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TLE Agri Crop 10 PDF
TLE Agri Crop 10 PDF
Learner’s Material
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i
Source of Fund (Year included):__________________________
Technology & Livelihood Education – Grade 10
Agricultural Crop Production
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2014
ISBN: ___________
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Quarter I
MODULE 1 - ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
LESSON I
LESSON II
1
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRETEST
Quarter II
LESSON I
LESSON II
LESSON III
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
2
LESSON IV
Seed Selection
QUARTER III
LESSON V
Seedling production
LESSON VI
Planting/Transplanting
LESSON VII
Nutrient M anagement
LESSON VIII
W ater M anagement
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
Pest M anagement
LESSON X
LESSON XI
REFERENCES
5
QUARTER 1
Learning M aterial No. I
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)
ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
Quarter I
Module 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Introduction
In this module you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the
entrepreneurial competencies related to Agricultural-Crop Production. You will
have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to personal
assessment of your entrepreneurial competencies of a successful crop
producer/agri-entrepreneur within your province. There are some activities
below that will help you align your competencies with the competencies of
successful practitioners. Moreover, this module is designed to stimulate your
mind to think about entrepreneurship, its role in the business community in
particular and to the economic and social development in general.
Now, to start with this module, let us first learn what is the difference
between entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to build, organize
and evaluate business opportunities. They are individuals who can strategically
identify products or services needed by the community and deliver these at the
right time and the right place.
Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage
and assume risks of a business. Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur
are opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, confident
problem solver, hardworking, persistent and committed worker.
6
Entrepreneurship on the other hand is not just a simple business activity.
It is a strategic process of innovation and new venture creation. Basically,
entrepreneurship is both an art and a science of converting business ideas into
marketable products or services to improve the quality of living.
Now that you have a little background knowledge about entrepreneur and
entrepreneurship, can you now walk through in assessing your Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)? Always remember that “Successful
entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs.”
To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master
after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skill that
you will develop/achieve and master, try to take the first challenge in this module
the pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
7
Task 1: Matching Type
A B
____1. Creative a. makes a wise decision towards the
attainment of the set objectives
____2. Profit Oriented b. strategic thinking and setting of goals
____3. Discipline c. trusts in one’s ability
____4. Decision Making d. adaptable to change
____5. People Skill e. innovative, have edge over other competitors
____6. Planner f. solid dedication
____7. Self-confidence g. skillful in record keeping
____8. Hardworking h. always sticks to the plan
____9. Ability to accept change i. works diligently
____10. Committed j effective and efficient communication skills
and relationship with people
k. always looks for income
Task 2: Guide Questions
Direction: The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire
module. Write your answers on your assignment notebook, then share these in
class.
After all the guide questions have been answered to the best of your
knowledge and skills, share these with your classmates. You, too, may compare
your insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the topic to
make it more exciting and engaging.
8
LEARNING GOALS AND TARGET
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about PECs.
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, check first your inherent knowledge of PECs. Try to answer the
following guide questions with the help of your classmates.
2. Are there other strategies or approaches where you can assess your PECs?
Explain how these would become more useful in selecting a viable business
venture.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
9
3. What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills,
and traits of a prospective entrepreneur? Why do you think these are
important?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
How was your experience in answering the guide questions together with
your classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What insights have you
realized?
This time you’re going to study the lessons that will enrich your knowledge
about PECs. Read carefully all the important details about the succeeding topic.
Know
10
REBECCA C. TUBONGBANUA: WOMAN FARMER-SCIENTIST
September 26, 2010 filipino achievers
Woman-Farmer-Scientist
She toiled for several years experimenting and perfecting her sulfite-free
and low-sugar technology in processing indigenous fruits, primarily the Guimaras
mangoes.
11
Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have confidence in their own ability
and judgment. They exhibit self-confidence which enables them to
cope with all the risks in operating their own business.
Process
Directions: Using the PECs Checklist, assess yourself by indicating a check (/)
mark in either strengths and/or development areas column. Interpret the results
by counting the total number of check marks in each of the columns. After
accomplishing the checklist, form a group and share your insights and
experiences why you have come up with that personal assessment.
13
Planner
- Strategically thinks and sets goals
People Skills
- Has effective and efficient
communication skills and relationship
with people
Decision Making
- Makes a wise decision towards the
set objectives
TOTAL
Interpretation/Insights:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to
be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
14
Sample Interview Guide
Note: Ask the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s to
Row 1 in the table below. Meanwhile, fill out the second row with your
PECs.
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies Characteristics Attributes Lifestyles Skills Traits
Successful
Entrepreneur in the
province
My PECs
Using the information from the table above, analyze, and reflect on the
similarities and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the
table below. Write your conclusion on the space provided on the next
page.
15
Personal
Entrepreneurial Similarities Differences
Competencies
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________ .
Transfer
16
Time Expected
Objective Area Activities Strategies
Frame Outcome
To align my
PECs with the Characteristics
PECs of a
successful
entrepreneur in
agri-
buisness/agri-
crop..
Skills
Attributes
Traits
Direction: Read and study the following questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper or your notebook to write your answers.
1. Why is there a need to compare and align your PECs with the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
17
___________________________________________________________
____________________________.
2. How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address
your development areas?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________.
Quarter I
Module 2
Environment and Market
Introduction
18
To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs
should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always
be watchful of the existing opportunities and constraints. The opportunities in the
business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to
expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are those factors
that limit the ability to grow, hence reducing the chance of generating profit. One
of the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis.
Now that you have read some of the important things to consider to
succeed in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the
environment and market.
To begin with, let’s first try to find out the competencies that you will
master after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
- identify what is of “Value” to the customer;
- identify the customer to sell to;
- explain what makes a product unique and competitive;
- apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product;
and
- employ a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the product/service.
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, try to take the
first challenge in this module-- the pre-assessment.
19
Pre-assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. This is generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside
the community.
A. Business Creation C. Business Concept
B. Business Pricing D. Business Idea
2. A process of making a new product to be sold to the customers.
A. Product Analysis C. Product Development
B. Product Conceptualization D. Product Implementation
3. These are luxuries, advantages, and desires that every individual
considers beyond necessary.
A. Wants C. Requirements
B. Desires D. Needs
4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that
one product or service is better and different from that of the competitors.
A. Unique Selling Plan C. Unique Pricing Policy
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Finding Value-Added
5. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified, reviewed, and
evaluated.
A. Concept Development C. Project Development
B. Economic Analysis D. Refine Specification
6. This is the introduction of a new idea to make the product and services
more attractive and saleable to prospective customers.
A. New Idea C. Product Development
B. Creativity D. Innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment in gathering important
information used for strategic planning.
A. Environmental Scanning C. WOTS Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis D. Survey Analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies
and differentiate a product from others.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
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9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the
essence of your brand.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without.
A. Wants C. Requirements
B. Desires D. Needs
Directions: Read and study the guide questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper to write your responses to the guide
questions.
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have been
mastered, share them with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal
knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and
engaging.
21
motivate you to learn more about Environment and Market.
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more about
environment and market. You, too, will also be given a chance to do practical
exercises and activities to deepen your understanding of the topic.
Know
Product Development
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of
making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers.
Product development may involve modification of an existing product or
its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly
defined customer’s needs and/or want and/or a market place.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself. When you
shall find acceptable answers to these, you can say that you are ready to
develop a product and/or render service.
1. For whom are the product/service aimed?
2. What benefit will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? Or from their
competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within the area should also be
taken into consideration. Everyone has his or her own needs and wants.
22
However, people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in
business are important things that every individual do without in a society. These
include:
1. Basic commodities for consumption
2. Clothing and other personal belongings
3. Shelter, sanitation and health
4. Education
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live
with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously
help you generate business ideas and subsequently to develop a marketable
product.
Wants are desires, luxury, and extravagance that signify wealth and an
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic
necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every
individual which are non- basic needs like fashion accessories, shoes, clothes,
travelling around the world, eating in an exclusive restaurant, watching movies,
concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living
in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of
business that you may engage into because they can serve as the measure of
your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business
undertakings are the people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture, and tradition,
and social orientation.
To summarize, product development entirely depends on the needs and
wants of the customers. Another important issue to deal with are the key concept
of developing a product. The succeeding topic shall enlighten you about the
procedure in coming up with a product concept.
