SIMULATION OF PARALYIZED MUSCLE

USING BIOCERAMICS

A MINI PROJECT-II REPORT

Submitted by

ABARNA R. (1706002)
PREETHI K. (1706034)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING

SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[Educational Service: SNR Sons Charitable Trust]
[Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001:2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
VATTAMALAIPALAYAM, N.G.G.O. COLONY POST, COIMBATORE – 641 022.

MAY: 2020

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We put forth our hearts and souls to thank the ALMIGHTY for being with us
through our achievements and success. We would like to express our unfathomable thanks to
our esteemed and Honorable Managing Trustee Sri.R.VIJAYAKUMHAR and Joint
Managing Trustee Sri.D.LAKSHMI NARAYANANA SWAMY for giving us the chance to
be a part of this elite team at Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore.

We convey our deepest gratitude and thanks to our Director (Academics)

Dr.A.EBENEZER JEYAKUMAR, M.E.,Ph.D., SNR Sons Charitable Trust, and
Coimbatore for giving us the opportunity to do this project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our honorable Principal

Dr.N.R.ALAMELU, M.E., Ph.D., for the facilities provided to complete this project.

We take the privilege to thank the Head of the Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, Dr.K.SRINIVASAN, M.E.,Ph.D., for his consistent support
and encouragement at every step of our project work.

We convey our special thanks to our Academic Coordinator, Department of

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Dr.V.RUKKUMANI, M.E.,Ph.D., for her
consistent support and encouragement at every step of our project.

We wish to convey our special thanks to our project guide, Dr.D.DEVASEANA,

M.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
for her consistent support, timely help and valuable suggestions during the entire period of
our project work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our project coordinators,

Dr.V.RUKKUMANI, M.E.,Ph.D., Associate Professor and , Dr.D.DEVASEANA,
M.E.,Ph.D., Assistant Professor for their valuable support in the completion of this project.
We extend our sincere gratitude to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of our department
who helped us during our project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
3 DESCRIPTION 8
3.1 INTRODUCTION 8
3.2 OVER VIEW OF EXIXTING SYSTEM 9
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 12
3.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 14
3.5 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 17
3.5.1 Arduino UNO 17
3.5.2 Muscle Sensor 22
3.5.3 PIR Sensor 27
3.5.4 Light Source 32
3.5.5 Bioceramic Powder 35
3.5.6 LiPo Battery 37
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 39
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 44
REFERENCES 46

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 ABSTRACT

Ischemic stroke is the result of reduction in blood flow to the

affected brain regions. Ischemic stroke is the biggest cause of physical
disability in both developed and developing countries .The purpose of
the project is to determine the possible effect of photoluminescence of
bio ceramic (PLB) on Ischemic stroke to restore normal functioning
of human muscles. The action of Bio ceramic materials on muscle is
monitored with help of Muscle electrodes and displayed on the screen
using controller. The experimental setup consists of Arduino UNO,
Muscle Electrode, Bioceramic band, optical fibre that act as source
for infrared emission. Bioceramic materials will be in the powder
form and are packed in a container made up of cloth. The optical filter
attached with bio ceramic material supply the input light which is then
converted into infrared light of desired frequency. The infrared red is
allowed to reach the inactive muscle for a period of time. The effect
of Infrared light is monitored using muscle electrode. The Muscle
electrode acquires the muscle action in the form of EMG signal and
process the signal for digital display.

Keywords: EMG Signal, Bioceramic, Muscle Electrode, Digital Display,

Optical fibre, Bioceramic band etc.,

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

3.1 Pictorial Representation of the Device E-Stim 11
3.2 Block diagram of the proposed system 12
3.3 Output of PIR Sensor on Arduino Window 15
3.4 Output of EMG Sensor on Arduino Window 16
3.5 Arduino UNO 18
3.6 Pin diagram of Arduino UNO 20
3.7 EMG Muscle Sensor 23
3.8 EMG Sensor with Electrodes 25
3.9 PIR Sensor 27
3.10 PIR PIR Sensor circuit diagram 30
3.11 LED LED light 33
3.12 Bioceramic Powder 35
3.13 LiPo Battery 37
4.1 Setup of Simulation of Paralyzed muscle 39
4.2 Setup of Simulation of muscle with electrodes 40
4.3 Output of EMG Signal 41
4.4 Simulation of EMG Signals 42
5.1 Wearable Device to generate EMG Signals 45

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Ischemic stroke is the result of reduction in blood flow to the affected

brain regions. Ischemic stroke is the biggest cause of physical disability in both
developed and developing countries .The purpose of the project is to determine
the possible effect of photoluminescence of bio ceramic (PLB) on Ischemic
stroke to restore normal functioning of human muscles. The action of Bio
ceramic materials on muscle is monitored with help of Muscle electrodes and
displayed on the screen using controller.

Bio ceramic materials will be in the powder form and are packed in a
container made up of cloth. The optical filter attached with bio ceramic material
supply the input light which is then converted into infrared light of desired
frequency. The infrared red is allowed to reach the inactive muscle for a period
of time. The effect of Infrared light is monitored using muscle electrode. The
Muscle electrode acquires the muscle action in the form of EMG signal and
process the signal for digital display.

Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths

between 760 nm and 100,000 nm. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photo bio
modulation (PBM) therapy generally employs light at red and near-infrared
wavelengths (600–100 nm) to modulate biological activity. Many factors,
conditions, and parameters influence the therapeutic effects of IR, including
fluence, irradiance, treatment timing and repetition, pulsing, and wavelength.
Increasing evidence suggests that IR can carry out photostimulation and
photobiomodulation effects particularly benefiting neural stimulation, wound
6
healing, and cancer treatment. Nerve cells respond particularly well to IR,
which has been proposed for a range of neurostimulation and neuromodulation
applications, and recent progress in neural stimulation and regeneration are
discussed.

The applications of IR therapy have moved on rapidly in recent years.

For example, IR therapy has been developed that does not actually require an
external power source, such as IR-emitting materials, and garments that can be
powered by body heat alone. Another area of interest is the possible
involvement of solar IR radiation in photo aging or photo rejuvenation as
opposite sides of the coin. A better understanding of new developments and
biological implications of IR could help us to improve therapeutic effectiveness
or develop new methods of PBM using IR wavelengths.

