Chapter 3.

Volumetric Properties of
Pure Fluids
 Introduction

 Thermodynamic properties (U, H and thus Q, W) are

calculated from PVT data
 PVT data are important for sizing vessels and pipelines
 Subjects
 PVT behavior of pure fluids
 Ideal gas behavior
 Real gas behavior
 Generalized correlation  when experimental data are lacking
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances

 P-T Phase Diagram

P critical point

Solid
Phase (subcooled) Super-critical (fluid) phase
Liquid
Pc Phase

triple
point

(superheated) Gas
Vapor
Phase

Tc T
Vapor vs. Gas?
- Gas : noncondensable (cannot become liquid)
- Vapor : condensable
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances

 P-T Phase Diagram

vapor pressure curve • Component =1

Vaporization curve • Phase = 2 (V and L)
P •F=1
Solid
Phase
• Vapor pressure at T1
Liquid
Phase

pvap
Vapor
Phase

T1 T
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances

 P-T Phase Diagram

melting curve
P fusion curve
Solid
Phase
Liquid
Phase
Pc
freezing pressure
triple
point

Gas
sublimation pressure Vapor
Phase

sublimation curve sublimation freezing Tc T

point point
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances

P
Solid
Phase

Pc
Liquid
triple Phase
point

Gas

Vapor
Phase

Tc T
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances

P
Solid
Phase
Liquid
Phase
Pc

triple
point

Gas

Vapor
Phase

Tc T
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances
 PV Phase Diagram

Compare with PT diagram

- triple point?
- vapor pressure line?
 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances
 PV diagram vs. PT diagram

heating heating
3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances
 Single Phase Region

 Equation relating P, V, T  Equation of State

f ( P,V , T )  0

 V   V 
dV    dT    dP
 T  P  P T

1  V 
 Volume expansivity   
V  T  P

1  V 
 Isothermal compressibility    
V  P T

dV
 dT  dP
V
 3.2 Virial Equation of State

 PVT behavior is complex  cannot be represented by simple

equation

 Gas phase alone can be correlated with simple equation

 PV term is expanded as a function of P by a power series

PV  a  bP  cP 2  ...

PV  a(1  B' P  C ' P 2  D' P3  ...)

At low pressure, truncation after two terms usually provide satisfactory result
 Ideal-Gas Temperature : Universal Gas Constant

 B’, C’, D’, ….  depends on component, temperature

 a  same for all species, function of temperature only

PV  a(1  B' P  C ' P 2  D' P3  ...)

(PV)*, the limiting value of PV as P  0, is
independent of the gas
P  0, PV  a

( PV )*  a  f (T )

Useful for defining the

temperature scale
 Ideal-Gas Temperature : Universal Gas Constant

 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale

 Make (PV)* proportional to T, (R: proportionality constant)

( PV )*  a  RT

 Assign the value 273.16 K to triple point of water

( PV )*t  R  273.16K

( PV )* T /K ( PV )*
 T / K  273.16
*
( PV )t 273.16 K ( PV )*t
Kelvin scale temperature
 Ideal-Gas Temperature : Universal Gas Constant

P0
 Molecular volume becomes smaller
 Molecules are separated infinite distances
 Intermolecular forces approaches zero

 Universal Gas Constant

R  8.314 J/mol.K
(PV)t* = 22,711.8 m3bar/molK R  8.314 m 3 Pa/mol.K
R  83.14 cm 3 bar/mol.K
( PV )t* R  8314 cm 3 kPa/mol.K
R  R  82.06 cm 3 .atm/mol.K
273.16 K
R  1.987 cal/mol.K
R  1.987 Btu/lb  mol.R
R  0.7302 ft 3 .atm/lb  mol.R
R  10.73 ft 3 .psia/lb  mol.R
 Two forms of the Virial Equation

 Compressibility
PV
Z
RT
Z  1  B' P  C ' P 2  D' P3  ...

