(true) or F (false).

UNIT Mark each statement

. xt h h v th f r n v r l n .
2 ff r nt lt r h v d ff r nt f r n z n t xt .
. Wh n r d n nd l n , n f nd th p tt rn n rfr t
l rn rd fr rr dn : l n .
d l t. r h h h n th t n rd r t l rn rd, t n nt r t 4 It rt r d n l n th t h t xt p tt rn l r t th n rfr t
n t .E ht th rd n nt xt, b ld p tr n r n f t l n .
nn . h b t t n r th n b r f n nt r th rd nd t l r
Compare your answers with those of another student.
h rd r d b r d n xt n v l .
W r th n rd n th t r r t v th n n . S pl B. Read the passage again and underline the words that are new to you.
n t n th rd nd l n p th nn n t n h. Y n d t n l z
th rd nd t n p n nd r t n . C. Look at the word lists in Appendices 1 and 2 (pages 303 and 308) for the words you underlined.
t h n rd d. If l l l t th nt xt nd Choose two of your underlined words that are on the lists and write them below. Then write the
rt d n th nt n hr f nd th rd, r r l l t r b r t. part of speech and the dictionary definition that best fits each word as it is used in the passage.

Sn t ld b p bl t l rn ll th n rd n nt r n rr dn ,
h ld d d h h n ld b th t f lf r nd tr t l rn th . .
A rd ll b f lf r f t n l d d n n f th rd l t (App nd 4
nd 2 , r f h v n nt r d t v r l t nd th n ll n nt r t n.
In th n t ll pr t l tn rd fr h rt p .

Example:
A. Read the excerpt from a newspaper article and complete the tasks that follow.
A. Read the excerpt from a textbook and complete the tasks that follow.

Why Is Reading in a Second Language Sometimes Difficult?

Cr lt r l r r h h th t lt r h v n t xt r n z t n b t n En l h nd th
v r n tt t d b t l n n n r l nd v nt n l n r t r f nd ff t.
nt r b lp h l t t th Un v r t
th t th d ff r n r r fl t d n th pr nt d Ath b nl n . It l lt nl d
rd. A r lt, th d r r nz d n fr th th t h n p pl r d n nd p h l t h v b d th r d n f nt l l f
xp t r r t n ( . ., n vr r ln th pr h nd b t th t xt th t n rd n l pt n: th t th b pr p rn E r p nA r n t E tA n, r. h rd
lt r . Or n ll ll d t r tt nt n b t th r b l f nd xp t t n b t th nd rl ll h n th hf, h th r n th nt n f
b t r th r l nd f th S r n t. r p n d ff r nt lt r d n t j t th n b tdf
K pl n ( 66 , th t nh n pr d C lt r l d ff r n ht d t t h t p pl th ht f r nt th n : th th n d ff r ntl .
r r h n v r l d ff r nt l n . O tl r, th p tt rn n th t xt f nd l n r b t. n b n t n ,f r x pl , ht d W d t th n th t v r b d t r n th
f r x pl , f nd th t th p tt rn f th th p n th t Y r t n r , th t l pl th nd f r l f r v r
xp t r r t n n l n "r fl t th r d r l l t h v d ff lt r rv f r p rt r . n n th nd r t nd n f v r d l f , th t r ,
p tt rn v l d n th n t v lt r ." pr h nd n . p r pt n, r l ppl t n nd n r th ," r.
r h r h v f nd n f nt d ff r n d pt d n pr n nf r t n nd n n f
th rld r nd th — r , W t rn h l r d,
n tr p h l d."
th n , d v t n t l lr n n , p n h nt f r t

(S r : The New York Times, A t 8, 2000, x rpt, p.

