‫جامعة بنها‬

‫كلية ‪:‬الهندسة ببنها‬

‫إسم الطالب‪ :‬يوسف ممدوح عبدالعظيم محمد‬

‫رقم الجلوس‪3260 :‬‬
‫قسم ‪ :‬الهندسة المدنية‬ ‫الفرقة‪ :‬الثالثة‬
‫كود المادة‪:‬د‪1352‬‬ ‫اسم المادة‪:‬تصميم منشآت خرسانية ‪-2‬ب‬
‫التخصص‪:‬‬
‫(هذا الجزء يخصص لطلبة الفرقة اإلعداية فقط)‬ ‫رقم المجموعة ‪:‬‬
‫اسم الملف اإللكترونى المرسل ‪:‬‬

‫عنوان البحث‬
‫‪Pre-stressed concrete‬‬
‫تقييم الموضوع البحثى من قبل استاذ المادة‬
‫( اليكتب الطالب اى شىئ فى هذا الجزء وهو مخصص للجنة التقييم فقط )‬

‫غير‬ ‫مقبول‬ ‫نقاط التقييم‬

‫مقبول‬
‫هل الشكل العام للبحث مقبول؟‬
‫هل المادة العلمية المذكورة جيدة؟‬
‫هل التزم الطالب بالموضوعية والمنهجية العلمية ؟‬
‫هل النتائج التى توصل اليها البحث واضحة؟‬
‫هل ذكر الطالب المصادر والمراجع العلمية ومواقع االنترنت التى اعتمد عليها البحث ؟‬
‫هل البحث مدعم بالصور والرسومات الخاصة بفكرة البحث واية وسائل آخرى لتدعيم فكرة البحث‬
‫أخرى‬

‫نتيجة التقييم‬
‫توقيع السادة أعضاء لجنة وضع األمتحان‬ ‫الكنترول راسب‬
‫ختمناجح‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 Table of Contents
Introduction of pre-stressed concrete 3
Basic Concepts of Pre-stressing 4
Advantages of pre-stressed concrete 4
Materials of pre-stressed concrete
member 5
Methods of Pre-stressing 6
The popular post-tensioning systems 7
Design of pre-stressed concrete
member 10
Example of post pre-stressed
cantilever slap 13
References 19

2
 Introduction of pre-stressed concrete
Pre-stressed concrete is a structural material that allows for
predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract
the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading. It combines the high
strength compressive properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel.

Figure describe how pre-stressed concrete is made

in ordinary reinforced concrete, stresses are carried by the steel reinforcement,

whereas pre-stressed concrete supports the load by induced stresses throughout the
entire structural element. This makes it more resistant to shock and vibration than
ordinary concrete, and able to form long, thin structures with much smaller
sectional areas to support equivalent loads.

Pre-stressed concrete was patented by San Franciscan engineer P.H Jackson in

1886, although it did not emerge as an accepted building material until 50 years later
when a shortage of steel, coupled with technological advancements, made pre-
stressed concrete the building material of choice during European post-war
reconstruction.

It is now commonly used for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as well

as structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways. Generally, pre-
stressed concrete is not necessary for columns and walls, however, it can be used
economically for tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses.

 As a general rule, traditional reinforced concrete is the most economic method

for a span of up to 6 m. Pre-stressed concrete is more economical when spans are

3
over 9 m. Between 6 and 9 m, the two options must be considered according to the
particular requirements as to which is the most suitable option.

Basic Concepts of Pre-stressing

There are three basic concepts of pre-stressing:
1. First Concept: Pre-stressing to transform concrete into an Elastic
Material.
2. Second Concept: Pre-stressing for Combination of High Strength Steel
with Concrete.
3. Third Concept: Pre-stressing to Achieve load balancing.

Advantages of pre-stressed concrete

In general, pre-stressed concrete has the following Benefits:

 Since the technique of pre-stressing eliminates cracking of concrete under all

stage of loading, the entire section of the structures takes part in resisting the
external load. In contrast to this, in the reinforced concrete, only portion of the
concrete above neutral axis is effective.

 Since concrete does not crack, the possibility of steel to rust and concrete to
deteriorate is minimized.

 Absence of cracks results in higher capacity of the structure to bear reversal

of stresses, impact, vibration and shock.

 The quantity of steel required for pre-stressing about 1/3 of that required for
reinforced concrete, though the steel for the former should have high tensile
strength.

4
  There is a possibility of minimizing the thickness and edges by giving to
pre-stressed concrete structures more lightness and slender than to those of
reinforced concrete, and lowering the cost of it.