In recent years, photo dermatological investigation has made enormous

progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that form the basis for the
good and the bad effects that human skin can undergo in response to exposure
to IR radiation. Most studies used artificial light sources for IRA illumination.
This makes it possible to identify the most efficient wavelength, power, and
fluence to irradiate subjects than when using environmental IR radiation from
the sun containing multi-wavelengths, which may cause heat-induced MMP-1
and induced photo protection of human skin.

Since human skin is consistently exposed to environmental IR radiation,

this energy may indirectly or directly stimulate the production of free radicals or
ROS. Many researchers have found a brief burst of IR-induced ROS may be
beneficial for photo rejuvenation. IR radiation (8~12 μm) is used on full-
thickness skin wound healing in rats, has shown an increase in the release of the
growth factor and anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β1
(TGF-β1) which leads to activation of fibroblasts for improved healing of
7
wounds. Additionally, IR radiation (λ= 950 nm) has been used to directly
stimulate fibroblast proliferation, and this resulted in an increased fibroblast
proliferation in vitro.

The molecular mechanism of NIR radiation (λ=810 nm) to generate

mitochondrial signalling in mammalian cells is proposed to be due activation of
a photo acceptor called cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Light activation of CCO
stimulates the mitochondrial respiratory chain reaction to generate ROS, and
results in the activation of NF-KB in embryonic fibroblasts. In addition PBM
absorption of IR radiation by structured intracellular water may produce
additional changes in molecular vibrational energy and affect the tertiary
conformation of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins. These relatively
small changes in protein structure can activate signalling pathways (such as by
inositol phosphates) culminating in activation of transcription factors and
changes in gene expression.

Furthermore, primary human dermal fibroblasts were analysed by

microarray analysis after IRA radiation in vitro. Microarray analysis indicated
that 599 IRA-regulated genes were differentially expressed in primary human
dermal fibroblasts, which were relevant to metabolic processes in the
extracellular matrix, calcium homeostasis, stress signalling, and regulation of
apoptosis. This research also found that IRA resulted in the generation of ROS
both inside and outside of the mitochondria. The authors proposed that three
major signalling pathways may be involved to activate gene expression,
including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), calcium, and the
interleukin 6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
pathways. Additionally, the IRA-induced genes were significantly different
compared to UV-induced genes. This finding implies that different wavelengths
of light may lead to specific signalling pathways in human dermal fibroblast.

8
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Reference paper [1]:“Far infrared radiation (FIR): its biological effects

and medical applications”(2018) tells about Usage of Photonics Lasers
Med.Transcranial brain stimulation with IR radiation is the use of coherent or
non-coherent light to rehabilitate neurodegenerative brain diseases or traumatic
brain injury, and modulate a neurobiological function in a non-thermal effect;
however the molecular mechanism of IR brain stimulation is still unclear. In
order to clarify the cellular mechanism of NIR laser treatment on acute ischemic
stroke patients, the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model was used to evaluate
the cortical ATP content after 808 nm laser treatment. A NIR laser in pulsed
wave mode or continuous mode could elevate ATP content in the rabbit cortex
compared to the sham embolized rabbits, especially pulsed wave mode gave a
significantly larger increase in cortical ATP content.

Reference paper [2]: “Low-level light therapy potentiates NPe6-mediated

photodynamic therapy” (2018) tells about clustering technique for simulation
of muscle.Infrared neural stimulation (INS) has higher spatial resolution without
electrochemical connection between the source and the target tissue.
Furthermore, IR radiant emission can be closely tailored to reflect the incoming
signal; however the potential disadvantages of INS are risks of heat-induced
tissue damage by overdosed energy, and the limited depth of stimulation
dependent on IR absorption properties of tissue.

Many researchers have found that application of continuous wave or pulsed

light leads to different results in studies of wound healing and tissue
9
regeneration. A low frequency pulsed IR laser significantly stimulated bone
nodule formation in rat calvarial cells in vitro with a low-energy Ga-Al-As laser
(2-Hz, 830 nm, 500 mW, 0.48 3.84 J/cm 2 ). With respect to the INS, it is
considered that the threshold for safety involves avoiding the heating of tissue
depending on the neural targets, wavelength, pulse rates, power etc. INS for a
cochlear implant is comparable to electrical stimulation, while other neural
targets may have lower safety thresholds for INS. A pulsed diode laser with
a wavelength between 1.844 1.873 μm, pulse length 35~1000 μs, repetition rate
2 Hz, was used to elicit compound action potentials.

Reference paper [3]:“Neurological and psychological applications of

transcranial lasers and LEDs”(2017) deals with the Biochemical
Pharmacology. The use of far-infrared saunas for medical treatment is based on
deep skin-penetration of the radiation to restore homeostasis of thermal
regulation. In sedentary patients suffering from osteoarthritis or cardiovascular
respiratory problems, far-infrared saunas could be applied as an alternative to
moderate exercise. They produce therapeutic effects without any adverse effects
on congestive heart failure, premature ventricular contractions, brain natriuretic
peptide levels, vascular endothelial function, weight loss, oxidative stress, or
chronic fatigue. Wagon therapy means the body is warned in an IR chamber for
15 min at 60°C, and then they are wrapped in thermal blankets and laid down to
maintain heat for an additional 40 min, and finally patient drinks water to
replenish moisture lost by perspiration. It can improve cardiac function and is
useful in rehabilitation. Previous studies showed that IR pulsed radiation at
1860 nm or 790~850 nm stimulated action potentials in many different types of
neural cells, such as sciatic cells. IRA radiation-induced free radicals can
decrease antioxidants such as carotenoids to different degrees in human skin.

10
Reference paper [4]:“Far-infrared saunas for treatment of cardiovascular
risk factors” (2017) deals features and effect of Infrared on human body.
Transcranial brain stimulation with IR radiation is the use of coherent or non-
coherent light to rehabilitate neurodegenerative brain diseases or traumatic brain
injury, and modulate a neurobiological function in a non-thermal effect;
however the molecular mechanism of IR brain stimulation is still unclear. An
810 nm Ga-Al-As diode laser pulsed at 10-Hz, 100-Hz and continuous mode,
with a power density of 50-mW/cm2for 12-minutes, was used to illuminate the
head of mice with an experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mice were
sacrificed and analyzed at 2, 15 and 28 days post-TBI. As well as lesion size
and quantity of ATP production, the 10 Hz pulse frequency had the best effect
on neurological performance. This study suggested that the 4~10 Hz rhythm
occurring in the hippocampal region in the normal brain of mice, could enter
into positive resonance with the 10 Hz laser pulse frequency to enhance the
neurorehabilitation of TBI mice. The 808 nm laser could also promote cerebral
blood flow and increase nitric oxide levels in mice. It was suggested that the IR
laser could promote cerebral circulation through NO release as well as
activating neuroprotective pathways to reduce the numbers of apoptotic cells in
the hippocampus. There are many hypotheses to explain the degeneration of
neuronal processes in Parkinson's disease, including decreased levels of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the presence of cytoplasmic
inclusions and abnormal alpha-synuclein-positive axonal swellings in surviving
neurons.