Learning New Words from Your Reading

Mark each statement T (true) or F (false). EXERCISE 2
. pl th n b t d ff r nt th n d p nd n n h r th lv . Read the excerpt from a textbook and complete the tasks that follow
2 pl ll th n n th .
. A lp h l th p th n d b th th n . Symbols
4 th n v r lt r .
lt f rh nb n n t t n rf ln
b t nn . n r b l r t r n th n r th n th n b l t t "r d"
Compare your answers with those of another student. symbol n th n th t rr p rt l r
nn r n z d b th p pl h hr
B. Read the passage again and underline the words that are new to you. fr ht n d— n n f l pp n t d

C. Look on the word lists in Appendices 1 and 2 (pages 303 and 308) for the words you underlined.
b l .W th h n p t t r t
Choose five of your underlined words that are on the lists and write them below. Then write the part
nd np l t b l n th v r xp r n nd h t th inflict
of speech and the dictionary definition that best fits each word as it is used in the passage
nd r t nd n , r n lt. x pl , b rth A r n n d r

.
pp ll d t d v r p pl r tn d
2 p rt n f b l h n n t
. n n n nv nt n l , h n pr n n A r n h rd r h b r r n Ind
p lt ld n tr t n b rn U.S. fl .
4 Ent r n n nf l r lt r l r nd r d nd th nf t f r h n n pt n.
Source: John J. Macionis, 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998)

D. Write a new sentence for each word above. The sentences should show that you understand the
Mark each statement (true) or F (false).
meaning of each word as it is used in the passage.

. .A b l ll r tt n.
2 2 W l n t th b l f r n lt r .
. . In n nf l r lt r , f l nf d b th b l.
4 4 C lt r h tl b t f d.

Compare your answers with those of another student.

E. Ask another student to read your sentences. Then discuss these questions. B. Read the passage again and underline the words that are new to you.

. th nt n n ? C. Look on the word lists in Appendices 1 and 2 (pages 303 and 308) for the words you underlined.
Choose five of your underlined words that are on the lists and write them below. Then write the part
2 th nt n h th nn f th rd ? of speech and the dictionary definition that best fits each word as it is used in the passage.

.
2
.
4

Learning New Words from Your Reading Vocabulary Building

 D. Write a new sentence for each word above. The sentences should show that you understand the
meaning of each word as it is used in the passage.

2 Wh n n nt r n nf l r rd, d tr t t nf r ( r t nn
fr th nt xt. Y n t l b bl t nf r n x t nn ,b t n ft n
t th n r l nn — n ht nt n r d n th nd r t nd n .
.
Y n b n f t fr th tr t n thr :
It ll t nt n r dn nd t f d n th d n th t xt.
4
It h lp d v l p r pl t nd r t nd n f th rd nd th t d.
It h lp r b r th rd n th f t r .
.

E. Ask another student to read your sentences. Then discuss these questions.
• Analyze the way a word is used in a sentence. What part of speech is it (noun, verb, adjective,
. th nt n n ? adverb, etc.)?

2 th nt n h th nn f th rd ? • Look at the words that are used with it. These often help determine meaning. For example, if it
is an adjective, what is the noun? If it is a verb, what is the subject?

• Think about the topic and the meaning of the sentence. How does the word fit in?
EXERCISE 3

A. Write the words you chose in Exercises 1 and 2. Choose five or more of those words and make
study cards for them. Example:
Follow the guidelines above to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each of the three
B. Review your study cards alone and then with another student. sentences below. Then write the inferred meaning (in English or another language). Do not use a

h pr d nt p n d th t t t rl t nt n th t f
th tn .
On nf rt n t t f th l t n th t b th p rt r r th n

h fh pt l b d tr t nt l rl b tt r th n h b d
tr t nt.

Inf rr d nn :
t : In Ex r , th nd rl n d rd r d th th r t n d f n t n,
ll l t d f r t n th d t n r .

