).
Methanol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 92% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an
activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(7).
(1) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (2) Gellman I, Heukelekian H; Sew Indust Wastes 27:
793-801 (1955) (3) Gerhold RM, Malaney GW; J Water Pollut Control Fed 38: 562-79 (1966) (4) Lamb
CB, Jenkins GF; Proc 8th Industrial Waste Conf,. Purdue Univ p. 326-9 (1952) (5) McKinney RE, Jeris JS;
Sew Indust Wastes 27: 728-35 (1955) (6) Wagner R; Vom Wasser 42: 271-305 (1974) (7) NITE; Chemical
Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech
Eval. Available from, as of July 18, 2017:
https://www.nite.go.jp/en/chem/chrip/chrip_search/systemTop
AEROBIC: Using a starting concentration of 2.56 ppm, methanol achieved 88.7% of its
theoretical BOD over a 5 day incubation period using a freshwater standard dilution
technique, and 70.7% of its theoretical BOD over a 5 day incubation period using a sea
water dilution technique(1). Significant biodegradation of organic waste (methanol and
acetic acid and formic acid) was observed when injected into wells (850-1000 ft depth) as
determined by concentration monitoring and microbial population count(2). Soil-sediment
suspensions, maintained under aerobic conditions, resulted in a 5-day CO2 evolution (14-C)
of 53.4%(3).
(1) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981) (2) Ditommaso A, Elkan GH; Underground
Waste Manage Artif Recharge, Prepr Pap Int Symp, 2nd 1: 585-99 (1973) (3) Scheunert I et al;
Chemosphere 16: 1031-41 (1987)
ANAEROBIC: Approximately 83-91% biodegradation was observed in an anaerobic die-

away test, using marine water and sediment from the San Francisco Bay during a 3-day
incubation period(1). Methanol was found to be susceptible to biodegradation in low
oxygen subsurface regions in microcosm studies simulating subsurface conditions;
complete degradation was observed within one year or less(2). Methanol degraded readily
in test tube microcosms simulating subsurface soils and groundwaters from sites in VA and
NY(3). Soil-sediment suspensions, maintained under anaerobic conditions, resulted in a 5-
day CO2 evolution (14-C) of 46.3%(4).
(1) Oremland RL et al; Nature 296: 143-5 (1982) (2) Novak JT et al; Wat Sci Tech 17: 71-85 (1985) (3)
Goldsmith CD; Diss Abstr Int B 46: 3767 (1985) (4) Scheunert I et al; Chemosphere 16: 1031-41 (1987)
14.2.10 Environmental Abiotic Degradation
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of methanol with photochemically-
produced hydroxyl radicals is 9.0X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds
to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5
hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Methanol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the
environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental
conditions(2). Methanol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290
nm(2), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Methanol in aqueous solution exhibited no degradation when exposed to sunlight using an
EPA test protocol(3). Sediment and clay suspension solution did not photocatalyze the
degradation of methanol in aqueous solution during irradiation with UV light(4). The rate
constant for the reaction of methanol with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions of natural
water is 9.7X10+8 L/mol-sec(5); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of about 2.5 years at
an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(6). The rate constant for the
vapor-phase reaction of methanol with nitrate radicals is 2.1X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at
25 °C(7). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 160 days at a night-time

atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(8).
(1) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990) (3) Hustert K et
al; Chemosphere 10: 995-8 (1981) (4) Oliver BG et al; Environ Sci Technol 13: 1075-7 (1979) (5) Buxton
GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (6) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-887 (1980) (7)
Gramatica P et al; Atmos Environ 37: 3115-3124 (2003) (8) Atkinson R et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 87-
90 (1985)
14.2.11 Environmental Bioconcentration
Measured BCF values of less than 10 were reported for fish (golden ide (Leuciscus idus
melanotus)) exposed to 0.05 mg/L of methanol for three days in an aquatic tank(1).
According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Freitag D et al; Chemosphere 14: 1589-1616 (1985) (2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14
(1994)
14.2.12 Soil Adsorption / Mobility
The measured Koc for methanol is reported to be 2.75(1). According to a classification

scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that methanol is expected to have very high
mobility in soil(SRC).
(1) Schuurmann G et al; Environ Sci Technol (supplemental material) 40: 7005-7011 (2006) (2) Swann RL
et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
14.2.13 Volatilization from Water / Soil
The measured Henry's Law constant for methanol at 25 °C is 4.55X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1).
This Henry's Law constant indicates that methanol is expected to volatilize from water
surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model
river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.6 days(SRC).
The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of
0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 35 days(SRC). Methanol's Henry's Law constant indicates that
volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of
methanol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 127 mm
Hg(3).
(1) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Boublik T et
al, eds; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd rev ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 57 (1984)
14.2.14 Environmental Water Concentrations
DRINKING WATER: Methanol has been qualitatively detected in drinking water from Miami,
FL, Seattle, WA, Philadelphia, PA, Cincinnati, OH, and New Orleans, LA(1,2). As part of the
USEPA National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS), methanol was detected in 6 of 10
drinking waters from USA cities(3).
(1) USEPA; Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Water. Interim Report to Congress, June,
1975. Washington DC (1975) (2) USEPA; New Orleans Area Water Supply Draft Analytical Report by the
Lower Mississippi River Facility, Sliddell, LA. Dallas, TX (1974) (3) Bedding ND et al; Sci Total Environ 25:
143-67 (1982)
RAIN WATER: Methanol was detected at a mean level of 22 ppb in thunderstorm water
collected from Santa Rita, AZ in Sept, 1982(1).
(1) Snider JR, Dawson GA; J Geophys Res, D2, 90: 3797-805 (1985)
14.2.15 Effluent Concentrations
Methanol levels of 18-70 ppm were detected in wastewater effluents from an unspecified
US specialty chemical manufacturing facility (near a large brackish river which emptues into
an estuary), but none was detected in associated river water or sediments(1). Methanol has
been identified in wastewater effluents from chemical, paper, and latex manufacturing
plants and from sewage treatment plants(2). Concentration of 42.4 ppm detected in
leachate from the Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY(3). Concentration of 1050 ppm detected
in condensate waters from a coal-gasification plant(4). Levels of 0.1-0.6 ppm were found in
exhausts from engines using simple hydrocarbon fuels(5). Methanol has been identified in
exhausts from both gasoline and diesel engines(6).
(1) Jungclaus GA et al; Environ Sci Technol 12: 88-96 (1978) (2) Shackelford WM, Keith LH; Frequency of
Organic Compounds Identified in Water EPA-600/4-76- 062 p. 169 (1976) (3) Venkataramani ES et al;
CRC Crit Rev Environ Control 14: 333-76 (1984) (4) Mohr DH, King J; Environ Sci Technol 19: 929-35
(1985) (5) Seizinger DE, Dimitriades B; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 22: 47-51 (1972) (6) Jonsson A et al;
Environ International 11: 383-92 (1985)
14.2.16 Atmospheric Concentrations
URBAN/SUBURBAN: Average ambient concentrations of methanol in the range of 3.83-26.7

ppb were detected at 5 sites in and around Stockholm, Sweden(1). Methanol was detected
at levels of 0.10 to 2.21 ng/cu m in urban atmospheric particulates in Kobe City, Japan in
1999(2).
(1) Jonsson A et al; Environ International 11: 383-92 (1985) (2) Suzuki Y et al; Environ Sci Technol 35:
2656-64 (2001)
INDOOR: Methanol has been detected (concentration not reported) in indoor air of
residential and office buildings(1,2). In a newly constructed house dwelling in Melbourne
Australia, methanol concentrations in the living room and bedroom areas ranged from 550-
860 ug/cu m two days after construction to 130-220 ug/cu m 246 days after construction
while outdoor air levels were <5 ug/cu m(3).
(1) Jarke FH et al; ASHRAE Trans 87: 153-66 (1981) (2) Tsuchiya Y; Volatile Organic Compounds in
Indoor Air. Am Chem Soc Div Environ Chem Preprint, New Orleans, LA 27: 183-5 (1987) (3) Brown SK;
Indoor Air 12: 55-63 (2002)
RURAL/REMOTE: Methanol was detected at mean ambient atmospheric concentrations of