Reference paper [5]:“Application of infrared light for in vivo neural

stimulation.”(2017) portrays application of infrared in medical science. In
recent years nanotechnology development has provided functional sportswear
11
with many properties to enhance sports activities, performance, efficiency and
comfort. For example, sportswear should allow the wearer to stay warm in cold
environment, and keep cool in hot situations through transferring sweat away
from the skin. In general, the mechanism of action of IR radiating materials is to
transform heat energy from the body (convection and conduction) into radiation
within the IR wavelength range between 3~20 μm to induce homeostasis
and photobiomodulation via deeper penetration of IR radiation and water
molecule absorption in the skin. The use of materials that generate IR radiation
is possibly helpful to enhance blood circulation and the metabolism of human
body.

Reference paper [6]:“Infrared radiation influences the skin fibroblast

transcriptome: mechanisms and consequences.” (2017) portraysrole of
infrared in human body. Previous studies have identified the chromophore of
PBM using red or NIR wavelengths to be mitochondrial CCO. CCO is one of
the four protein complexes (unit IV) composing the electron transport chain that
carries out electron transport at the inner mitochondrial membrane, finally
generating an electrochemical proton gradient for the final enzyme ATP
synthase (unit V) to transform ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to produce ATP.
LLLT can increase the CCO enzyme activity to facilitate electron transport and
increase ATP production. Furthermore, it has been found that the action
spectrum for the biological response in the NIR range matches the absorption
spectra of CCO in the NIR attributed to mitochondrial chromophores. The
absorbance of cytochrome c oxidase in the visible and NIR spectral regions
show a good match to the action spectrum for the increase of DNA synthesis in
mammalian cells. CCO has two copper centers, Cu A and CuB and two
hemecenters, heme A and hemeB.

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 CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this device is to simulate the fatigue muscle using infrared
radiation.Recently, Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) devices are one of
major muscle training tools. However, EMS devices need to use conductive gel
between skin and electrode for increasing the adhesion and lower the contact
resistance. Therefore, attachment and detachment of the electrode is
troublesome because of the gel's tackiness. Furthermore, repeated use gradually
deteriorates adhesion and increases contact resistance, so the muscle cannot be
effectively stimulated. Another problem is that we cannot know the muscle
activity when EMS was applied to muscle. Generally, Electromyogram (EMG)
is common method to measure muscle activity. However, it measures current on
the skin surface, so it is bad compatibility with EMS.
Therefore, some researchers focusing on pressure waves generated when
the muscles are contracted, which is called Mechanomyogram (MMG). In this
study, EMS using textile electrodes and MMG measurement using ultra-thin
piezo resistive silicon strain sensor were realized in flexible form.
Since the textile electrode is composed of fine fibers, it has complete
flexibility. Furthermore, this electrode has fluffy structures and large contact
area, so the contact resistance against skin is low without using conductive gel.
The MMG sensor is composed only of flexible materials that can be fixed along
the curved surface of human body.

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3.2 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEMS

The existing system to monitor muscle activity uses E-Stim (Electronic

stimulator). E-stim sends mild electrical pulses through the skin to help
stimulate injured muscles or manipulate nerves to reduce pain. E-stim may not
be appropriate for everyone, but for many people this painless procedure is
accelerating recovery and providing relief from painful or uncomfortable
symptoms.

E-stim uses electrical pulses to mimic the action of signals coming from
neurons (cells in your nervous system). These mild electrical currents target
either muscles or nerves. E-stim therapy for muscle recovery sends signals to
targeted muscles to make them contract. (Flexing your biceps is a form of
muscle contraction.) By causing repeated muscle contractions, blood flow
improves, helping repair injured muscles. Those muscles also improve their
strength through repeated cycles of contraction and relaxation.

E-stim can also “train” muscles to respond to the body’s natural signals
to contract. This is an especially helpful benefit for strokesurvivors who must
essentially relearn basic motor functions. The type of e-stim that focuses on
pain relief sends signals on a different wavelength so they reach the nerves,
rather than the muscles. Electrical stimulation can block pain receptors from
being sent from nerves to the brain. The two main types of e-stim are
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and electrical muscle
stimulation (EMS).

3.2.1 TENS
TENS may be used for chronic (long-term) pain as well as for acute
(short-term) pain. Electrodes are placed on the skin near the source of the pain.

14
Signals are sent through nerve fibres to block or at least reduce the pain signals
traveling to the brain.
3.2.2 EMS
EMS uses a slightly stronger current than TENS to get muscles to
contract. The unit’s electrodes (also placed on the skin near the affected
muscles) cause rhythmic contractions. This can improve muscle strength if the
user attempts to contract the muscle simultaneously.

3.2.3WORKING OF E-STIM

E-stim uses small electrodes placed on the skin. The electrodes are small,
sticky pads that should come off with little discomfort at the end of the session.
Several electrodes are placed around the area receiving treatment. Wires from
the e-stim device are attached to the pads. Steady streams of electrical pulses are
delivered through the wires from the e-stim unit.

The unit may be small enough to fit in your hand or larger, like a landline
phone and answering machine. For muscular stimulation, the pulses will reach
the muscles, signalling them to contract. Pulses aimed at the nervous system
block the transmission of pain signals from reaching the spinal cord and brain.

The pulses also stimulate the body to produce more natural pain-relieving
chemicals called endorphins. When e-stim is part of an overall physical therapy
program, your insurance may cover it like other physical therapy treatments.
Check with your insurance provider first, however.

The nature of your condition will often determine coverage. Higher-end

systems that are more durable and offer more features can cost several hundred

15
dollars. The figure 3.1 present below illustrates the working and general
diagram of the E-Stim.