23
Plan
Remaining
Analyze Perform Developmen t
Competitive
Figure 3: Concept Development
D. Generate Product Concepts - After having gone through with the previous
processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate
what types of product/service are both technically feasible and would best
meet the requirements of the target consumers/market.
24
a list of activities, the necessary resources and expenses, and a
development schedule with milestones for tracking progress.
Finding Value
The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition.
Value proposition is “a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons
people should notice you and take the action you are asking for.” Value is
created by fulfilling deep desires and solving deep problems. This is what gets
the people moving, and keep them spending for your product/service.
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product/service.
This may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your
sales and profit you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your
products are change in packaging, improved taste, color, size, shape, and
perhaps price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are
application of new improved methods, additional feature of product/ services, and
possibly, freebies.
25
Let us go back to what Mrs.Tubongbanua did with the Guimaras
mangoes aside from its known qualities. She made mango jam, mango
calamansi concentrate, mango sauce, mango ketchup-regular to make a
difference from other existing products in the market.
Here's how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales and
profit:
Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy your
product instead of that of your competitor's. Information is very
26
important in decision making. Competitive entrepreneur always endeavor
to improve his/her products/services and constantly provide satisfaction
and sustain patronage of customers. As your business grows, you should
always consider the process of asking your customers some important
information and feedback that you can use to improve your
product/services.
Process
Task 3: Interview
Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur/practitioner. Conduct an interview
by utilizing the sets of questions below. Document the interview and
present this to the class.
4. Did you consult somebody before you engage in this business? Cite
sample insights that you gained from the consultation.
5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
7. What strategies did you consider to have a unique selling proposition for
your product/service?
27
Reflect and Understand
Transfer
28
1. Identify
Customers
7. Prepare a Need 2. Target
Development - Specifications
Plan - -
- - -
- - -
- -
- -
- -
6. Refine 3. Analyze a
Product Competitive
Specification Product
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
5. Select a 4. Generate
Product Product
Concept Concept
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________
29
Know
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the
product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it
be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is
crafted up to the time it is packed and sold. You can also improve the
materials used in crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of
using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’
many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are
doing an innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an entirely
new product to replace the old one.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the
moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in
the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For
example, a province will have its electrification facility in the next six months.
30
Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of agricultural products
which are made using electrically-powered tools or equipment.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to
supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The
term market refers to whoever will use or buy the product or services, and
these include people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments,
organizations, or government agencies.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and
services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such
as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that
can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province
possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to
the next. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce
blankets, decorative items, and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and
lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT
classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills
which will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in income-
generating activities. With your skills, you may also try on doing things during
your spare time. Many products were invented this way.
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guide you on how to put the right product in the right place, at the right price
and at the right time.
You have to select the most promising one from among a hundred and
one ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, screen your
ideas to narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down
the five choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and
decide which business idea is worth pursuing.
32
Branding
Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
33
Be consistent. Be reliable and consistent every time.
Process
Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
SWOT is subjective.
34
Consider the strategies below to select the best business idea.
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Opportunities (O) Threats (T)
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
Strategize:
Strategies/Activities:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
Analysis:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
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My Best Business Idea:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Reading books and watching videos have been considered two of the
most effective educational activities that help learners deepen their
understanding of a certain topic. In this particular circumstance, you will be asked
to conduct extra readings and video viewings on the following topics:
36
Transfer
Direction: Generate a clear appealing product brand with logo and tagline.
Logo Taglin
37
GRADE 10 LEARNING MATERIALS
K TO 12 CURRICULUM
AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC I (RICE)
Quarter II
38
seedlings/direct seeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and
drainage practices, controlling weeds, controlling pests and
diseases, harvesting, threshing, drying and storage, marketing and
keeping of farm records and accounts.
Rice is the staple food of all the Filipinos hence, rice production
is an important industry in the Philippines. It is the backbone of
Philippine economy for it does not only give benefit to rice growers but
also to other industries like rice threshing, warehousing, milling, seed
production, and many others, that offer a lot of job opportunities. Being
the prime commodity, rice leads the growth of the agricultural sector. It
is indispensable to sustainable development. Rice accounts for the
majority of the total value of production in agriculture. This is primarily
because rice is the most preferred commodity of the population.
Furthermore, majority of the people depend on farm labor and rice-
related businesses for their livelihood.
Let us find out how much you already know about rice production.
Read and understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the best
answer and write it on your answer sheet.
40
A. air pollution
B. dirty and ugly surroundings
C. friendly and healthy surroundings
D. water contamination
14.To prepare the land for planting upland rice, plowing and harrowing
should be done
A. 1 – 2 times.
B. 2 - 3 times.
C. 3 - 4 times.
D. 4 – 5 times.
19. Which of the following is one of the advantages of using the straight
row planting system?
A. It is the cause of overcrowding of plants.
B. It makes hand weeding difficult.
C. It makes mechanical weeding easy.
D. It provides uneven spaces for growing plants.
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20. What is the average seeding rate per hectare using the dapog
method?
A. 22 kg
B. 33 kg
C. 44 kg
D. 66 kg
22. Which of the following is the recommended seedling rate per hill for
growing rice?
A. 2-3
B. 3-4
C. 4-5
D. 6-7
43
27. Below are ways by which irrigation water is lost except one:
A. evaporation
B. percolation
C. seepage
D. absorption
30. This is the most destructive rice pest which attacks the plant from
seedling stage to maturity .
A. rice stem borer
B. plant hopper
C. rice bug
D. maggot
31. This method of insect control utilizes the natural enemies of insects
to control the pest.
A. Biological
B. Cultural
C. Chemical
D. Physical
32. Which among the following is not needed in cleaning rice grains?
A. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
B. Canvas and winnowing basket
C. Blower and shifter
D. Sickle and reaper
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LESSON 1
I. INTRODUCTION
46
The lesson is all about the farm tools and equipment used in rice
production. You will learn this within 12 days.
Know
HAND TOOLS
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve
small yet important jobs to be done. Below are some of the examples:
47
2. Shovel is used in removing trash, digging
loose soil, moving soil from one place to
another, and for mixing soil media and
fertilizers. It is also used in the repair and
construction of levees and in irrigation
management.
FARM IMPLEMENTS
Examples :
1. Plows. These are farm implements used in rice production operations either
pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows and ditches to facilitate irrigation and
drainage.
Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal . Due to intensive farm mechanization it is
becoming extinct in some regions. They are used to till areas with a
shallower depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
48
Carabao drawn plow Disc plow drawn by a tractor
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil in upland rice
production where the soil is tilled dry while waiting for the rain or water
supply.
Harrow
49
EQUIPMENT
50
Combine Harvester Rice Thresher
Photos Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture ,CLSU
Using the right tools and equipment for the specific farm operation
makes it easier and more economical.
After knowing the farm tools and equipment, continue the lesson in doing
pre-operative check-up of equipment.
Activity#1
Safety Check: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor, thresher, reaper and any
attached implement checking the area for obstacles that may be under or
near the tractor which include stones, boards, children's toys etc. Make
sure there are no bystanders; remember this is a working area. Check
whether the wheels are free, or stuck in the ground. Check for any loose
51
parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the platforms or around
brakes and other controls.
Inspect around: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor a second time to check
the equipment itself. This time look at the tires for wear and inflation, the
power take-off shaft for shielding and guarding (rotate the shield to make
sure it moves freely), the hitch for proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay
particular attention to the ground under the tractor for any signs of
liquid leaks such as oil, coolant or fue l.
Check the oil of all engines attached to machineries to be used: Remove the
dipstick, wipe it clean, and check the oil level. If oil is required,
remember to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid dirt
falling into the engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of the oil can
to prevent rust or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Always check the fuel gauge. Fill if necessary, through it should have been filled
at the end of the last day the tractor was used.
Have a fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in case of
fire during operation or refueling and in area of storage and milling .
Make sure it is charged and easily accessible.
Remember:
Hazardous activities
52
high pressure. The external signs
of oil injection may be slight, but the
internal damage is not and may
lead to surgery or amputation.
If checking for leaks, use something
(eg. a piece of card run along the
hose) to show where the leak is. Do
not use your hands.
Release the pressure before working
on the system
Sharpening When working on, for example a forage
harvester, only the actual sharpening
should take place with the machine in
motion. All activities before and after,
like. guard removal, should be done
with the machine stationary, even if
rundown takes a long time.
