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Hypothesis
In statistics, hypothesis is a claim or
Hypothesis Testing statement about a property of a population

Hypothesis Testing Purpose

is a standard procedure for testing a The purpose of hypothesis testing is
claim about a property of a population to help in reaching a decision
concerning a population by examining
a sample from that population

Components of a
Hypothesis Test Null Hypothesis: H0

Statement about value of population
• Null and alternative hypotheses parameter that is equal to some
• Test statistic claimed value
H0: p = 0.5 H0: µ = 100 H0: σ = 15
• P-value and interpretation
• Significance level (optional)
Test the Null Hypothesis directly

Reject H0 or fail to reject H0

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Alternative Hypothesis: H1

the statement that the H0: Must contain equality

parameter has a value that
somehow differs from the null
H1: Will contain ≠, <, >

Must be true if H0 is false

≠, <, >

Forming Your Own Claims (Hypotheses)
 Convert the research question to null
and alternative hypotheses
 The claim must be worded so that it
becomes the alternative hypothesis.
 This means your claim must be
expressed using only ≠, <, >
Forming Your Own Claims (Hypotheses)
 The null hypothesis (H0) is a claim of “no
difference in the populations”
 The alternative hypothesis (Ha) claims
“H0 is false”
 Collect data and seek evidence against
H0 as a way of bolstering Ha (deduction)

Test Statistic Test statistic for proportions

 The test statistic is a value computed
from the sample data. z=p-p
/\

 It is used in making the decision about

the rejection of the null hypothesis. √ pq
n

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Test statistic for standard

Test statistic for mean
deviation

x - µx x - µx
z= t= (n – 1)s2
σ s χ2 =
n n σ2

When the population When the population

variance is known variance is not known

Solution: The preceding example showed that the

Example: A survey of n = 880 randomly ˆ given claim results in the following null and alternative
hypotheses: H0: p = 0.5 and H1: p > 0.5. Because we work
selected drivers showed that 56%(or p = 0.56) of them under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true with
admitted to running red lights. Find the value of the test p = 0.5, we get the following test statistic:
statistic for the claim that the majority of all drivers admit
to running red lights.
/\

z = p – p = 0.56 - 0.5 = 3.56

√ pq
n √ (0.5)(0.5)
880

Critical Region (or Rejection Region) Critical Region

Set of all values of the test statistic that Set of all values of the test statistic that
would cause a rejection of the would cause a rejection of the
null hypothesis null hypothesis

Critical
Region

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Critical Region Critical Region

Set of all values of the test statistic that Set of all values of the test statistic that
would cause a rejection of the would cause a rejection of the
null hypothesis null hypothesis
Critical Critical
Region Regions

Significance Level Critical Value

Any value that separates the critical region

denoted by α (where we reject the null hypothesis) from the
values of the test statistic that do not lead to

the probability that the test statistic a rejection of the null hypothesis
will fall in the critical region when the
null hypothesis is actually true.

commonly used values are 0.05, 0.01,
and 0.10

Critical Value Critical Value

Any value that separates the critical region Any value that separates the critical region
(where we reject the null hypothesis) from the (where we reject the null hypothesis) from the
values of the test statistic that do not lead to values of the test statistic that do not lead to
a rejection of the null hypothesis a rejection of the null hypothesis

Reject H0 Fail to reject H0

Critical Value Critical Value

( z score ) ( z score )

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Two-tailed,
Two- Two--tailed Test
Two
Right--tailed,
Right H0: = α is divided equally between
Left--tailed Tests
Left H1: ≠ the two tails of the critical
region

The tails in a distribution are the Means less than or greater than

extreme regions bounded

by critical values.

Values that differ significantly from H0

Right--tailed Test
Right Left--tailed Test
Left
H0: = H0: =
H1: > Points Right
H1: <
Points Left

Values that
differ significantly
Values that from Ho
differ significantly
from Ho