Learning New Words from Your Reading

EXERCISE 1 tr t d t, bl nd n d n t th n v r d f ld .
A. Follow the guidelines to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each set of three
sentences below Then write the inferred meaning (in English or another language). Do not use a Inf rr d nn :

B. Compare your answers with those of another student. Then look up tamper and forlorn in the
. r l d
pp r d nd t n n t l t r v r n t th f tb ll t h dictionary. Compare the dictionary definitions with your inferred meanings and write the dictionary
pl t l dr n h d. definitions below:
Wh n h p ll d h r t f th n p l, h r dr dr n h d nd h n l t p r:
t h rb d . f rl rn:
S r r d nd t p dd nl n b d, dr n h d n ld t.

Inf rr d nn :
2 h tr n r n v r d rd, b t thr t f ld d p f p p r nt l r h nd.
A. Follow the guidelines to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each set of three
thr t h h nd nt h p t nd l d l l . sentences below. Then write the inferred meaning (in English or another language).
A h tr ht n d p, h f lt dd n p n l n f b n thr t nt h r l r . h fn n l f t nd th r b It l n p n ld l d t
p rt nt h n n th It l n n .
v t n n th S th f nd l v b h nd ll r nt r rr nd
Inf rr d nn :
It d d n t t l n f rh t d v r th r f ll h fr nd b t th r
B. Compare your answers with those of another student. Then look up drenched and thrust in the
l ttl h ld d t h lp.
dictionary. Compare the dictionary definitions with your inferred meanings and write the dictionary
definitions below: Inf rr d nn :
dr n h d: 2 nt rv h th t n p r nt r v r rr d b t th p blt f th r
thr t: h ld b n
In 6, h lb dr v r nd t nt x h ldr n r t np nt n
C l f rn .
EXERCISE 2 h n n d tt d n t r th t h h d d p th t r fh h
nd h ld b th n f r th rt x h r .
A. Follow the guidelines to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each set of three
sentences below. Then write the inferred meaning (in English or another language).
Inf rr d nn :
. t p r th l tr l f tt n th tfr t t hn ff th np r ppl .
It ll lt dd, t , r th r t p r th th nt nt f th vd . B. Compare your answers with those of another student. Then look up woes and abducted in the
dictionary. Compare the dictionary definitions with your inferred meanings and write the dictionary
S v r lr r h t nt r d ft p rn th th r lt f th definitions below:
xp r nt .

Inf rr d nn : bd t d:
2 Wh n th tr n p ll d t nd th r d h d th nn d, h ld ll, f rl rn
f r tt n n t .
r nn n h ld n t f rl rn h p th t h t th nd f th r th ld ll
b t th r n.

Vocabulary Building
 EXERCISE 4

If r bl t nf r th n r l nn f rd fr th nt xt, n Read the sentences, write the part of speech of the underlined word, and choose the most
b tt r f th d t n r . In f t, n rd h v r th n n d f n t n nd appropriate definition. Follow the guidelines for choosing a dictionary definition.

n dt h th t ppr pr t n . r x pl , th rd laugh ( v rb h . tt r h th r t t , h r th t h b n d t dr n n t f p nd r
l v n d ff r nt d f n t n n th Longman A dvanced A merican Dictionary. f n t n f r tr ll ft n r f t r fr
th rd get v r thr p
fnt n : . h rt p r d h n pr r l , h n th r l ttl n
tvt
• Determine the part of speech of the unknown word. This is necessary because there may be 2 l n p n nt n r th t h ld t r rf df r n l
several dictionary entries for one word as different parts of speech.
. th h ll r b t nt v n th n rb t nt
• Look at the words that are used with it. If it is a part of a frequent combination of words, the h ll
definition may be listed separately. For example, you will find separately numbered b. It th r j b t b h r f r th r nd t th ntr d f rf d nd
definitions for sign up and sign off. The same is true of on sight and sight unseen
ppl .
sted in the dictionary under sight).

