C OMUNITAT V ALENCIANA

Tema 04
Integrals indefinides

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4-1
 SOLUCIONS DE LES ACTIVITATS

³x xdx = ³ x ⋅ x dx = ³ x dx =
Pàgina 95 10

³ 25dx = 25x + C ³ cos x dx = sin x + C

1 7
23 2 3
x3 3
f) +C=
1. a) d) 10

³ x dx = ln x + C ³ 10x dx = 5x
3
1 2 10
b) e) +C 3x 3

³ x dx =
+C

³ sinx dx = − cos x + C
=
10

³x
5 x6
c) +C f) 1 x −5 1
6 g) 6
dx = +C=− 5 +C
−5 5x

³ dx = ³ x ⋅ x dx = ³ x dx =
2. Derivem F(X): 12
3 7
1 x2 2 x5
−
5 5
f (x) = F'(x) = −1 + 1 ⋅ ln x + x ⋅ = −1 + ln x + 1 = ln x h) +C=
x 5
x3 12
Efectivament, és una primitiva de ln x, amb C = 0. 5

3. Calculem la primitiva: ³ f (x)dx = ³ 2x dx = x + C

12
2 5x 5
= +C
12

³x
Avaluem en el punt: F(3) = 32 + C = 9 + C = 27 →
1 x −2 1
→ C = 18 . Així: F(x) = x 2 + 18 i) 3
dx = +C=− 2 +C
−2 2x

³ 3 dx = ln 3 ⋅ 3
Passem a l’altre punt:
F(4) = 42 + C = 16 + C = −25 → C = −41 x 1 x
6. a) +C

³ 8 ⋅9 dx = ³ (8⋅9) dx = ³ 72 dx =
2
La primitiva buscada és: F(x) = x − 41
Ho podem comprovar derivant: f(x) = F'(x) = x2 x x x x 72x
b) +C
ln 72

³ 5x ³ ¨© 5 ¸¹ ³
§ 10 ·
4. Calculem la derivada:
§ sinx 1 ·
x
10x 2x
⋅¨ ¸+0=
x
1 c) dx = dx = 2 dx = +C
sec x + tgx © cos x cos 2 x ¹
f '(x) = 0 + 2
+ ln 2

³ log
1
sinx + 1 cos x sinx + 1 1
= =⋅ ⋅ = 7. a) 2 x dx = ⋅ (x ⋅ ln x − x) + C
sinx cos 2 x 1 + sinx cos 2 x ln 2

³ log
1
+
cos x cos x 1
§1·
b) x dx = (x ⋅ ln x − x) + C
ln ¨ ¸
1

©2¹
1 2
= = sec x

³ log
cos x
Efectivament, és una primitiva de secx. 1
c) x dx = ⋅ (x ⋅ ln x − x) + C =
Pàgina 97
2
ln ( 2)
³ x dx =
x5 1
5. a) 4
+C = ⋅ (x ⋅ ln x − x) + C =
1
5 ⋅ ln(2)

b) ³ 3 xdx = ³ x dx =
4 2
1
x3 3 2
+ C = ⋅ 3 x4 + C
3
⋅ (x ⋅ ln x − x) + C
4 4 ln 2
3

c) ³ x xdx = ³ x1 ⋅ x dx = ³ x dx =
5
Pàgina 99

³ x dx + 4 ⋅ ³ x dx + 3 ⋅ ³ dx =
1 3
x2 2 2
+C= x4 4 3
5 8. a) 3 2
+ ⋅ x + 3x + C

³ x dx − 3 ⋅ ³ x dx + 5 ⋅ ³ x dx − 2 ⋅ ³ x dx + 2 ⋅ ³ dx =
2 4 3
2 5 b) 5 3 2
= x +C

d) ³ x −5dx =
5
x −4 1 x6 3 4 5 3
+C=− 4 +C = − ⋅ x + ⋅ x − x 2 + 2x + C

c) 4 ⋅ ³ x 3dx − 6 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx + 3 ⋅ ³ x dx − 11 ⋅ ³ dx =
−4 4x 6 4 3

³ dx = ³ x dx =
2
5 −
3
1 −
3
x 3
e) +C=− +C
3
x 5 2 2 3
2x 3 = x 4 − 2x 3 + ⋅ x 2 − 11x + C
3 2

4-2
 ³ x dx − 2 ⋅ ³ x dx − 4 ⋅ ³ x dx − 3 ⋅ ³ dx = ³ ( 2x + 3x 2 + 2x + 3) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x 3dx + 3 ⋅ x 2 dx +
4 2 3
d) c)

+2 ⋅ ³ x dx + 3⋅ ³ dx =
x5 2 3 x4
= − ⋅ x − 2x 2 − 3x + C + x 3 + x 2 + 3x + C
5 3 2
§ x 3 3x 2 4x 5 ·
³ ¨¨ 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 ³ ³
¸dx = x 2 dx + 3 ⋅ x 2 dx −
x3 1 5 3
9. a) f (x) = 2 + 2 = x + x −2
¸
d)
© x2 x2 x2 x2 ¹
x x

³ f (x) = ³ x dx + ³ x dx =
x 2 x −1

−4 ⋅ ³ x dx + 5 ⋅ ³ x dx =
−2
+ +C= 1 1
7 5 3
2 −1 2
x2 − x2
2
x2
+ 3⋅ − 4⋅ +
x2 1 7 5 3
= − +C 2 2 2
2 x
1
1 x 2x 2 x2 2 7 6 5 8 3 1
b) f (x) = + + = x −1 + 1 + 2x +5 ⋅ + C = ⋅ x 2 + ⋅ x 2 − ⋅ x 2 + 10x 2 + C

f (x) = ³ x −1dx + ³ dx + 2 ⋅ ³ x dx =
x x x 1 7 5 3
2
Pàgina 101

2 ⋅ ³ ( x + 1) ⋅ 2x dx = 2 ⋅
= ln x + x + x 2 + C

10. La primitiva de f(x) és: ³ f (x) = ³ dx = ln x + C

2

1 14. a) 2 (x 2
+ 1)
+C=
x 2
2
Avaluem en el punt: = ( x + 1) + C
2

⋅ ⋅ ³ cos(3x − 5) ⋅ 3dx = ⋅ sin(3x − 5) + C

ln e 2 + C = 5 ⇔ 2 + C = 5 ⇔ C = 3. 1 1 1

Així: ³ f (x) = ln x + 3
b)
5 3 15

11. Resolem la integral: ³ cos x dx = sinx + C c) ⋅ ³ 3x 2 x 3 + 1 dx = ⋅

3

8 ( x + 1) 2
3
8
+C=
3 3 3
I avaluem en el punt: 2
§π·
sin ¨ ¸ + C = 3 ⇔ 1 + C = 3 ⇔ C = 2
3
16
= ⋅ ( x 3 + 1) 2 + C
©2¹ 9

d) ³ 1 dx = ³ 32 dx − ³ 3 2 dx = ⋅ ³ 32 ⋅ dx −
3 1 3
La solució buscada és: sinx + 2 32x − 1 x − x 1 x 3

x 3 2

12. a) ³ dx + ³ x dx + ⋅ ³ x 3 dx = x + + ⋅ + C =
2 32
2

⋅ ³ 3 2 ⋅ ¨ − ¸ dx = ⋅
− x § 1·
1
1 − x2 1 x 3 1 3
1 2 1
© 2¹
x
2 2 2 2 − ⋅ 32 +
1 3 ln 3
3 −
2
x 2 3 23 2 − 12 x § 1 2x ·
⋅ 3 ⋅ ¨ ⋅ 3 + 1¸ + C
1
1
©3 ¹
− x
=x+ + ⋅x + C +2 ⋅ ⋅3 2 + C =
2 4

b) 3 ⋅ ³ sinx dx − 5 ⋅ ³ x −2 dx + 6 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx = 3 ⋅ ( − cos x) −
ln 3 ln 3

e) − ⋅ ³ e
1
1 − (1+ x 3 ) 1 −(1+ x3 )
⋅ ( −3x 2 ) dx = − ⋅ e +C
3 3

f) 4 ⋅ ³ x 2 ⋅ ( x 3 + 6 ) dx = ³
3
3
x −1 x2 5 −3 4 −3
−5 ⋅ + 6⋅ + C = −3cos x + + 4x 2 + C 3x 2 ⋅ ( x 3 + 6 ) dx =
−1 3 x 3

c) ⋅ ³ cos x dx − 3 ⋅ ³ sinx dx + 2 ⋅ ³ e x dx +
2 −2
4 ( x + 6)
3
1 2
= ⋅ +C=− 2
+C
3 −2 3( x3 + 6)

+ ⋅ ³ x −1dx = ⋅ sinx + 3cos x + 2e x + ⋅ ln x + C

3

³ cot g ¨© 4 ¸¹ dx = ³ sin(x / 4) dx =
§x·
1 1 1
cos(x / 4)
g)

13. a) − ³ x dx − ⋅ 2 ⋅ ³ ln x dx = − ⋅ −
2 3 2

= 4⋅³
2
1 1 1 x
1 1
4 4 4 2 ⋅ ⋅ cos(x / 4)dx =
sin(x / 4) 4
§x·
2
1 x 1 x
= 4 ⋅ ln sin ¨ ¸ + C
− ⋅ (x ⋅ ln x − x) + C = − − ⋅ x ⋅ ln x + + C
©4¹
2 8 2 2
§ x2 x2 ·
³ ¨© dx = ³ x 3/2 dx + ³ x1/6 dx =
h) ³
3

x ¹̧
b) + 1
x e − x dx = ln 1 − e − x + C
1 − e− x

i) 2 ⋅ ³ tg ¨ ¸ ⋅ dx = −2 ⋅ ln cos ¨ ¸ + C
x 5/2 x 7/6 §x· 1 §x·
© ¹ ©2¹
+ +C
5/ 2 7/6 2 2
4-3
 ª§ x ·2 § − x ·2 − º 16. a) x = 2tgt Ÿ dx = 2 (1 + tg 2 t ) dt =
j) ³ «¨ e 2 ¸ + ¨ e 2 ¸ − 2 ⋅ e 2 ⋅ e 2 »dx =
x x 2
dt
«¬© ¹ © ¹ »¼
cos2 t

= ³ ( e x + e − x − 2 )dx = e x − e − x − 2x + C
³ 4tg2 t 4tg2 t + 4 dt = ³ 4tg2 t ⋅ 2 tgt 2 t + 1dt =
2 2
cos2 t cos 2

Pàgina 103

15. a) Fem el canvi: t = x + 6 Ÿ dt = dx = ⋅³ dt = ⋅ ³

1
1 cos 2
t 1 1
§ 23 ·
³ ³© ³ ³
dt =
¨ ¸
1 3 1 4 sin t 2
1 4 2 1
sin t ⋅
¹
2 2 2
(t − 6) tdt = t − 6t dt = t dt − 6 ⋅ t dt = cos t
cos 2 t cos 2 t

4 ³ sin 2 t
2 5 2 3 2 5 3 1 cos t
= ⋅ t 2 − 6 ⋅ t 2 + C = t 2 − 4t 2 + C = = ⋅ dt

Fem un altre canvi: u = sint Ÿ du = cost dt:

5 3 5
5 3
2

⋅³ 2 = ⋅
= ( x + 6) 2 − 4 ( x + 6) 2 + C
1 du 1 u −1
b) Fem el canvi: t = 1 + 4ex Ÿ dt = 4exdx Ÿ
5 1
+C=− +C
4 u 4 −1 4sint
§x·
Com que x = 2tgt Ÿ t = arctan ¨ ¸ , el resultat
3
©2¹
3e x dx = dt , i així:
4

⋅ ³ = ⋅ ln t + C = ⋅ ln 1 + 4e x + C
3 dt 3 3 final de la integral és:

³x
ª § x ·º
dx = − cosec «arctan ¨ ¸ » + C
4 t 4 4 1 1
¬ © 2 ¹¼
c) Canvi: t = x − 5 Ÿ dt = dx Ÿ
1 2 2
x +4 4
2 x −5 1
Ÿ dx = 2 x − 5dt = 2tdt
b) Amb aquest canvi: dt = dx , i per tant la integral:

2⋅³
x

t 2 = x − 5 Ÿ t 2 + 5 = x Ÿ x 2 = (t 2 + 5)2
dt
= 2 ⋅ ln t + C = 2 ⋅ ln ln x + C
t

³ (t + 5) t ⋅ 2t dt = 2 ⋅ ³ ( t + 5) t dt =
Per tant, la integral queda així:

³ 4 − 4sin 2 t ⋅ 2cos t dt = 4 ⋅ ³ 1 − sin 2 t ⋅ cos t dt =

2 2
17. a) Amb aquest canvi: dx = 2cost dt, i per tant:
2 2 2

= 2 ⋅ ³ ( t 6 + 25t 2 + 10t 4 ) dt =
= 4 ⋅ ³ cos2 t dt = 4 ⋅ ³ ⋅ (1 + cos 2t ) dt =
1
§t t ·
= 2 ⋅ ¨ + 25 ⋅ + 10 ⋅ ¸ + C =
7 3 5 2
ª 1 º
t
©7 5¹ = 2 ⋅ « t + sin2t » + C = 2t + sin2t + C
¬ ¼
3
2
§x·
2 7 50 3
⋅ t + ⋅ t + 4t 5 + C =
Ÿ t = arcsin ¨ ¸ ; la integral
=
x
©2¹
7 3 Com que sint =
2 7
50 3 5 2
= ⋅ ( x − 5) 2 + ⋅ ( x − 5 ) 2 + 4 ( x − 5) 2 + C queda així:
d) Canvi: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx ª § x ·º
7 3
§x·
2arcsin ¨ ¸ + sin « 2arcsin ¨ ¸ » + C
©2¹ ¬ © 2 ¹¼
³t
−1
dt t 1
2
= +C=− + C = − cos ecx + C
−1 sinx 2
b) Tenim dx = 2 (1 + tg 2 t ) dt = dt
e) Canvi de variable: t = x Ÿ dt = ⋅ dx Ÿ
1 1 cos2 t

³ 2tgt 36cos+ 9t ⋅ 4tg2 t dt = ³ tgt ⋅ 6cos1 +t tg2 t dt =

2 x 2 1

Ÿ
2 2
dx
= 2dt

³ e 2dt = 2e + C = 2e + C
x

= ⋅³ dt = ⋅ ³ cos t dt =
t t x 1 1
1 2 1 2

f) Canvi: t = 1− 2x 4 Ÿ dt = −8x 3dx Ÿ x 3dx = −

cos t
dt
6 sint 1 6 sint ⋅ 1
8 2 cos t cos t

− ³ = − ³ t 2 dt = − ⋅ + C = −
cos t cos t

⋅³ = ⋅ ³ cos ect dt =
1
1 dt 1 −1 1 t2 1 1 dt 1
t +C= =
8 t 8 8 1 4 6 sint 6

= ⋅ ³ cos ect ⋅
2
1 cos ect + cot gt
1 dt =
= − 1 − 2x 4 + C 6 cos ect + cot gt
4