Figure 3.1Pictorial Representation of the Device E-Stim

3.2.4 RISKS OF E-STIM

 The most common risk of e-stim is skin irritation where the electrodes are
placed.

 There’s a much more serious risk to heart health. For people with a
pacemaker or other implantable heart device, e-stim may be dangerous
and isn’t recommended.

 E-stim is also not recommended for those who are pregnant. But in some
supervised circumstances, e-stim has been used to help relieve labour
pains.

 E-stim targeting the nerves for pain relief can be effective in treating a
range of conditions causing nerve and musculoskeletal pain as well as
pain that doesn’t respond to traditional treatments.

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3. 3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The figure 3.2 present below illustrates the project overflow and general
block diagram of the proposed device.

Figure 3.2 Block diagram of the proposed system.

The experimental setup consists of Arduino UNO, Muscle Electrode, Bio

ceramic band, optical fibre that act as source for infrared emission.

Bioceramic materials will be in the powder form and are packed in a

container made up of cloth. The optical filter attached with bioceramic material
supply the input light which is then converted into infrared light of desired
frequency. The infrared red is allowed to reach the inactive muscle for a period
of time. The effect of Infrared light is monitored using muscle electrode. The

17
Muscle electrode acquires the muscle action in the form of EMG signal and
process the signal for digital display.

The main advantage of the proposed system is that it measures muscle

response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation of the muscle.
EMG signals are used in many clinical and biomedical applications. EMG is
used as a diagnostics tool for identifying neuromuscular diseases, assessing
low-back pain, kinesiology, and disorders of motor control. EMG signals are
also used as a control signal for prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands,
arms, and lower limbs.

Surface electromyography (EMG) is, by far, the main non-invasive

technique used to assess muscle functioning. EMG is based on recording the
electric potential connected to muscular fibres depolarization, which is the
trigger signal for fibres shortening and muscle contraction.

Minerals play an essential role in the transmission of nerve

impulses and contractions of muscles. The essentials minerals are classified as
macro elements and microelements. Magnesium also plays a key role in
regulating the speed of muscular contraction by modulating actin binding and
ADP release in myosin.

The muscle sensors measures muscle activity through the electric

potential of the muscle, commonly referred to as electromyography. When your
brain tells your muscle to flex, it sends an electrical signal to your muscle to
start recruiting motor units (the bundles of muscle fibres that generate the force
behind your muscles).

The harder you flex, the more motor units are synchronized to generate
greater muscle force. The greater the number of motor units synchronized, the
more the electrical activity of your muscle increases. The muscle sensors will

18
analyse this electrical activity and output an analog signal that represents how
hard the muscle is being flexed.

3.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software

(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to
the Arduino and Genuine hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them. Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.

3.4.1 Arduino IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software

(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to
the Arduino and Genuine hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them. Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.
These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file
extension .ion.
The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project,
which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code
only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program
loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included
with the IDE distribution. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and
exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
19
information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and
upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
The Figure 3.3 illustrates the Output window of PIR Sensor on the
Arduino Screen.

Figure 3.3 Output of PIR Sensor on Arduino Window

PIR sensor has three terminals - Vcc, OUT and GND. Connect the sensor
as follows

 Connect the +Vcc to +5v on Arduino board.

 Connect OUT to digital pin 2 on Arduino board.

 Connect GND with GND on Arduino.

Once the sensor detects any motion, Arduino will send a message via the
serial port to say that a motion is detected. The PIR sense motion will delay for
certain time to check if there is a new motion. If there is no motion detected,
20
Arduino will send a new message saying that the motion has ended. The Figure
3.4 illustrates the Output window of EMG Sensor on the Arduino Screen.

Figure 3.4 Output of EMG Sensor on Arduino Window

This sensor gives out analogue values which is proportional to the

electrical activity of the muscle where it is kept. The output can be read
using or any other microcontroller which can read analogue signals. We can
easily get the energy signal using this EMG sensor. As the muscle contracts or
flexes the electrical activity increases and the analogue output of the EMG
sensor increases.

As the muscle relaxers the electrical activity of the muscle decreases and
the analogue output of the EMG sensor decreases. Once the code is uploaded,
fire up the Serial monitor. There will start be analog data pooling up line by line
every 50 milli second. These are analog EMG signals.

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3.5 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The hardware used in this project is very cost-efficient and economically
efficient. The hardware is selected in such a way that they can be easily used in
prototyping and could be programmed with ease

The Various Components used in this Project are:

 Arduino UNO
 Muscle Sensor
 Light source
 PIR Sensor
 Bio ceramic Powder
 LiPo Battery

3.5.1 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable,

dual-inline-package (DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. Programs can be
loaded on to it from the easy-to-use Arduino computer program. The Arduino
has an extensive support community, which makes it a very easy way to get
started working with embedded electronics. The R3 is the third, and latest,
revision of the Arduino Uno.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It
has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6
can be used as analog inputs), a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller, simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. The figure 3.3 below illustrates the picture of the Arduino UNO.

22
 The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features an ATmega16U2 programmed as
a USB-to-serial converter. This auxiliary microcontroller has its own USB
bootloader, which allows advanced users to reprogram it. It can be powered by
the USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts.

Figure 3.5 Arduino UNO

The Arduino has a large support community and an extensive set of

support libraries and hardware add-on shields, making it a great introductory
platform for embedded electronics. Note that we also offer a Spark Fun
Inventor’s Kit, which includes an Arduino Uno along with an assortment of
components (e.g. breadboard, sensors, jumper wires, and LEDs) that make it
possible to create a number of fun introductory projects.

23
FEATURES

 It is an easy USB interface. This allows interface with USB as this is like
a serial device.
 The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and supports on
your computer as a virtual serial port. The benefit of this setup is that
serial communication is an extremely easy protocol which is time-tested
and USB makes connection with modern computers and makes it
comfortable.
 It is easy-to-find the microcontroller brain which is the ATmega328 chip.
It has more number of hardware features like timers, external and internal
interrupts, PWM pins and multiple sleep modes.
 It is an open source design and there is an advantage of being open source
is that it has a large community of people using and troubleshooting it.
This makes it easy to help in debugging projects.
 It is a 16 MHz clock which is fast enough for most applications and does
not speeds up the microcontroller.
 It is very convenient to manage power inside it and it had a feature of
built-in voltage regulation. This can also be powered directly off a USB
port without any external power. You can connect an external power
source of up to 12v and this regulates it to both 5v and 3.3v.
 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. This sort of pins allows you to connect
hardware to your Arduino Uno board externally. These pins are used as a
key for extending the computing capability of the Arduino Uno into the
real world. Simply plug your electronic devices and sensors into the
sockets that correspond to each of these pins and you are good to go.
 This has an ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing
the Arduino directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-
bootload your chip if it corrupts and can no longer used to your computer.
24
  It has a 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.
 An on-board LED is attached to digital pin 13 to make fast the debugging
of code and to make the debug process easy.
 Finally, it has a button to reset the program on the chip.