7.9 and 2.6 ppb at two remote AZ locations during 1982 monitoring(1). Concentrations of
0.0-1.2 ppb (ave 0.77 ppb methanol and ethanol) were identified in Arctic air from Point
Barrows, Alaska in Sept 1967(2). Methanol was detected in the atmosphere above the
Arapaho National Forest in Colorado at levels of approximately 2-12 ppb in July and August
1999(3).
(1) Snider JR, Dawson GA; J Geophys Res, D2, 90: 3797-805 (1985) (2) Cavanagh LA et al; Environ Sci
Technol 3: 251-7 (1969) (3) Baker B et al; Environ Sci Technol 35: 1701-9 (2001)
SOURCE DOMINATED: Methanol was tested for but not detected in gaseous emissions from
a mechanical biological treatment plant for municipal solid waste, treating 1200 t/day(1).
(1) Fang J et al; J Air Waste Manag Assoc 63(11): 1287-97 (2003)
14.2.17 Food Survey Values
Methanol has been identified as a volatile component of dried legumes (concentration 1.5-
7.9 ppm), baked potatoes, and roasted filbert nuts(1-3). Methanol was identified, not
quantified, in the volatile flavor components of fresh grapefruit(4). Methanol was detected
at levels of 7-126 ppm in fresh squeezed orange juice(5).
(1) Coleman EC et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 42-8 (1981) (2) Kinlin TE et al; J Agric Food Chem 20: 1021-
8 (1972) (3) Lovegren NV et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 851-3 (1979) (4) Cadwallader KR, Xu Y; J Agric
Food Chem 42: 782-4 (1994) (5) Moshonas NG, Shaw PE; J Agric Food Chem 42: 1525-8 (1994)
Some distilled fruit spirits contain, normally, high quantities of methanol. ...
PMID:3396738
Bindler F et al; Food Addit Contam 5(3): 343-51 (1988)
14.2.18 Plant Concentrations
Methanol has been identified as a volatile emission product from evergreen cypress trees(1)
and alfalfa(2).
(1) Isidorov VA et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1-8 (1985) (2) Owens LD et al; Phytopathology 59: 1468-72
(1969)
Methanol occurrence in plants(1).

Table: 36 plants listed
Genus species Family Common name(s) Part Concn
(ppm)
Fruit
Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Orange 80
Juice
Origanum
Lamiaceae Small-Flowered Oregano Shoot 45
minutiflorum
Fruit
Citrus mitis Rutaceae Calamondin, Calamansi 9.0
juice
Origanum
Lamiaceae Bayircayi, Guveyoto Shoot 0.1-0.7
sipyleum
Grecian Laurel, Bay Laurelm Bayleaf, Sweet not

Laurus nobilis Lauraceae Leaf
Bay, Laurel, Bay reported
Comino de prado (Sp), Caraway, Carum, not

Carum carvi Apiaceae Seed
Kummel, (Ger), Comino (Sp) reported
not
Annona muricata Annonaceae Soursop Plant
reported
not
Acacia decurrens Fabaceae Green Wattle Plant
reported
Parsley; Leaf; not reported Citrus

Petroselinum not
Apiaceae aurantium; Rutaceae; Bitter Orange, Plant
crispum reported
Pettigrain
(1) Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Theobromine. Available from, as of July 17,
2017: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search
14.2.19 Milk Concentrations
ENVIRONMENTAL: Methanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of human milk collected from

volunteers in 4 USA cities(1).
(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982)
14.2.20 Other Environmental Concentrations
Methanol was identified as a component of several industrial paint strippers(1). Engine