B C D Virial expression
Z  1   2  3  ...
V V V
 B, B’ : the second virial coefficient
 C, C’ : the third virial coefficient

B C  B2 D  3BC  2 B 3
B'  C'  D' 
RT ( RT ) 2 ( RT )3
 Importance of the Virial Equation

 Many form of equation of state have been proposed

 Virial Equation has a firm basis in theory

 Statistical mechanics
 B/V : interaction between two molecules (two-body interaction)

 C/V2 : three-body interaction

B C D
Z  1  2  3  ...
V V V
 3.3 The Ideal Gas
 No interaction between molecules (B/V, C/V2 ,…=0)
Z  1 or PV  RT Ideal gas

 Internal energy of gases

 Real gas : function of T and P
 Ideal gas : function of T only
- Pressure dependency  resulting from intermolecular force
- No intermolecular force in ideal gas  no dependency in P

- The Equation of State Z  1 or PV  RT

- Internal Energy
U  U (T )
 Implied Property Relations for an Ideal Gas
 Heat capacity at const. volume is a function of temperature only

 dU  dU
Cv      Cv (T )
 dT V dT
 Enthalpy is also a function of temperature only

H  U  PV  U  RT  H (T )
 Heat capacity at const. pressure is a function of temperature only

 dH  dH
CP      CP (T )
 dT  P dT
 Heat Capacity Relationship
Caution:
dH d (U  PV ) d (U  RT ) Cv and Cp are not constant,
CP     CV  R they vary with T while
dT dT dT keeping Cp = Cv + R
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases

 From the first law of thermodynamics

dU  CV dT  dQ  dW  dQ  PdV

 Combine ideal gas law

P  RT / V CP  CV  R

dV dV T, V
dQ  CV dT  RT dW   RT
V V
dP dP T, P
dQ  CP dT  RT dW   RdT  RT
P P
CV CP
dQ  VdP  PdV dW   PdV P,V
R R
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (1) Isothermal Process

dU  CV dT  dQ  dW  dQ  PdV U  0
dH  CP dT  dQ  dWs H  0
dQ  dW T= const.

dV dV
dQ  CV dT  RT dW   RT
V V
dP dP
dQ  CP dT  RT dW   RdT  RT
P P

V2 P2 V2 P2
Q  RT ln   RT ln W   RT ln  RT ln
V1 P1 V1 P1

DO NOT memorize the equation !

Memorize the sequences of derivation !
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (2) Isobaric Process

dU  CV dT  dQ  dW  dQ  PdV U   CV dT
dH  CP dT  dQ  dWs H   CP dT
H  Q P= const.

Q  H   CP dT
dV
dW   RT W   R(T2  T1 )
V
dP
dW   RdT  RT
P
dW   PdV
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (3) Isochoric Process

dU  CV dT  dQ  dW  dQ  PdV U   CV dT
dH  CP dT  dQ  dWs H   CP dT
U  Q V= const.

Q  U   CV dT
dV
dW   RT W 0
V
dP
dW   RdT  RT
P
dW   PdV
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (4) Adiabatic Process

dU  CV dT  dQ  dW  dQ  PdV U   CV dT
dH  CP dT  dQ  dWs H   CP dT
Q0 dQ=0

R / CV
dV dT R dV T2  V1 
dQ  CV dT  RT 0 
integration   
V T CV V T1  V2 
R / CP
dP dT R dP T2  P2 
dQ  CP dT  RT 0  integration   
P T CP P T1  P1 
C P / CV
dQ 
CV
VdP 
CP
PdV  0 dP   CP dV P2  V1 
integration   
R R P CV V P1  V2 
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (4) Adiabatic Process
R / CV ( C P CV ) / CV
T2  V1  T2  V1 
      TV  1  const.
T1  V2  T1  V2 
R / CP
T2  P  T2  P2 
( C P CV ) / C P
  2     TP(1 ) /   const.
T1  P1  T1  P1 
C P / CV
P2  V1 
   PV   const.
P1  V2 

These equations are restricted

  CP / CV to const. heat capacities and
reversible, adiabatic processes

Q0

W   CV dT  CV T
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (4) Adiabatic Process
 Other expression for WORK calculation

W   CV dT  CV T

R
CV 
 1
RT
W  CV T 
 1

Use P instead of T1 or T2

( 1) / 
R(T2  T1 ) P1V1  P2   RT  P ( 1) /  
W  CV T      1  1
 2   1
 1   1  P1     1  P1  

 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (4) Adiabatic Process

 Values of Cp/Cv
 Monatomic gases : 1.67 (He, Ne, Kr,…)
 Diatomic gases : 1.4 (H2, N2, O2, …)
 Simple polyatomic gases : 1.3 (CO2, SO2, NH3, CH4,…)
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (5) Polytropic Process
 Polytropic : “Turning many ways”
PV   const.
 0 P  const isobaric
 1 PV  RT  const isothermal
  PV   const adiabatic
  V  const isochoric

Can be used to represent

a in-between processes
 Equations for Process Calculation for Ideal Gases
- (5) Polytropic Process

 Using ideal gas equation,

PV   const. TV  1  const.
P  RT / V TP( 1 ) /   const .