4-4
 = ⋅³ = 5⋅ ³ dt = 5 ⋅ ³ ( cos ect − sint )dt =
1 cos ec2 t + cos ect ⋅ cot gt 1 − sin 2 t
dt

= −5 ⋅ ³ sint dt + 5 ⋅ ³ cos ect dt = − 5 ⋅ ³ sint dt +

6 cos ect + cot gt sint
Fem un altre canvi: u = cosec t + cotg t Ÿ
Ÿ du = (–cosec t cotg t – cosec2t) dt
+5 ⋅ ³ cos ect ⋅ dt = −5 ⋅ ³ sint dt +
cot gt + cos ect
I així:

⋅³−
cot gt + cos ect

+5 ⋅ ³
1 du 1
= − ⋅ ln u + C = cos ect ⋅ cot gt + cos ec2 t
6 u 6 dt
cot gt + cos ect
1
u = cotgt + cosect Ÿ
= − ⋅ ln cos ect + cot gt + C = A la segona integral, fem el canvi:
6
ª § x ·º 2
= − ⋅ ln cos ec «arctan ¨ ¸ » + + C
1 du = ( − cos ec 2 t − cot gt ⋅ cos ect ) dt
¬ © 2 ¹¼ x
−5 ⋅ ³ sint dt − 5³
6
du
= 5cos t − 5ln u + C =
c) Pel canvi imposat: dx = cost dt , i a més a més: u
ª § 4x · º
= 5cos «arcsin ¨ ¸ » − 5ln cot gt + cos ect + C =
t = arcsin(x-1); per tant:

³ ¬ © 5 ¹¼
2
(1 + sint)
cos t dt =
(1 + sint)(2 − 1 − sint) ª § 4x · º ª § 4x · º
= 5cos «arcsin ¨ ¸ » − 5ln cot g «arcsin ¨ ¸ » +
=³ dt = ³
2
(1 + sint) cos t 2
(1 + sint) cos t ¬ © ¹¼
5 ¬ © 5 ¹¼
ª § 4x · º
dt =
+ cos ec «arcsin ¨ ¸ » + C
(1 + sint)(1 − sint) 1 − sin 2 t
¬ © 5 ¹¼
=³ dt = ³ (1 + sint)2 dt =
(1 + sint) 2 cos t

³ (1 + sin t + 2sint)dt =³ «¬1 + 2 ⋅ (1 − cos 2t) +

cos t
ª 1
Pàgina 105

18. a) Fem: u = arctgx Ÿ du =

2
1
dx

+2sint ] dt = ³ ¨ − ⋅ cos 2t + 2sint ¸ dt =

§3 1 ·
1 + x2

© ¹ dv = x dx Ÿ v =
x2
2 2 2

³ x ⋅ arctgx dx = arctgx ⋅ −³ ⋅
3 1 1 x2 x2 1
= ⋅ t − ⋅ ⋅ sin2t + 2 ⋅ (− cos t) + C = dx =
2 2 2 2 2 1 + x2

− ⋅³ 2
3 1 x2 1 x2 + 1 − 1 x2
= ⋅ arcsin(x − 1) − ⋅ sin [ 2 ⋅ arcsin(x − 1)] − = arctgx ⋅ dx = arctgx ⋅ −
2 4 2 2 x +1 2

2 ³ © x2 + 1 ¹
−2 cos [ arcsin(x − 1)] + C 1 § 1 ·
¨ ¸
x2 1

d) Segons el canvi suggerit: dt = 2dx Ÿ dx =

− 1 − dx = arctgx ⋅ − ⋅x +
dt 2 2
2 1 arctgx x
+ ⋅ arctgx + C = ⋅ ( x 2 + 1) − + C

8⋅ ³ ³
dt 2 2 2
b) Tenim: u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx
2 = 4⋅ dt
2
1− t 1 − t2
Fem un altre canvi: t = sinu Ÿ dt = cosu du dv = 1− x dx Ÿ v = − ⋅(1− x) 2
3
2

4⋅³ = 4⋅³
3

³
cos u du cos u du 3
= 4u + C = 2 2 2 2
2
1 − sin u cos u x 1 − x dx = − x ⋅ ⋅ (1 − x) +
3

+ ³ ⋅ (1 − x) 2 ⋅ 2x dx = −
= 4arcsin(t) + C = 4arcsin(2x) + C 2 3
2x 2 3
⋅ (1 − x) 2 +

+ ⋅ ³ x(1− x) 2 dx
5 3 3
e) Canvi: dx = cos t dt , i la integral queda: 4 3
4
3

³
25 2
amb: u = x Ÿ du = dx
25 − 16 ⋅ sin t Tornem a integrar per parts la segona integral,
16 5
⋅ ⋅ cos t dt =
5 4
⋅ sint 3
2 5
4 dv = (1 − x) 2 dx → v = − ⋅ (1 − x) 2

=³ ⋅ cos t dt = 5 ⋅ ³
5

³ ³5
5 1 − sin 2 t cos 2 t 3
2 5
2 5
dt = (1 − x) 2
dx = x ⋅ ⋅ (1 − x) 2
+ ⋅ (1 − x) 2
dx
sint sint 5
La integral inicial queda:
4-5
 ³ x 1 − x dx = −
3
2x 2 Sense oblidar la constant d’integració:

³ e ⋅ cos x dx =
2
⋅ (1 − x) 2 +
3 ex
º
+ ⋅ « − ⋅ (1 − x) + ⋅ ³ (1 − x) 2 dx » =
4 ª 2x
x
5 ⋅ (cos x + sinx) + C
5 2
b) Tenim u = x3 Ÿ du = 3x2 dx
2 2
3 ¬ 5 5 ¼
dv = cosx dx Ÿ v = sinx

³x ⋅ cos x dx = x 3 ⋅ sinx − ³ sinx ⋅ 3x 2 dx =

3 5 7
2x 2 8x 16
=− ⋅ (1 − x) 2 − ⋅ (1 − x) 2 − (1 − x) 2 + C =
3 15 105 3

2 ª
⋅ « −35x 2 ⋅ (1 − x) 2 − 28x ⋅ (1 − x) 2 − = x 3 ⋅ sinx − 3 ⋅ ³ x 2 ⋅ sinx dx
3 5

105 ¬
=

º
−8(1− x) 2 » + C = − ⋅(1− x) 2 ⋅ ª¬35x 2 + u = x2 Ÿ du = 2x dx
7
2 3 Tornem a integrar per parts:

¼
dv = sinx dx Ÿ v = – cosx
105
+28x ⋅ (1 − x) + 8 ⋅ (1 − x) 2 º¼ + C =
³x ⋅ sinx = − x 2 ⋅ cos x + ³ cos x ⋅ 2x dx =
2

⋅ ª¬15x 2 + 12x + 8º¼ + C = − x 2 ⋅ cos x + 2 ⋅ ³ x ⋅ cos x dx

3
2
2 ⋅(1− x)
=−
105

c) Fem u = arccos2x Ÿ du = −
u = x Ÿ du = dx
2 Per parts un altre cop:
dx

dv = dx Ÿ v = x dv = cosx dx Ÿ v = sinx
1 − 4x 2

³ arccos 2x = arccos 2x ⋅ x + ³ x ⋅ 1 − 4x 2 dx ³ x ⋅ cos x dx = x ⋅ sinx − ³ sinx dx = x ⋅ sinx +

2

+ cos x + C
Per a la segona integral, fem el canvi:

³x
t = 1 – 4x2 Ÿ dt = – 8x dx Ÿ 2x dx = −
Tornem a la integral original:
⋅ cos x dx = x 3 ⋅ sinx − 3 ⋅ ª¬ − x 2 ⋅ cos x +
dt
3
4

³ dx = − ⋅ ³ +2 ⋅ ( x ⋅ sinx + cos x + C ) º¼ = x 3 ⋅ sinx + 3x 2 ⋅ cos x −

2x 1 dt 1
= − ⋅2 t + C =
1 − 4x 2 4 t 4
−6x ⋅ sinx − 6cos x + C

c) Fem: u = (lnx)2 Ÿ du = 2 ⋅ ln x ⋅
1
= − ⋅ 1 − 4x 2 + C 1
2 dx
dv = dx Ÿ v = x
x
I la integral original:

³ arccos 2x dx = arccos 2x ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ ³ (ln x) dx = (ln x) ⋅ dx − ³ x ⋅

1 2 ⋅ ln x
1 − 4x 2 + C 2
2
dx =
d) u = 4x Ÿ du = 4 dx
= (ln x)2 ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ ³ ln x dx = (ln x)2 ⋅ x −
x

dv = cos2x dx Ÿ v = ⋅ sin2x
1
2 −2 ⋅ (x ⋅ ln x − x + C) =

³ 4x ⋅ cos 2x dx = 4x ⋅ 2 sin2x − ³ 2 sin2x ⋅ 4 dx =

1 1 = (ln x) 2 ⋅ x − 2x ⋅ ln x + 2x + C
d) Tenim: u = cosx Ÿ du = – sinx dx
= 2x ⋅ sin2x − 2 ⋅ ³ sin2x dx = 2x ⋅ sin2x +
dv = cosx dx Ÿ v = sinx

³ cos x dx = cos x ⋅ sinx + ³ sin 2 x dx =

1 2
+2 ⋅ cos 2x + C = 2x ⋅ sin2x + cos 2x + C

= cos x ⋅ sinx + ³ (1 − cos 2 x) dx = cos x ⋅ sinx +

2
19. a) Fem u = cosx Ÿ du = – sinx dx
dv = ex dx Ÿ v = ex
+ x − ³ cos2 x dx + C
³e ⋅ cos x dx = cos x ⋅ e + ³ e ⋅ sinx dx
2 ⋅ ³ cos 2 x dx = cos x ⋅ sinx + x + C
x x x

parts, ara amb u = sinx Ÿ du = cosx dx

³ cos
La integral que queda la tornem a integrar per

³e ⋅ sinx dx = sinx ⋅ e x − ³ e x ⋅ cos x dx

2 cos x ⋅ sinx + x
x dx = +C
x 2
e) Fem: u = e x ⋅ x Ÿ du = e x ⋅(1+ x) dx

³e ⋅ cos x dx = cos x ⋅ e x + sinx ⋅ e x − ³ e x ⋅ cos x dx

Tornant a la integral original:

dx Ÿ v = −
x 1 1

2 ⋅ ³ e x ⋅ cos x dx = cos x ⋅ e x + sinx ⋅ e x

dv = 2
(1+ x) 1+ x

4-6
 ³ (1 + x)2 dx = −x ⋅ e ⋅ 1 + x +
(ln 2)2 ª cos x ⋅ 2x sinx ⋅ 2x º
³ 2 cos x dx = ⋅« »
x ⋅ ex 1
(ln 2)2 + 1 ¬ ln 2 (ln 2)2 ¼
x x
+

+³
³ 2 cos x dx =
1 x ⋅ ex 2x ⋅ (ln 2 ⋅ cos x + sinx)
⋅ e x ⋅ (1 + x) dx = − + ex + C = x
1+ x 1+ x (ln 2)2 + 1
1+ x − x ex d) Fem el canvi de variable:
t = x 2 Ÿ dt = 2x dx , i obtenim:
= ex ⋅ +C= +C
1+ x 1+ x

f) Fem: u = ln x Ÿ du = dx
³ x sin ( x ) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ sin ( x ) ⋅ x
1
3 2 1 2 2
x ⋅ 2x dx =

2 ³
dv = x 3dx Ÿ v =
x4
1
4 = ⋅ t ⋅ sent dt

³ 4 ³ 4 x
Ara integrem per parts: u = t Ÿ du = dt
3 x4 x4 1

dv = sint dt Ÿ v = – cost
x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ⋅ dx =

− ⋅ ³ x 3 ⋅ ln x =
³ t ⋅ sint dt = −t ⋅ cos t + ³ cos t dt = −t ⋅ cos t + sint +
x 4 ⋅ ln x 1 x 4 ⋅ ln x 1 x 4
= − ⋅ +C=
4 4 4 4 4
x 4 ⋅ ln x x 4 +C
= − +C

³ x sin ( x ) dx = 2 ⋅ ª¬−x
I així:
20. a) Per parts, prenem: u = x Ÿ du = dx
4 16
cos ( x 2 ) + sin ( x 2 ) º¼ + C
3 2 1 2

dv = sec2x dx Ÿ v = tgx

³ x ⋅ sec x dx = x ⋅ tgx − ³ tgx dx = x ⋅ tgx + 21. a) Observem que

2

³ cos dx = ³ x sec2 xdx

+ ln cos x + C x

b) Ho resolem per parts: u = tgx Ÿ du=sec2xdx

2
x

dv = sec2x dx Ÿ v = tgx Per parts, prenem: u = x Ÿ du = dx

³ tgx ⋅ sec x dx = tg 2 x − ³ tgx ⋅ sec2 x dx + C dv = sec2x dx Ÿ v = tgx

³ x ⋅ sec x dx = x ⋅ tgx − ³ tgx dx = x ⋅ tgx +

2

2 ⋅ ³ tgx ⋅ sec x dx = tg x + C
2
2 2

³
+ ln cos x + C
2 tg 2 x
tgx ⋅ sec x dx = +C b) Per la forma radical del denominador, primer de
c) Per parts: u = cosx Ÿ du = – sinx dx
2

x = sint Ÿ dx = cost dt
tot fem el canvi:

dv = 2x dx Ÿ v =
³ dx = ³ dt = ³
1
⋅ 2x x2 sin 2 t ⋅ cos t sin 2 t ⋅ cos t
ln 2 dt =

³ ln 2 ³ ln 2
cos t

= ³ sin 2 t dt
1 − x2 1 − sin 2 t
x 2x 2x
2 cos x dx = cos x ⋅ + ⋅ sinx dx =

Ara, per parts: u = sint Ÿ du = cost dt

⋅ ³ 2 x sinx dx
2x 1
dv = sint dt Ÿ v = – cost
= cos x ⋅ +

³ sin t dt = −sint ⋅ cos t + ³ cos

ln 2 l n 2
Ho tornem a integrar per parts, ara amb 2 2
t ⋅ dt =

= −sint ⋅ cost + ³ (1 − sin 2 t ) dt = − sint ⋅ cost +

u = sinx ĺ du = cosx dx:

³2 −³
2x 2x

+ t − ³ sin 2 t dt + C
x
sinx dx = sinx ⋅ ⋅ cos x dx
ln 2 ln 2

2 ⋅ ³ sin 2 t dt = −sint ⋅ cos t + t + C

Tornem a la integral original:
1 ª
³2 ⋅ «sinx ⋅
2x 2x
ln 2 ln 2 ¬
x
cos x dx = cos x ⋅ + −