Beware of flying particles when
sharpening machinery. Use protective
equipment such as goggles.
Working under machines When working under raised machines,
jacks should be used and correctly
located, and additional support (eg
axle stands) provided.
When working on hydraulically-raised
equipment (eg. trailers) use props.
Never rely on the hydraulics.
53
wet or muddy conditions. Make sure
you know how to access machines
safely, especially large machines such
as combines.
Don’t clean with machines running
and with guards removed.
Blockages Many accidents happen while cleaning
machine blockages – often because
operators attempt to clear a blockage
while the machine is still powered.
Again, the key question to ask is:
“Have I been trained to do this job
properly?” If the answer is “no”, do not
attempt it.
Hard hats can protect workers from head impact, penetration injuries,
and high impact injuries such as those caused by falling or flying objects, fixed
objects, or contact with electrical conductors. It also prevents the long hair from
getting caught in machine parts such as belts and chains. Ordinary hats shall
be worn by a farmer whenever working in the farm to protect himself against
ultraviolet rays of the sun.
54
Protection from eyes and face injury
In some cases, workers must shield most of their bodies against hazards
in the workplace, such as exposure to heat and radiation, hot metals, scalding
liquids, body fluids, hazardous materials or waste, and other s. In addition to
fire-retardant wool and fire retardant cotton, materials used in whole-body
personal protective equipment, include leather, synthetics, rubber, and plastic.
Respiratory Protection
Process
55
Activity #1
Activity #2
Students will be asked to draw from the box containing the names
of farm tools and equipment and explain how and when it will be used in
accomplishing rice production activities.
Activity #3
Get your partner, list two farm equipment and make a research in
the internet on the different parts that need to be maintained, and the
procedure on how to do the maintenance.
Activity#4
Activity #1
Activity #2
Using the rice reaper of the nearest farm in the locality, make a report
56
about the conditions of the parts needed to be maintained. Are they in the
best condition? Why or why not? Share it with class.
Transfer
Activity#1
You are the farm manager of the San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose
Cooperative and tasked to prepare the farm equipment conditions
analysis. Make a list of the equipment; evaluate each equipment and
identify the parts that need maintenance.
Activity # 2
Divide the class into groups and with the supervision of the teacher or
the farm technician or the owner of the combine harvester in the nearby farm in
the locality, let each group will conduct pre-operational check-up of the
combine harvester.
Summative Test
57
Glossary of Terms
Hand tools – tools that are usually light and are used to do minor
operation in the farm.
Prepare – to gather all the needed materials ready for a specific work.
58
LESSON II
SITE SELECTION AND SOIL ANALYSIS
Introduction
Like any other plant, rice needs an appropriate kind of soil as well as
good location to attain the highest possible yield.
The lesson is all about the factors to consider in site selection for
planting rice and doing soil analysis. You will learn this within twelve days.
59
1. identify the factors to consider in site selection;
2. select a site appropriate for rice production;
3. collect soil sample and analyze ; and
4. appreciate the value of selecting a good site for rice production
Know
If given a chance to select a good site for rice production, here are the
important factors to consider to ensure optimum growth and development.
These are soil, climate, and location.
60
c. Temperature. It is a limiting factor in rice production.
However, in the Philippines, temperature is almost constant,
hence, it is not a critical problem.
d. Wind velocity. Gentle wind is beneficial to rice plant because
new air blown around the plant causes replenishment of
carbon dioxide. Strong wind such as heavy wind during
typhoon may cause lodging and shattering of rice grain,
reduction of photosynthetic activities and may enhance
growth of bacterial leaf diseases.
The success of rice production starts with knowing the kind of soil
where you are going to plant. The rice plant is nutrient sensitive; its ability
to produce good harvest depends on the nutrients present in the soil. Soil
sampling and analysis are important to determine the pH level and the
nutrients present in the soil. The result of the soil analysis will be the basis
of fertilizer application.
61
2. In each SA dig from 5 -10 pits and collect samples corresponding to
the size of the sampling area. Spot sample is taken in the following
manner:
clear the soil surface area
using a shovel or spade dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 centimeters
from one vertical side of the pit take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick
with a single downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or trowel
trim the slice of soil on both sides to a bar of 3-4 cm width.
place the thin bar of soil in a pail or any suitable clean container.
if the subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the
succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface soil
should be placed in separate containers.
Selecting the appropriate site plays a vital role in the success of rice
production.
Factors to consider in selecting the site
62
a. accessibility of the farm to the road
b. availability of good labor supply
c. good irrigation and drainage
d. proximity of threshing and drying pavement
Factors that affect growth and development of the crop
1. kinds of soil
2. climate
3. location
Soil pH for rice is from 6.2 to 7.0
Process
Activity#1
Name of Farmer:_______________
Location:______________________
Directions: Of the four sites visited, write the appropriate rating based on
the scale listed below, considering the adaptability of factors in selecting
the site.
63
Reflect and Understand
Activity#1
Select four cooperating farmers in the locality, get the data on their
average harvest (number of cavans) for the past three years. Compare and
analyze to see if the differences were affected by the farm location.
Activity#2
Transfer
Post-assessment
A. Answer the following questions in your quiz notebook. Write only the
letter of the correct answer.
64
1. There are three important factors that affect rice yield. Which of
the following is not among the factors?
A. Climate
B. Kind of soil
C. Location
D. Topography
Glossary of Terms
Soil - is a loose and friable material of the earth surface where plants
grow and develop.
65
Climate - is the weather condition of a locality,
66
LESSON III
PREPARE THE LAND FOR PLANTING RICE
(IRRIGATED/RAINFED)
INTRODUCTION
67
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Know
68
P hoto Courtesy of Bersamin Agro-Industrial High School
69
not fully decomposed, soil tends to become acidic and some nutrients
become less available. Draining removes toxic substances, allowing
organic matter to decompose and help the plant produce deeper and
stronger roots. Decomposition is faster in moist soil.
Leveling the field can be done by scraping the mud from high
spots moving it to the low areas. A bamboo pole maybe attached to
the base of the harrow teeth to help in leveling.
Harrow the field at least twice with one week interval for
irrigated field and at least one day for rainfed field due to limited
70
supply of water. The first harrowing is done a week after plowing to
break the soil clods and to incorporate the stubbles. This will allow
dropped rice seeds during the previous cropping and weed seeds to
germinate. The second harrowing which is also the first levelling
should be done across the direction of the first harrowing. This
further incorporates the volunteer plants and allowing the remaining
dropped seeds and weed seeds to germinate. These practices help
reduce the initial pest host population and maintain the hardpan
which minimizes water seepage.
71
Final leveling of the field using a carabao drawn leveler.
P hoto Courtesy of Dr. P edrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
The best time to fix the levee is after the first plowing because
the upturned soil near the levees can be used for plastering in the
work. The following are the steps in repairing levees.
72
1. Clean the levees. Trim the thick portions of both sides of the
levees using a bolo. Patch all rat holes, breaks, and soft
spots.
2. Repair the levees by using soil which has been broken up
during the first plowing for patching soft spots and cracks.
Break up and rebuild the portion of the levees containing
rat holes.
3. Patch-up/cover/fill the levee with mud making sure that all
cracks are sealed properly.
4. Dikes must be cleaned to remove pest, compact to prevent
seepage, and maintain at 15 cm high x 20 cm wide to
prevent rat burrowing. Ditches will ensure even water
distribution and drainage.
Lowland rice requires well puddled and well prepared soil. This
ensures a soil surface that is weed-free, soft and leveled to
make transplanting of seedlings/planting of seeds easier. It
also facilitates mixing of organic matter such as rice straw,
weeds, and stubbles with the soil to hasten decomposition.
Proper land preparation is undertaken to level the field, for
uniform distribution of irrigation water, fertilizer, and
pesticides. It also prevents or minimizes water seepage from
the field.
73
Observe safety measures in using tools and equipment.
Process
Activity #1
RATING
V Good Good Fair Poor
ACTIVITIES
91–100 81–90 75–80 70-74
1. Cleared the area before
plowing
2. Followed correct procedure in
plowing
3 Harrowed the field well
4.Repaired the levees
5.Observed proper use of
tools/equipment
6. Used PPE
Activity #2
74
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
B. Answer briefly.
75
RESOURCES
1. Bolo
2. Moldboard plow
3. Harrow
4. Draft carabao
5. Shovel
6. Pick mattock
7. Hand tractor
8. Tractor
Glossary of Terms
76
LESSON IV
SEED SELECTION
Know
1. PhilRice
2. Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
3. Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC)
4. Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
5. Seed Grower – cooperators in your locality
6. Reliable dealers of farm supplies
78
cropping season. Then, conduct at least two seasons of
trial in the locality.