PIN DIAGRAM

The figure 3.4 below illustrates the pin diagram of Arduino UNO

Figure 3.6 Pin diagram of Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The
adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply
of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply
less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the
voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range
is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:

25
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and
other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an
on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which
0,5 KB is used for the bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB
of EEPROM.
 Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They
operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA
and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50
kOhms.
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. TThese pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip .
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.

26
  SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is
not currently included in the Arduino language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with
analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used
to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
 The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond
the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached
to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is
160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other
pins.

3.5.2 MUSCLE SENSOR

Electromyography (EMG) is an electro diagnostic medicine technique

for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal
muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph to
produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects
the electric potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically
or neurologically activated. The signals can be analyzed to detect medical
abnormalities, activation level, or recruitment order, or to analyze
27
the biomechanics of human or animal movement. In Computer Science, EMG is
also used as middleware in gesture recognition towards allowing the input of
physical action to a computer as a form of Human-computer interaction.
EMG Muscle sensor measures and records the electrical activity
associated with muscle contractions, assesses nerve conduction, muscle
response in injured tissue, activation level, or can be used to analyze and
measure the bio-mechanics of human or animal movement. The EMG sensor is
non-invasive (Surface) EMG and therefore is a representation of the activity of
the whole muscle. It’s an efficient wireless solution for access to a host of
muscle, gait, and posture data analysis.

Figure 3.7 EMG Muscle Sensor

This sensor will measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a
muscle, depending the amount of activity in the selected muscle. By detecting
the electromyogram (EMG), measuring muscle activity has traditionally been
used in medical research, however with shrinking but more powerful
microcontrollers and integrated circuits advent EMG power Road and sensors
can be used for various control systems. Sensor will measure electrical activity
28
of the muscle output 0-Vs volts, the output size to take Depending on the
amount of muscle activity is selected.

Using the muscles to control things is the way that most of us are
accustomed to doing it. We push buttons, pull levers, move joysticks. This is the
EMG Muscle Sensor, an Arduino-powered, all-in-one electromyography
(EMG) sensor from Advancer Technologies. The EMG board acts by measuring
the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a muscle; outputting 0-Vs Volts
depending the amount of activity in the selected muscle, where Vs signifies the
voltage of the power source, stick on a few electrodes (not included), read the
voltage out and flex some muscles

The EMG Muscle Sensor is the latest revision of the Muscle Sensor of
old, now with a new wearable design that allows you to attach biomedical
sensor pads directly to the board itself getting rid of those pesky cables. This
new board also includes a slew of other new features including, single-supply
voltage of +3.1V to +5V, RAW EMG output, polarity protected power pins,
indicator LEDs, and (finally) an On/Off switch. Additionally, we have
developed a few shields (Cable, Power and Proto) that can attach to the
Myoware Muscle Sensor to help increase its versatility and functionality

Measuring muscle activity by detecting its electric potential, referred to

as electromyography (EMG), has traditionally been used for medical research.
However, with the advent of ever shrinking yet more powerful microcontrollers
and integrated circuits, EMG circuits and sensors have found their way into all
kinds of control systems.

The whole process starts off in your brain. Neural activity in the motor
cortex (part of your brain) signals to the spinal cord. The signal is then
conveyed to the muscle part via motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate the
muscle directly, causing the release of Calcium ions within the muscle and
29
ultimately creating a mechanical change. This mechanical change involves
depolarization (change in electromechanical gradient), which is then detected by
EMG for measurement.

EMG signals are essentially made up of superimposed motor unit action

potentials (MUAPs) from several motor units. For a thorough analysis, the
measured EMG signals can be decomposed into their constituent MUAPs.
MUAPs from different motor units tend to have different characteristic shapes,
while MUAPs recorded by the same electrode from the same motor unit are
typically similar. Notably MUAP size and shape depend on where the electrode
is located with respect to the fibers and so can appear to be different if the
electrode moves position. EMG decomposition is non-trivial, although many
methods have been proposed.

Figure 3.8 EMG Sensor with Electrodes

Rectification is the translation of the raw EMG signal to a signal with a

single polarity, usually positive. The purpose of rectifying the signal is to ensure
the signal does not average to zero, due to the raw EMG signal having positive
and negative components. Full-wave rectification adds the EMG signal below
the baseline to the signal above the baseline to make a conditioned signal that is
all positive. If the baseline is zero, this is equivalent to taking the absolute
30
value of the signal. This is the preferred method of rectification because it
conserves all of the signal energy for analysis. Half-wave rectification discards
the portion of the EMG signal that is below the baseline.

FEATURES

 Measures 2 channel EMG with a common reference electrode

 5 Wire, 4 lead ECG Solution

 Software configurable for amplifier gain and data rate

 Software configurable right-leg driver for common-mode interference

rejection.

 EEPROM storage devise enables expansion board detection and

identification.

SPECIFICATIONS

 Gain: software configurable (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12)

 Data rate: software configurable (125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000
SPS)
 Input differential dynamic range : approx 800 mV (for gain = 6).
 Bandwidth : 8.4 kHz
 Ground: Wilson Type Driven Ground
 Input Protection: ESD and RF/EMI filtering; Current limiting; inputs
include defibrillation protection (survive only, not repeat).
 Connections: Input Ch1N, Input Ch1P, Input Ch2N, Input Ch2P,
Reference (Ref)
 All Hospital-Grade 1mm Touchproof IEC/EN 60601-1 DIN42-802 jacks.
 Ultra-lightweight (31 grams)
31
  Compact Dimensions (65 x 32 x 12 mm)
 EEPROM memory: 2048 bytes.
3.5.3 PIR SENSOR

A Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that

measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are
most often used in PIR-based motion detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used
in security alarms and automatic lighting applications. PIR sensors detect
general movement, but do not give information on who or what moved. For that
purpose, an active IR sensor is required. PIR sensors are commonly called
simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector". The
term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate energy for
detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant
heat) emitted by or reflected from objects.