³ sin t dt =
ln 2

ln 2 ³
º
2 −sint ⋅ cos t t
+ +C
⋅ 2x cos x dx »
1
¼
2 2

³
−
x2 x ⋅ cos ( arcsinx ) arcsinx

«1 + (ln 2) 2 » ⋅ ³ 2 cos x dx = ln 2 + (ln 2) 2

ª 1 º x x
dx = − + +C
cos x ⋅ 2 sinx ⋅ 2 1 − x2 2 2
¬ ¼
x

22. Integrem per parts: u = arctgx Ÿ du =

1
dx
1 + x2

4-7
 dv = dx Ÿ v = x Igualem numeradors:

³ arctgx dx = arctgx ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅ 1 + x
­A + B + C = 0 ­
° °
1
® 2 ⋅ (C − B) = 1 Ÿ ®C = B + 1 / 2
2
dx

° −4A = 1 ° A = −1 / 4
Per a aquesta segona integral, fem el canvi de varia- ¯ ¯
ble: t = 1 + x2 Ÿ dt = 2x dx Ÿ x dx =
dt
I de la primera equació:
2
− + B + B + = 0 Ÿ + 2B = 0 Ÿ B = −
³ 1 + x 2 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ t = 2 ⋅ ln t + C
1 1 1 1
x 1 dt 1
4 2 4 8
3
I així: I per tant: C = . Així:

³ arctgx dx = arctgx ⋅ x − ¨© 2 ⋅ ln t ¸¹ + C =
§1 ·
8
1 1 3
− −
x +1 8 + 8
= 4+
1 x 3 − 4x x (x + 2) (x − 2)
= x ⋅ arctgx − ⋅ ln 1 + x 2 + C
2 c) Factoritzem el denominador:
Pàgina 106 x 2 − 4 = (x − 2) ⋅ (x + 2)

23. Descomponem en fraccions simples: 2x − 1 2x − 1 A B

2
= = +
x − 4 (x − 2)(x + 2) x − 2 x + 2
a) Factoritzem el denominador:
2x − 1 A(x + 2) + B(x − 2)
(
x 3 − 2x = x ⋅ ( x 2 − 2 ) = x ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ x − 2 )( ) x2 − 4
=
(x − 2)(x + 2)
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 A B 2x − 1 x(A + B) + 2A − 2B
= = + + =
3
(
x − 2x x ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ x − 2 )(
x x+ 2 ) ( ) x2 − 4 (x − 2)(x + 2)
Igualem numeradors:
­ A+B=2 ­ A+B=2
C
® Ÿ ®
+
(x − 2 )
¯ 2(A − B) = −1 ¯ A − B = −1 / 2
(
x 2 + 1 A ( x − 2 ) + Bx x − 2 + Cx x + 2
=
2
) ( ) Sumem les dues equacions:
( )( ) 2A = Ÿ A =
x 3 − 2x x⋅ x+ 2 ⋅ x− 2 3 3
2 4
=
2
(
x 2 + 1 x ( A + B + C ) + x − B 2 + C 2 − 2A ) I de la primera: B = 2 − A = 2 −
3 5
=
x 3 − 2x (
x⋅ x+ 2 ⋅ x− 2 )( ) 4 4
3 5
Igualem numeradors:
­ A + B+ C =1 ­
2x − 1
I per tant: 2 = 4 + 4
° °
Ÿ
x −4 x−2 x+2
® ® C=B
° ° A = −1 / 2
2 ⋅ (C − B) = 0 d) Comencem factoritzant el denominador:
¯ −2A = 1 ¯ (
x 3 − 2x = x x + 2 x − 2 )( )
I de la primera equació: 2
x +7 x +7 2
A B
− + 2B = 1Ÿ 2B = Ÿ B = = C
1 3 3 = = + +
2 2 4
(
x 3 − 2x x x + 2 x − 2 x)(x+ 2 ) ( )
C
1 3 3 +
−
x2 + 1
Així: 3 = 2+ 4 + 4 (x − 2 )
x − 2x x x+ 2 ( x− 2 ) ( ) (
x 2 + 7 A ( x − 2 ) + Bx x − 2 + Cx x + 2
2
) ( )
b) Comencem factoritzant el denominador: =
x 3 − 2x (
x x+ 2 x− 2 )( )
x 3 − 4x = x ⋅ (x 2 − 4) = x ⋅ (x + 2) ⋅ (x − 2)
x +1 x +1 A B C =
2
(
x 2 + 7 x ( A + B + C ) + x − B 2 + C 2 − 2A )
= = + +
3
x − 4x x(x + 2)(x − 2) x (x + 2) (x − 2) x 3 − 2x x x+ 2 x− 2( )( )
x +1 A(x + 2)(x − 2) + Bx(x − 2) + Cx(x + 2) Igualem numeradors:
­ A + B+ C =1 ­
=
°
x 3 − 4x
°
x(x + 2)(x − 2)

® Ÿ ® C=B
° −2A = 7 ° A = −7 / 2
2
x +1 x (A + B + C) + x( −2B + 2C) − 4A 2 ⋅ (C − B) = 0
¯ ¯
3
=
x − 4x x(x + 2)(x − 2)

4-8
 I de la primera equació: x4 + x2 +1 2x 2 − x −1

− + 2B = 1Ÿ 2B = Ÿ B = = C
7 9 9 1 1 1 2 1 7
−x 4 + x 3 + x 2 x + x+
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 8
Finalment:
1 3 3 2
7 9 9 x + x +1
2 − 2 2
x +7 2 4 4
= + +
x 3 − 2x x (
x+ 2 x− 2 ) ( ) 1 1 1
− x3 + x2 + x
2 4 4

Pàgina 107
7 2 1
x + x +1
24. a) Descomponem en fraccions simples: 4 4
7 7 7
x 3 − 2x 2 = x 2 (x − 2) − x2 + x +
4 8 8
x 2 − 4x + 1 x 2 − 4x + 1 A B C
3 2
= 2 = + 2+
x − 2x x (x − 2) x x x−2 9 15
x+
8 8
x 2 − 4x + 1 Ax(x + 2) + B(x − 2) + Cx 2
=
x 3 − 2x 2 x 2 (x − 2)
És a dir:
x 2 − 4x + 1 x 2 (A + C) + x( −2A + B) − 2B 9 15
= x+
x 3 − 2x 2 x 2 (x − 2) x4 + x2 + 1 x2 x 7
= + + + 8 8
(x − 1)(2x + 1) 2 4 8 (x − 1)(2x + 1)
Igualem numeradors:
­ A + C =1
I per tant la integral queda:

³ (x − 1)(2x + 1) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x dx + 4 ⋅ ³ x dx +
°
® −2A + B = −4
x4 + x2 + 1 1 1
° −2B = 1
2

¯
+ ⋅ ³ dx + ⋅ ³
7 1 9x + 15
De la tercera equació: B = – 1/2, i fent servir la se- dx
8 8 (x − 1)(2x + 1)
gona:
L’última integral és de tipus grau P(x) < grau Q(x),
−2A − = −4 Ÿ A =
1 7 de manera que descomponem en fraccions sim-
2 4 ples:
9x + 15 A B
3 = +
I de la primera: C = − (x − 1)(2x + 1) x − 1 2x + 1
4
9x + 15 A(2x + 1) + B(x − 1)
7 1 3 =
2 − − (x − 1)(2x + 1) (x − 1)(2x + 1)
x − 4x + 1 4
= + 22 + 4
x 3 − 2x 2 x x x−2 9x + 15 x(2A + B) + A − B
=
La integral queda: (x − 1)(2x + 1) (x − 1)(2x + 1)
­ 2A + B = 9
³ x 3 − 2x 2 dx = 4 ⋅ ³ x − 2 ⋅ ³ x 2 − 4 ⋅ ³ x − 2 = ®
x 2 − 4x + 1
¯ A − B = 15
7 dx 1 dx 3 dx

1 § 1· 3 De la segona equació: A = 15 + B
⋅ ln x − ⋅ ¨ − ¸ − ⋅ ln x − 2 + C =
7
2 © x¹ 4
= I de la primera: 30 + 2B + B = 9
4
3B = −21 B = −7 I per tant: A = 8
7 1 3
= ⋅ ln x + − ⋅ ln x − 2 + C 9x + 15 8 7
4 2x 4 = −
(x − 1)(2x + 1) x − 1 2x + 1
b) El denominador és: La integral queda:

³ (x − 1)(2x + 1) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x dx + 4 ⋅ ³ x dx +
2
(x − 1)(2x + 1) = 2x − x − 1 x4 + x2 + 1 1 2 1
Estem en un cas de grau P(x) > grau Q(x), i per

+ ⋅ ³ dx + ⋅ ³ dx − ⋅ ³
tant dividim els dos polinomis:
7 1 8 1 7
dx =
8 8 x −1 8 2x + 1

4-9
 1 x3 1 1 2 7 9C = −1 + 6 + 10
= ⋅ + ⋅ x + x + ln x − 1 −
2 3 4 2 8 9C = 15
3 2
7 1 x x 7x 15 5
− ⋅ ⋅ ln 2x + 1 + C = + + + ln x − 1 − C= =
8 2 6 8 8 9 3
7 4
− ⋅ ln 2x + 1 + C Per tant: B = 0, i A =
16 3
La integral queda, finalment:

³ x 3 − 3x + 2 dx = ³ x dx + 3 ⋅ ³ x − 1 + 3 ⋅ ³ x + 2 =
25. a) És un cas grau P(x) > grau Q(x), i per tant dividim
x4 − 1 4 dx 5 dx
d’aquesta manera:
x4 −1 x 3 − 3x + 2
x2 4 5
x = + ⋅ ln x − 1 + ⋅ ln x + 2 + C
− ( x 4 − 3x 2 + 2x ) 2 3 3
b) Factoritzem el denominador mitjançant la regla de
3x 2 − 2x − 1
Ruffini:
x4 − 1 3x 2 − 2x − 1 1 4 – 11 – 30
Així: 3
=x+ 3
x − 3x + 2 x − 3x + 2 3 3 21 30
I la integral: 1 7 10 0

³ x 3 − 3x + 2 ³ ³ x 3 − 3x + 2 dx
x4 − 1 3x 2 − 2x − 1 –2 –2 – 10
dx = x dx + 1 5 0
–5 –5
La segona integral és del tipus grau P(x) < grau 1 0

Ÿ x 3 + 4x 2 −11x − 30 = (x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 5)

Q(x), i per tant comencem factoritzant el denomi-
nador mitjançant la regla de Ruffini:
1 –3 2 6x 2 − 4x − 102 6x 2 − 4x − 102
1 1 1 –2 = =
x 3 + 4x 2 − 11x − 30 (x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 5)
1 1 –2 0
–2 –2 2 A B C
= + +
1 –1 0 x−3 x+2 x+5
Així: 6x 2 − 4x − 102 A(x + 2)(x + 5)
= +
x 3 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 1) = (x − 1) 2 (x + 2) 3 2
x + 4x − 11x − 30 (x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 5)
3x 2 − 2x − 1 3x 2 − 2x − 1 A B B(x − 3)(x + 5) C(x − 3)(x + 2)
= = + + + + =
x − 3x + 2 (x − 1)2 (x + 2) x − 1 (x − 1) 2
3
(x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 5) (x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 5)

+
C x 2 (A + B + C) + x(7A + 2B − C) + 10A −15B − 6C
=
x+2 (x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 5)
3x 2 − 2x −1 A(x −1)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x −1) 2 Igualem numeradors:
­
=
°
x 3 − 3x + 2 (x −1)2 (x + 2) A+ B+C =6
® 7A + 2B − C = −4
°10A − 15B − 6C = −102
3x 2 − 2x −1 x 2 (A + C) + x(A + B − 2C)
¯
= +
x 3 − 3x + 2 (x −1)2 (x + 2)
2(B − A) + C Sumem la primera i la segona equacions:
+
8A + 3B = 2 Ÿ A =
(x −1)2 (x + 2) 2 − 3B
Aleshores, 8
­
°
A+C=3 Multipliquem per 6 la primera equació, i la sumem
® A + B − 2C = −2
amb la tercera:
° −2A + 2B + C = −1 16A − 9B = −66 Ÿ A =
¯
9B − 66
16
De la primera equació: A = 3 – C Igualem les últimes expressions obtingudes:
De la segona: 2 − 3B 9B − 66
3 – C + B – 2C = – 2 =
8 16
B – 3C = – 5
4 − 6B = 9B − 66
B = 3C – 5
15B = 70
I emprant la tercera:
14
−2(3 − C) + 2(3C − 5) + C = −1 B=
3

4-10
 +2 ³ dt = ³ ¨ 3 − dt +
§ 1 1·
2
3 17
Per tant: A = − , i C = 6 − A − B = . (1− t ) 2

© t t ¹̧
2 6 5
t

+³ dt + 2 ⋅ ³
Així, doncs, la integral queda:

³ x 3 + 4x 2 − 11x − 30 dx = ³ ¨© − 2 ⋅ x − 3 +
§ 3 1
− t 6 + 3t 4 − 3t 2 + 1 1 + t 4 − 2t 2
6x 2 − 4x − 102 7
dt =
t t5

=³ dt − ³ dt − ³ dt + 3 ⋅ ³ 3 dt − 3 ⋅ ³ 5 dt +
¸ dx = − ⋅ ³
17 1 ·
1 1 1 1 1
14 1 3 dx
3 x − 2 6 x + 5¹
+ ⋅ + ⋅ + t3 t t t t

+³ dt + 2 ⋅ ³ 5 dt + 2 ⋅ ³ dt − 4 ⋅ ³ 3 dt =
2 x−3

+ ⋅³ + ⋅³
1 1 1 1
14 dx 17 dx 3 t 7
t t t
= − ⋅ ln x − 3 +

= −³ dt + ³ 7 dt = − ¨ − ¸ ⋅ 4 + ¨ − ¸ ⋅ 6 +
§ 1· 1 § 1· 1
3 x +2 6 x +5 2
1 1
© 4¹ t © 6¹ t
14 17 5
+ ⋅ ln x + 2 + ⋅ ln x + 5 + C t t
3 6
1 1 1 1
Pàgina 109 +C = − +C= − +C=
4t 4 6t 6 4sin 4 x 6sin 6 x
26. a) Emprem el canvi: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx 1 1

³ cos x dx = ³ cos x ⋅ cos4 x dx =

= ⋅ cos ec4 x − ⋅ cos ec6 x + C
4 6
d) Fem el canvi: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx:
5

= ³ (1 − sin x ) ⋅ cos x dx = ³ (1 − t
³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ sin 6 x ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ cos x dx =
2 2 2
2
) dt = 6 3

= ³ (1 + t 4 − 2t 2 ) dt = ³ dt + ³ t 4 dt − 2 ⋅ ³ t 2 dt = = ³ sin 6 x ⋅ (1 − sin 2 x ) ⋅ cos x dx = ³ t 6 ⋅ (1 − t 2 ) dt =