Materials of pre-stressed concrete member

1. Concrete
The main factors for concrete used in PSC are:
• Ordinary portland cement-based concrete is used but strength usually greater than
50 N/mm2.
• A high early strength is required to enable quicker application of pre-stress.
• A larger elastic modulus is needed to reduce the shortening of the member.
• A mix that reduces creep of the concrete to minimize losses of pre-stress.

You can see the importance creep has in PSC from this graph:

2. Steel
The steel used for pre-stressing has a nominal yield strength of between 1550 to
1800 N/mm2. The different forms the steel may take are:
• Wires: individually drawn wires of 7 mm diameter;
• Strands: a collection of wires (usually 7) wound together and thus having a
diameter that is different to its area;
• Tendon: A collection of strands encased in a duct – only used in posttensioning;
• Bar: a specially formed bar of high strength steel of greater than 20 mm diameter.

5
 3. Cement

 Ordinary port-land cement.

 Portland slag cement.
 Rapid hardening port-land cement.
 High strength ordinary port-land cement.

Methods of Pre-stressing

There are two basic methods of applying pre-stress to a concrete member :

1. Pre-tensioning – most often used in factory situations

2. Post-tensioning – site use

1. Pre-tensioning

A method of pre-stressing concrete in which tendons are tensioned before the

concrete is placed. The operation commonly is a 5-step process.

The various stages of the pre-tensioning operation are summarized as follows:

1) Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments

2) Placing of jacks
3) Applying tension to the tendons
4) Casting of concrete
5) Cutting of the tendons.

6
2. Post-tensioning

A method of pre stressing concrete in which tendons are tensioned

after the concrete has place. The operation commonly is a 6-step
process.
1) Casting of concrete.
2) Placement of tendons.
3) Placement of the anchorage block and jack.
4) Applying tension to the tendons.
5) Seating of the wedges.
6) Cutting the tendons.

7
Section for Post-tensioning

The popular post-tensioning systems are the following:

1. The Freyssinet system:

Freyssinet system was introduced by the French Engineer Freyssinet and it was
the first method to be introduced.
High strength steel wires of 5mm or
7mm diameter, numbering 8 or 12 or
16 or 24 are grouped into a cable
with a helical spring inside. Spring
keeps proper spacing for the wire.
Cable is inserted in the duct.

Freyssinet system of Pos)t-tensioning

2. Magnel Blaton system

In Freyssinet system several wires are stretched at a time. In Magnel Blaton system, two
wires are stretched at a time. This method was introduced by a famous engineer, Prof.
Magnel of Belgium.

In this system, the anchorage device consists of sandwich plate having grooves to
hold the wires and wedges which are also grooved. Each plate carries eight wires.

8
Between the two ends the spacing of the wires is maintained by spacers. Wires of
5mm or 7mm are adopted. Cables consists of wires in multiples of 8 wires. Cables
with as much as 64 wires are also used under special conditions.

A specially devised jack pulls two wires at a time and anchors them. The wires with
the sandwich plate using tapered wedge is shown in fig

Anchorage of Magnel System

3. Gifford Udall System

This system originated in Great Britain, is widely used in India. This is a single wire system.
Each wire is stressed independently using a double acting jack. Any number of wires can be
grouped together to form a cable in this system. There are two types of anchorage device in
this system.

a) Tube anchorages
b) Plate anchorages

Tube anchorage consists of a bearing plate, anchor wedges and anchor grips.
Anchor plate may be square or circular and have 8 or 12 tapered holes to
accommodate the individual prestressing wires. These wires are locked into the
tapered holes by means of anchor wedges.

In addition, grout entry hole is also

provided in the bearing plate for grouting. Plate Anchorage
Anchor wedges are split cone wedges
carrying serrations on its flat surface.

4. Lee McCall System

This method is used to pre-stress steel
bars. The diameter of the bar is between
12 and 28mm. bars provided with threads
at the ends are inserted in the performed
ducts. After stretching the bars to the required length, they are tightened using nuts
against bearing plates provided at the end sections of the member.

9
 End Anchorage for Lee McCall System

Cable tension methods in pre-stressed concrete

1. Electrical Pre-stressing
In this method, reinforcing bars is coated with thermoplastic material such as sulphur
or low melting alloy and buried in the concrete. After the concrete is set, electric
current of low voltage but high amperage is passed through the bar.

Electric current heats the bar and the bar elongates. Bars provided with threads at
the other end are tightened against heavy washers, after required elongation is
obtained. When the bar cools, pre-stress develops and the bond is restored by
solidification of the coating.