4. During wet season, consider the prevalent pests in the
area and the shattering and lodging characteristics of a
variety. In the dry season, consider planting hybrid
varieties because these varieties tend to perform better
during dry season.
5. In rainfed areas, farmers tend to use varieties for
irrigated lowland areas owing probably to lack of access
to rainfed varieties. It is recommended to first choose
varieties intended for rainfed environment. Consider also
traditional or regionally preferred varieties for rainfed
environment knowing that crops can develop
adaptability in an area.
6. Farmers also often prefer new varieties, believing that
they yield better. However, a variety may be released
based on reasons other than yield (e.g. better grain
quality and resistance to pests). Thus, it is important to
know the characteristics of the varieties but, more
importantly, to conduct adaptability trials.
79
Irrigated Varieties
Variety Agronomic Characteristics Disease & Insect Pest Reactions
Ave. Max
Maturity Height Borer
Yield Yield Blast BLB Tungro BPH GLH
days (cm)
(Tons) (Tons)
10 Rc230H 6.7 10.6 108 103 I S S (S) I MR
NSIC 2010
7 10.7 110 110 I S S (S) MS I
Rc232H
NSIC 2010
6.5 9.8 115 119 I I S (S) I MS
Rc234H
NSIC 2010
6.2 10.9 114 115 I I S (S) MS I
Rc236H
NSIC 2011
4.5 7.3 122 90 I I S
Rc21 SR
NSIC 2011
3 7.6 108 108 I I S I S
Rc23
NSIC 2011
7 11.2 110 104 S S S I I
Rc244H
NSIC 2011
7.2 11.4 106 103 S S S I I
Rc246H
11 Rc248H 7.1 10.3 108 112 I S S I I
NSIC 2011
6.5 8.9 109 109 I I S I MR
Rc250H
NSIC 2011
6.8 9.8 108 105 I I S I I
Rc252H
NSIC 2011
6.1 10.2 117 118 I S S I I
Rc254H
NSIC 2011
6.3 9.9 109 104 I S S MS MS
Rc256H
NSIC 2011
6.7 9.8 106 103 I S S I I
Rc258H
NSIC 2011
6.5 10 109 107 I S S I I
Rc260H
NSIC 2011
6.4 10.4 114 113 I I S I MR
Rc262H
NSIC 2011
6.3 10.9 118 115 I S S I MS
Rc264H
NSIC 2011
6.3 10.2 110 111 I I S I MS
Rc266H
NSIC 2011
6.5 12.7 115 113 S I S I MS
Rc268H
Rainfed Varieties
Variety Agronomic Characteristics Disease & Insect Pests Reactions
Ave. Max
Maturity Borer
Yield Yield Height Blast BLB Tungro BPH GLH
days
(Tons) (Tons)
RC100 4.1 4.1 118 111 I I S I S R
PSB
2.3 4.4 117 101 I I S I I I
RC102
PSB RC12 3.5 6 109 89 I I S I I MS
PSB RC14 3.6 6.1 110 92 I I S I I S
PSB RC36 3.1 5.3 127 121 I I MS S I MS
PSB RC38 3.2 5 127 119 I I MS S I I
PSB RC40 3.1 4.9 130 126 R I MS S I MS
PSB RC98 2.6 4.5 116 98 I I I/S R I I
Source:www.philrice.gov.ph
80
There are other factors to consider in the selection of good
seeds aside from the desirable characteristics, and these are:
1. Genetic purity. The seed should not be mixed with other rice
variety.
2. Physical purity of composition. Seeds should be free from inert
matter, chaff, and weed seeds. They must be clean.
3. Moisture content. The ideal moisture content of rice seeds for
sowing is 14%.
4. Capacity of the seed to germinate or viability. The international
standards for viability require a minimum of 80% germination.
There are two methods of testing the viability of seeds, the rag
doll and the seedbed. This should be done before sowing in seedbed
or before directly seeding in paddy.
81
1. Rag Doll Method
Examples:
82
is below 80% germination, adjust the seed bulk to
the seeding rate. To adjust use the formula:
= 1.28 x 50 kg.
= 64.10 kg/ha.
If you decide
to use the seed box method, do the following
steps:
83
b. Get 100-150 seeds (depending on your choice) at
random. Sow the seeds in rows in the seed box. Cover
the seeds lightly with soil. Water the seeds occasionally.
c. When seeds have germinated, determine the percentage
germination as in the rag doll method.
To ensure high crop yield and good quality, viable seeds should
be selected. Desirable characteristics such as early maturing,
resistance to lodging and nitrogen responsiveness are not the only
factors to consider when buying rice seeds. Other factors such as
purity, physical composition, moisture content, and capacity of the
seed to germinate should be included.
Seed viability is a characteristic of rice essential to profitable
rice production because good quality seeds bring about a maximum
yield with minimum expenditure of time, money and effort.
Seed viability test should be done before the seed is sown in
seed beds or directly seeding in paddies following the rag doll or seed
box methods.
Process
Activity #1
1. Prepare the following and perform the rag doll method of
testing the viability of seeds.
a. 20.32cm X 30.48cm rag
b. handful of rice seeds
c. 25.4cm stick
d. water
2. After 5 days, open your rag doll and determine the viability
percentage of germination of your tested seeds. Write the result
in your activity notebook.
84
Reflect and Understand
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
85
A. Read the following questions/statements. Select the best answer
then write the letter corresponding to the right answer.
86
RESOURCES
1. Seeds
2. Piece of cloth
3. Container on which to soak the seeds
Glossary of Terms
87
QUARTER III
LESSON V
1. prepare seed bed, sow seeds and care for rice seedlings;
2. sow seeds in wet and dry seed bed;
3. practice proper care and management of rice seedlings; and
88
4. internalize the relevance of proper seedbed preparation, sowing
and care of seedlings.
Know
5.
6.
Once you have identified the best variety of rice suited to the
climatic conditions of the locality which is high yielding and with
high quality of harvest, you must decide on the method of raising
seedlings you will use based on the availability of water. The
following points should be considered:
1. Select a site far from the residential area and away from
wandering chicken. If not, protect the area against stray
animals with a nylon net or chicken wire.
2. The site must have undergone soil analysis to be able to
correct soil deficiency and to ensure healthy seed growth.
3. Make sure it is far from fields infected with tungro, grassy
stunt, and other diseases. It should not be lighted at night to
avoid attracting adult stem borers, brown plant hoppers, and
green leaf hoppers.
4. Monitor fields nearby to detect the presence of virus-infected
plants particularly from ratoon of previous crop.
5. Protect against insect vectors. If there is an abnormally high
incidence of virus infestation in the area, look for better site.
1. W etbed M ethod
89
Seedlings raised in wetbed method
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
90
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
91
Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
2. Dapog M ethod
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
92
and early transplanting.
Preparation of Seedbed
Pre-germination of seeds
93
THINGS TO REM EMBER
Process
Activity#1
A. Seedbed preparation
Activities Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Cleared the area
2. Prepared seedbed about 4-5
cm
3. Leveled the seedbed surface
4. Selected the proper site for
seedbed
5. Sowed seeds uniformly with the
right thickness
94
B. Care of seedlings
Activities Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Visited the seedbed at least
once
2. Sprayed insecticides when
there was occurrence of insect
pests
3. Collected golden apple snail
(GAS) eggs
4. Removed weeds
5. Applied irrigation water at
recommended depth
Legend:
1 = 75-79% 2 = 80-85% 3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95% 5 = 96-
100%
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity #3
95
Post-assessment
Direction: Choose the correct answer and write the letter on your
quiz notebook.
4. Five days after sowing, the seedbed is irrigated for two days
at a depth of
a. 1-2 centimeter. c. 3-4 centimeters.
b. 2-3 centimeters. d. 4-5 centimeters.
96
7. How much nitrogen should be applied per square meter
in a seed bed with poor soil?
a. 50 to 80 grams c. 60 to 100 grams
b. 55 to 85 grams d. 100 to 125 grams
Resources
Glossary of Terms
97
Dapog method – a method of raising rice seedlings
characterized by the absence of soil medium
Fertilizer –any substance which is added to the soil to supply
the nutrients needed to enhance plant growth.