(  1 ) / 

RT1 P2  
W    PdV     1
  1  P1  

(  1 ) / 
(    )RT1  P2  
Q    1 constant heat capacity
(   1 )(   1 )  P1  

 Irreversible Processes

 Equations in (1)-(5)
 Only valid for mechanically reversible, closed system for ideal
gases
 Properties changes (U, H) are also same regardless of the
process  State Properties
 Heat and Work amount depends on the nature of process
(reversible/irreversible, closed/open) Path function
 For irreversible processes, the following procedures are
commonly employed

W is determined Efficiency (h)

For reversible process is multiplied
 Example 3.2
 Air is compressed from an initial state of 1 bar and 25 oC to a final state of
5 bar and 25 oC by three different mechanically reversible processes in a
closed system.
(a) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure.
(b) Isothermal compression.
(c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling
at constant volume.

Assume air to be an ideal gas with the constant

heat capacities, Cv = 5/2R and Cp = 7/2R.
Calculate W, Q, U, and H.
 Example 3.2 – solution

P1 = 1 bar P2 = 5 bar
T1 = 298.15 K T2 = 298.15 K
V1 = 0.02479 m3 V2 = 0.04958 m3

Choose the system as 1 mol of air (basis)

Cv = 20.785 Cp = 29.099 J/molK
Since T is same, U = H = 0
Also, U = Q + W = 0  Q = -W
(although the absolute value of Q & W can be different –
path function)
 Example 3.3
 An ideal gas undergoes the following sequence of mechanically reversible
processes in a closed system.
(a) From an initial state of 70 oC and 1 bar, it is compressed adiabatically to
150 oC.
(b) It is then cooled from 150 to 70 oC at constant P.
(c) Finally, it is expanded isothermally to
its original state.

Calculate W, Q, U, and H for each of

the three processes and for the entire cycle.
Assume air to be an ideal gas with the constant
heat capacities, Cv = 3/2R and Cp = 5/2R.
 Example 3.3 – solution
Choose the system as 1 mol of gas (basis), R = 8.314 J/molK P2

Cv = 12.471 Cp = 20.785 J/molK  = Cp/Cv = 5/3

(a) Adiabatic compression, Q = 0
U = W = Cv T = 12.471(150 - 70) = 998 J
H = Cp T = 20.785(150 - 70) = 1663 J
P2 from PT/(-1) = const  P2 = 1.689 bar P1 = 1 bar
(b) Const P process
Q = H = Cp T = 20.785(70 - 150) = -1663 J
U = Cv T = 12.471(70 - 150) = -998 J
W = U – Q = -998 – (-1663) = 665 J or W = -P V
(c) Isothermal process
U = H = 0  const T
Q = -W = RTln(P3/P1) = RTln(P2/P1) = (8.314)(343.15)ln(1.689/1) = 1495 J
 3.4 Application of the Virial Equations
 Virial Equation
 Infinite Series
Z  1  B' P  C ' P 2  D' P3  ...
 Only useful for engineering purpose when convergence is rapid
- Two or three terms

 Derivatives of compressibility

 Z 
   B'2C ' P  3D' P  ...
2

 P T
 Z 
   B'
 P T ; P 0

Truncation equation
PV BP
Z  1
RT RT Compressibility-factor graph for methane
 Virial Equation for Engineering Purpose
 Truncated two terms

Z  1 B' P
similar accuracy B
but convenient Z  1
V
 Truncated three terms
PV B C
Z  1  B' P  C ' P 2 Z  1  2 more accurate
RT V V
 Extended Virial equation
(Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation)

RT B0 RT  A0  C0 / T 2 bRT  a
P  
V V 2
V3 eight parameters
a c     A0 , B0 , C0 , a, b, c,  , 
 6  3 2 1  2  exp 2
V V T  V  V
 Example 3.8