exhausts from both gasoline and diesel vehicles have been found to contain methanol(2).
Methanol has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke(3,4), tobacco and tobacco
substitute smoke(4).
(1) Hahn WJ, Werschulz PO; Evaluation of Alternatives to Toxic Organic Paint Strippers. USEPA-600/S2-
86-063 (1986) (2) Jonsson A et al; Environ International 11: 383-92 (1985) (3) Rodgman A, Perfetti TA;
The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press pp. 170, 956
(2009) (4) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. Sources, Occurrence, and Bioassay.
Orlando, FL: Academic Press p. 232 (1986)
14.2.21 Probable Routes of Human Exposure
According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 101 reporting facilities
estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing,
processing, or use of methanol in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as
high as 10,000 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to
confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).
(1) US EPA; Chemical Data Reporting (CDR). Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting
information on chemical production and use in the United States. Available from, as of July 11, 2017:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,620,617 workers (388,352
of these are female) were potentially exposed to methanol in the US(1). Occupational
exposure to methanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this
compound at workplaces where methanol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate
that the general population may be exposed to methanol via inhalation of ambient air,
ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC). Exposure to methanol can occur when people
use certain paint strippers, aerosol spray paints, wall paints, windshield wiper fluid, and
small engine fuel(2).
(1) CDC; International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Prevention &
Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). Ed Info Div. Available from, as of
July 17, 2017: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/default.html (2) US EPA; Chemicals in the Environment:
Methanol (CAS NO. 67-56-1). EPA-749-F-94-013. Dec, 1994. Washington, DC: Off Poll Prevent Toxics.
Available, as of Jul 18, 2017: https://www.epa.gov/
Study of wood heel industry in MA showed average methanol vapor concentrations ranging
from 160-170 ppm, with no definite evidence of injury to exposed workers ... concentrations
between 400 & 1000 ppm in spirit duplicating processes /were reported/. No mention was
made of symptoms or complaints, but these concentrations were considered excessive. ...
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit
Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 372
Although individual responses of man to methyl alcohol may vary considerably, industrial
exposures are not very hazardous if concentrations are maintained within upper limit of 200
ppm by proper ventilation.
Bevan C; Monohydric Alcohols: C1 to C6. Patty's Toxicology. 6th ed. (1999-2017). New York, NY: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. On-line Posting Date: 17 Aug 2012
14.2.22 Body Burden
Methanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of human milk collected from volunteers in 4

USA cities(1). Methanol has been detected in expired human air(2-4); in one study, it was
detected in 3.6% of 387 expired air samples collected from 54 volunteers at a geometric
mean concentration of 0.549 ng/L(4).
(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982) (2) Krotosynski B; J Chromat Sci 15:
239-44 (1977) (3) Krotosynski BK, O'Neill HJ; J Environ Sci Health Part A-Environ Sci Eng 17: 855-83
(1982) (4) Krotosynski BK et al; J Anal Toxicol 3: 255-43 (1979)
A survey was conducted in the second half of a work week on 39 male workers who were
occupationally exposed to styrene in combination with methanol and methyl acetate
during the production of plastic buttons. Time-weighted average exposure during an 8-h
shift to styrene (Sty-A) and methyl acetate was monitored by carbon cloth-equipped
personal samplers and to methanol by water-equipped ones. Urine samples were collected
near the end of the shift and analyzed for mandelic (MA-U) and phenylglyoxylic acids
(PhGA-U) by HPLC. Geometric mean styrene concentration was 12.4 ppm (micrograms/g)
with the maximum of 46 ppm, whereas the values for methanol and methyl acetate in
combination were 23.5 ppm and 229 ppm, respectively. The relationship of MA-U and
PhGA-U with Sty-A was examined by linear regression analysis. The equations for the
regression lines were compared with the results from a previous survey (Ikeda et al. 1983) in
which workers were exposed only to styrene, and the methods employed were identical
with that in the present study. The comparison showed no evidence to suggest that styrene
metabolism is suppressed by coexposure to methanol and methyl acetate at low
concentrations below the current occupational exposure limit of 200 ppm.
PMID:7755408
Kawai T et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 543-46 (1995)
Low-level inhalation exposures to methanol cause small increases in blood and urine
formate levels. A study was conducted of 20 workers in a printing office who were exposed
to an estimated methanol concentration between 111 and 174 mg/cu m throughout the
work day. During the day, the blood level of formate increased an average of 4.7 mg/L (3.2
mg/L before the work shift to 7.9 mg/L when work ended), and urinary formate increased
an average of 7.1 mg/L. A control group maintained relatively stable levels throughout the
day of 5.3 mg/L of blood and 11.8 mg/L of urine.
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 381
... Twenty workers were exposed throughout the day to 120 mg/cu m of methanol. At the
end of the day, blood and urine levels of methanol were 8.9 and 21.8 mg/L, respectively; a
control group had a mean blood and urine level of <0.6 and 1.1 mg/L, respectively. Urinary
formic acid was significantly higher in the workers (29.9 mg/L) than in the controls (12.7
mg/L).
York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 381
A fatal case involving a 41-yr-old man who had ingested a large quantity of methanol
disclosed a broad distribution of methanol in postmortem tissues and fluids. The highest
content of methanol was found in the kidney (5.13 g/kg) followed by the liver (4.18 g/kg),
vitreous humor (3.9 g/L), heart (3.45 g/kg), urine (3.43 g/L), pericardial fluid (3.29 g/L), blood
(2.84 g/L) and stomach contents (2.21 g/L).
15 Associated Disorders and Diseases
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
Disease References
PubMed: 15340856, 182198, 8723414, 16959481, 11958947, 2779169, 9717263,