98
LESSON VI
PULLING AND TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS/DIRECT
SEEDING
Just like any other crop, raising rice seedlings needs extra care
during planting and transplanting. This lesson discusses the steps in
pulling seedlings, the system of transplanting, and direct seeding.
You will these within twelve days.
Know
100
Pulling and Transplanting of Seedlings
Right after the final harrowing, level the field using a wooden
plank attached to a harrow. Then allow the mud to subside. With the
aid of a wooden planting guide prepare lines by pulling on the
leveled field. These lines will serve as guides in transplanting at a
uniform p distance of planting. An example is 20 cm x 20 cm or any
desired distance depending on the variety. This is to allow the plant
to attain its maximum tillering and it also facilitates weed control
later, using a rotary weeder.
101
transplanting, it is suggested to increase the number of
seedlings per hill by one for each day that transplanting is
delayed. This compensates the reduced tillering capacity once
the seedlings get older due to transplanting delay.
For inbred varieties of rice, transplant 2-3 seedlings per
hill and 1-2 seedlings for the hybrid varieties at a depth of 2-3
centimeters. Transplant early maturing varieties 16-20 days
after sowing while medium maturing ones at 16-30 days after
sowing.
If transplanting is delayed up to 30 days for early
maturing and 35 days for medium maturing varieties, increase
the seedling rate to 5 – 8 seedlings per hill.
For highland rice culture, cold tolerant traditional
varieties are transplanted 30 – 45 days at a distance of 15 cm x
20 cm with 2 – 3 seedlings per hill
Random transplanting
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Direct Seeding
103
Direct seeding of pre-germinated seeds using the drum seeder
saves seeds and facilitates mechanical weeding. Drum seeder
regulates plant distance with fairly low rate of seeds at 50-100 kg per
hectare.
A mechanical seeder
P hoto Courtesy of Dr. P edrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
104
Process
Activity #1
1. Divide the class into two groups. The first group will pull
seedlings while the second group will transplant seedlings.
2. Demonstrate direct seeding by broadcast system.
Activities
Hold Pull Clean and Follow
Name of students seedlings seedling bundle proper
close to gently seedlings distance
ground and rate of
planting
1.
2.
3.
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
Activity#2
105
Brainstorm on the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical
seeder over the manual transplanting method. Emphasize on the
positive impact of farm mechanization in boosting production.
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
A. Answer the following test items. Write the letter of your choice in
your quiz notebook.
106
3. What should be considered in straight row system of
transplanting rice?
a. Its variety, season, and fertility of the soil
b. The provision of enough space for photosynthesis
c. Its spacing of the plant for easy weeding
d. The harvesting of rice plants during the maturity period
RESOURCES
1. references
2. seedlings raised in seed bed
3. pre-germinated seeds
4. string (planting guide)
5. dibbler
Glossary of Terms
107
Straight row planting - a system of planting with specific
distance and spacing
Transplanting - means to plant the seedlings from the seed
bed to the paddies
Dibbler - a small pointer tool used for making holes in the
soil for planting seeds.
Dibbling - the process of preparing the holes in the field for
planting of seeds or seedlings using a dibbler..
M echanical seeder- a machine used in direct seeding of pre-
germinated seeds in either lowland or upland field
condition.
Drum seeder- an equipment used for direct seeding of pre-
germinated seeds, either lowland or upland field condition.
108
LESSON VII
This lesson will equip you with the knowledge on the macro
and micro elements of the soil and their functions, the kinds of
fertilizer materials, and amount of fertilizer to apply, methods of
applying fertilizer, and the time to apply it. You will learn these
within thirteen days.
109
3. enumerate the kinds of fertilizer materials;
4. apply fertilizer appropriately;
5. compute the recommended rate of fertilizer per given area;
6. appreciate the value of proper fertilization.
Know
Proper application of fertilizer will give you more returns from your
rice crop at less cost. For maximum returns, fertilizer should be
applied at the right amount, place, and at the time the crop needs it.
Indiscriminate application of fertilizer will result in plant over growth
which will make the plant susceptible to pests and diseases causing
it to be less productive.
The result of the soil analysis explained and discussed in
Lesson 2 should be the basis in determining the right amount of
fertilizer to be applied.
The assigned Municipal Agricultural Officer in your locality
could be tapped to provide assistance in case the soil intended for
rice production has not been analyzed.
In the absence of soil analysis, refer to any available Fertilizer
Recommendation Maps in your locality. Follow the average general
recommendation and time of application.
The M acro and M icro Elements of the Soil and their Functions
Nitrogen (N)
Functions:
Stimulates growth of the leaves and stems
It gives dark green color to plant
110
Deficiency symptoms:
Pale yellow in color
Lower leaves will die early
Short and stunted plant
Excess of nitrogen causes the plant to lodge before
booting which will cause decrease in the yield of rice. If you
observe the plants to be dark green it is already prone to
lodging. Do not apply nitrogenous fertilizer anymore.
Sources of Nitrogen
1. Ammonium sulfate (21 – 0 – 0)
2. Ammonium phosphate (16 – 20 – 0)
3. Urea (46 – 0 – 0)
4. Organic fertilizer
5. Liquid fertilizer
Phosphorous (P)
Functions:
1. Encourages root growth
2. Hastens maturity of the plant
3. Helps in the production of seeds
Deficiency symptoms:
Not enough tillers per hill
Sources:
1. Superphosphate (0-20-0)
2. Ammonium phosphate(16-20-0)
3. Triphosphate(0-45-0)
4. Complete fertilizer (14-14-14)
5. Liquid fertilizer
6. Organic fertilizer
Potassium (K)
Functions:
1. Increases the vigor of the plant.
2. Plant becomes more resistant to disease.
3. Stalks become stronger.
4. Grains become bigger and plump.
Deficiency symptoms:
Plant growth, root development, and seed development
are usually reduced.
Sources:
1.Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
2.Complete fertilizer (14 – 14 – 14)
111
Proper Storing of Fertilizers
Kinds of Fertilizer
112
P reparing soil mixture using organic fertilizer as one of the
component
Courtesy of P edrito S. Nitural, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
At EPI: At EPI:
0.5 bag 0-0-60 1 bag 0-0-60
First application: First application:
Only P is deficient 3-3.5 bags 14-14-14-12S + 4-4.5 bags 14-14-14-12S +
0.5 16-20-0 1 bag 16-20-0
Only K is deficient For fine-textured soil: For fine-textured soil:
114
First application: First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-14-12S + 4-4.5 bags 14-14-14-12S +
0.5 bag 0-0-60 1 bag 0-0-60
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Roger C. Nazareno, Farmer, San Pedro Apartado Multi -Purpose Cooperative,
Pangasinan
115
day Tbs/16 l
RICE
Crop Giant (Orange Early in the morning or 10 – 14 4- 6
level) 15 – 15 – 30 + late in the afternoon.
ME Start application 45
days after transplanting
Foliar Plus Apply 15 days after 4 x / 15 6-8
15 – 15 – 30 + ME transplanting days
interval
TRANSPLANTED
MATURITY 18 – 21 days TRANSPLANTED
Panicle initiation (DAYS) 25 – 28 days
Irrigated
VEM (100 – 105)
IR -56, IR-58
IR – 36, IR – 60,
BPI R; 10
UPL R, -4 48 – 56
MM (115 – 130)
IR – 42, IR – 64
BPI R; 4,
IR – 46, IR – 52 58 – 66 48 -56
RAINFED
MM (120 – 130)
C – 22 58 -66 48 – 56
Wagwag 75 - 80
Legend: VEM = Very early maturity
MM = Moderate Maturity
116
and composition of the fertilizer material to be used.
Formula # 1
Formula # 2
Example # 1
The recommended rate for Nitrogen is 100–0–0/ha. Convert the
weight of fertilizer using the formula:
= 100 kg x 100
46
= 100 kg
117
.46
= 217.39 kg
= 217.39 kg
50 kg/bag
= 4.35 or 4.4 bags
Example # 2
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for phosphorous 0-70-0. The
recommendations could be supplied with super phosphate (0 –
20 -0 ):
= 70 kg x 100
20
= 70 kg or 3.5 x 100
.20
= 350 kg
= 350 kg
50 kg/bag
= 7 bags
Example # 3
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for potassium 0-0-40. The
recommendations could be supplied with muriate of potash (0-
0-60 ):
= 40 kg x 100
60
= 40 kg or 0.6666 x 100
118
.60
= 66.67 kg
= 66.67 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.33bags
Example # 4
Step 2. If you use two single element fertilizers follow the same
sequence as example 1. If ammonium phosphate is to be used
(16–20-0) or superphosphate (0-20-0)
= 50 kg x 100
20
= 30 kg
.20
= 250 kg
119
Step 4. Change into number of bags by dividing with 50
kg/bag.