Figure 3.9 PIR Sensor

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in
the form of radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the human
eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by
electronic devices designed for such a purpose.

32
 For a D.C. current, the PIR Sensor works from 3.3v to 5v DC and gives
a TTL output which is directly given to a micro-controller or to relay through a
transistor. The PIR sensor consists of a pyroelectric sensor and a Fresnel lens.
This curved lens concentrates infrared radiation toward a detector’s
sensor. The sensor output is inverted by the transistor. Collector of the transistor
is connected to the input pin forms the latch circuit which is set when PIR
output goes high to indicate the presence of a warm body. Output of the latch
pin operates the relay driving circuit formed by transistors arranged in emitter
follower mode.

A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people,

animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and
automatically activated lighting systems. A PIR sensor can detect changes in the
amount of infrared radiation impinging upon it, which varies depending on the
temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of the
sensor.[2] When an object, such as a person, passes in front of the background,
such as a wall, the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise
from room temperature to body temperature, and then back again. The sensor
converts the resulting change in the incoming infrared radiation into a change in
the output voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects of similar
temperature but different surface characteristics may also have a different
infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with respect to the background
may trigger the detector as well.

PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The

most common models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an
effective range of about 10 meters (30 feet), and a field of view less than 180.
Models with wider fields of view, including 360°, are available, typically
designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made with single segment
mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over 30 meters (100 feet) from
33
the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which
allow either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or
with individually selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.

When a PIR sensor is configured in a differential mode, it specifically

becomes applicable as a motion detector device. In this mode when a movement
is detected within the "line of sight" of the sensor, a pair of complementary
pulses[4] are processed at the output pin of the sensor. In order to implement this
output signal for a practical triggering of a load such as a relay or a data logger,
or an alarm, the differential signal is rectified using a bridge rectifier and fed to
a transistorized relay driver circuit. The contacts of this relay close and open in
response to the signals from the PIR, activating the attached load across its
contacts, acknowledging the detection of a person within the predetermined
restricted area.

When used as part of a lighting system, the electronics in the PIR

typically control an integral relay capable of switching mains voltage. This
means the PIR can be set up to turn on lights that are connected to the PIR when
movement is detected. This is most commonly used in outdoor scenarios either
to deter criminals (security lighting) or for practical uses like the front door light
turning on so you can find your keys in the dark. Additional uses can be in
public toilets, walk-in pantries, hallways or anywhere that automatic control of
lights is useful. This can provide energy savings as the lights are only turned on
when they are needed and there is no reliance on users remembering to turn the
lights off when they leave the area.

As a result of the focussing, the detector view is actually a beam pattern.

Under certain angles (zones), the PIR sensor receives almost no radiation
energy and under other angles the PIR receives concentrated amounts of
infrared energy. A slowly changing signal will be ignored by the electronics.

34
The number, shape, distribution and sensitivity of these zones are determined by
the lens and/or mirror. Manufacturers do their best to create the optimal
sensitivity beam pattern for each application.

Most PIR sensors have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin
will be ground, another will be signal and the last pin will be power. Power is
usually up to 5V. Sometimes bigger modules don’t have direct output and
instead just operate a relay which case there is ground, power and the two
switch associations. Interfacing PIR with microcontroller is very easy and
simple. The PIR acts as a digital output so all you need to do is listening for the
pin to flip high or low. The motion can be detected by checking for a high
signal on a single I/O pin. Once the sensor warms up the output will remain low
until there is motion, at which time the output will swing high for a couple of
seconds, then return low. If motion continues the output will cycle in this
manner until the sensors line of sight of still again. The PIR sensor needs a
warm-up time with a specific end goal to capacity fittingly. This is because of
the settling time included in studying nature’s domain. This could be anyplace
from 10-60 seconds.

Figure 3.10 PIR Sensor circuit diagram

35
 On the left we can see a pair of IR sensing elements connected in series.
The upper end of this series is connected with the gate of an in-built FET which
acts as a small IR signal amplifier. The Rg pull down resistor provides the
required standby zero logic to the FET to makes sure that it stays completely
switched OFF in the absence of an IR signal.

In presence of human IR radiations, the sensor detects the radiations

and converts it directly to electrical pulses, which is fed to the inverter
circuit. The inverter circuit consists of a transistor,which gets into saturation
with application of high base current and eventually develops a low collector
voltage. Thus the transistor output is low.

FEATURES

 Wide range on input voltage varying from 4.V to 12V (+5V

recommended)
 Output voltage is High/Low (3.3V TTL)
 Can distinguish between object movement and human movement
 Has to operating modes - Repeatable (H) and Non- Repeatable (H)
 Cover distance of about 120° and 7 meters
 Low power consumption of 65mA
 Operating temperature from -20° to +80° Celsius

PIR sensor detects a human being moving around within approximately

10m from the sensor. This is an average value, as the actual detection range is
between 5m and 12m. For numerous essential projects or items that need to
discover when an individual has left or entered the area. PIR sensors are
incredible, they are flat control and minimal effort, have a wide lens range, and
are simple to interface with.

36
 A PIR sensor detects the infrared light radiated by a warm object. It
consists of pyro electric sensors which introduce changes in their temperature
(due to incident infrared radiation) into electric signal. When infrared light
strikes a crystal, it generates an electrical charge. Thus a PIR sensor can be used
to detect presence of human beings within a detection area of approximately 14
meters.

3.5.4 LIGHT SOURCE

The Red LED light is supposed to pass on the PIR Sensor. A Light-
emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine
with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is
obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor
on the semiconductor device.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs

emitted low-intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-
control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics.
The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern
LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared
wavelengths, with high light output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small

incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have
produced high-output white light LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area
lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

37
 LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs are used in applications as diverse
as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic
signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and
medical devices.

Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither

spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. However, its spectrum is
sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human eye as a pure (saturated)
color. Also unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially coherent, so it cannot
approach the very high brightness’s characteristic of lasers.

Figure 3.11 LED light

FEATUERS:

 It is a semiconductor device that generates light when electrical current

travels through the device.