Alcoholism
3410397
PubMed: 16440420, 11418788, 8723414, 19491857, 17269711, 23516449,

Crohn's disease
23867873, 24811995, 25598765, 26806034, 26848182, 27609529, 28842642
Diarrhoea
predominant
PubMed: 23516449
irritable bowel
syndrome
Rheumatoid PubMed: 16277678, 10361015, 6589104, 15338487, 15249323

arthritis Tie-juan ShaoZhi-xing HeZhi-jun XieHai-chang LiMei-jiao WangCheng-ping Wen.
Characterization of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis using 1H
NMR-based metabolomics of human fecal extracts. Metabolomics. April 2016,

12:70: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11306-016-1000-2
Diverticular
PubMed: 8723414, 27622378
disease
Eosinophilic
Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart
esophagitis
PubMed: 21059682, 1740537, 17314143, 17269711, 21761941, 23516449,

Ulcerative colitis
23867873, 24811995, 25598765, 26806034, 26848182, 27609529, 28842642
Nonalcoholic
PubMed: 23454028
fatty liver disease
16 Literature
16.1 Consolidated References
PubChem
16.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations
PubChem
16.3 Springer Nature References
Springer Nature
16.4 Thieme References
Thieme Chemistry
16.5 Wiley References
Wiley
16.6 Nature Journal References

Zhu et al. Enantioselective iron-catalysed O-H bond insertions. Nature Chemistry, doi:
10.1038/nchem.651, published online 9 May 2010 http://www.nature.com/nchem
Nature Chemistry
Liu et al. Prebiotic photoredox synthesis from carbon dioxide and sulfite. Nature
Chemistry, DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00789-w, published online 11 October 2021
Nature Chemistry
16.7 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature
PubChem
16.8 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature
PubChem
16.9 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature
PubChem
17 Patents
17.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers
PubChem
Link to all deposited patent identifiers
PubChem
17.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

Patents are available for this chemical structure:
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/result.jsf?inchikey=OKKJLVBELUTLKV-
UHFFFAOYSA-N
PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
Patents are available for this chemical structure:

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/result.jsf?inchikey=CFHIDWOYWUOIHU-
UHFFFAOYSA-N
PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
17.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

PubChem
17.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents
PubChem
17.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents
PubChem
18 Interactions and Pathways
18.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures
RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
View 146 proteins in NCBI Structure
PubChem
18.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures
PDBe Ligand Code MOH
PDBe Structure Code 1A7Y
PDBe Conformer
Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
18.2 Chemical-Target Interactions
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD); Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb); Toxin an…
18.3 Pathways
PubChem
19 Biological Test Results
19.1 BioAssay Results
PubChem
20 Taxonomy
WormJam Metabolites Local CSV for MetFrag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3403364
WormJam: A consensus C. elegans Metabolic Reconstruction and Metabolomics Community and

Workshop Series, Worm, 6:2, e1373939, DOI:10.1080/21624054.2017.1373939
The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata)
| DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106
E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB); ECI Group, LCSB, University of Luxembourg; KNApSAcK S…
21 Classification
21.1 MeSH Tree
21.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree
NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
21.3 ChEBI Ontology
ChEBI
21.4 ChemIDplus
ChemIDplus
21.5 CAMEO Chemicals