• Analyze the context for clues to the general meaning of the word.
fnt n : .t r h n r v r r f ll nd th r hl
• Think about the topic and the meaning of the sentence in which the word is found.
2 t l n th n v r th r hl b r bb n t th r h
• Look at the definitions listed in the dictionary and choose the most appropriate one—the t r l
one that best fits the way the word is used in the sentence.
. t f r h l b nt n v nt v r l n p r d

Compare your answers with those of another student. Work together and answer the following
Example:
A. Read the sentence, write the part of speech of the underlined word, and choose the most . Wh t b n n d th thr d fnt n f h v n n?
appropriate definition. Follow the guidelines for choosing a dictionary definition.

n ll n n t r n h h r lf fr , h t rn d nd t r d t h .
b Wh t b n n d th thr d fnt n f h v n n?
f n t n :t t r tr n th t p ll r lf fr n h
h ld n
2 t t n fr h r th t th r p r n
. t t t j nt n rb d dd nl nd p nf ll EXERCISE 5

Read each sentence and choose the most appropriate definition of the underlined word.
B. What basic meaning do all three definitions of wrench have in common?
. th p rf t r p , p t b tt r n th p n nd t n v r
dr t n th b tt r v r th b tt .
b Sh r n f ll t th b d r, n v r n t n th r p r d t th d .
. W th th n v d n , p bl pn n n n, th t n
f v r f th p t.
d In n rd d n f p rtr t Mona Lisa, th l htl p rd f
h r dd t th t r fh r l .

Inferring Meaning from Context Vocabulary Building

 fnt n :
. v. t v r th n v nt p t n h r n d h h r th n th nd th d t nt xt f th nt n , n l f nd l t th nn f
th r n n n n rd n th l r r nt xt f h l p r r ph.
2 v. t v r h d r h n p r t th d In th f ll n x r ll pr t nf rr n n n fr h l p r r ph,
. v. t h n ( n b l f r t t n , th t p pl pr f r n p r n r b l f v r th n n n rd n th pl f r l rd.
n th r Example:
4 n. f ll t lt— f t p bl Read the following paragraph and answer the questions about the underlined nonsense word.
. n. t t n n h h n pr f r n p r n r b l f, r n h h n p r n A th h r f l ff t f r pp n n h lth h v b d l n n, n t
r b l f h n dv nt nd ntr h v p dl th t l t h r t ll d. In n pl ,
6 n. v nt r p t n n h h n d f th n h h r th n th th r r pp n n l n r p r tt d n r t r nt nd b r . O n r f r t r nt nd
b r r n t th l b th b l v d th t th r b n ld ff r, b t
B. Compare your answers with those of another student. Then discuss the definitions of What th t h pp n d nl n th f r t f nth . Aft r th t, b n r t rn d t n r l.
basic meaning do they have in common? h l h v l h d n th r p t v ff t, p rt fr n th r l n rf r
v r n : M r p pl h v v n p r pp n lt th r.
. Wh t p rt f p h t? noun
b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
A. Read each sentence and choose the most appropriate definition of the underlined word.

. It n bv tt pt t h ft th bl f r th d nt nt th th r . Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t?

b W r n th n ht h ft n r t f l pr bl f r b th n nd n.
. lt n r d th t th r tr n n d t h ft r r r nt
d t n nd r r h. A. Working with another student, read the paragraphs and fill in the information about the nonsense
d h l r h rp t n d th tn h ft n f rt bl n h t. words in each paragraph.