= ³ t 6 dt − ³ t 8 dt = ⋅ t 7 − ⋅ t 9 + C =
t 5 2t 3 sin 5 x 2 1 1
=t+ − + C = sinx + − ⋅ sin 3 x + C

b) Fem el canvi: t = cosx Ÿ dt = – sinx dx

5 3 5 3 7 9

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ sinx ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x dx =

1 1
3 4 2 4
= ⋅ sin 7 x − ⋅ sin 9 x + C
7 9

= − ³ 1− cos 2 x ⋅cos 4 x dx = − ³ 1− t 2 ⋅ t 4 dt =
e) Operem amb l’integrant:
( ) ( ) sin 3 x sin 3 x
= ³ ( t 6 − t 4 ) dt =
1
sec3 x ⋅ tg 3 x = ⋅ =
t7 t5 cos7 x cos5 x cos3 x cos3 x cos 6 x
Fem el canvi: t = cosx Ÿ dt = – sinx dx
− +C= − +C
7 5 7 5

³ sec x ⋅ tg x dx = − ³
2
c) cos ec4 x ⋅ cot g 3x = (1 + cot g 2 x ) ⋅ cot g 3x = 3 3 sin 2 x
(−sinx) dx =
cos6 x

= −³ ³ t 6 dt =
= (1 + cot g 4 x + 2 ⋅ cot g 2 x ) ⋅ cot g 3x = cot g3x +
(1 − cos 2 x) 1 − t2
( −sinx) dx = −
cos3 x cos 7 x cos5 x cos6 x

= −³ +³ 4 = ⋅ 5 − ⋅ 3 +C=
+ cot g 7 x + 2 ⋅ cot g 5 x = + + 2 ⋅
sin 3 x sin 7 x sin 5 x dt dt 1 1 1 1 1
6
−
La integral queda: t t 5 t 3 t 5cos5 x

³ cos ec x ⋅ cot g x dx = ³ sin x dx + ³

4 3 cos3 x cos 7 x 1 1 1
3
dx + − + C = ⋅ sec5 x − ⋅ sec3 x + C
sin 7 x 3
3cos x 5 3

+2 ⋅ ³ dx = ³ cos x ⋅
cos5 x cos 2 x 1
5
dx + f) Emprem: sin 2 x = (1 − cos 2x ) , i també:
sin x sin 3 x 2

+ ³ cos x ⋅ dx + 2 ⋅ ³ cos x ⋅
cos6 x cos 4 x 1
7
dx = cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x )
sin x sin 5 x 2

=³ cos x dx + ³
³ sin x ⋅ cos 4 ³
3 1
1 − sin 2 x (1 − sin 2 x ) 2 2
x dx = ⋅ (1 − cos 2x ) ⋅ (1 + cos 2x ) dx

= ⋅ ³ 1− cos 2 2x dx = ⋅ ³ dx − ⋅ ³ cos 2 2x dx
cos x dx +
sin 3 x sin 7 x
1 1 1

+2 ⋅ ³
(1 − sin x ) 2 2
4
( 4 4
)
cos x dx

u = cos2x Ÿ du = – 2 Ÿ sinx dx
sin 5 x La segona integral la fem per parts:

Fem el canvi: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx:

dv = cos2x dx Ÿ v = ⋅ sin2x
1

³ ³ t3 ³ t7
3
1− t 2 ( ) 2

³ cos 2x dx = cos 2x ⋅ 2 ⋅ sin2x +

4 1− t 2 3
cosec x ⋅ cot g x dx = dt + dt +
2 1

4-11
 + ⋅ ³ sin2x ⋅ 2 ⋅ sin2x dx = ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x + =³
1 + t2 + 1 − t2 1 + t2 ³ 2
1 1 2 dt 2 x
⋅ = dt = t + C = tg + C
2 2 2

+ ³ sin 2 2x dx =
2
1 1+ t
⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x +

Ÿ cos x =
2

+ ³ (1 − cos 2 2x ) dx = ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x + ³ dx −

x 1− t 2 2t
1 c) Canvi: t = tg , sinx = ,
2 1+ t 2
1 + t2
2

− ³ cos 2x dx = ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x + x −

2
1 dx = dt
2 1 + t2

− ³ cos2 x dx + C ³ sinx + cos x dx = ³

2 1 1 2
⋅ dt =
2t 1 − t2 1 + t2

2 ⋅ ³ cos 2 x dx =
+
1 + t2 1 + t2

=³ = −³ 2
1
⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x + x + C 2dt 2
2

³ cos
2
dt
2t + 1 − t t − 2t − 1
2 1 x
x dx =
⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x + + C
4 2 Tenim una integral de tipus racional, i amb grau
Tornem a la integral original: P(x) < grau Q(x). Per factoritzar el denominador,

³ sin x ⋅ cos
1 ª1
en calculem les arrels:
⋅ x − ⋅ « ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x +
1
4 ¬4
2 2
x dx = 2 ± 4 + 4 ⋅1⋅1 2 ± 8
4 t= = =1± 2
xº
2 2
+ » + C = − ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x − + C =
x 1 x
2¼
Així:
4 16 8 2 2 A
= = +
=
x 1
− ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ sin2x + C
2
(
t − 2t − 1 t − 1 − 2 t − 1 + 2)( t −1− 2 )
8 16

27. a) Reescrivim la integral i integrem: +

B
=
( ) (
A t −1+ 2 + B t −1− 2
=
)
³ cos2 x dx = ³ tg x dx = ³ ( sec x − 1) dx =
sin 2 x 2 2
t −1+ 2 (
t −1− 2 t −1+ 2 )( )

= ³ sec2 x dx − ³ dx = tgx − x + C
At − A + A 2 + Bt − B − B 2
=
( t − 1 − 2 )( t − 1 + 2 )
­°
®
b) Reescrivim l’integrant abans d’integrar: A+B=0

³ sec dx = ³ ⋅ cos5 x dx = ³ sin 4 x ⋅ cos x dx °̄ − A + A 2 − B − B 2 = 2

4 4
tg x sin x
5 4

Fem el canvi de variable: t = sinx Ÿ

x cos x
Aïllem de la primera equació i substituïm a la se-
gona:
dt = cosx dx:

³ sec5 x ³
1
A = −B → −A + A 2 + A + A 2 = 2 → A =
tg 4 x 4 1 5 sin 5 x 2
dx = t dt = ⋅ t + C = +C
5 5 1
i B=−
28. Les solucions són: 2

³ tg 4 x ³ cos3 x sin 4 x dx = ³ sin 4 x dx

sec3 x 1 cos 4 x cos x La integral queda d’aquesta manera:
§ ·
a) dx = ⋅

Emprem el canvi: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx: ¨ ¸

³ sinx + cos x ³ ¨ t − 1 − 2 t − 1 + 2 ¸¸ dt =
1 1
¨
1 2 2

³ tg 4 x dx = ³ t 4 = − 3 ⋅ t 3 + C = − 3sin3 x + C =
dx = − −
¨ ¸
© ¹
sec3 x dt 1 1 1

=³ ⋅ ¨ −³ +³
1 § ·
¸=
dt dt
2 © t −1− 2 t −1+ 2 ¹
cos ec3x
=− +C
3

b) Fem el canvi: t = tg Ÿ cos x =

1 1
x 1− t 2 =− ⋅ ln t − 1 − 2 + ⋅ ln t − 1 + 2 + C =
, 2 2
2 1+ t 2
2 1 x 1 x
dx = dt =− ⋅ ln tg − 1 − 2 + ⋅ ln tg − 1 + 2 +
1 + t2 2 2 2 2

³ 1 + cos x dx = ³ 1 − t 2 ⋅ 1 + t 2 dt = d) Canvi de variable: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx

1 1 2 +C

1+
1 + t2

4-12
 ³ sin 2 x ³ sin 2 x ⋅ cos x dx = − ln t − 4 + 11 º + C =
¼
cos3 x cos 2 x 1 x
dx = ⋅ ln tg − 4 − 11 −
2

=³ ³ dt = ³ 2 dt −
11
1 − sin 2 x 1 − t2 1 1 x
⋅ cos x dx = − ⋅ ln tg − 4 + 11 + C

− ³ dt = − − t + C = −
2 3
sin x t t 11 2
1 1
− sinx + C = f) Emprem el canvi de variable: t = tgx
t sinx
Ÿ sin 2 x =
= − cos ecx − sinx + C t2 1 dt
, cos2 x = , dt =
Ÿ
x 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
e) Fem el canvi: t = tg

³ 1 − 5cos2 x ³
2 t2
2⋅
Ÿ cos x =
2
2sin x 1 + t 2 ⋅ dt =
1− t 2 2t 2 dx =
, sinx = , dx = dt 1 1 + t2
2
1+ t 2
1 + t2 1− 5⋅

³ 3 − 4sinx + 2cos x dx =
1+ t
1 + t2
1

= ³ 1 +2 t ⋅
1 + t − 5 1 + t 2 ³ ( t 2 + 1)( t 2 − 4 )
2t 2

=³
2 dt 2t 2 dt
1 2 =
2
⋅ dt =
2t 1 − t 1 + t2
3− 4⋅ + 2⋅ 1 + t2
1 + t2 1 + t2

=³ dt = ³ 2
Descomponem:
1 2 2dt
⋅ 2t 2 A B
3 + 3t 2 − 8t + 2 − 2t 2 1 + t 2 t − 8t + 5 = 2 + 2 =
1 + t2 ( t + 1)( t − 4 ) t + 1 t − 4
2 2

Les arrels del denominador són: A ( t 2 − 4 ) + B ( t 2 + 1) At 2 − 4A + Bt 2 + B

= =
8 ± 64 − 4 ⋅ 5 8 ± 44 (t 2
+ 1)( t 2 − 4 ) ( t 2 + 1)( t 2 − 4 )
t= = = 4 ± 11
­ A+B=2
2 2
®
¯ −4A + B = 0
Així:
2 2
= =
t 2 − 8t + 5 ( )(
t − 4 − 11 t − 4 + 11 ) De la primera equació: A = 2 – B
Substituïm a la segona:
A B
= + = −4 ⋅ (2 − B) + B = 0
t − 4 − 11 t − 4 + 11
−8 + 4B + B = 0
=
( ) (
A t − 4t + 11 + B t − 4t − 11 )= 8 2
B= , A=
(t − 4 − 11 )( t − 4 + 11 ) 5 5
§ 2 8 ·
¨ 5 5 ¸
³ 1 − 5cos2 x dx = ³ ¨¨ t 2 + 1 + t 2 − 4 ¸¸ dt =
At − 4A + A 11 + Bt − 4B − B 11
= 2sin 2 x
(t − 4 − )( )
¨ ¸
11 t − 4 + 11

­° © ¹
®
⋅³ 2 + ⋅³ 2
A+B=0
°̄ −4A + A 11 − 4B − B 11 = 2 =
2 dt 8 dt 2
= ⋅ arct gt +
5 t +1 5 t − 4 5

+ ⋅³
Aïllem de la primera equació:
A=–B 8 dt
+C
i substituïm a la segona: 5 (t + 2)(t − 2)
Per a la integral que queda tornem a aplicar que és
−4A + A 11 + 4A + A 11 = 2 una funció racional:
2A 11 = 2 1 A B A(t − 2) + B(t + 2)
= + = =
1 1 (t + 2)(t − 2) t + 2 t − 2 (t + 2)(t − 2)
Per tant, A = iB=− .
11 11
§
At − 2A + Bt + 2B
=
¨
³ 3 − 4sinx + 2 cos x dx = ³ ¨¨ t − 4 − 11 −
1 (t + 2)(t − 2)
­ A+B=0
1 11
®
¨ ¯ −2A + 2B = 1
©
· De la primera equació: A = – B, i si ara anem a la
¸
1
1 ª
¸ dt =
segona:
11 ¬
11
t − 4 + 11 ¸ −2A − 2A = 1Ÿ A = − Ÿ B =
− ⋅ ln t − 4 − 11 −
1 1
¹̧ 4 4

4-13
 § 1 1 ·
³ f (g(x)) ⋅ g '(x)dx
P7. Si tenim una integral de la forma:
¨ −4 ¸
³ (t + 2)(t − 2) = ³ ¨ t + 2 + t −4 2 ¸ dt =
dt
¨ ¸
© ¹ en què f(x) i g'(x) són funcions contínues, podem fer
l’anomenat canvi de variable:
t = g(x) Ÿ dt = g'(x) dx
1 1
= − ⋅ ln t + 2 + ⋅ ln t − 2 + C
4 4

expressar així: ³ f (t)dt ,

I així, finalment: de manera que, substituint, la integral donada es pot

³ 1 − 5cos2 x dx = 5 ⋅ arctgt + 5 ⋅ ¨© − 4 ln t + 2 +
2sin 2 x 2 8 § 1
més fàcil d’integrar que la funció original.
1 · 2 2 Aplicant el canvi que se’ns dona:
¹̧ t 2 = x 2 − 3 Ÿ 2t dt = 2x dx Ÿ t dt = x dx
+ ⋅ ln t − 2 + C = ⋅ x − ⋅ ln tgx + 2 +
4 5 5

³ x x − 3 dx = ³ t t dt = ³ t dt =
2 t3
+ ⋅ ln tgx − 2 + C 2 2 2
+C=
5 3
Pàgina 113 3

=
( x 2 − 3) 2 +C
P1.Si F(x) és una primitiva de f(x), llavors la funció 3
F(x) + C, amb C ∈•, també ho és.
P8. Es basa en la derivada del producte de funcions. El
Geomètricament, les primitives d’una funció són una mètode consisteix a transformar una integral en una
família infinita de corbes, cada una corresponent a un diferència en la qual figura una altra integral que pot
valor diferent de C, que s’obtenen mitjançant transla-

³ f (x) dg(x) = f (x) ⋅ g(x) − ³ g(x) df (x)

ser més senzilla de calcular que la primera:
ció d’una d’elles al llarg de l’eix d’ordenades.
P2. No, perquè són corbes iguals, però traslladades al
llarg de l’eix d’ordenades, i per tant no es toquen mai. Resulta pràctic anomenar-los u = f(x) i v = g(x).
–1
P3. Perquè en aquest cas tenim x = 1/x, que és la deri- Per a la integral que se’ns dona:
u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx
vada del logaritme, i per tant es tracta d’una integral
de tipus logarítmic.
dv = cos 2x Ÿ v = sin2x
1
P4. Les primitives d’una funció constant són rectes paral-
2

³x sin2x − ⋅ ³ sin2x ⋅ 2x dx =
leles, de pendent igual i ordenada en l’origen diferent.
Les primitives d’una funció polinòmica de primer 2 1 1
grau són totes paràboles (polinomis de segon grau) cos 2x dx = x 2 ⋅
2 2