CAMEO Chemicals
21.6 ChEMBL Target Tree
ChEMBL
21.7 UN GHS Classification
GHS Classification (UNECE)
21.8 EPA CPDat Classification
EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
21.9 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
21.10 EPA DSSTox Classification
EPA DSSTox
21.11 Consumer Product Information Database Classification
Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
21.12 LOTUS Tree

LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
21.13 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree
EPA Substance Registry Services
22 Information Sources
FILTER BY SOURCE
ALL SOURCES
1. CAMEO Chemicals
LICENSE
CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and
individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is
subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
METHANOL
https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/3874
METHANOL, TALLOW ALKYL IMINOBISETHANOL

https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/22331
CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification

https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
2. CAS Common Chemistry

LICENSE
The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Methanol
https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67-56-1
Methanol, trimer
Methanol, hexamer
Methanol, pentamer
Methanol, tetramer
Methanol, dimer
3. ChemIDplus
LICENSE
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
Methyl alcohol [NF]

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000067561
ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
4. DTP/NCI
LICENSE
Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our
permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
methanol
https://dtp.cancer.gov/dtpstandard/servlet/dwindex?searchtype=NSC&outputformat=html&searchlist=85232
5. EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

LICENSE
https://www.epa.gov/privacy/privacy-act-laws-policies-and-resources
Methanol
https://www.epa.gov/aegl/methanol-results-aegl-program
6. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)

LICENSE
The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or
allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for
non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
Methanol
7. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA

LICENSE
Methanol
https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
8. EPA DSSTox
LICENSE
Methanol
https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2021731
CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists

https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
9. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

LICENSE
Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this
Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information,
documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or
in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European
Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the
material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under
the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice
page.
https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
Methanol
https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.599
Methanol
https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/37212
Methanol
https://www.echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach
10. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)

LICENSE
Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not
copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by
anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the
source is appreciated but not required.
https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
METHYL ALCOHOL
https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/Y4S76JWI15
11. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

LICENSE
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html
Methanol
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/93
12. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)

LICENSE
HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in
part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the
source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who
download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
Methanol
http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001875
HMDB0001875_cms_29321
https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001875#spectra
13. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

LICENSE
Creative Commons CC BY 4.0
https://www.ilo.org/global/copyright/lang--en/index.htm
METHANOL
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_version=2&p_card_id=0057
14. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)

LICENSE
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
Methanol
https://www.epa.govt.nz/industry-areas/hazardous-substances/guidance-for-importers-and-
manufacturers/hazardous-substances-databases/
15. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

LICENSE
Materials created by the federal government are generally part of the public domain and may be used,
reproduced and distributed without permission. Therefore, content on this website which is in the public domain
may be used without the prior permission of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Warning: Some content -
including both images and text - may be the copyrighted property of others and used by the DOL under a
license.
https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/copyright
METHYL ALCOHOL (METHANOL)

https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/474
16. Wikipedia
methanol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol
17. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)

LICENSE
https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/foia
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/erg/
18. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List

methyl alcohol
http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1222.pdf
19. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
LICENSE
The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public.
It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
Methyl alcohol
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0397.html
METHANOL
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750029.html
Methanol
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/PC155CC0.html
20. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational

Diseases
LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are
copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other
than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly
prohibited without prior written permission.
https://haz-map.com/About
Methyl alcohol
https://haz-map.com/Agents/13
21. ChEBI
Methanol
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:17790
ChEBI Ontology
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
22. E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB)

LICENSE
ECMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource.
https://ecmdb.ca/citations
https://ecmdb.ca/compounds/M2MDB000425
23. EPA Air Toxics

LICENSE
Methanol
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/methanol.pdf
24. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database

LICENSE
The code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
https://lotus.nprod.net/
Methanol
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14982
LOTUS Tree
https://lotus.naturalproducts.net/
25. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)

LICENSE
Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our
permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=ncit&code=C217
NCI Thesaurus Tree

https://ncit.nci.nih.gov
26. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