= 250 kg
50 kg/ha
= 5 bags
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 36 kg
.46
= 86.96 kg
= 86.96 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
Example # 5.
Suppose the fertilizer recommendation is 100–60–60 per
hectare. In this case, you may use complete fertilizer 14–14–14 and
urea (46–0–0) to come up with the recommendation.
120
Step 1. Compute for the smaller content first which is 60 to
determine the amount of complete fertilizer needed to supply
the requirement .
= 60 kg x 100
14
= 60 kg
0.14
= 428.6 kg
= 428.6 kg
50 kg/ha
= 8.6 bags
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 86.96 kg
= 86.96.2 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
121
So you need 8.6 bags of 14–14–14 and 1.7 bags of urea
to supply the fertilizer recommendation per hectare.
Formula # 1
Formula # 2
Process
Activity#1
122
2. The fertilizer recommendation for clay soil is 40 – 20 – 0.
Determine the kind and amount of fertilizer needed to supply
the recommended rate using ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) as the
source of (N)and ordinary superphosphate (0-20-0) as the
source of P2O5.
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
123
Compute what is being asked. Write your answers on your quiz
notebook.
RESOURCES
Reference
Fertilizer samples
a. Organic
b. Inorganic
Glossary of Terms
124
Fertilizer recommendation - the recommended rate of
fertilizer application expressed in kilograms N,P and K per
hectare
Example: 90–50–30 fertilizer recommendation
indicates that in a certain kind of soil you need to apply 90
kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K 2O per hectare.
Fertilizer formula - the quantity and analysis of fertilizer
materials which make up a mixed fertilizer
Example: ammonium sulfate, urea, super phosphate
and muriate of potash
Fertilizer grade - the minimum guarantee of the nutrient
content in terms of percent N, P and K.
Example: If urea is 46 percent N that means 46 kg of
every 100 kg of the fertilizer material (46%) is available N.
125
LESSON VIII
W ATER M ANAGEM ENT
126
3. choose the appropriate method of irrigating the field; and
4. consider the importance of water in the management of
lowland rice production.
Know
W ater M anagement
127
For efficient water management in irrigated rice production,
take note of the following desirable recommended water depth at
different stages of growth:
128
6. two weeks before harvesting, to facilitate grain
development and maturity and for ease of harvesting
and transport
Irrigating the field using water pump , at the panicle initiation stage of rice where
water supply is very important.
1. Rice variety. You may need more water for the late maturing
varieties than early maturing varieties.
2. Season. Wet season crops need less water than dry season
crops.
3. Types of soil. Clay or clay loam soil needs less water than light
soil such as sand.
4. Presence of weeds. Flooding the field always prevent the
growth of weeds.
130
3. Seepage. Water moves sideways within the soil. It may pass
through the dike or below the ground. This can be minimized if
the dikes and levees are well-maintained.
4. Percolation. It is the downward flow of water. Its occurrence is
high if the soil is sandy, deep, and has a deep water table.
Well-puddled rice paddies minimize percolation and tend to
hold water efficiently.
The six stages of rice growth when the rice field has to be
drained:
1. during transplanting
2. early stage of growth
3. weeding
4. fertilizer application
5. maximum tillering stage
6. two weeks before harvesting
131
o promote seedling vigor and normal crop growth and
development with minimal lodging; and
o facilitate better nutrient uptake with the right amount
and timing of water.
Efficient water management means
o Achieve 3-5 cm water depth every irrigation time from
early tillering until 1-2 weeks before crop maturity or
harvest.
A water depth of about 3-5 cm will be maintained from
10 DAT or 10-15 DAS to near crop maturity will ensure
water status for optimum crop growth and yield.
However, under field conditions, irrigation water supply
may be insufficient to maintain a flooded soil condition
or a certain surface water depth. While a certain flood
water depth can control weeds, saturated soil condition
at an early crop growth stage can reduce snail mobility
and damage.
Process
Activity#1
132
Reflect and Understand
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
133
3. Identify the six stages of rice growth when the field is to be
drained and give the importance of doing it.
Resources
1. References
2. Foot rule to measure the depth of water
3. Irrigation pump, if necessary
Glossary of Terms
134
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
135
After the lesson you should be able to:
1. classify the types of weeds, insects, and pests found in rice
fields;
2. discuss the importance of pest management;
3. undertake pest management using appropriate methods;
4. explain the methods of applying chemicals to control pests;
5. explain the integrated pest management (IPM)
6. observe safety measures in handling chemicals; and
7. cite the potential loss in production due to pests.
Know
W eeds are plants that grow in places where they are not wanted.
Weeds reduce rice yields by competing with rice plants for sunlight,
moisture, space, and soil nutrients. They also serve as alternate
hosts of insect pests and diseases. They are more serious in upland
and direct seeded wet land than in transplanted irrigated rice
paddies.
137
Echinoclora colona (Dakayang, left), Echinocloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv
(center), Rottboella chochichinensis
(Marapagay, right).
Sources: CBLM Year 3
138
b. Ipomoea aguatica (Forssk)
Common name: balangeg (Iloc.), kangkong (Tag.),
swamp cabbage (Eng.)
c. Sphenoclea zeylanica (Gaertn.)
Common names: sili-silian (Tag.), marasili (Iloc.)
d. Ipomoea triloba (L. Common names: marakamote (Iloc.)
kamokamoteha Tag.)
140
2. Use the right dosage of chemicals. Weak or strong dosage of
chemicals may not be useful to the plant; therefore, follow the
recommended dosage.
3. Spray during fair weather. Do not spray when the wind is
strong nor during rainy weather. Spray early in the morning or
late in the afternoon.
4. Distribute spray solution accurately.
Knapsack sprayer
141
pouring into the water container. This makes the dispersion of
the powder in a large amount of water easier.
4. Mix the herbicide in the water container using a bamboo
stirrer, not your hand.
5. Add the remaining water to complete the dilution.
There are about 100 species of insects that infest the rice
plant. However, only 15 of these are of major significance and are
regularly occurring. Some of the most destructive insects are: rice
whorl maggot, rice caseworm, common army worm, cutworms, rice
stemborer, rice leaf folder, green leafhopper, brown planthopper and
the newly discovered black bugs in some parts of the country.
143
5. Rice stemborers. Local name: rusok (Cag.)
Considered the most serious pest of rice, stemborers are
of regular occurrence and of wide distribution. They reduce
tillers even on resistant varieties and are difficult to control
with insecticides. This pest occurs in all rice environments and
are generally abundant toward the end of the rainy season.
They infest rice plants from seedling stage to maturity. Their
damage to the rice plants results in deadhearts when the
central leaf whorl is affected and white head when base of the
panicles are severed (Figure below).
The adult of most stemborer species are positively strong
fliers. They mate in the evening.
144
The green leafhoppers (Figure below) generally feed on
the leaves and upper parts of the plants. They are vectors of
virus organisms causing tungro and yellow dwarf diseases.
Oviposition occurs 2 - 3 days after emergence. Egg masses are
laid on the upper surface of the leaf blade or leaf sheath.
Incubation takes 7 - 8 days. The nymphs undergo 5 instars in
14-19 days before they become adults. They attack rice plants
from seedling to booting stages.
145
Extent of Damage of Insect Pests.
146
Insect of rice, nature of attack, damage and control measures*.
147
4. Apply only foliar insecticides
when ETL is reached.
g. Green a. The pest sucks leaf 1. Use resistant varieties
leafhopper sap causing the leaves 2. Create crop-free period of at
(Nephotetix to turn light yellow to least 6 weeks between crops.
spp) orange 3. Rogue or pull and bury
infected plants during the first
6 weeks of crop growth
slightly infected areas.
4. Remove volunteer rice plants
and weeds that look like
alternate hosts.
5. Construct seedbeds away from
artificial light so as not to
attract hoppers.
6. Avoid excessive use of
nitrogen fertilizers.