− ³ sin2x ⋅ x dx
iguals, però que tallen l’eix d’ordenades a diferents al-
tures. x 2 sin2x
=
P5. La funció exponencial és igual a la seva primitiva 2
Tornem a integrar per parts:
u = x Ÿ du = dx
amb C = 0.
Si les primitives d’una funció són rectes paral·leles a
dv = sin2x Ÿ v = − cos 2x
l’eix d’abscisses, significa que són constants, i això 1
només és possible si la funció és sempre 0. 2

³ x ⋅ sin2x dx = − x ⋅ 2 cos 2x + 2 ⋅ ³ cos 2x dx

P6. Les dues propietats lineals de la integració indefinida 1 1
són:
La integral de la suma de funcions és igual a la suma Així:

³ [f (x) + g(x)] dx = ³ f (x)dx + ³ g(x)dx ³ x cos 2x dx = − ⋅ ³ cos 2x dx =

de les integrals dels sumands:
2 x 2 sin2x x ⋅ cos 2x 1
+
2 2 2

La integral del producte d’una constant per una funció x 2 sin2x x ⋅ cos 2x 1
= + − ⋅ sin2x + C
és igual al producte de la constant per la integral de la 2 2 4

³ k ⋅ f (x)dx = k ⋅ ³ f (x)dx , amb k un nombre real.

funció:
P(x)
P9. Per descompondre una fracció donada en altres
Q(x)

³ (x + 2x + 3) dx = ³ x 2dx + 2 ⋅ ³ x dx + 3 ⋅ ³ dx =
Un exemple del mètode de descomposició és: fraccions més simples, comencem factoritzant el de-
2
nominador:
k k kn
Q(x) = ( x − a1 ) 1 ⋅ ( x − a 2 ) 2 ⋅ ... ⋅ ( x − a n )
x3 x2 x3
= + 2 ⋅ + 3x + C = + x 2 + 3x + C I llavors:
3 2 3

4-14
 § 1·

§ 1· e
2⋅¨ − ¸ +1
A k1 © 2¹
F¨ − ¸ =
P(x) A1 A2 e −1+1 1 1− e
© ¹
= + 2
+ ... + k
+ ... + +C= +C= +C=
Q(x) ( x − a1 ) ( x − a1 ) ( x − a1 ) 1 2 2 2 2 2

+C= − ŸC= −
B1 B2 Bk 2 1 1 e e
+ + 2
+ ... + k
+ ... 2 2 2 2
(x − a2 ) (x − a2 ) (x − a2 ) 2
e 2x +1 e e 2x +1 − e
Els numeradors són nombres reals. F(x) = − =

³ f (x)dx = ³ x
2 2 2
Resolem la integral donada, i primer de tot, per facto-
ritzar el denominador, en calculem les arrels: c) x 2 − 3 dx

Ÿ x1 = 3, x 2 = 2 Ÿ
Fem el canvi de variable següent:
t 2 = x 2 − 3 Ÿ 2t dt = 2x dx Ÿ t dt = x dx
5 ± 25 − 4 ⋅6 5 ± 1
x= =
2 2

³ ³ ³
x 2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 3)(x − 2) 2 2 2 t3
x x − 3 dx = t t dt = t dt = +C=
3
Així: 3

2x − 1 A B A(x − 2) + B(x − 3)
=
(x 2
− 3) 2
+C
= + = =
x 2 − 5x + 6 x − 3 x − 2 (x − 3)(x − 2) 3
3 3

=
Ax − 2A + Bx − 3B x(A + B) − 2A − 3B
= F(2) =
(2 2
− 3) 2
+C=
( 4 − 3) 2 +C=
1
+C=
28
(x − 3)(x − 2) (x − 3)(x − 2) 3 3 3 3
Comparem els dos numeradors: 27
­ A+B=2
C= =9
3
®
¯ −2A − 3B = −1
3

F(x) =
(x 2
− 3) 2
+9
3

³ f (x) dx = ³ 3x dx = ⋅ ³ ln x ⋅ dx
gona: −2 ⋅(2 − B) − 3B = −1 Ÿ −4 + 2B − 3B = −1 ,
De la primera equació: A = 2 – B, i substituint a la se-
ln x 1 1
per tant B = −3 Ÿ A = 2 + 3 = 5 .
d)
3 x

Canvi de variable: t = lnx Ÿ dt =

2x − 1 5 3 1
La funció racional queda: = − dx

⋅ ³ ln x ⋅ dx = ⋅ ³ t dt = ⋅ ⋅ t 2 + C = + C =
2
x − 5x + 6 x − 3 x − 2 x
1 1 1 1 1 t2
Per tant la integral:

³x dx = 5 ⋅ ³ − 3⋅ ³
3 x 3 3 2 6
2x − 1 dx dx
= (ln x) 2
2 = +C
− 5x + 6 x −3 x−2 6
= 5 ⋅ ln x − 3 − 3 ⋅ ln x − 2 + C (ln e) 2 1 13
F(e) = + C = + C = ⋅ e2 →
6 6 12

Ÿ C = ⋅e 2 −
29. Determinem les primitives corresponents:

³ ³ ¨© 2 ¸¹ ³ 2 dx + ³ dx =
13 1
§ x2 · x2 12 6
a) f (x)dx = + 1 dx =
(ln x)2 13 2 1
F(x) = + ⋅e −
6 12 6
1 x3 x3
= ⋅ +x+C= +x+C
2 3 6

F(x) = 2 ⋅ ³ tgx ⋅ sec2 x dx

30. Comencem trobant la família de primitives:

+ 6 + C = 36 + 6 + C = 42 + C = 100 Ÿ
3
6
F(6) =
Fem el canvi t = tgx Ÿ dt = sec2x dx
6
Ÿ C = 58
2 ⋅ ³ tgx ⋅ sec 2 x dx = 2 ⋅ ³ t dt = 2 ⋅
x3 t2
Així: F(x) = + x + 58 + C = t2 + C =
2

³ f (x)dx = ³ e
6
b) 2x +1
dx , fem el canvi: = tg 2 x + C

t = 2x + 1 Ÿ dt = 2 dx Ÿ
Avaluem en el punt:
§ π· § π·
dt
= dx
F¨ = tg 2 ¨
© 4 ¹̧ © 4 ¹̧
³ ³ 2 2
2 + C = 1+ C = 1Ÿ C = 0
2x +1 t dt et e 2x +1
e dx = e = + C = +C
2 Així, doncs: F(x) = tg 2 x

4-15
 ³ dx = ³ dx = ³ x 12 dx =
31. Calculem la primitiva de cotgx: 1 1

³ cot gx dx = ³ sLnx dx
1
x⋅3x x2 ⋅ x3
cos x d) 3
4
x3 x4
Emprem el canvi t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx
13

³ cot gx dx = ³ t = ln t + C = ln sinx + C
12 12
= ⋅x +C

³3 ⋅ 75x dx = ³ (3 ⋅ 7)5x dx = ³ 215x dx =

dt 13
5x
e)

= ⋅ ³ 215x ⋅ 5 dx = ⋅
En l’interval (0, ʌ), el sinus és positiu, i per tant:
1 1 1
ln sinx = ln(sinx) ⋅ 215x + C
5 5 ln 21

³ log
Així, doncs, F(x) = ln(sinx) és primitiva de f(x) = 1
§ 3·
= cotgx, amb C = 0. f) x dx = ⋅ (x ⋅ln x − x) + C
ln ¨
3

© 2 ¹̧
2
Finalment calculem una primitiva que talli l’eix d’abs-

³ (2 − x + ln x)dx = 2 ⋅ ³ dx − ³ x dx + ³ ln x dx =
cisses en x = ʌ/2:
§π· ª § π ·º
F ¨ ¸ = ln «sin ¨ ¸ » + C = 0 + C = 0 Ÿ C = 0
35. a)

©2¹ ¬ © 2 ¹¼ x2

³ x 4 dx =
= 2x − + (x ⋅ln x − x) + C

³ (1 + 2x − ln x + 3 x ) dx = ³ dx + 2 ⋅ ³ x dx −
1
− 4 43 2
32. a) ⋅x +C
3

³ dx = 3 ⋅ ³ (6x + 1) dx
b)

− ³ ln x dx + 3⋅ ³ x 2 dx = x + 2 ⋅
1
3 −
2
b) 1
x2
6x + 1 − (x ⋅ln x − x) +
Canvi de variable: t = 6x + 1 Ÿ dt = 6 dx
2

³ 6x +1 ³ 6 2 +C=
1 1 2 3 3
3 − dt
2 3⋅ ⋅ x 2 + C = 2x + x 2 − x ln x + 2x 2 + C
dx = 3⋅ t = t 3

³ ¨© x − 3 − x ¸ dx = 2 ⋅ ³ − 12 ⋅ ³ 2
§ 2 12 ·
c) ³ 2x ⋅ 7 x dx = ³ (2 ⋅ 7) x dx = ³ 14 x dx =
dx dx
−9¹
1 c) =
⋅ 14 x + C 2
x−3 x −9

2 ⋅ ln x − 3 − 12 ⋅ ³ 2
ln14

d) ³ dx = ³ dx = ³ x 2 dx +
(x − 1) 2 x 2 + 1 − 2x 3 dx
+C
x x x −9

+ ³ x 2 dx − 2 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx = ⋅ x 2 + 2 ⋅ x 2 −
−
1 1
2 5 1 Per a la integral que queda, descomponem en frac-
cions simples: x2 – 9 = (x – 3)(x + 3)
5
3 5 1 1 A B A(x + 3) + B(x − 3)
2 2 4 3 =
2
+ = =
−2 ⋅ ⋅ x 2 + C = ⋅ x 2 + 2x 2 − ⋅ x 2 + C x −9 x−3 x+3 (x − 3)(x + 3)

x(A + B) + 3A − 3B ­° A + B = 0
3 5 3

³ e dx = e + C Ÿ®
°̄ 3A − 3B = 1
x +3 x +3
33. a) =

³e ⋅ ³ e4x ⋅ 4 dx = ⋅ e4x + C
(x − 3)(x + 3)
4x 1 1
b) dx = De la primera equació: A = – B, i substituïm a la
4 4

³e dx = − ⋅ ³ e 2 ⋅ − dx = − ⋅e 2 + C
3⋅(−B) − 3B = 1 Ÿ −6B = 1
segona:
5 5
− x
2
2 − x 5 2 −5x
c)
B=− ŸA=
5 2 5 1 1
d) ³ e3x +1dx = ⋅ ³ e3x +1 ⋅ 3 dx = ⋅ e3x +1 + C
1 1 6 6
3 3 1 1 1

e) ³ 53x − 2 dx = ⋅ ³ 53x − 2 ⋅ 3 dx = ⋅
Així: 2 = −
x − 9 6(x − 3) 6(x + 3)

³ ¨© x − 3 − x 2 − 9 ¸¹ dx = 2 ⋅ ln x − 3 −
§ 2 12 ·
1 1 1 3x −2
⋅5 +C
3 3 ln 5

f) ³ 3x ⋅ 32x dx = ³ 33x dx = ⋅ ³ 33x dx = ⋅

−12 ⋅ ⋅ ³ ¨
1 § 1 1 ·
1 1 1 3x
⋅3 + C
¸ dx + C = 2 ⋅ ln x − 3 −
3 3 ln 3
6 © x − 3 x + 3¹
−

³ 3x dx = ³ 3 2 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ 3 2 ⋅ dx = 2 ⋅
x x x
1 1
34. a) ⋅ 32 + C −2 ⋅ ln x − 3 + 2 ⋅ ln x + 3 + C = 2 ⋅ ln x + 3 + C

³ ¨© cos x − x + x dx = ³ cos x dx − 5 ⋅ ³
2 ln 3
§ 1 ·
³ dx = ³ dx = ³ x 5 dx = 2 ¸
5 dx
¹
13
x3 x3 5 185 d) +
b) ⋅x +C

+ ³ x −2 dx = sinx − 5 ⋅ ln x + (−1) ⋅ x −1 + C =
5 2
18 x
x2 x5

³ dx = ³ dx = ³ x
1
2 3 11
x x −
14
14 14
c) 5
dx = ⋅x +C 1
7
x 5
7
11 = sinx − 5 ⋅ ln x − +C
x x
4-16
 ³ ( 2x + 3x + 5) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx + 3 ⋅ ³ x dx +
³ x + 1 dx = ³ ¨© x − 2 + x + 1 ¸¹ dx = ³ x dx −
§ 3 ·
2
36. a) x2 − x + 1

+5 ⋅ ³ dx = 2 ⋅
x3 x2

−2 ⋅ ³ dx + 3 ⋅ ³
+ 3 ⋅ + 5x + C

³ ( 4x − 2x + 3) dx = 4 ⋅ ³ x 3 dx − 2 ⋅ ³ x dx +
3 2 dx x2
3
= − 2x + 3 ⋅ ln x + 1 + C
b) x +1 2

+3 ⋅ ³ dx = 4 ⋅
x4 x2 Pàgina 114
− 2 ⋅ + 3x + C = x 4 − x 2 + 3x + C

c) ³ ¨ 5x 2 − 3x + ¸ dx = 5 ⋅ ³ x 2dx − 3 ⋅ ³ dx + ³ ³ (x
4 2
§ ·
2

1 dx 38. a) 3
− 4x + 2 )( 3x − 4 )
2
dx =
(x 3
− 4x + 2 )
+C
© x¹
= 2

³ ln x ⋅ x dx = ln ln x + C
x
1 1
x3 b)
= 5⋅ − 3x + ln x + C
3

d) ³ ¨ 6 x − 2 ¸ dx = 6 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx − ³ x −2 dx =
§ 1 ·
³ ³ sin ( x ) ⋅ 2 ⋅
1
sin ( x ) dx = 2 ⋅
© x ¹
1 1
c) dx =
x x
2 3 3
1
= 6 ⋅ ⋅ x 2 − ( −1) ⋅ x −1 + C = 4x 2 + + C
3 x
(( x ) + C) = −2 ⋅ cos ( x ) + C
= 2 ⋅ − cos

³ ¨© x dx = ³ x 2 dx − ³
§ x4 x ·
2 ¸ ³ x + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ cos ( x + 1 ) ⋅ 2 x + 1 dx =
dx x 3 cos ( x + 1 ) 1
x ¹
37. a) 2
− = − ln x + C d)
x 3

³ 4x 2 + 1 dx = ³ ¨©1 − 4x 2 + 1 ¸¹ dx = ³ dx −
4x 2 + 1 − 4x § 4x · = 2 ⋅ sin ( ( ) )
x + 1 + C = 2sin ( x +1 + C )
b)

−4 ⋅ ³ 2 = x − 4⋅³ 2 ³ 2 − cos x ⋅ sinx dx = ln 2 − cos x + C

1
x dx x dx e)
+C

f) 2 ⋅ ³ ln x ⋅
§ (ln x) 2 ·
4x + 1 4x + 1
dx = 2 ⋅ ¨ + C ¸ = (ln x)2 + C
1
© 2 ¹
Per a la integral que queda, ho expressem com a
quocient de la derivada d’una funció entre aquesta x