 Reported values for the virial coefficients of isopropanol vapor at

200 oC are:

B = -388 cm3/mol C = -26,000 cm6/mol2

Calculate V and Z for isopropanol vapor at 200 oC and 10 bar by:

(a) the ideal-gas equation

(b) Second virial coefficient, B

(c) Second virial coefficient, B, and third virial coefficient, C

 Example 3.8 - solution

T = 473.15 K and R = 83.14 cm3bar/mol  K

(a) For ideal gas, Z = 1
RT ( 83.14 )( 473.15 )
V   3,934cm 3 / mol
P 10
(b) Using B,
RT
V  B  3,934  388  3,546cm 3 / mol
P

(c) with B and C, use the iteration or solver to solve for V

PV B C
Z  1  2
RT V V
 3.5 Cubic Equations of State

 PVT behavior of liquid & vapor over wide range

 Equation must not be so complex
 Polynomial equation  at least cubic equation

Cubic EOS are simplest equation

P P

V V
real behavior cubic EOS representation
 The van der Waals Equation of State

 J. D. Van der Waals

 First proposed in 1873
 Won Novel Prize in 1910

RT a
P  2
V b V

RT RT a
P P  2
V V b V

. .

. .

Ideal gas : no volume, no interaction Van der Walls gas

volume + interaction
 The van der Waals Equation of State
T = Tc ; Critical Region T > Tc ; monotonically
decreasing function
Saturated liquid and vapor

T < Tc ; Liquid region

T < Tc ; Vapor region

T < Tc ; Unrealistic Behavior

T < Tc ; Real behavior : two phase region

 The van der Waals Equation of State

RT a
P  2
V b V
 Molar volume cannot be smaller than b
 b  often called “hard sphere volume”
 At T = Tc and T > Tc, only single root
exists
 At T<Tc, three roots exist
 Smaller : liquid-like volume
 Middle : no significance
 Larger : vapor-like volume
b
 Limitation of Van der Waals EOS

 Inaccurate critical point prediction

PcVc
Zc   0.375 For all fluids
RTc Zc = 0.24 to 0.29 for real fluid
(mainly hydrocarbons)

 Inaccurate vapor pressure prediction

 a parameters are not optimized to fit vapor pressure

 Only historical interest

 Cubic Equation of State - History

 Improvement over Van der Waals EOS

 Redlich and Kwong (1949)
- Slightly different volume dependence in attractive term
- Improved critical compressibility (0.3333) and Second Virial Coefficient
- Vapor pressure and liquid density are still inaccurate

RT a RT a
P  2 P  1/ 2
V b V V  b T V (V  b )

 Wilson (1964)
- First introduced T dependency of a parameter

RT a ( T ) a(T) = ac(T)
P  c
( V  b ) V ( V  b )
Acentric factor
1
  Tr [1  (1.57  1.62 )(  1)]    ln
P
 1 ( at T  0.7Tc )
Tr Pc
 Cubic Equation of State - History

 Soave (1972)
 More refined temperature dependency of a parameter
 Improved vapor-pressure calculation
 Also called Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS
RT a RT  ( T )ac
P  1/ 2 P 
V  b T V (V  b ) V  b V (V  b )

 
  1  m( 1  T / Tc )
2

m  0.48509  1.55171  0.15613 2

 Peng-Ronbinson (1976)
RT ac ( T )
P 
( V  b ) V ( V  b )  b( V  b )
 Cubic Equation of State - History

 Equation of State with more parameters

 Scmidt and Wenzel (1980) Results can be
RT a( T ) improved …
P  2
( v  b ) v  ( 1  3 )bv  3b 2 But meaning of the
third parameter is not
 Hamens and Knapp (1980) clear…
RT a( T )
P  2 It is not easy to write a
( v  b ) v  cbv  ( c  1 )b 2 meaningful mixing
rule for the third
parameter
 Patel and Teja (1982)
RT a( T )
P  2
( v  b ) v  ( b  c )v  bc Note:
a(T) = ac(T)
 Cubic Equation of State - History

 a(T) law improvement

   0  1 (1  Tr 0.5 )(0.7  Tr )
 Stryjek-Vera (1986)
 0  0.378893  1.4897153
  1   (1  Tr ) 
0.5 2
 0.17131848 2  0.0196554 3
 Soave (1984)
  1  C1 (1  Tr )  C2 (1 / Tr  1)
 Carrier (1988)
  1  C1 (1  Tr )  C2 (1  Tr )
 Mathias and Copeman (1983)