7. Apply systemic insecticides.
h. Brown plant- a. Directly damages the 1. Grow only two rice crops per
hopper crop by sucking plant year.
(Nilaparvata sap causing gradual 2. Use resistant varieties.
lugens) yellowing followed by 3. Plant early maturing varieties
sudden drying of plant to create a rice -free period
forming circular during the year.
patches in the field 4. Plow under ratoons after
(hopper burn) harvest
5. Drain the field for 3-4 days
during infestation.
6. Split nitrogen application into
three ..
7. Practice clean culture
8. Spray insecticides when ETL
is reached.
148
List of Friendly and Harmful Insects Integrated Pest
M anagement (IPM )
This method of pest management could minimize the use of
insecticide for a sustainable environment. It is used to justify
economically and ecologically that the application of chemicals is
only recommended when pests reached the economic injury level.
Through IPM, unnecessary application of insecticide is
minimized, which can mean savings for the farmer. Because of the
minimal use of insecticide there is less pollution and, therefore,
survival of natural enemies is encouraged.
Constant monitoring by visual counting, use of sweep nets,
and damage assessment is necessary to determine if use of
insecticide is already recommended.
149
Stemborer More than 20% dead heart or 1%
Leaffolder white head
30% of leaves damaged or cut
Caseworm 30% of leaves damaged or cut
After panicle Brown planthopper 20 hopper/hill or 1 hopper/tiller
initiation Green leafhopper None in the areas with RTV
Other Pests
Rat Control
151
Rice diseases, symptoms, preventive and control measures.
Disease Symptoms Preventive and control
measures
1. Tungro (Virus) a. Slight stunting of plant 1. Practice clean culture to
growth and reduced tillering eliminate alternate host.
occurs. 2. Rogue diseased plant to
b. Yellowing from the tips of reduce inoculums.
leaves. 3. Use only resistant,
c. Mottling of the infected tolerant varieties if
leaves with pale green to available .
whitish interveinal spots. 4. Minimize the population
d. Panicles are half-exerted or of green leafhoppers by
choked neck. spraying appropriate
e. Grains are usually covered insecticides.
with dark brown blotches. 5. Grow only two rice crops
per year and practice
synchronous planting.
6. Plow under seriously
infected fields.
2. Yellow dwarf a. Color varies from yellow to 1. Control measure similar
(Virus) whitish yellow. to that of the tungro
b. Stunted plant growth. disease .
c. Profuse tillering. 2. Use early maturing
d. Droopy leaves. varieties simultaneously
e. Panicles are poorly planted with late
developed or absent. maturing varieties.
3. Grassy stunt a. Infected plants are severely 1. Practice clean culture to
(Virus) stunted. eliminate alternate host.
b. Profuse tillering. 2. Rogues disease plant to
c. Stiff & erect dark green reduce source of
leaves. inoculums.
d. Conspicuous shortening and 3. Plant only resistant
narrowing of leaf blades varieties.
which are usually erect and 4. Control brown
with small rusty brown dots. planthopper populations
e. Infected plants produce only by using recommended
few panicles which are small insecticides.
and dark brown. Sometimes, 5. Plant early maturing
no panicle is produced. varieties.
4. Bacterial leaf a. Lesions begin at the tip or 1. Minimize seedling injury
blight margins of the leaf and during pulling and
(Xanthomonas develop rapidly parallel to transplanting.
campestris) healthy regions. Entire leaf 2. Plant only recommended
blade becomes yellowish to varieties.
dirty white and eventually 3. Do not prune seedlings;
dies. apply only the
b. Bacterium may enter the recommended amount
growing point of the young of nitrogenous
tiller, causing infection fertilizers.
known as “kresek”. 4. Remove or destroy
diseased stubbles and
straws.
152
5. Bacterial leaf a. The bacterium attacks the 1. Plant only the
streak parenchymatous tissues in recommended varieties.
(Xanthomonas between the veins of the 2. Apply recommended
campestris pv. leaves through the stomata. amount of nitrogen
Oryzicola) b. Appearance of fine fertilizer.
interveinal, long and short
lines that are water-soaked
and grayish.
c. As lesions coalesce leaves
turn yellow orange
throughout the field.
6. Rice blast a. Spindle -shaped lesions that 1. Use only resistant
(Pyricularia are wide at the centers and varieties.
oryzae) pointed towards either ends 2. Spray recommended
appear on the leaf nodes, fungicides like Brestan
panicles and grain leaves die and Benlate .
when lesions coalesce . 3. Practice good water
b. Rings of brown to black management.
spots develop near the joints 4. Apply only
of the rachille and rachis of recommended amount
maturing panicles. Center of of nitrogen fertilizer.
spots is usually gray or
white .
c. Infected nodes turn blackish
and break easily.
7. Cercospora a. Narrow, short brown spots 1. Follow strictly the
leafspot or appear on leaves. Leaf spots recommended amount
narrow brown are reddish brown with the of nitrogen.
spot color fading at the edges.
(Sphaerulina
oryzina Hara)
8. Brown spot a. The fungus attacks 1. Seed treatment with
or Helmin germinating seeds, leaves fungicides like Brestan,
thosporium and developing grains. Benlate or Fungitox or
(Helmin b. The typical leaf spot is small, hot water treatment (52-
thosporium dark, oval or circular with 54⁰ C) for 15 minutes.
oryzae) whitish centers; evenly 2. Apply recommended
scattered on the leaves. kind and amount of
Lesions coalesce causing fertilizer.
entire leaf to dry up. 3. Practice crop rotation
4. Practice field sanitation.
5. Practice good water
management.
9. Stem rot a. Lesions are small black and 1. Do not allow irrigation
(Helmin irregular on the outer leaf water to flow from
thosporium sheath near the water line . infected field.
sigmoideum) b. Infection of the culm causes 2. Plant short, stiff-
lodging that results to strawed varieties
immature grains. resistant to lodging.
3. Apply only
recommended amount
of nitrogen fertilizer.
153
10. Sheath a. Spots on the leaf sheath are 1. Spray fungicides like
blight ellipsoid or ovoid and Brestan or Vitigram
(Rhizoctonia greenish gray. Blue on the leaf sheath
solani) b. Center of spots becomes when infection occurs at
grayish white with brown the maximum tillering
margin. stage and at the booting
c. Spots are first observed near stage .
the water line in the fields.
11. Sheat rot a. Rot occurs on the upper 1. Observe clean culture to
(Sarocladium most leaf sheath enclosing eliminate all possible
oryzae the young panicles. alternate host plants.
Sawada) b. Lesions start as oblong or 2. Use recommended
somewhat irregular spots resistant varieties.
with brown margins and 3. Use recommended
gray centers or grayish- insecticides to control
brown throughout. the occurrence of stem
c. Whitish powder growth are borer.
found inside affected sheath 4. Harvest at ground level
causing the panicles to rot. and plow immediately
d. Young panicles remain in after harvest to remove
the sheath or emerge only larvae of stem borers.
partly
e. Browning of grains.
154
Viral Diseases
155
malayanus. Most leafhoppers acquire the virus by feeding on
diseased plants for 1-3 hours. About half the infective
individuals of the species can infect healthy plants within 1
hour feeding. Yellow dwarf is prevalent from seeding to booting
stages.
Bacterial Diseases
156
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUST RAT ION
Fungal Diseases
157
3. Brown spot or Helminthosporium leaf spot
(Helminthosporium oryzae). This disease is probably present in
all rice producing areas. It infects all stages of a rice plant. It
is common in nutrient deficient soil and soils containing a
large proportion of sand or peat.
158
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUST RAT ION
159
Clean culture
o Chemical method. Always read labels before use
o Biological method
Introduction of friendly insects to suppress pests
and diseases
With the help of predators such as birds, snakes
o Use of resistant varieties
Always be familiar with Insect pests/diseases, nature of attack
and control measures
160
c. Cultural method
d. Chemical method
Pointers for effective use of herbicide:
a. Apply at the right time
b. Use the right dosage
c. Spray during fair weather
d. Distribute spray solution accurately
Process
Activity #1
Activity #2
Activities Rating
5 4 3 2 1
1. prepare a gallon of clear water
2. measure the recommended dosage
3. mix herbicide/insecticide based on
procedure
4. demonstrate proper spraying
5. use personal protective equipment
Legend:
1 = 75-79% 2 = 80-85% 3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95% 5 = 96-
100%
161
Reflect and Understand
Activity #3
Transfer
Activity #4
162
Post-assessment-1
163
Post-assessment-11
Answer the following questions to find out how much you have
learned. Write the answers on your notebook.