LICENSE
T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part,
for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source
material (T3DB) and the original publication.
http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
Methanol
http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0771
27. ChEMBL
LICENSE
Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use
(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL14688/
ChEMBL Protein Target Tree

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/targets
28. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)

LICENSE
It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is
prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
Methanol
https://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=chem&acc=D000432
29. Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)

LICENSE
The data used in DGIdb is all open access and where possible made available as raw data dumps in the
downloads section.
http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
METHYL ALCOHOL
https://www.dgidb.org/drugs/chembl:CHEMBL14688
30. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)

LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2023 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are
copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose
other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly
prohibited without prior written permission.
https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
Methanol
https://www.whatsinproducts.com/chemicals/view/1/281/000067-56-1
Consumer Products Category Classification

https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
31. Crystallography Open Database (COD)

LICENSE
All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0
License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
https://www.crystallography.net/cod/4503066.html
32. The Cambridge Structural Database

https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/Search?Ccdcid=286524
33. DailyMed
LICENSE
METHANOL
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=METHANOL
34. ECI Group, LCSB, University of Luxembourg

LICENSE
Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code: Artistic-2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
methanol
35. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database

Methanol
http://www.knapsackfamily.com/knapsack_core/info.php?sname=C_ID&word=C00050480
36. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)

Methyl Alcohol
https://bidd.group/NPASS/compound.php?compoundID=NPC234306
37. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)

LICENSE
https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2021731#exposure
EPA CPDat Classification

https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/chemical-and-products-database-cpdat
38. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange

LICENSE
Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
39. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)

LICENSE
Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright
CARBINOL
https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/2178
40. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center

LICENSE
https://www.usgs.gov/foia
METHANOL
https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/data/acute/qrychemdesc.asp?Chemical=M0060
41. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database

LICENSE
https://ecotox.ipmcenters.org/
42. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at

Superfund Sites
LICENSE
Methanol
https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/chemicals/csl_search
Methanol
https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/chemicals/csl_search?tool=rml
43. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work

Australia
methanol
http://hcis.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/HazardousChemical/Details?chemicalID=2848
44. NITE-CMC
Methanol - FY2009
https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/09-mhlw-2012e.html
Methanol - FY2006
https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0609e.html
45. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (Classification and Labelling) of the

European Parliament and of the Council
LICENSE
The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts,
which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
methanol
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/2023-07-31
46. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
LICENSE
METHYL ALCOHOL
https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=IndirectAdditives&id=METHYLALCOHOL
METHYL ALCOHOL
https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=METHYLALCOHOL
47. NMRShiftDB
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/589440
48. MassBank Europe

LICENSE
https://github.com/MassBank/MassBank-web/blob/main/MassBank-Project/LICENSE.txt
METHANOL
https://massbank.eu/MassBank/Result.jsp?inchikey=OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
49. MassBank of North America (MoNA)

LICENSE
The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
METHANOL
https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/spectra/browse?
query=exists(compound.metaData.name:%27InChIKey%27%20and%20compound.metaData.value:%27OKKJLVBEL
UTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N%27)
50. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center

LICENSE
Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
Methyl Alcohol
http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm
51. SpectraBase
METHANOL
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/Ld1SIOIP61D
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/ANGqaEnGaKx
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/Do7EG1stIH6
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/Bq0teti7E5T
METHANOL
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/EsaTYxeF2S0
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/6FGvgjLIpic
METHANOL, ABSOLUTE (99.8%)

https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/2ib03nJ4WNm
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/C7F7LjJemg6
METHANOL
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/4KMvgCXOEvJ
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/Jch3ezAgWKY
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/FQ2skpdfLUw
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/15XYLogzwM6
METHANOL
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/7ZZfcakP0Uy
METHANOL
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/GCRzABmIYMi
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/DmDN8mjnJhw
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/2lvseAhJK8k
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/eukzAcCtCu
Methanol
https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/863plfgfD0D
52. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)

http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/redirect?Nikkaji_No=J2.287.162E
http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/redirect?Nikkaji_No=J2.364G
53. KEGG
LICENSE
Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial
license
https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00132
https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02309
54. MarkerDB
LICENSE
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
https://markerdb.ca/
Methanol
https://markerdb.ca/chemicals/683
55. Metabolomics Workbench