³ tgx ⋅
funció, i integrem:

³ 4x 2 + 1 = 8 ⋅ ³ 4x 2 + 1 = 8 ⋅ ln 4x + 1 + C
1 (tgx)2 tg 2 x
x dx 1 8x dx 1 g) dx = + C = +C
2
cos2 x 2 2

Així: ³ ³ dx = ³ sinx ⋅ (2 cos x + 1)

1
sinx −
2
(2x − 1)2 1 h) dx =
dx = x − 4 ⋅ ⋅ ln 4x 2 + 1 + C = 2 cos x + 1

= − ⋅ ³ (2 cos x + 1) 2 ⋅ (−2sinx) dx =
2
4x + 1 8
1
1 1 −

= x − ⋅ ln 4x 2 + 1 + C 2
§ x 5x 2 3x 2 · ª º
2

c) ³ ¨ + − + dx = ³ x 2 dx + 5⋅ ³ x dx − 1 « (2 cos x + 1) 2 »
3 1

©x x x ¹̧ = − ⋅« + C » = − 2 cos x + 1 + C
2 « »
x

−3⋅ ³ dx + 2 ⋅ ³ x −1 dx = ⋅ x 3 + 5⋅ ⋅ x 2 −
1
1 1 ¬ ¼
⋅ ³ cos(3x + 5) ⋅ 3 dx = ⋅ [sin(3x + 5) + C] =
2
3 2 1 1
3 2 39. a)
x 5x 3 3
−3⋅ x + 2 ⋅ln x + C = + − 3x + 2ln x + C
3 2 sin(3x + 5)
= +C
d) Comencem factoritzant el numerador mitjançant la 3

5 ³
regla de Ruffini:
1 1 sin5x
1 0 0 1 b) ⋅ cos 5x ⋅ 5 dx = ⋅ (sin5x + C) = +C
5 5

³ (sinx)
–1 –1 1 –1
1 –1 1 0 2 (sinx)3 sin 3 x
c) ⋅ cos x dx = +C= +C
3 3

⋅ ³ sin(6x + 2) ⋅ 6 dx = ⋅ [ − cos(6x + 2) + C] =
Així, doncs:

³ (x + 1)2 ³ x + 1 dx
(x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1) x2 − x + 1 4 4
dx = d)
6 6
2 cos(6x + 2)
Dividim els dos polinomis: =− +C
3

e) − ⋅ ³ cos( −2x 2 + 3) ⋅ ( −4) ⋅ x dx =

x2 − x + 1 x +1
1
–( x 2 + x ) x–2
–2x+1 4

= − ⋅ ª¬sin(−2x 2 + 3) + C º¼ = −
–(–2x–2) 1 sin(−2x 2 + 3)
+C
3 4 4

4-17
 ³ ³
a f) 4 ⋅ sinx dx − 2 ⋅ cos x dx = −4 cos x − 2sinx + C Ÿ dx = 5 ⋅cos t dt

1
⋅ ³ sin(2 ln x) ⋅ dx = ⋅ [ − cos(2ln x) + C] =
2 1 ³ 5 − x 2 dx = 5 ⋅ ³ 1 − sin 2 t ⋅ 5 ⋅ cos t dt =

= 5 ⋅ ³ cos2 t ⋅ cos t dt = 5 ⋅ ³ cos2 t dt =

g)
2 x 2
cos(2 ln x)

= 5⋅ ³ ¨ ¸dt = ⋅ ³ (1 + cos 2t)dt = ⋅ ³ dt +

§ 1 + cos 2t ·
=− +C
2
§ x2 · 2 5 ª § x2 · º
h) ⋅ ³ sin ¨ ¸ ⋅ ⋅ x dx = ⋅ « − cos ¨ ¸ + C » =
5 5
5 © 2 ¹ 2 2
© 5 ¹ 5 2 ¬ © 5 ¹ ¼
+ ⋅ ³ cos 2t dt = ⋅ t + ⋅ ⋅ sin2t + C =
2
§x ·
5 5 5 1
5cos ¨ ¸
2
2 2 2 2
© 5 ¹ +C § x · 5 ª § x ·º
⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸ + ⋅ sin « 2 ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸» + C
=− 5
© 5¹ 4 ¬ © 5 ¹¼
=

40. a) ³ dx = ³ sec2 2x dx = ⋅ ³ sec2 2x ⋅ 2 dx =

2 2

³ x 2 − x 4 dx = ³ x 2 (1 − x 2 ) dx = ³ x 1 − x 2 dx
1 1
2
cos 2x 2 e)

Canvi: t = 1− x 2 Ÿ dt = −2x dx Ÿ x dx = −
1 tg2x
= ⋅ [ tg2x + C] = +C dt
2 2

³ sin dx = ³ cos ec2 5x dx =

2

³ x 2 − x 4 dx = − ⋅ ³ t dt = − ⋅ ⋅ t 2 + C =
1
b) 2
1 1 2 3
5x

= ⋅ ³ cos ec2 5x ⋅ 5 dx = −
2 2 3
1 cot g5x 3
+C 1
5 5 = − ⋅ (1 − x 2 ) 2 + C

³ cos x dx − ³ cos x ⋅ sinx dx = ³ cos x dx +

3

f) Fem el canvi de variable: t = lnx Ÿ dt =

3
41. a) dx

+ ³ cos3 x ⋅ (−sinx) dx = sinx +

x

³x dx = ³
cos 4 x
+C 1 dt

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ cos x dx =

4 = arcsint + C =
2
2 3 2 2 1 − (ln x) 1 − t2
b)

= ³ sin 2 x ⋅ (1 − sin 2 x) ⋅ cos x dx = ³ sin 2 x ⋅ cos x dx −

= arcsin(ln x) + C

− ³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ dx = ³ dx = ³
x x +1−1 x +1
4 sin 3 x sin 5 x 43. a) dx −
− +C x +1 x +1 x +1

−³
3 5
dx
42. Calculem aplicant el mètode de substitució: x +1
a) Canvi de variable: t = x – 2 Ÿ dt = dx Fem: t = x + 1 Ÿ dt = dx

³ x − 2 dx = ³ t dt = ³ dx = ³ dt − ³ = ³ t 2 dx − ³ t 2 dx =
1 1
2 23 2 3 x t dt −
2
⋅ t + C = ⋅ (x − 2) +C
x +1 t t
b) Emprem el canvi: t = 4 – x2 Ÿ dt = – 2x dx Ÿ
3 3
2 23 1
2 3

Ÿ x dx = − dt
=⋅ t − 2 ⋅ t 2 + C = ⋅ (x + 1) 2 − 2 x + 1 + C
1
b) Fem el canvi de variable: t = x2 + x + 1 Ÿ
3 3

³ 4 − x ⋅ x dx = − 2 ⋅ ³ t dt = − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ t 2 + C =
2
2 1 1 2 3 Ÿ dt = (2x + 1) dx

³ dx = ³
2x + 1 dt 1 1
1 3
=− +C=− 2 +
= − ⋅ (4 − x2 )2 + C (x 2
+ x + 1)
2
t 2
t x + x +1

c) Emprem el canvi: t = x – 1 Ÿ dt = dx
3

³ (x − 1)2 dx = ³ t 2 dt = − t + C = − x − 1 + C
+C
1 1 1 1 c) Canvi: t = 20x 3 − 40 Ÿ dt = 60x 2dx Ÿ

Ÿ x 2dx =
³ 5 − x 2 dx = ³
§ x2 ·
dt
5 ¨ 1 − ¸ dx =
³ 3x ⋅ ln ª¬5 ( 4x 3 − 8 )º¼ dx = ³ 3x 2 ⋅ ln ( 20x 3 −
60
© 5 ¹
d)
2

= 5 ⋅ ³ 1− ¨
§ x ·
¸ dx ⋅ ³ ln t dt = ⋅ ( t ⋅ ln t − t ) + C =
2

© 5¹
3 1
−40 ) dx =
60 20
Ÿ
x ( 20x − 40 ) ⋅ ln ( 20x − 40 ) − ( 20x 3 − 40 )
3 3
Ara fem el canvi: sint =
5 = +
20

4-18
 ³ x ⋅e dx = x ⋅ ⋅ e2x − ⋅ ³ e2x dx =
+C = ( x 3 − 2 ) ⋅ ln ( 20x 3 − 40 ) − x 3 + C 2x 1 1

d) Emprem el canvi: t = x 2 Ÿ dt = 2x dx
2 2

³ 2x ⋅ sin ( x ) dx = ³ sint dt = − cos t + C =

1 1 e2x 1 1
2
= ⋅ x ⋅ e 2x − ⋅ = ⋅ x ⋅ e 2x − ⋅ e 2x + C
2 2 2 2 4
d) u = 2x −1Ÿ du = 2 dx ; dv = e x dx Ÿ v = e x

³e (2x − 1) dx = (2x − 1) ⋅ e x − ³ e x ⋅ 2 dx =
= − cos ( x ) + C 2

e) Canvi: t = −2x Ÿ dt = −4x dx Ÿ 5x dx = − dt

x
2 5

³ 5x ⋅ e dx = − 4 ⋅ ³ e dt = − 4 ⋅ e + C =
4
= (2x − 1) ⋅ e x − 2 ⋅ e x + C = e x (2x − 3) + C

e) u = x 2 + 5 Ÿ du = 2x dx ; dv = e − x dx Ÿ v = −e − x
−2x 2 5 t 5 t

³ (x + 5) ⋅ e − x dx = −(x 2 + 5) ⋅ e − x + ³ e − x ⋅ 2x dx =
5 2 2
= − ⋅ e −2x + C

= −(x 2 + 5) ⋅ e − x + 2 ⋅ ³ e − x ⋅ x dx
4
f) Canvi de variable: t = 4 + 9x 4 Ÿ dt = 36x 3 dx Ÿ

Ÿ 7x 3 dx = u = x Ÿ du = dx, dv = e − x dx Ÿ v = −e − x
7 Integrem per parts de nou, prenent ara el canvi
dt

³ x ⋅e dx = − x ⋅ e − x + ³ e − x dx = − x ⋅ e − x − e − x + C
36

³ ⋅³
1 −x
7x 3 7 dt 7
dx = = ⋅ 2 ⋅ t2 + C =
4 + 9x 4 36 t 36

³ (x
Així:
7 2
+ 5) ⋅ e − x dx = −(x 2 + 5) ⋅ e − x +
= ⋅ 4 + 9x 4 + C
18
u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx ; dv = e x dx Ÿ v = e x +2 ⋅ ( − x ⋅ e − x − e − x ) + C = −e − x ⋅ ( x 2 + 2x + 7 ) + C

³x ⋅ e x dx = x 2 ⋅ e x − ³ e x ⋅ 2x dx =x 2 ⋅ e x −
44. a)
2
f) u = x 2 +1Ÿ du = 2x dx ; dv = e − x Ÿ v = −e − x

−2 ⋅ ³ e x ⋅ x dx ³ e ⋅ ( x + 1) dx = − ( x + 1) ⋅ e + ³ e − x ⋅ 2x dx =
−x 2 2 −x

Tornem a integrar per parts, ara amb: u = x Ÿ = − ( x + 1) ⋅ e + 2 ⋅ ³ x ⋅ e dx

Ÿ du = dx
2 −x −x

³ x ⋅ e dx = x ⋅ e − ³ e dx = x ⋅ e − e + C u = x Ÿ du = dx, dv = e − x Ÿ v = −e − x
Integrem per parts aquesta última integral, emprant
x x x x x

³ x ⋅e dx = − x ⋅ e − x + ³ e − x dx = − x ⋅ e − x − e − x + C
³x
Així, doncs: −x

2
⋅ e x dx = x 2 ⋅ e x − 2 ⋅ ( x ⋅ e x − e x ) + C =

³ e ⋅ ( x + 1) dx = − ( x + 1) ⋅ e +
Així, doncs:
2 x x x −x 2 2 −x
= x ⋅ e − 2x ⋅ e + 2 ⋅ e + C
b) u = x 3 Ÿ du = 3x 2 dx ; dv = e x dx Ÿ v = e x

³x ⋅ e x dx = x 3 ⋅ e x − ³ e x ⋅ 3x 2 dx = x 3 ⋅ e x −
+2 ⋅ ( − x ⋅ e − e ) + C = −e ( x + 2x + 3) + C
−x −x −x 2

45. a) Tenim: u = lnx Ÿ du = dx ; dv = x dx Ÿ v =

−3 ⋅ ³ x 2 ⋅ e x dx
1 x2
x 2

Tornem a integrar per parts, amb u = x 2 Ÿ ³ x ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ³ ⋅ dx =

x2 x2 1

Ÿ du = 2x dx , dv = e x dx Ÿ v = e x
2 2 x

− ⋅ ³ x dx =
³x ⋅ e x dx = x 2 ⋅ e x − ³ e x ⋅ 2x dx =x 2 ⋅ e x −
ln x ⋅ x 2 1 ln x ⋅ x 2 1 x 2
2 = − ⋅ +C=
2 2 2 2 2

−2 ⋅ ³ e x ⋅ x dx § ln x 1 ·
− + C = x2 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
ln x ⋅ x 2 x 2
© 2 4¹
=
2 4

b) Fem: u = lnx Ÿ du =
Integrem per parts un altre cop, ara amb:
u = x Ÿ du = dx, dv = e x dx Ÿ v = e x
1
dx

³ x ⋅e dx = x ⋅ e x − ³ e x dx = x ⋅ e x − e x + C
x

dv = x 2 dx Ÿ v =
x x3

³ 3 ³ 3 x
3

³ x ⋅e dx = e ⋅ x − 3x + 6x − 6 + C
Per tant, la integral original queda així: x3 x3 1
2
3 x x 3 2
( ) x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ⋅ dx =

c) u = x Ÿ du = dx; dv = e 2x dx Ÿ v = − ⋅ ³ x 2 dx =
1 2x ln x ⋅ x 3 1 ln x ⋅ x 3 1 x 3
⋅e = − ⋅ +C=
2 3 3 3 3 3

4-19
 ³ x ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ³ ⋅ dx =
§ ln x 1 ·
= x3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
x2 x2 1
© 3 9¹ 2 2 x

c) Emprem: u = ln(x + 1) Ÿ du = − ⋅ ³ x dx =
1 ln x ⋅ x 2 1 ln x ⋅ x 2 1 x 2
dx = − ⋅ +C=
2 2 2 2 2
dv = dx Ÿ v = x
x +1
§ ln x 1 ·
− + C = x2 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
ln x ⋅ x 2 x 2

³ ln(x + 1) dx = ln(x + 1) ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅ x + 1 dx =
© 2 4¹
=
1 2 4

= ln(x + 1) ⋅ x − ³
I finalment:

³ x ⋅ (ln x) dx =
§ ln x 1 ·
x +1−1
− x2 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C=
dx = ln(x + 1) ⋅ x − (ln x)2 ⋅ x 2
© 2 4¹
2
x +1

− ³ dx + ³
2
ª (ln x)2 ln x 1 º
dx
= x2 ⋅ « + »+C
= ln(x + 1) ⋅ x − x + ln(x + 1) + C =
¬ 2 4¼
x +1 −
= (x + 1) ⋅ ln(x + 1) − x + C 2

d) u = ln x 2 + 1 Ÿ du = f) Prenem: u = ln x Ÿ du =
1 1
dx
( ) 2
x +1
⋅ 2x dx x

dv = x dx Ÿ v = Ÿv=−
x2 dx 1
dv = 2
x x

³ x 2 dx = − ln x ⋅ x + ³ x ⋅ x dx = − x + ³ x 2 =
2

³ x ⋅ ln ( x + 1) dx = ln ( x + 1) ⋅
x2 ln x 1 1 1 ln x dx
2 2
−
2

−³ ⋅ 2
ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ x 2 ln x 1 ln x + 1
x2 1 =− − +C=− +C
⋅ 2x dx = − x x x
2 x +1 2

−³ u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx
x2 ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ x 2 46. a)
⋅ x dx = −
dv = sin2x dx Ÿ v = −
x2 + 1 2 cos 2x

−³ − ³ x dx +
2 ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ x 2

³ x ⋅ sin2x dx = −x ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos 2x +
x +1−1 2
⋅ x dx =
x2 + 1 2 2 2 1

+³ − +³ 2
+ ⋅ ³ cos 2x ⋅ 2x dx = − + ³ cos 2x ⋅ x dx
x ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ x 2 x 2 x
2
dx = dx + C 1 x 2 ⋅ cos 2x
x +1 2 2 x +1
2 2
Per a la integral que falta, fem el canvi:
Tornem a integrar per parts:
t = x 2 +1Ÿ dt = 2x dx Ÿ x dx = u = x Ÿ du = dx ; dv = cos 2x dx Ÿ v = ⋅ sin2x
dt 1
2

³x dx = ³ = ⋅ ln t = ⋅ ln x 2 + 1
³ cos 2x dx = x ⋅ 2 ⋅ sin2x − 2 ⋅ ³ sin2x dx =
2
x dt 1 1 1 1
2
+1 2t 2 2
I així: x ⋅ sin2x 1 1 x ⋅ sin2x

³ x ⋅ ln (1 + x
= + ⋅ ⋅ cos 2x + C = +
ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ x 2 x2 2 2 2 2
2
) dx = 2
−
2
+ 1
+ ⋅ cos 2x + C
+ ⋅ ln x 2 + 1 + C = ⋅ ª¬( x 2 + 1) ⋅ ln ( x 2 + 1) − x 2 º¼ +
1 1 4
Així, doncs:

³ x ⋅ sin2x dx = − 2 + 2 +
2 2
2 x 2 ⋅ cos 2x x ⋅ sin2x
+C
e) u = (ln x) 2 Ÿ du = 2 ⋅ln x ⋅ dx cos 2x § 2 1 · x ⋅ sin2x
1
⋅ ¨ −x + ¸ +
cos 2x
© 2¹
x + +C= +C

dv = x dx Ÿ v =
4 2 2
b) Fem: u = sinx Ÿ du = cosx dx
x2
2

³ x ⋅ (ln x) dx = (ln x) ⋅ − ³ ⋅2⋅ dv = e 2x dx Ÿ v = ⋅ e 2x

1
2 2 x2 x2 ln x
dx =

³ e ⋅ sinx dx = sinx ⋅ 2 ⋅ e − 2 ⋅ ³ e ⋅ cos x dx

2 2 x 2

− ³ ln x ⋅ x dx
2x 1 2x 1 2x
(ln x)2 ⋅ x 2

Integrant per parts un altre cop, amb: u = cosx Ÿ

=
2
La integral que queda, un altre cop per parts: Ÿ du = – sinx dx
u = lnx Ÿ du =
³e ⋅ cos x dx = cos x ⋅ ⋅ e2x + ⋅ ³ e 2x ⋅ sinx dx
1 x2 1 1
dx ; dv = x dx → v = 2x
x 2 2 2

4-20
 Tornem a la integral inicial: + ³ (x − sinx) ⋅ sinx dx = (1 + cos x)(x − sinx) +

³ e ⋅ sinx dx = sinx ⋅ 2 ⋅ e − 2 ⋅ «¬cos x ⋅ 2 ⋅ e +

1 2x 1 ª
+ ³ (x ⋅ sinx − sin 2 x) dx + C
2x 1 2x

+ ⋅ ³ e2x ⋅ sinx dx » + C =
º ³ sin x dx = (1 + cos x)(x − sinx) + ³ x ⋅ sinx dx −
2
1 sinx ⋅ e2x cos x ⋅ e2x
¼
− ³ sin 2 x dx + C
− −
2 2 4

− ⋅ ³ e2x ⋅ sinx dx + C
2 ⋅ ³ sin 2 x dx = (1 + cos x)(x − sinx) +
1
4

⋅ ³ e2x ⋅ sinx dx = + ³ x ⋅ sinx dx + C

5 sinx ⋅ e 2x cos x ⋅ e2x
− +C
4 2 4

⋅ ³ e2x ⋅ sinx dx =
e2x § ·
⋅ ¨ sinx − ⋅ cos x ¸ + C
La segona integral també la resolem per parts:
u = x Ÿ du = dx ; dv = sinx dx Ÿ v = − cos x
5 1
2 © ¹
³ x ⋅ sinx dx = −x ⋅ cos x + ³ cos x dx = −x ⋅ cos x +
4 2

³ e ⋅ sinx dx =
§ ·
⋅ ¨ sinx − ⋅ cos x ¸ + C
2 ⋅ e2x 1
© ¹
2x

c) Tenim: u = sin ( x
5 2 +sinx + C
) Ÿ du = 2x ⋅ cos ( x ) dx
2 ⋅ ³ sin 2 x dx = (1 + cos x)(x − sinx) − x ⋅ cos x +
2 2
Així:

dv = x dx Ÿ v =
x2
2 +sinx + C

³ x ⋅ sen ( x ) dx = sin ( x ) ⋅ ³ sin x dx = 2 ⋅ [ x − sinx + x ⋅ cos x − cos x ⋅ sinx −

2
2 2 x 2 1
−
2

−³
x2 x 2 ⋅ sin ( x 2 ) − x ⋅ cos x + sinx ] + C

³ sin x dx = 2 ⋅ (x − sinx ⋅ cos x) + C

⋅ 2x ⋅ cos ( x 2 ) dx = −

− ³ x ⋅ cos ( x
2 2 2 1
3 2
) dx
Fem un canvi en la integral, que queda: 47. Calculem les integrals:
dt a) u = x Ÿ du = dx; dv = cosx dx Ÿ v = sinx

³ x ⋅ cos x dx = x ⋅ sinx − ³ sinx dx =

t = x 2 → dt = 2x dx → x dx =
2

³ x ⋅ x ⋅ cos ( x ) dx = ³ t ⋅ cos t ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅ ³ t ⋅ cos t dt

2 2 dt 1
= x ⋅ sinx + cos x + C
Tornem a integrar per parts: u = t Ÿ du = dt b) u = sinx Ÿ du = cosx dx
dv = cost dt Ÿ v = sint
dv = sin3x dx Ÿ v = − ⋅ cos 3x
1

2 ³
⋅ t ⋅ cos t dt = ⋅ ª¬ t ⋅ sint − ³ sint ⋅ dt º¼ =
1 1 3

³ sinx ⋅ sin3x dx = −sinx ⋅ 3 ⋅ cos 3x +

2 1
x ⋅ sin ( x 2 2
) + cos ( x ) + C
2

+ ⋅ ³ cos 3x ⋅ cos x dx = −
t ⋅ sint cos t
= + +C= 1 sinx ⋅ cos 3x
2 2 2 2 +
3 3

+ ⋅ ³ cos x ⋅ cos 3x dx + C
Així, la integral original queda:

³ x ⋅ sin ( x ) dx =
1
2
x 2 ⋅ sin ( x 2 ) x 2 ⋅ sin ( x 2 )
− − 3
2 2

u = cosx Ÿ du = – sinx dx
Tornem a integrar per parts:
cos ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2 )
− +C=− +C
dv = cos3x dx Ÿ v =
³ sin x dx = ³ (1 − cos x ) dx =
2 2 1
⋅ sin3x

³ cos x ⋅ cos 3x dx = cos x ⋅ 3 ⋅ sin3x +

2 2

= ³ (1 − cos x )(1 + cos x ) dx

d) 3
1

+ ⋅ ³ sin3x ⋅ sinx dx =
Per integrar per parts, tenim:
u = 1 + cos x Ÿ du = −sinx dx
1 cos x ⋅ sin3x
+
3 3

+ ⋅ ³ sin3x ⋅ sinx dx + C
dv = (1 − cos x) dx Ÿ v = x − sinx

³ sin x dx = (1 + cos x)(x − sinx) +

1
2 3
Per tant:

4-21
 ³ sinx ⋅ sin3x dx = −
2 ª 23 2 5º 2 ª3 5 º
⋅ « x (x − 1) − ⋅ x 2 » + C = ⋅ « ⋅ x 2 − x 2 » + C
3
sinx ⋅ cos 3x
3 ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
+ =

+ ⋅ ³ sinx ⋅ sin3x dx » + C =
3
1 ª cos x ⋅ sin3x 1 º
5 3 5
+ ⋅«
3 ¬ ¼ b) Tenim: u = lnx Ÿ du = Ÿv=2 x
dx dx
3 3 ; dv =
x

³ x dx = ln x ⋅ 2 x − 2 ⋅ ³ x ⋅ x dx + C =
sinx ⋅ cos 3x cos x ⋅ sin3x x
=− + + ln x 1

+ ⋅ ³ sinx ⋅ sin3x dx + C
3 9

= 2 x ⋅ ln x − 2 ⋅ ³
1
dx

⋅ ³ sinx ⋅ sin3x dx = −
9 + C = 2 x ⋅ ln x −
8 sinx ⋅ cos 3x x
+
9 3 −2 ⋅ 2 x + C = 2 x ⋅ (ln x − 2) + C
cos x ⋅ sin3x c) Primer, fem un canvi de variable:
t' = x + 1 Ÿ dt' = dx, x2 = (t' – 1)2
+ +C

³ sinx ⋅ sin3x dx = − 8 ⋅ sinx ⋅ cos 3x +

9

³ dx = ³
3
x2 (t '− 1) 2
dt '
1 1+ x t'
+ ⋅ cos x ⋅ sin3x + C
8 A continuació fem un altre canvi:
c) Fem: u = arcsinx Ÿ du =
dx 1 dt '
t = t ' → dt = dt ' → = 2 dt
1 − x2
dv = dx Ÿ v = x
2 t' t'

³ arcsinx dx = arcsinx ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅
³ dx = 2 ⋅ ³ t 2 −1 dt = 2⋅ ³ t 2 −1 t 2 −1 dt
x2 2
1
dx + C 1+ x
( ) ( )( )
2
1− x
Ara resolem per parts:
Per a la integral que queda fem el canvi:
t = 1− x 2 Ÿ dt = −2x dx Ÿ x dx = −
dt u = t 2 −1Ÿ du = 2t dt

dv = t 2 −1 dt Ÿ v =
³ 1 − x 2 dx = − 2 ⋅ ³ t = − 2 ⋅ 2 t + C =
2 t3
x 1 dt 1 ( ) 3
−t

ª
³
§ t3 ·
dx = 2 ⋅ «( t 2 − 1) ¨ − t ¸ −
x2
¬ ©3 ¹
= − 1 − x2 + C
1+ x

³ arcsinx dx = x ⋅ arcsinx +
º
− ³ ¨ − t ¸ 2t dt » + C = 2 ( t 2 − 1) ¨ − t ¸ −
§ t3 · § t3 ·
I finalment:

©3 ¹ ©3 ¹
1 − x2 + C
¼
³ sin x dx = ³ x ⋅ cos ec x dx ; i fem: −2 ⋅ ³ dt + 2 ⋅ ³ 2t 2 dt + C =
x 2
d) 2 2t 4
3
u = x → du = dx ; dv = cos ec 2 x dx → v = − cot gx

³ sen 2 x dx = −x ⋅ cot gx + ³ cot gx dx =

2t 5 2t 3 4 4
x = − − 2t 3 + 2t − ⋅ t 5 + ⋅ t 3 + C =
3 3 15 3
§2 ·
= − x ⋅ cot gx + ³
= t ⋅ ¨ ⋅ t4 − ⋅ t2 + 2 ¸ + C
4
©5 ¹
cos x
dx 3
Com que t = t ' = x +1 Ÿ t 2 = x +1 , i t4 = x2 +
sinx

t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx
Per a la segona integral fem el canvi:

³ 1 + x dx = x + 1 ⋅ «¬ 5 ⋅ ( x + 1 + 2x ) −
+ 1 + 2x
ª2
³ sinx dx = ³
x2 2
cos x dt
= ln t + C = ln sinx + C
º ª 2x 2 8x 16 º
Així, doncs: ³ 2 dx = − x ⋅ cot gx + ln sinx + C
t
− ⋅ (x + 1) + 2 » + C = x + 1 ⋅ «
15 15 ¼»
4
¼ ¬ 5
x − + +C
3

48. a) u = x – 1 Ÿ du = dx
sin x

³ x ⋅ ln x dx = ³ ¨© x − 2x ⋅ ln x ¸¹ dx =
4 − 2x 2 § 4 ln x ·
d)
dv = x dx Ÿ v = ⋅ x 2
2 3
= 4⋅³ dx − 2 ⋅ ³ x ⋅ ln x dx
3 ln x

³ 3 ³
2 23 2 3 x
2
(x − 1) x dx = (x − 1) ⋅ ⋅ x − ⋅ x dx =

³ x
3 La primera integral la fem directament:
3 1 (ln x)2
2 2 2 5 ln x ⋅ dx = +C
= ⋅ ( x − 1) ⋅ x 2 − ⋅ ⋅ x 2 + C = 2
3 3 5
La segona integral la resolem per parts:

4-22
 ³ x(x + 1) dx = ³ ¨© x − x − 1 ¸¹ dx = ln x − ln x + 1 +
u = ln x → du =
1
dx ; dv = x dx → v =
x2 1 §1 1 ·

³ x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ 2 − ³ 2 ⋅ x dx = 2 −
x 2
2 2
x x 1 ln x ⋅ x 2 +C