fnt n : . At th b nn n f W rld W r II, h n th G r n v d nt n rth rn r n ,

th r h d th t n nd ntr d f r p n r n h ld r , h r nt
. v. t v fr n pl rp t nt n th r, r th n d th
t pr n r f r p n G r n . xt, th tr d t z p ll th n r th r
2 v. t h n th n p d r p nt r th ld f nd, th h n p pl h d th r n f r r nd r r nd. h
. v. t n l r p n bl f r th n , p ll f r th n b d th t G r n l t ll th h r fr f r nd t n , b th r n d d n
h h pp n d th r . h l r ll h rt th r n h, n th l f ln d h r
4 n. hn n th p pl th n b t th n r th th n d n n r t r th f r nd f r tr n p rt. t l n ft r th , th G r n z pp d
r d ll, th t p pl ld n t l t n t f r n n r p rt .
. n. n f th p r d d r n hd nd n ht h n p rt l r r p f r r n
f t r , h p t l, t ., r t r . Wh t p rt f p h t?
6 n. th n p t r b rd th t pr t pr nt p t l l tt r b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t?
B. Compare your answers with those of another student. Then discuss the definitions of shift. What 2. In n ntr , th r r l tr n n l n r d th t z p dr v r b t
basic meaning do they have in common?
d n r r pr bl h d. h b h rt t r d n r, h n d nt r
b d th r, r l n r t r pr bl , h r d r . St d h v h n,
h v r, th t dr v r d n t l n t th n . b r th t dr v r r
z pp d b t th nd t n f th r d, th h h n nt rv n S tl nd
h d v l p d n l tr n t th t nd d r tl t p l

Inferring Meaning from Context 42

 l tr n t b lt nt th r . th t r b tt r t zop dr v r th n
th r d d n ? It t n t t ll. h r lt f th f r t t d ll b
p bl h d n xt r.
or paragraph in which it appears. You need to read more of the surrounding text to look
. Wh t p rt f p h t?
for clues to its meaning.
b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t?

B. Compare your answers with those of another pair of students. If you disagree, look again at the • Determine the part of speech.
paragraphs and explain your answers. • Look at the words that are used with it.

• Think about the meaning of the sentence and the topic of the passage.

EXERCISE 8 • Notice if the word is repeated elsewhere in the passage or if the writer has used any synonyms
words with the same meaning) or antonyms (opposites).
A. Working with another student, read the paragraphs and fill in the information about the
• Look for an explanation or definition of the word somewhere else in the passage
(especially in a textbook).
. rn t n th t , I ft n dt t n t n ll b th r v rb n n th
rl v n n , h p n f r l br z —th h th r n v r n . On n d • Infer an approximate meaning of the word.
th " h t " t , n th th r d r th Afr n v ll , nd ll d l n th r • Read the sentence with your meaning instead of the original word. Does it make sense?
r l r dreels th t nt b nd f rth, br n n p pl , b l , r , nd tr If not, check steps 1-5 again (or look in a dictionary!).
t nd fr th t . At th t fd , t r r r rt tb t th r
n rld n th f r d f th r v r. r htl dr d nd j n , th Afr n p h d
f r rd h n th dreel rr v d. M n r rr n l d n th r h d r b l
n th r h ld r . S r nx n tt th h n t th th t Example:
th l p d d n th t p nd j p d nt th dreel t p ll d t. A. Working with another student, read the passage below from Never Cry Wolf by the biologist
Farley Mowat. Then answer the questions and infer the meaning of the underlined word.
. Wh t p rt f p h t?
t : The book describes a summer that Mowat spent in the Canadian Arctic studying
b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
wolves. In this passage, he describes three wolves whom he has named George, Albert, and
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t? Angeline.
2. h f r n n r p rt r h d b n rn d n t t dr n th t r d th
bv l f r n r. h r l t ld n t t l d n th ddl f th tr t,
h r th ld b zeem f r n n th r f . h h ld l t l t One day the wolves killed a caribou' close to overcome all three. Angeline lay at her ease on