Methanol
https://www.metabolomicsworkbench.org/data/StructureData.php?RegNo=51042
56. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory

LICENSE
METHANOL
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/national-drug-code-directory
57. Nature Chemistry

58. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods

LICENSE
The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public.
It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
67-56-1
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/3800.pdf
67-56-1
67-56-1
59. NLM RxNorm Terminology

LICENSE
The RxNorm Terminology is created by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and is in the public domain and
may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from
NLM. Credit to the U.S. National Library of Medicine as the source is appreciated but not required. The full
RxNorm dataset requires a free license.
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
methanol
https://rxnav.nlm.nih.gov/id/rxnorm/1310568
60. Pistoia Alliance Chemical Safety Library

LICENSE
https://www.cas.org/sites/default/files/documents/chemical-safety-library-terms.pdf
METHANOL; NITRIC OXIDE

http://www.pistoiaalliance.org/projects/chemical-safety-library/
61. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/MOH
62. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)

LICENSE
Data files contained in the PDB archive (ftp://ftp.wwpdb.org) are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully
and freely available for both non-commercial and commercial use. Users of the data should attribute the original
authors of that structural data.
https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
https://www.rcsb.org/
63. Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database

LICENSE
Rhea has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display and
make commercial use of the database in all legislations, provided you credit (cite) Rhea.
https://www.rhea-db.org/help/license-disclaimer
https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea?query=CHEBI:17790
https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea?query=CHEBI:15734
64. Springer Nature

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=15745&sourceid=2031213-33087602
65. SpringerMaterials
methanol
https://materials.springer.com/substanceprofile/docs/smsid_wghyygginmmlbxrj
66. Thieme Chemistry

LICENSE
The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless
otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=22163&sourceid=2031213-33087602
67. Wikidata
LICENSE
CCZero
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
Methanol
methyloxidanyl
Hydroxymethyl radical
68. Wiley
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=wiley&sourceid=128112
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=wiley&sourceid=197720
69. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

LICENSE
Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such
works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without
permission in the U.S.
Methanol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000432
MeSH Tree
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
Solvents
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68012997
70. PubChem
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
71. GHS Classification (UNECE)

GHS Classification Tree
http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html
72. EPA Substance Registry Services

LICENSE
EPA SRS List Classification

https://sor.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/substreg/LandingPage.do
73. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)

SID 403031131
SID 404113951
74. NCBI
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/linkout

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Methanol - CH3OH - CID 887 - PubChem

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3/17/24, 4:27 AM Methanol | CH3OH | CID 887 - PubChem

Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet

Molecular Formula CH4O

Molecular Weight 32.042 g/mol

Dates Create: Modify:

Description Methanol appears as a colorless fairly volatile liquid with a faintly

sewers, may explode if ignited. Used to make chemicals, to

Methanol, tallow alkyl iminobisethanol appears as a yellow-

Methanol is the primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic

See also: Methoxide (conjugate).

2 Names and Identifiers

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

7 Drug and Medication Information

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

11 Use and Manufacturing

13 Safety and Hazards

15 Associated Disorders and Diseases

18 Interactions and Pathways

19 Biological Test Results

1.3 Crystal Structures

CCDC Number 286524

Associated Article DOI:10.1021/cg0701877

Crystal Structure Data DOI:10.5517/cc9m4qr

The Cambridge Structural Database

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2.1.4 Canonical SMILES

2.2 Molecular Formula

CAMEO Chemicals; PubChem

ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.2 Related CAS

CAS Common Chemistry

CAS Common Chemistry

CAS Common Chemistry

2.3.3 Deprecated CAS

54841-71-3, 1173023-83-0, 1196157-60-4

1173023-83-0, 1196157-60-4, 54841-71-3

EPA Chemicals under the TSCA

2.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

1230 (Methanol; Methyl alcohol)

Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)

2.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.10 ICSC Number

ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)

2.3.15 NSC Number

2.3.16 RTECS Number

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

methanol Alcohol, methyl Rcra waste number U154 Methylalkohol [German]

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name Property Value Reference