164
B. Provide the following information
1. What are the methods of controlling golden apple snail,
rodents, and insect pests?
2. What are the safety measures in handling insecticides?
RESOURCES
Herbicide/Insecticides, sprayer, face mask, gloves.
Glossary of Terms
165
LESSON X
HARVESTING, THRESHING, DRYING, STORING, AND M ILLING
OF RICE SEEDS
166
3. identify the materials needed in harvesting, threshing,
cleaning,and drying;
4. harvest, thresh, clean, and dry rice grain efficiently;
5. observe health and safety precautions during harvesting; and
6. consider the value of proper harvesting, threshing, drying,
storing, and milling rice.
Know
Harvesting
168
following:
169
1. Manual Cutting, Efficient High labor cost, skill
harvesting and stacking, Most effective dependent
threshing bundling, in lodged Susceptible to grain
handling crop damage
and piling Less weather Winnowing/cleaning
by hand dependent necessary
Threshing
by beating
cleaning by
winnowing
2. Manual Cutting and More Higher capital cost
harvesting and stacking by effective in Dependency on
threshing/cleaning hand wet season availability of
by machine Threshing harvest, wet contractor
by machine crop Less dependent on
conditions field size
Higher
capacity than
manual
Lower labor
requirements
Note: Avoid burning of rice material wastes such as the hays, hulls,
and other materials. Farm wastes burning is regarded as one of the
big contributors to global warming.
Threshing
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
171
6. Another method is through the impact of rice heads beaten
against a solid object (hampasan method). A simple way to do
this is to beat the rice panicles with a stick. The method can
thresh 20-60 kg of palay per person per hour.
7. One low-cost mechanical thresher you can use is the pedal-
powered model. It has a low initial cost and one worker can
thresh about 1-2 cavans per hour with this model.
8. Another low-cost model is the throw-in axial flow thresher.
This is portable, weighs about 100 kg and requires a 5-7
horsepower engine. It has a higher output of up to 600
kg/hour.
9. The most commonly used mechanical thresher are lightweight
which could be drawn by a carabao or a tractor in a muddy
field powered by a diesel engine and could finish threshing
harvest of 2 ½ hectare in one day, if it is dry, and 1 ½ hectare
if wet. Be sure to lay plastic sheet in the area to minimize grain
losses.
10.Using the combine harvester, it could finish harvesting and at
the
same time threshing with a minimum of 3 hectares per day.
172
g. demand for straw (some threshers damage the straw making it
less available).
173
Importance of Cleaning Rice grain
M ethods of Cleaning
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Drying
174
To ensure quality grains and to prevent spoilage, clean and properly
dry the harvested and threshed grains immediately. The approximate
moisture content of the crop at harvest time is 20-25%. The right
moisture content (MC) for storage is 14 percent.
M ethods of drying
Sundrying of grains along the concrete farm to market road and using net.
P hoto Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
175
batch dryers, since these are relatively cheaper and easier to
operate. When using mechanical dryers, observe the
recommended drying air temperature by the manufacturer. If
using a mechanical dryer farmers should group themselves
and make a schedule to be able to meet the maximum capacity
of the dryer for more efficient and economical operation.
Dry rice grains 8-11 hours with the use of mechanical
dryer to obtain 14% moisture content for safe storage. Do not
over dry rice grain, if the grain is meant to be milled.
Moreover, if the grain is not allowed to cool after drying they
are brittle and will break easily if milled immediately. To obtain
high milling recovery, allow to temper overnight before milling.
Storing
1. After drying the rice grains, store them properly if you are not
going to sell immediately. Safe storage involves the
preservation of the quality and quantity of grain for future use.
Thus, protect your harvest from bad weather, pests,
microorganisms, chemicals, moisture, and other types of
contamination.
2. Clean sacks before use to remove insect pests.
3. Do not stack the sacks of rice on a concrete floor, it will
accumulate moisture. Use a stacking tray made of wood.
4. Separate old and new grain stocks.
176
5. Separate and mark different varieties by storing them in
different sacks. Handle sacks with care to avoid damage and
spillage.
6. Cover the stacked bags of rice with plastic sheet or other
covering materials.
7. Clean bodega/warehouse prior to new grain storage and
maintain cleanliness of the surroundings to discourage
rodents’ infestation.
8. Visit the storage area regularly to observe any grain damage,
changes in grain temperature, increase in moisture content,
and any indication of grain deterioration.
9. Avoid storing fertilizer and insecticides near the rice stock to
ensure safety and maintain market quality.
10. Make use of a bait for rodents if necessary.
Milling
M anual Harvesting
When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with
thumb pointing upward, away from the sickle/scythe. Be extra
careful in pulling the scythe to prevent injury. Always have a piece of
long sleeved clean cloth, hat, and sunglass, as protections from
excessive heat of the sun
M achine Threshing
Combine Harvesting
179
Observe the safety measures in harvesting, threshing, and
milling.
Clean rice is easier to dry.
Clean rice when properly dried to improve the storability.
Clean and properly dried rice grains have higher market value.
Clean and properly dried rice grains obtain good milling
quality.
Store rice grain for future use.
Observe safety precautions when using chemicals, especially in
the control of pests in the storage barn.
The moisture content of rice grains for storage is 14 percent.
Sundrying can be done 1-2 days (fair weather) or 8-11 hours if
mechanical dryer is used.
Process
Activity #1
Activity #2
180
Transfer
Activity #3
Post-assessment
181
d. Scythe
RESOURCES
1. PPE
2. Sickle/Scythe
3. Rack and stick
4. Canvas
5. Winnower
6. Sacks
7. Stirrer
8. Tying material
9. Solar dryer (if available)
10. Thresher
Glossary of Terms
183
LESSON XI
RECORD KEEPING
Pre-assessment
A. Direction: Choose the best answer and write the letter in your
184
activity notebook.
_____1. What record is kept by the farmer that shows the budget of
the project?
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____2. What record tells the farmer how much she/he gained in the
venture?
a. Cash
b. Cost and profit
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____4. Which record shows the supplies and materials needed for
all activities in the farm?
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
185
Know
186
@ s
P1,000.00
at 50kg/
sack
Tota P20,000.0 P7,800.0
l 0 0
187
5. Production record. This record determines the annual
profitability of a farm enterprise. It lists the different crops
grown in the farm during the whole year, the amount spent for
the production, the total sales, the remaining stock, and the
net income. This record summarizes the performance of the
farm in each year. It can be used by the farmer in determining
which crop is performing well or which is not. It could be the
basis of the farmer in deciding what crop has to be maintained
or which one is supposed to be changed.
From the sample above, it may be noted that the total annual
income of the farm for that year gained P30,000.00. However, the
amount does not include its remaining stocks.
3. Cost and Profit Analysis. This record tells the farmer how
much profit he/she will gain for the project undertaken. It
contains a list of all the farming activities that were done in a
season and the expenses incurred per farming activity. It also
indicates the cost of supplies and materials used for the
cropping season. The cost and return analysis helps the farmer
get the total cost of production and estimate the net return
he/she will gain depending on the crop yield or the mode of
production.
188
Item Labor Cost of Labor Cost of No. of Days Amount
M an/Day (8 M an & Animal Req. at 8
hrs) P /Day (8hrs) hrs./day
1.Land Preparation
3. Other M ajor
Operations
Harvesting, contract 4,500/ha P4,500.00
threshing, 7 cavan/ha @ P14.00/kg 4,900.00.
winnowing, and
hauling (contractual @5/cavan 550.00
basis)
Drying and hauling @5/cavan @ 110 cavans/ha 550.00
Sub total P10,500.00
Agricultural Inputs
189
87 kgs. 46-0-0
@ P1,000/bag (1 4,400.00
bag= 50kg.)
28 kgs. 0-0-60 @ 1,740.50
P750/bag
420.00
Process
190
Activity 2
Keep and maintain farm records of your school farm project.
Follow the sample given in this material as your guide.
Transfer
Post-assessment
191
enterprise. It will tell everyone the picture of the project whether it is
gaining or losing.
REFERENCES
CBLM Year 3
Technology and Home Economics III
PHILRICE, Palay Check
Crop Establishment_PhilRice-IRRI RSSP.ppsx
www.pinoyrkb.com
192
193