th b ld n , r d t r n nt d r f th h rd r n th n p . home and this convenient food supply gave them the rocks overlooking the summer den, while
George and Albert rested in sandy beds on the
h h ld l r b ll tpr f v t. h ll d d th h d b n t ld, b t t ll an opportunity to take a holiday. They did not
hunting at all that night, but stayed near the den The only signs of life from any of them
d d n t f l f . It p bl n t t th n f th ll h h db n
through the long morning were occasional
nd d nd ll d n th tr t . h l d l ,l n p t th r ft p . changes of position, and lazy looks about the
The next morning dawned fine and warm, and
h r n t ll n h n nd h r h rp h t r ht d d t t f r countryside.
a general air of contented lassitude seemed to
zeem pr t — nd th r r l d th r zeem.
. Wh t p rt f p h t? Source: Farley Mowat, Boston: Bantam Books, 1963, p. 114)

b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
r nd r
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t? den: th h f t p f n l ,f r x pl , lv
ridge: l n r f h h l nd

B. Compare your answers with those of another pair of students. If you disagree, look again at the
paragraphs and explain your answers.

Inferring Meaning from Context Vocabulary Building

 l tr n t b lt nt th r . th t r b tt r t dr v r th n
th r d d n ? It t n t t ll. h r lt f th f r t t d ll b
p bl h d n xt r. S t nn t nf r th n n f n nf l r rd b n j t th nt n
r p r r ph n h h t pp r . Y n d t r d r f th rr nd n t xt t l
. Wh t p rt f p h t?
f r l t t nn .
b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t?

• Determine the part of speech.

B. Compare your answers with those of another pair of students. If you disagree, look again at the
paragraphs and explain your answers. • Look at the words that are used with it.

• Think about the meaning of the sentence and the topic of the passage.

EXERCISE 8 • Notice if the word is repeated elsewhere in the passage or if the writer has used any synonyms
words with the same meaning) or antonyms (opposites).
A. Working with another student, read the paragraphs and fill in the information about the
• Look for an explanation or definition of the word somewhere else in the passage
(especially in a textbook).
. rn t n th t , I ft n dt t n t n ll b th r v rb n n th
rl v n n , h p n f r l br z th h th r n v r n . On n d • Infer an approximate meaning of the word.
th " h t " t , n th th r d r th Afr n v ll , nd ll d l n th r • Read the sentence with your meaning instead of the original word. Does it make sense?
r l r th t nt b nd f rth, br n n p pl , b l , r , nd tr If not, check steps 1-5 again (or look in a dictionary!).
t nd fr th t . At th t fd , t r r r rt tb t th r
n rld n th f r d f th r v r. r htl dr d nd j n , th Afr n p h d
f r rd h n th rr v d. M n r rr n l d n th r h d r b l
n th r h ld r . S r nx n tt th h n t th th t Example:
th l p d d n th t p nd j p d nt th t p ll d t. A. Working with another student, read the passage below from Never Cry Wolf by the biologist
Farley Mowat. Then answer the questions and infer the meaning of the underlined word.
. Wh t p rt f p h t?
t : h b d rb r th t M t p nt n th C n d n Ar t t d n
b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
lv . In th p ,h d rb thr lv h h h n d G r , Alb rt, nd
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t? An l n .
2. h f r n n r p rt r h d b n rn d n t t dr n th t r d th
bv l f r n r. h r l t ld n t t l d n th ddl f th tr t,
h r th ld b f r n n th r f . h h ld l t l t One day the wolves killed a caribou' close to overcome all three. Angeline lay at her ease on

th b ld n , r d t r n nt d r f th h rd r n th n p . home and this convenient food supply v the rocks overlooking the summer den, while
George and Albert rested in sandy beds on the
h h ld l r b ll tpr f v t. h ll d d th h d b n t ld, b t t ll an opportunity to take a holiday. They did not go
hunting at all that night, but stayed near the den The only signs of life from any of them
d d n t f l f . It p bl n t t th n f th ll h h db n
and rested. through the long morning were occasional
nd d nd ll d n th tr t . h l d l ,l n p t th r ft p . changes of position, and lazy looks about the
The next morning dawned fine and warm, and
h r n t ll n h n nd h r h rp h t r ht d d t t f r a general air of contented lassitude seemed to countryside.
pr t — nd th r r l d th r
. Wh t p rt f p h t? Never Wolf,

b Wh t rd r f nd r nd t?
r nd r
. Wh t rd r phr ld r pl t? den: th h f t p f n l ,f r x pl , lv
a long area

B. Compare your answers with those of another pair of students. If you disagree, look again at the
paragraphs and explain your answers.

