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of State for Real Gases
• Outline:
– Virial equation of state p70‐72, p87
• Virial coefficients
– Compressibility factor p72, p87‐88
– Cubic equations of state p90 – 94,
• van der Waals and some others
• Parameters for general form Table 3.1, p98
– Principle of corresponding states p95
– Pitzer correlations for Z p100‐103
• N.B. bottom of p102 and Fig 3.14 (Very important!)
Equation of State for Real Gases
• Recall:
– Real gases are more compressible than ideal gases
at medium pressures and less compressible than
ideal gases at high pressures
VReal RT
Z with VIdeal [ L mol 1 ]
VIdeal P
This means
1
Virial Equations
• Compressibility factor (Z) can be used to fit data from
real gases
• By setting Z to be a power series expansion around P
or 1/V:
PVReal ZRT RT[1 BP CP 2 DP 3 ...]
B C D
PVReal ZRT RT[1 ...]
V V2 V3
B C D
where Z [1 BP CP 2 DP 3 ...] [1 ...]
V V 2 V3
Virial coefficients B and B’ (second virial coefficients) represent
interactions between pairs of molecules (2‐body interactions),
C and C’ (third virial coefficients) represent 3‐body interactions
etc…
Virial Coefficients
• Can show that
B C - B2
B C
RT RT 2
D - 3BC -2 B3
D
RT 3
• The virial coefficients are substance and
temperature dependent. This means they will be
functions of temperature and have specific
parameters for different fluid molecules.
2
Ideal Gas EOS vs Virial EOS
CO2 at 273K, B=‐149.7cm3/mol
CO2 at 600K, B=‐12.4cm3/mol
Z ≈ 1 at P < 10atm (for CO2)
Using Ideal Gas EOS, P vs 1/V is linear
Using Virial EOS, P vs 1/V is linear as P‐>0
Z < 1 at high P
Compressibility Factor, Z
3
Cubic Equations of State
• van der Waals EOS (remember V is L mol‐1)
Compare to ideal gas EOS:
RT a 1. Molecules in a real gas take up
P 2 some volume (units of b)
V b V
2. Intermolecular attractive forces
exist ( a subtracts from P)
Isotherms of van der Waals EOS
Notes:
1. Below critical temperature there is
This isotherm is for unrealistic oscillation behavior in the
critical temp, TC isotherm (volume increases as
pressure increases).
2. At critical point, there is a flat
inflection which mathematically
PC means:
2
dP d P
0 0
TC
dV dV 2
We can use this to find Tc, Pc, Vc
a
PC VC 3b
27b 2
2‐phase region shaded
VC
8a
TC
Q. What does this mean for Zc? 27 Rb
4
5
van der Waals EOS vs Experiments
CO2 ZC for CO2 = 0.274
Principle of Corresponding States
• “Real gases at the same reduced volume and
reduced temperature exert the same reduced
pressure”
– An approximation that works best when gases are
spherical and non‐polar
P T V
Pr Tr Vr
Pc Tc Vc
Note: A reduced variable is the value 8Tr 3
of the actual variable divided by its critical Pr 2
value for that substance. (e.g., Pr ,Tr ,Vr ) 3Vr 1 Vr
Example: Reduced form of van der Waals EOS: (independent of a and b parameters!)
6
Principle of Corresponding States
Compressibility factor:
Other Cubic Equations of State
• General cubic EOS
(Tr )R 2TC2
a (T )
RT a(T) PC
P
V b (V εb)(V σb) RTC
b
PC
p98 in text
7
The acentric factor,
• Adding the acentric factor, , can incorporate
characteristics of the molecular structure
ω 1 log Prsat At Tr=0.7
• Three parameter theorem of corresponding
states: “All fluids with the same when
compared at the same Tr and Pr have about
the same Z”
(P95 of text SVNA)
Pitzer correlations for Z
• A generalized correlation for compressibility
factor is
• Alternatively, for certain conditions (see Fig
3.14 in SVNA, 7th Ed):
8
Example
A 125 cm3 cylinder is rated at 200 atm. It presently
contains 1 mole of methane at room temperature. If
the temperature is raised to 50 ºC, will the cylinder
rupture? Use the ideal gas equation, and the Redlich‐
Kwong correlation.
Example
Find the molar volume of methane at 280 K and 9.87 atm.
Use the ideal gas equation, the Redlich‐Kwong equation,
and the Generalized Virial approach.