2. Chemical Pre-stressing
Chemical pre-stressing is done using expanding cement. Pre-stressing can be
applied b embedding steel in concrete made of expanding cement. Steel is
elongated by the expansion of the concrete and thus gets pre-stressed. Steel in turn
produces compressive stress in concrete.

3. Mechanical Pre-stressing
In this type of pre-stressing, the devices includes weights with or without lever
transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with
or without gear drives and wire winding machines. This type of pre-stressing is
adopted for mass scale production.

Design of pre-stressed concrete member

Design of pre-stressed Simple beams
M max−M o . w
1. Calculate (z) for symmetrical sections from z=
f cw

10
 Where f cw=0.40 f cu

2. From (z) calculate height of section (h ¿. °

Get h final =(1.2 → 1.3) h° ‫سم‬5 ‫وتقرب القرب‬

3. Calculate section properties of cross section (A, Zt , Z b ¿

1
4. Calculate pre-stressing force Pe = A . f cw
2

1−initial losses
⟹ Pi= P
1−final losses °

5. Calculate (e max , e min ⁡¿

M o. w Zt M Z
e max = + e min ⁡= max − b
Pi A Pe A

6. Choose e according to:

1. If (e , e ¿ close to (h/2 –cover), we choose (e) in which
max min ⁡

(e≤(h/2 –cover)) &(e < e< e ¿ max min ⁡

2. If (e , e ¿ much less than (h/2 –cover),in this state we

max min ⁡

should calculate (pres. force) from equation :

h (drop of M o .w +drop of M max )
e total= ( 2
– cover )= (Pi + Pο )
From this we calculate (pres. Force) and in this state
h
(e) = ( 2 −cover ¿

7. Check stresses at both transfer and working stages

−Pi Pi . e M o . w

Transfer stage
{ f ¿ p=

f bott =
A
+
Zt
−
Zt
−Pi P i . e M o .w
A
−
Zb
+
Zb
≤ f ti

≤ f ci

11
 −P e P e . e M max

Working stage
{ f top =

f bot t =
A
+
Zt
−
Zt
−Pe Pe . e M max
A
−
Zb
+
Zb
≤ f cw

≤ f tw

8. Calculate pre-stressing steel from

Pe PJ
PJ =
1−final losses
& A ps=
f all

0.9 f py
Where f all =
{
0.75 f pu less

Design of pre-stressed Simple beam with cantilever

1. Calculate (z) for symmetrical sections from

Where f cw =0.40 f cu

2. From (z) calculate height of section (h° ¿.

Get h final =(1.2 → 1.3) h° ‫سم‬5 ‫وتقرب القرب‬

3. Calculate section properties of cross section (A, Zt , Z b ¿

4. Calculate pre-stressing force

1
P° = A . f cw
2

1−initial losses
Pi= P
1−final losses °

5. Calculate (e max , e min ⁡¿ for section (1,2) from

For section (1-1)
M o. w Zt

{
e max = Pi
+

M max Z t
Pe
−
A

A
⟹ we take the lowest value

12
 M max Z b
e min ⁡= −
Pe A
For section (2-2)
M o. w Zb M max Z t
e max = + ∧¿ e min ⁡= −
Pi A Pe A

6. Choose e according to:

1. If (e max ∨e min ⁡¿ of any two sections close to (h/2 –cover), we
choose (e)
In which (e ≤(h/2 –cover)) & (e max < e< emin ⁡¿
2. If (e , e ¿ of two sections much less than (h/2 –cover),in
max min ⁡

this state we should calculate (pres. force) from

equation :
(drop of M o .w +drop of M max )
e total=
(Pi + Pο )

7. Check stresses at both transfer and working stages

−Pi Pi . e M o . w

Transfer stage
{ f top =

f bott =
A
+
Zt
−
Zt
−Pi P i . e M o .w
A
−
Zb
+
Zb
≤ f ti

≤ f ci

−Pe P e . e M max

Working stage
{
f top =

f bott =
A
+
Zt
−
Zt
−Pe P e . e M max
A
−
Zb
+
Zb
≤ f cw

≤ f tw

8. Calculate pre-stressing steel from

Pe PJ
PJ =
1−final losses
& A ps=
f all

13
 0.9 f py
Where f all =
{
0.75 f pu the lowest of

Example of post pre-stressed cantilever slap

For the shown post-tensioned

pre-stressed solid slab, given
that:
f cu=40 MPa f cu=30 MPa

f pu=1860 MPa F . C=1.5 KN /m²

L.L=2KN/m ²
Initial losses=10%, total
losses=20%

It is required to:

1. Calculate the depth min pre-stressing force and

eccentricity of the strands.
2. Check the stresses at the critical sections.