Inferring Meaning from Context Vocabulary

 . Wh t p rt f p h t?
2 Wh t phr d th t? Working with another student, read the passages from by the journalist Isabel
Fonseca. Then infer the meaning of the underlined words.
. Wh t rd n th p r r ph v l t th nn ?( n n , nt n , ( h b f nthr p l d r b th h t r fG p , r ,f l n E t rn
r th r E r p nd th r l v n th 0.

. Ev n t [th G p ]h I n v r ll d t b l n : n t v r. h
B. Now infer an approximate meaning of the word and write it here. ddn t h r dj [n n G p ] n t n f r n d f r pr v . Or f r t. h
r nd th n r th b tt r th r th t I f nd t b n v r l
n . h r th n r n th , h , f h dt b
C. lassitude in the dictionary and write the definition that best fits its use in the passage. l n . h G p h v nd r d n n bl h rd h p , b t n ld b r
th t l n l n n t n f th .

Inf rr d nn f
EXERCISE 9

A. Working with another student, read another passage from Never Cry Wolf. Then answer the 2 Ev r rn n xh t tr t h d t h h v n r t l f r l n h ld. On
questions and infer the meaning of the underlined word. b n ,h ld pr d th pl nt fr h l d tr n : h v n br h,
h v n b l th th p t n t, th f ld n r z r. W r n h rn n
The realization that the wolves' summer diet 1. That wolves caught and ate mice.
t— tr p d p j b tt nd h l t r h rt—h ld thr
consisted chiefly of mice did not conclude my 2. That the small rodents [mice] were
tr p n nd t f th h f r th t l , h ld n h th t n f n r d
work in the field of dietetics.' I knew that the sufficiently numerous to support the wolf d l ht r rv f r th h ndl n f ll b t p rf tl pr rv d
mouse-wolf relationship was a revolutionary one M n n [ nt ] p t. Aft r ll th pl nt h d b n rr n d l n th
to science and would be treated with suspicion,
There remained, however, a third point vital to
rt rd l d , h h b b rb r rn r f r d p rt f h rn n ,
and possibly with ridicule, unless it could be so
the proof of my contention. This concerned the
xh t ld f n l tr p f r h p l r d h vn rr r.
thoroughly substantiated that there would be no
nutritional value of mice. It was imperative for me
room to doubt its validity.
to prove that a diet of small rodents would suffice Inf rr d nn f
I had already established two major points:
to maintain a large carnivore in good condition.

. t f th r, Sh r f (j t f r x pl , l t tr d t n l G p n, r t
ll th t , th t, n tt r h t th n r th th r. And h
ld r th t t nt l t f ll t p nd h d t b r pl d. h h b t
fl r h d l n d th f pp h t t f n G p n: th l v d fl h t
. Wh t p rt f p h t? nd fl pp n l p l , n h n , tr p d f br th l d h t , r t hf b
t h , nd l t f ( ld j lr .
2 Wh t phr d th t?
(Source: Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey. Vintage Books, 1995)
. Wh t rd n th p r r ph v l t th nn ?( n n , nt n , r th r

B. Now infer an approximate meaning of the word and write it here.

Inf rr d nn f

B. Compare your answers with those of another pair of students. Then look up the underlined words
C. Compare your answers in A and B with those of another pair of students. Then look up
in the dictionary. If what you wrote does not match any of the definitions in the dictionary, choose
substantiated in the dictionary. If what you wrote does not match any of the definitions in the
the most appropriate definitions and write them here.
dictionary, choose the most appropriate definition and write it here.