  1  c1  c2 2  c3 3 

2
  1  Tr

Numerous functional forms have been proposed …

Cubic Equation of State - History

Ref) J. O. Valderrama, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42,1603 (2003)

- Reference in textbook, page 92
 A Generic Cubic Equation of State
 Several hundred cubic equation of state have been proposed

 Most EOS can be reduced to a generic form;

RT  (V h )
P 
(V  b) (V  b)(V 2  V   )

RT a(T )
P 
(V  b) (V  b)(V  b)

 and  : pure number (same for all substance)

a(T) and b : substance dependent (a(T) = f(Tr, Tc, Pc) and b = f(Tc, Pc))
e.g., for van der Waals EOS,
a(T) = a,  =  = 0
A Generic Cubic Equation of State
 Determination of Equation-of-State Parameters

 How to determine a and b parameters ?

 An EOS should represent PVT behavior of pure fluid
 Two conditions at critical point

 P   2P 
  0  2   0
 V T ;cr  V T ;cr

 At critical point ; T = Tc, P = Pc, V = Vc

93-94 page derivation (Van der Waals EOS)

27 R 2Tc2 RTc PcVc

a b Zc   0.375
64 Pc 8Pc RTc
 Determination of Equation-of-State Parameters

 For other EOS (RK, SRK, PR), similar equation can be obtained

2
27 R T 2 R 2Tc2
a c a
64 Pc Pc
RTc RTc
b b
8Pc Pc
 Determination of Equation-of-State Parameters

 For better representation of vapor pressure, a parameters are

assumed to be temperature dependent

RT 2 2  (Tr ) R 2Tc2
a c a(T )    ac (Tr )
Pc Pc
Theorem of Corresponding State: Acentric Factor

 a(T) law can be fitted using vapor pressure data

 (Tr ) R 2Tc2
a(T )    ac (Tr )
Pc
  1  C1 (1  Tr )  C2 (1 / Tr  1)

 Is there any method not using vapor pressure ?

 Corresponding state theorem  acentric factor ( )

Theorem of Corresponding State: Acentric Factor

 Reduced Properties : How far from critical point?

Tr  T / Tc Pr  P / Pc
 Theorem of Corresponding State (Simplest Form)
 All fluids, when compared at the same reduced
temperature and pressure, have approximately the
same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal
gas behavior to about the same degree.
 Only valid for simple fluid (argon, krypton and xenon)
 Systematic deviations are observed
Theorem of Corresponding State: Acentric Factor

 Acentric Factor
 Introduced by K. S. Pitzer and coworkers
 Plot of log (Prsat) vs. (1/Tr)
d log Prsat
S
d (1 / Tr )

Slope varies depending on

the chemical species
 Theorem of Corresponding State: Acentric Factor

 Acentric Factor

 Basis :  = 0 for Ar, Kr, Xe

  1.0  log( Prsat )T 0.7

r

 This parameter represent the degree how far from simple gases

 Example: CH4 : 0.012, C2H5: 0.100, C3H8: 0.152, C4H10: 0.200, …., C10H22: 0.492

 See Table B.1 for , Tc, Pc, Vc, and Zc for many chemical species

(1/0.7)
(1/Tr)
-1
Slope varies depending on
the chemical species
log(1/Prsat)
S=-2.3 (for Ar, Kr, Xe)
 Theorem of Corresponding State: Acentric Factor

 Three-Parameter Theorem of Corresponding State

 All fluids having the same value of , when compared at the same
Tr and Pr, have about the same value of Z, and all deviate from
ideal gas behavior to about the same degree.

 Use of acentric factor in Cubic EOS

 How to Solve Cubic EOS ?