14
 Solution
span 10
t s= = =0.25 m
30−40 40

25 kN
o.w=t s γ c =0.25∗25=6.
m2

Transfer stage (case o.w only)

Working stage

Dead load =o.w +F.C=6.25+1.50=7.75 KN/m²

Total load=o.w+F.C+L.L=6.25+1.50+2.0=9.75 KN/m²

15
Pre-stressing force
f cw=0.4∗40=16 N /mm ²

1
Pe = A . f cw =0.5∗( 1∗0.25 )∗16000=2000 KN
2

0.9
Pi= ∗2000=2250 KN
0.8

Eccentricity
Sec (1-1)
M o .w Z t 50 0.25

{
e max = Pi
+ =
A 2250
M max Z t
Pe
− =
+
6
53 0.25
A 2000
+
6
=0.064 m

=0.68 m
e max =0.064 m

M max Z b 87 0.25
e min = − = − =0.002m
Pe A 2000 6
h/2-cover=0.25\2-0.04=0.085m e max ≪ h/2−cover

(drop of M o .w +drop of M max )

e total=
(Pi + Pο )

h
Assume e sec 1=e sec 2= −cover =0.085
2

e total=2∗0.085=0.17 m

For interior panel

16
 6.25∗10 2 9.75∗102
0.17=
8( +( )
8
)
→ Pο =554 kn
0.9
( )
P +P
0.8 ο ο

For cantilever
28.13+ 43.88
0.085=
0.9 ⟹ Pο =399 kn
( ) P +P
0.8 ο ο

We take the largest value take Pο =554 kN

0.9
P I= ∗554=623 KN
0.8

Recalculate the eccentricity of the cantilever

28.13+43.88
e total= =0.061m
623+554

Checking stress

Transfer stage

1∗0.2 52
z t= zb = =0.01 mᶟ
6

N
f ci=0.48∗30=14.4
mm 2

f ti =0.22 √ f cui=0.22 √ 30=1.20 N/mm²

Sec (1-1)
−623 623∗0.085 50 N
f t= + .− =−2.21
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

17
 −623 623∗0.085 50 N
f b= − + =−2.78
0.25 0.010 0.01 mm 2

Sec (2-2)
−623 623∗0.061 28.13 N
f t= − .+ =−3.44
0.25 0.010 0.01 mm 2

−623 623∗0.061 28.13 N

f b= − − =−1.54
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

Working stage
N
f cw =16
mm 2

N
f tw =0.45 √ f cu =0.45 √ 40=2.85
mm2

Case of max positive moment

Sec (1-1)
−554 554∗0.085 87 N
f t= + .− =−6.05
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

−554 554∗0.085 87 N
f b= − + =1.62
0.25 0.010 0.01 mm 2

Sec (2-2)
−554 554∗0.061 34.88 N
f t= − .+ =−2.11
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

−554 554∗0.061 34.88 N

f b= − − =−2.32
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

Case of max negative moment

Sec (1-1)
−554 554∗0.085 53 N
f t= + .− =−2.78
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

−554 554∗0.085 53 N
f b= − + =−1.65
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

18
Sec (2-2)
−554 554∗0.061 43.88 N
f t= − .+ =−1.25
0.25 0.010 0.01 m m2

−554 554∗0.061 43.88 N

f b= − − =−3.18
0.25 0.010 0.01 mm 2

Pre stressing steel

PJ 554
A ps= PJ = =693 kN
0.75 f pu 0.8

693∗103
A ps= =497 mm ²/ m̀
0.75∗1860

497
No of strands/m̀= 98.71 =5.03

Use 6 ∅ 13 strands/m̀

Details of R.F.T

19
 References
1. Abeles P. W. and Bardhan-Roy B. K. "Pre-stressed Concrete
Designer's Handbook" THIRD EDITION Published by Taylor &
Francis 2003.

2. ACI Committee 318-02, Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete (ACI 318-02), and Commentary (ACI 318R-02),
American Concrete Institute, Detroid, 2002.

3. Hussam Ali Mohammed, "Behavior of Pre-stressed Concrete Non-

Prismatic Double Tee Beams", Journal of kerbala University, Vol.8,
No.1, 2010.
.

4. Leonhardt,Dr.Ing. Fritz,
Prestressed Concrete Design and Construction , 2nd
edition, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1964, pp. 269 et seq

20