38
 The strength of light produced by a single LED is meager and hence
multiple devises are to be used for practical purposes.
 A design of LED bulbs ensures durable and efficient lighting. These
bulbs emit light with colors of red, green, blue or amber.
 LED bulbs do not generate white colour. To generate white light,
different colour LEDs are mixed or a phosphor material cover, capable
of changing the colour to white is used.
 LEDs emit light uniformly in all directions.
 LED has a feature called lumen depreciation, which denotes the strength
of light produced decreases over a period of time.
 LED lighting work on direct current (DC) sources. Whenever used in
alternate current (AC) sources, special circuits are required to convert
AC current to DC current.
 In normal lights, heat generated is radiated. But, in LED bulbs, a heat
sink is used to absorb the heat generated and radiate to surroundings.
 LED bulbs reach full brightness without any time delay unlike in the
case of most fluorescent bulbs.
 LED bulbs can be made dimmable either with traditional dimmers or
with a leading-edge (LED-compatible) dimmer.
 Light colour is measured in Kelvin. Higher Kelvin number indicates
better closeness to day light. The light with yellow hue from
incandescent is around 3000 K
 LED bulbs are savers of energy and power cost.
 Initial investment for an LED bulb is much higher compared
to incandescent, but it compensated by working for longer period.
 Energy Efficient: LED lights are up to 80% more efficient than
traditional lighting such as fluorescent and incandescent lights.

39
  Less energy use reduces the demand from power plants and decreases
greenhouse gas emissions.

LEDs are ecofriendly but, a study has discovered that exposure to LED
lights can cause irreparable harm to the retina of the human eye.

3.5.5 BIOCERAMIC POWDER

Bioceramics are ceramic materials that are biocompatible. Bioceramics

are an important subset of biomaterials. Bioceramics range in biocompatibility
from the ceramic oxides, which are inert in the body, to the other extreme of
resorbable materials, which are eventually replaced by the body after they have
assisted repair. Bioceramics are used in many types of medical procedures.
Bioceramics are typically used as rigid materials in surgical implants, though
some bioceramics are flexible. The ceramic materials used are not the same
as porcelain type ceramic materials. Rather, bioceramics are closely related to
either the body's own materials or are extremely durable metal oxides.

Figure 3.12 Bioceramic Powder

When preparing Bioceramic powder (β-TCP) with Ca(NO3)2 or

Ca(OH)2 as the raw materials, because of the problem of filtering, it is difficult
40
to industrialize traditional methods. Bioceramic powder was prepared with
calcium carbonate and phosphoric acid. According to XRD spectrum, the
precursor of this system is octacalcium phosphate (OCP) [Ca 8H2(PO4)6 · 5H2O]
instead of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) obtained from traditional
methods, and thermodynamics mechanism of the reaction was also studied.

The crystal bioceramic powder were obtained after the precursor had
been calcined at 850-1150 °C for 2 h. SEM images showed that hardening could
eliminate the reunion to a great extent, and obtain dispersive bioceramic powder
with a particle diameter between 0.5 and 2.0 μm. The main advantages of this
process over traditional methods are the fast reaction rate, the easy filtering, the
fine particle size and the minimum impurity.

FEATURES:
 Chemically bonded ceramic raw material. It’s not a mineral aggregate.
 The effects of aluminium poisoning can range from subtle symptoms to
serious diseases. BioAggregate is completely aluminium free and will not
pose any toxic threat to the human body.
 Bio Aggregate is pure biomaterial without any unnecessary
contaiminants, thus is considered safer for use as medical devices.
 Bio Aggregate is more biocompatible than any other rootend filling and
repair material. It does not produce adverse side effect on
microcirculation of the connective tissue.
 It also has excellent biocompatibility with the vital periradicular tissue.
Tantalum pentaoxide as radiopacifying agent is used for more
biocompatibility instead of Bismuth Oxide.
 Bio Aggregate is Calcium Phosphate Silicate Aggregate, which has
directly bioactivity in phosphate deficient environment.

41
  Bioactive admixture containing material is to promote the bioactivity and
biomineralization.
3.5.6 LIPO BATTERY

The lithium polymer batteries called as LiPo battery. The term commonly
refers to the lithium ion battery in a pouch format. They have lighter weight and
can be made in any size and shape. A 7V LiPo battery is used in this project.
They are mainly used as they are compatibility. The safe voltage range to
handle a LiPo battery is 3V to 4.2V.
Discharging below 3V could cause irreversible performance lost and even
damage to the battery. Over-Charging above 4.2V could be dangerous and
eventually causes fire.
The figure 3.8 below illustrates the picture of the LiPo battery used in the
wearable device.

Figure 3.13 LiPo Battery

The speed control can be done only when the cells of the battery are
equal. This is important because, discharging a LiPo cell lower than 3.0 V
causes usually permanent degradation of the cell’s ability to absorb and retain a
charge. Charging period is very short with minimal time of 0.5 to 1 minute.
42
LiPo batteries should not be let sitting around on a full charge for more than 2-3
days.
Due to high weight-energy rate and volume-energy rate they are used in
mobile phones, cameras, laptops, remote control, electronic toys and other
electronic devices.

FEATURES:
 Higher weight-energy rate, volume-energy rate.

 High voltage: The single cell voltage is 3.6V, which equals to 3 nickel-
cadmium battery or NI-MH battery put in series.

 Charging quickly : 0.5 to 1 time of current can be applied to the charging

process, and the charging time can be shortened to 1-2 hours.
 The maximum charging voltage of li battery is 4.2V.
 LiPo batteries can be used in parallel.
 when the current lowers the 100 mA, it should be stop charging.
 The common ultimate discharging voltage is 3.0V/cell, cannot lower
than 2.5V/cell.
 The time of discharging depends on the battery capacity and discharging
current.

43
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

When this project was developed as the Prototype, once the sensor detects
any motion, Arduino will send a message via the serial port to say that a motion
is detected. The PIR sense motion will delay for certain time to check if there is
a new motion. If there is no motion detected, Arduino will send a new message
saying that the motion has ended.

The Figure 4.1 below illustrates the setup of the simulation device.

Fig 4.1 Setup of Simulation of Paralyzed muscle

Some larger PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense
changes in infrared energy over 30 meters (100 feet) from the PIR. There are
also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad
coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or with individually
selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.