 Solution Technique
 Root formula for Cubic equation
 Iterative calculation
- Newton-Raphson iteration or Secant iteration
- Successive Substitution

 Use the solver function

- Engineering calculator
- Computer program: Mathematica, Matlab, etc

Initial guess
- For gas phase : Ideal Gas Root (V = RT/P)
- For liquid phase : Hard Sphere Volume (V = b)
Solution Method (3) Successive Substitution

 Vapor or Vapor-Like Roots

 Start with Ideal Gas Root :V=RT/P

RT a(T ) V b
V b
P P (V  b)(V  b)

 Liquid and Liquid-Like Roots

 Start with : V=b

 RT  bP  VP 
V  b  (V  b)(V  b)  
 a (T ) 
 Example 3.9

Given that the vapor pressure of n-butane at 350 K is 9.4573 bar, find

the molar volume of (a) saturated-vapor and (b) saturated-liquid n-

butane using the Redlich/Kwong equation

 Example 3.9 - solution
Tc and Pc from Table B.1, Tc = 425.1 K and Pc = 37.96 bar

T 350 P 9.4573
Tr    0.8233 Pr    0.2491
Tc 425.1 Pc 37.96
From Table 3.1,

1 / 2
Tr R 2Tc2 0.82331 / 283.142 425.12
a   0.42748  1.55 107 cm 6bar / mol 2
Pc 37.96

RTc 83.14  425.1

b  0.08664  80.667cm 3 / mol
Pc 37.96

RT a( T ) V b 83.14  350 1.55 107 V  80.667

V b   80.667 
P P ( V  b )( V  b ) 9.4573 9.4573 V ( V  80.667 )

(a) For vapor-like root, start with V = RT/P = 83.14×350/9.4573 = 3157.5 cm3/mol
Using solver with initial value of V = 3157.5 cm3/mol, then V = 2555 cm3/mol
(b) For liquid-like root, start with b = 80.667 cm3/mol
Using solver with initial value of V = 80.667 cm3/mol, then V = 133.3 cm3/mol
 3.6 Generalized Correlations for Gases
 Pitzer correlations for the Compressibility factor
Z  Z 0  Z 1
 Z0 and Z1 are given as a generalized function of Tr and Pr
- They are tabulated
- See Appendix E (Table E.1 – E.4)

 Lee-Kesler Method (1975)

- Given by chart (Z0 and Z1) : Table E.1 – E.4
- Basis : Benedict/Webb/Rubin Equation

 For quantum gases (hydrogen, helium, neon)

- Small molecules
- Do not conform corresponding behavior
- Use effective critical parameters (3.58-3.60)

 Errors
- 2-3 percent for nonpolar or slightly polar small molecules (mainly hydrocarbons)
- Larger errors for polar/associating components, large molecules
 3.6 Generalized Correlations for Gases

 Pitzer correlations for the Second Virial Coefficient

PV BP P
Z  1  1  Bˆ r Z  Z 0  Z 1
RT RT Tr

Bˆ  B 0  B1

0.422 0.172
B  0.083  1.6
0 B1  0.139 
Tr Tr4.2

 Not recommended
 Not accurate for highly polar or associating molecules
 3.7 Generalized Correlation for Liquids

 Cubic EOS
 Not accurate for liquid phase molar volume (5-10 % error)

 Lee-Kesler correlation
 Accurate liquid volume but not accurate for polar species

 Saturated molar volume

 Rackett equation (1978)

(1Tr ) 2 / 7 Pr [1(1Tr ) 2 / 7 ]
V sat
 Vc Z c Z sat
 Zc
Tr
 Example 3.10

 Determine the molar volume of n-butane at 510 K and 25 bar by

each of the following:
(a) The ideal-gas equation
(b) The generalized compressibility-factor correlation
 Example 3.10 - solution
(a) For ideal gas,
RT ( 83.14 )( 510 )
V   1,696.1cm 3 / mol
P 25

(b) Tc and Pc from Table B.1, Tc = 425.1 K and Pc = 37.96 bar

T 510 P 25
Tr    1.200 Pr    0.659
Tc 425.1 Pc 37.96
from Table E.1 and E.2 for Z0 and Z1,

Z0 = 0.865, Z1 = 0.038, and  = 0.200 (Table B.1)

Z = Z0 + Z1 = 0.865 + (0.200)(0.038) = 0.873

ZRT ( 0.873 )( 83.14 )( 510 )

V   1,480.7cm 3 / mol
P 25
 Homework

 Homework
 3.8, 3.10, 3.14, 3.20, 3.32, 3.44, 3.68
 Due:

 Other Recommend Problems

 3.2, 3.9, 3.12, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.27, 3.36