44
 EMG Muscle sensor measures and records the electrical activity
associated with muscle contractions, assesses nerve conduction, muscle
response in injured tissue, activation level, or can be used to analyze and
measure the bio-mechanics of human or animal movement. This sensor will
measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a muscle, depending the
amount of activity in the selected muscle.

The Figure 4.2 below illustrates the setup of the simulation device with
electrodes.

Fig 4.2 Setup of Simulation of Paralyzed muscle using electrodes

The whole process starts off in your brain. Neural activity in the motor
cortex (part of your brain) signals to the spinal cord. The signal is then
conveyed to the muscle part via motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate the
muscle directly, causing the release of Calcium ions within the muscle and
ultimately creating a mechanical change. This mechanical change involves
depolarization (change in electromechanical gradient), which is then detected by
EMG for measurement.

45
 There are mainly three electrodes which will be using for recording EMG
signal. The first one will be the reference electrode. It is known as reference
electrode because the muscle activity is measured with respect to the electrical
activity of the muscle where we keep this reference electrode.

The other two electrodes are placed on the belly of the muscle In line
with muscle fibre. These electrodes measures the electrical activity of muscles
with reference to the reference electrode. Send the signal to a device which will
process these signals and display it in human readable form.

Fig 4.3 Output of EMG Signal

When EMG is acquired from electrodes mounted directly on the skin, the
signal is a composite of all the muscle fiber action potentials occurring in the
muscles underlying the skin. These action potentials occur at random intervals.
So at any one moment, the EMG signal may be either positive or negative

46
voltage. Individual muscle fiber action potentials are sometimes acquired using
wire or needle electrodes placed directly in the muscle.

However there are other sources of electrical noises all around us. Power
lines in walls and ceilings fluorescent lights other electrical equipments they all
generate electrical waves that we interfere with the electrical signals from our
body. These signals are also captured by these electrodes and are sent along
with our EMG signals.

Filtering of the signal is important. It is used to focus on a narrow

band of electrical energy that is of interest to us rather than all the electrical
signals that the sensors will pick up. Electromyography (EMG) signals are
usually affected by noise, which may be generated by different sources,
such as the hardware employed for signal amplification and digitization, the
movement of cables during data collection and the activity of motor units
distant from the detection point. There are many types of filters and several
methods to determine the “optimal” cut-off frequency.

Fig 4.4 Simulation of EMG Signals

Filter equations, such as in the Butterworth filter, are frequently

recursive. Current values depend on the previous values, which introduces a
phase lag into the signal. These filters are, therefore, applied in both forward
and reverse directions in order to remove the phase lag. In practice, the

47
collected signal may still be corrupted by noise. If the type of noise present
in a signal is known a priori then the Wiener filter, may be applied to attenuate
its presence.

The signals are then filtered and unwanted noises are removed by taking
the differential of the electrical signals from the two electrodes. The signals are
then passed onto an amplifier with will amplify the signal and is then displayed.

This sensor gives out analogue values which is proportional to the

electrical activity of the muscle where it is kept. The output can be read
using or any other microcontroller which can read analogue signals. We can
easily get the energy signal using this EMG sensor.

Results obtained from the analysis of synthetic and experimental EMG

signals show that the method of filtering can be successfully and easily applied
in practice to attenuation of background activity in EMG signal.

The main advantages of using the filter are that it is easy to implement
and fast in real-time applications. The maximization of the quality of EMG
signal can be done by the following ways: the noisy signal should contain the
highest amount of information from EMG signal as possible and minimum
amount of noise contamination.

48
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The purpose of the project is to determine the possible effect of

photoluminescence of bio ceramic (PLB) on Ischemic stroke to restore normal
functioning of human muscles. The action of Bio ceramic materials on muscle
is monitored with help of Muscle electrodes and displayed on the screen using
controller.

PIR sensor detects any motion; Arduino will send a message via the serial
port to say that a motion is detected. The PIR sense motion will delay for certain
time to check if there is a new motion. If there is no motion detected, Arduino
will send a new message saying that the motion has ended.

EMG Muscle sensor gives out analogue values which is proportional to

the electrical activity of the muscle where it is kept. The output can be read
using or any other microcontroller which can read analogue signals. We can
easily get the energy signal using this EMG sensor.

Results obtained from the analysis of synthetic and experimental EMG

signals show that the method of filtering can be successfully and easily applied
in practice to attenuation of background activity in EMG signal.

As the muscle contracts or flexes the electrical activity increases and the
analogue output of the EMG sensor increases. Also a more power efficient
model will have to be created which will be capable of holding the battery for a
longer time.

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FUTURE SCOPE

This project is further projected as a wearable device instead of

connections on the board with multiple wires. For that Myoware Muscle Sensor
is used. This sensor will measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a
muscle; outputting 0-Vs Volts depending the amount of activity in the selected
muscle, where Vs signifies the voltage of the power source.

Fig 5.1 Wearable Device to generate EMG Signal

MyoWare won't need +/- voltage power supplies! Unlike our previous
sensor, it can now be plugged directly into 3.3V through 5V development
boards. Electrodes now snap directly to MyoWare, getting rid of those pesky
cables and making the MyoWare wearable. A popular request from grad
students, the MyoWare now has a secondary output of the RAW EMG
waveform. It is also to add some protection so the sensor chips don't burn out
when the power is accidentally connected backwards.

Speaking of burning out the board, we've also added an on-board power
switch so you can test your power connections more easily. We've added two
on-board LEDs one to let you know when the MyoWare's power is on and the
other will brighten when your muscle flexes.

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REFERENCES

1. F. A. Silva(2016),“Electromyography in Industries”, Industrial

Electronics Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.98-110.
2. A.M.Harvey, R.L. Masland(2017), “ Actions of durarizing preparations
in the human”, Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental
Therapeutics, Vol. 73, Issue 3, 304-311.
3. Kamen, Gary. Electromyographic Kinesiology. In Robertson, DGE et
al. Research Methods in Biomechanics. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics Publ., 2019.
4. T.H.Christie, H.C.Churchill-Davidson (1958). "The St. Thomas's
Hospital nerve stimulator in the diagnosis of prolonged apnoea", Vol.
7, No. 2, pp.134-210.
5. https://www.delsys.com/Attachments_pdf/TN101%20%20EMG%20S
ensor%20Placement-web.pdf
6. http://www.scribd.com/doc/6574667/emg device
7. http://www.plddevelopers.com/.

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