− ⋅ ³ x dx =
1 1 A B A(x + 2) + Bx
1 ln x ⋅ x 2 1 1 2 b) 2 = = + = =
− ⋅ ⋅x +C = x + 2x x(x + 2) x x + 2 x(x + 2)
2 2 2 2
x(A + B) + 2A
ln x ⋅ x 2 1 2 =
= − ⋅x +C x(x + 2)
­ A = −B
2 4
­° A + B = 0 °
³ x
Per tant:
® Ÿ® ŸB=−
1
°̄ 2A = 1
4 − 2x 2 (ln x) 2 ln x ⋅ x 2
°̄ A = 2
⋅ ln x dx = 4 ⋅ − 2 ⋅ + 1
2 2 2

§1 1 ·
1 x2
+2 ⋅ ⋅ x 2 + C = 2 ⋅ (ln x)2 − ln x ⋅ x 2 +
¨2 ¸
+C

³ x 2 + 2x dx = ³ ¨ x − x +2 2 ¸ dx = 2 ⋅ ª¬ln x −
4 2
1 1
¨ ¸
© ¹
49. Calculem les integrals següents:

³ 4x + 1 dx = 4 ⋅ ³ − ln x + 2 º¼ + C
1 1 1 1 1
a) dx = ⋅ ln x + + C
1 4 4
x+

c) x 2 −1 = (x + 1)(x −1) Ÿ
4

b) ³ dx = 2 ⋅ ³ dx + ³
2 A B
2x + 1 x 1 =
2
+
dx = x −1 x +1 x −1

= 2⋅³ dx + ³ = 2 ⋅ ³ dx +
x−2 x−2 x−2
2 A(x − 1) + B(x + 1) x(A + B) − A + B
x−2+2 1 = =
x2 − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1) (x + 1)(x − 1)

+2 ⋅ ³ dx + ³
x−2 x−2
2 1 Comparem numeradors:
­ A+B=0
dx = 2x + 4 ⋅ ln x − 2 +
®
x−2 x−2
+ ln x − 2 + C = 2x + 5 ⋅ ln x − 2 + C ¯−A + B = 2

³ ¨© x ¸¹ ³ ³ x = 2 + ln x + C
§ 1· dx x 2 De la primera equació, A = – B, i emprant la se-
c) x + dx = x dx +
B+B=2 Ÿ B=1 Ÿ A=í1
gona:

³ x 2 + 1 dx = ³ dx − ³ x 2 + 1 = x − arctgx + C
³x dx = ³ ¨ −
§ 1 ·
x2 + 1 − 1 dx
¸ dx =
d) 2 1
© −1¹
2
+
e) El denominador no té arrels reals, i per tant no −1 x + 1 x
resoldrem la integral pel mètode de les funcions = − ln x + 1 + ln x − 1 + C
racionals. Emprem un canvi de variable:
u = x 2 +1Ÿ du = 2x dx Ÿ 6x dx = 3 du
d) El més senzill és fer un canvi de variable:
u = 3x í 4 Ÿ du = 3 dx Ÿ dx =
du

³x dx = ³
³ (3x − 4)2 dx = 3 ⋅ ³ u 2 = 3 ⋅ ¨© − u ¸¹ + C =
6x 3 du 3
1 du 1 § 1 ·
2
= 3 ⋅ ln x 2 + 1 + C
+1 u 1
f) El denominador no té arrels reals. Fem el canvi:
u = x 2 + 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx Ÿ x dx =
du 1 1 1
=− ⋅ +C=− +C
3 3x − 4 9x − 12

³ x 2 + 2 3 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ u3 = 2 ⋅ ¨© − 2 ¸¹ ⋅ u + C =
2
x 1 du 1 § 1 · −2
51. a) Factoritzem el denominador mitjançant la regla de
( ) Ruffini:
1 1 1 í1 í1
=− 2
+C 1 1 2 1
4 ( x2 + 2) 1 2 1 0
í1 í1 í1
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx 1 1 0
50. a) = + = =
x ( x + 1) x x + 1 x(x + 1) Així:
x(A + B) + A 2x + 1 2x + 1 A B
= = = + +
x(x + 1) x 3 + x 2 − x − 1 (x − 1)(x + 1)2 x − 1 x + 1
Igualem numeradors:
°­ A + B = 0
C
+ =
® Ÿ B = −A = −1
(x + 1) 2
°̄ A = 1

4-23
 A(x + 1)2 + B(x − 1)(x + 1) + C(x − 1) El quocient que queda és de grau P(x) < grau Q(x),
= =
(x − 1)(x + 1) 2 i per tant descomponem en fraccions simples:

x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 Ÿ x = Ÿ
A(x 2 + 1 + 2x) + B(x 2 − 1) + C(x − 1) 2 ± 4 + 4⋅3 2 ± 4
= = =
(x − 1)(x + 1) 2
Ÿ x1 = 3, x2 = í1
2 2
x 2 (A + B) + x(2A + C) + A − B − C
=
(x − 1)(x + 1) 2 x 2 − 2x − 3 = (x − 3)(x + 1)
Igualem numeradors:
­ A+B=0
13x + 22 A B A(x + 1) + B(x − 3)
= + = =
°
2
x − 2x − 3 x − 3 x + 1 (x − 3)(x + 1)
® 2A + C = 2
°A − B − C = 1
¯
x(A + B) + A − 3B
=
(x − 3)(x + 1)
De la primera equació: A = íB Comparem numeradors:
­ A + B = 13
3A í B = 3 Ÿ 4A = 3
Si sumem la segona i la tercera:
®
¯ A − 3B = 22
A= ŸB=−
3 3
4 4 Si restem les dues equacions:
4B = −9 Ÿ B = −
3 1 9
C = 2 − 2A = 2 − =
2 2 4
3 3 1 61
A = 13 − B =
2x + 1 4
= 4 − 4 + 2
(x − 1)(x + 1) 2 x − 1 x + 1 (x + 1) 2 61 9
13x + 22 4
I la integral resulta: I per tant: 2 = − 4

³x dx = ⋅ ³ − ⋅³
x − 2x − 3 x − 3 x + 1
2x + 1 3 dx 3 dx
+ Aleshores, la integral queda:

³ x 2 − 2x − 3 dx = ³ ¨© x + 2x + 7 + 4(x − 3) −
§ 2
3 2
+ x − x −1 4 x −1 4 x +1

+ ⋅³
1 dx x 4 − 7x + 1 61
2 (x + 1)2
9 ·
¸
x3 x2 61
u = x + 1 Ÿ du = dx 4(x + 1) ¹
Per a la tercera integral podem fer el canvi: − dx = + 2 ⋅ + 7x + ⋅ ln x − 3 −
3 2 4

³ (x + 1)2 = ³ u 2 = − u + C = − x + 1 + C
dx du 1 1 9 x3 61
− ⋅ ln x + 1 + C = + x 2 + 7x + ⋅ ln x − 3 −
4 3 4
9

³ x 3 + x 2 − x − 1 dx = 4 ⋅ ln x − 1 − 4 ⋅ ln x + 1 −
Finalment: − ⋅ ln x + 1 + C
4
2x + 1 3 3
52. Les integrals queden:
1 a) Comencem factoritzant el denominador:
4x 3 − 9x = x(4x 2 − 9) = x ª¬(2x) 2 − 32 º¼ =
− +C
2(x + 1)
b) Com que grau P(x) > grau Q(x), dividim els dos = x(2x + 3)(2x − 3)
polinomis:
24x 2 + 6x − 18 A B C
4 2 = + + =
x − 7x + 1 x − 2x − 3 3
4x − 9x x 2x + 3 2x − 3
A(2x + 3)(2x − 3) + Bx(2x − 3) + Cx(2x + 3)
− ( x 4 − 2x 3 − 3x 2 ) x 2 + 2x + 7 = =
x(2x + 3)(2x − 3)
2x 3 + 3x 2 − 7x + 1 x 2 (4A − 2B + 2C) + x( −3B + 3C) − 9A
=
x(2x + 3)(2x − 3)
− ( 2x 3 − 4x 2 − 6x )
Igualem numeradors:
­ 4A + 2B + 2C = 24
° °­
7x 2 − x + 1
® Ÿ ® C−B = 2
°̄ °̄ A = 2
−3B + 3C = 6
− ( 7x − 14x − 21)
2
−9A = −18
13x + 22 De la primera de les equacions:
4
x − 7x + 1 13x + 22 2C = 24 − 4A − 2B = 24 − 4 ⋅ 2 − 2B = 16 − 2B
Així: 2
= x 2 + 2x + 7 + 2
x − 2x − 3 x − 2x − 3 C =8−B

4-24
 a) Fem el canvi: t = tgx Ÿ dx =
D’altra banda: C = 2 + B dt
1 + t2

³ tg x dx = ³
Igualem les dues últimes expressions:
8−B= 2+ B 4 t4
dt
8 − 2 = 2B 1+ t 2
B = 3Ÿ C = 8−3= 5 Ara tenim la integral d’una funció racional; divi-
dim els polinomis:
Així, doncs:

³ 4x 3 − 9x dx = ³ ¨© x + 2x + 3 + 2x − 3 ¸¹ dx =
§2 5 ·
t4 t2 + 1
24x 2 + 6x − 18 3
− ( t4 + t2 ) t2 − 1

1 1 −t2
= 2 ⋅ ln x + 3 ⋅ ⋅ ln 2x + 3 + 5 ⋅ ⋅ ln 2x − 3 + C =
2 2
− ( − t 2 − 1)
3 5
= 2 ⋅ ln x + ⋅ ln 2x + 3 + ⋅ ln 2x − 3 + C 1
2 2
Així:

³ tg x dx = ³ ¨© t dx = ³ t 2 dt − ³ dt +
§ 1 ·
b) Factoritzem el denominador mitjançant la regla de

1+ t ¹̧
Ruffini: 4 2
−1+ 2
1 4 1 í6

+³
1 1 5 6
dt t3
1 5 6 0 = − t + arctgt + C =
í3 í3 í6 1 + t2 3
1 2 0 tg 3x
= − tgx + x + C
Així: x 3 + 4x 2 + x − 6 = (x − 1)(x + 3)(x + 2) 3
1
12x 2 + 24x − 12 A B C b) Emprem que: sin 2 x = ⋅ (1 − cos 2x) , i que
3 2
= + + = 2
x + 4x − 6 x −1 x + 2 x + 3
1
A(x + 2)(x + 3) + B(x − 1)(x + 3) cos2 x = ⋅ (1 + cos 2x)
= + 2

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³
(x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
2 4 1 − cos 2x (1 + cos 2x) 2
C(x − 1)(x + 2) ⋅ dx =
2 4

= ⋅ ³ (1 − cos 2x)(1 + cos2 2x + 2 cos 2x) dx =

+ =
(x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) 1
2

= ⋅ ³ ( − cos3 2x − cos2 2x + cos 2x + 1) dx

x (A + B + C) + x(5A + 2B + C) + 6A − 3B − 2C 8
=
(x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) 1

Fem el canvi: u = 2x Ÿ du = 2 dx
Comparem els numeradors: 8
­ A + B + C = 12
°
® 5A + 2B + C = 24
°6A − 3B − 2C = −12 ³ sin x ⋅ cos 16 ³
2 41
⋅ cos3 u du −
¯
x dx = −

− ⋅ ³ cos2 u du + ⋅ ³ cos u du + ⋅ ³ du
1 1 1
Restem la primera equació de la segona:
4A + B = 12 Ÿ B = 12 − 4A
16 16 16

³ cos u du = ³ cos u ⋅ cos u du =

La primera integral:
Ara multipliquem la primera equació per 2 i hi su-
3 2
mem la tercera:
8A − B = 12 Ÿ B = 8A −12
= ³ (1 − sen u ) cos u du
2

Emprem el canvi: t = sinu Ÿ dt = cosu du

Igualem les dues expressions de B:
12 − 4A = 8A −12 Ÿ A = 2 Ÿ B = 8⋅ 2 −12 = 4 Ÿ
Ÿ C = 12 − A − B = 6
³ cos u du = ³ (1 − t 2 ) dt = t −
3 t3
+C=
I així, finalment: 3

³ x 3 + 4x 2 + x − 6 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x − 1 + 4 ⋅ ³ x + 2 +
12x 2 + 24x − 12 dx dx sin 3 u
= sinu − +C
3

+6 ⋅ ³
La segona integral:

³ cos u du = ³ ⋅ (1 + cos 2u)du = ⋅ u +

dx
= 2 ⋅ ln x − 1 + 4 ⋅ ln x + 2 +
x+3 2 1 1
+6 ⋅ ln x + 3 + C 2 2
Pàgina 115 1 1 u 1
+ ⋅ ⋅ sin2u + C = + ⋅ sin2u + C
2 2 2 4
53. Calculem les integrals trigonomètriques:
4-25
 La integral original queda així: Emprem el canvi de variable: t = tgx Ÿ
1 § sin u ·
³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = − ⋅ ¨ sinu − ¸− Ÿ dx =
3
dt t2 1
16 © 3 ¹
2 4
, sin 2
x = , cos2 x =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
1 + t2
1 §u 1 · sinu u
⋅ ¨ + ⋅ sin2u ¸ +
³ tg x ⋅ sec x dx = ³ § 1 +1 t ·3 ⋅ 1 + t 2 =
t2
16 © 2 4 ¹ 16 16
− + +C= 2 dt
2 4

¨ 2 ¸
©1+ t ¹
sin2x sin 3 2x 2x sin4x sin2x 2x
=− + − − + + +

= ³ t 2 (1 + t 2 ) dt = ³ ( t 2 + t 4 ) dt =
16 48 32 64 16 16
sin 3 2x sin4x x t3 t5
+C = − + +C + +C=

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ sin x ⋅ cos

48 64 16 3 5
c) 3 3 3 2
x ⋅ cos x dx = tg 3x tg5 x

= ³ sin x (1 − sin x ) cos x dx =

= + +C
3 5
f) Fem el canvi: u = tgx Ÿ du = sec2x dx
3 2

= ³ ( sin x − sin x ) cos x dx

³ tg x ⋅ sec x dx = ³ u du =
3 5
u4 tg 4 x
Canvi de variable: u = sinx Ÿ du = cosx dx
3 2 3
+C= +C
4 4

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ ( u − u ) du = 54. a) Emprem el canvi: t = tgx Ÿ dx =

3 3 3 5 u4 u6
− +C= dt
4 6 ,
1 + t2
sin 4 x sin 6 x
= − +C t2 1
4 6 sin 2 x = , cos2 x =

³ cot g x dx = ³ sin x
1+ t 2
1 + t2
4 cos 4 x

³ cos x ³ § 1 · 1+ t ³
d) 4
dx t2
2 3
sin x 1 + t 2 ⋅ dt = t 2 dt = t + C =
Fem el canvi: t = tgx Ÿ dx =
dt dx =
¨ 2 ¸
4 2 2
, 3
©1+ t ¹
1 + t2
t2 1
sin 2 x = , cos2 x = 3
tg x
1+ t 2
1 + t2 = +C

§ 1 ·
3

¨ 2 ¸ b) Canvi de variable: t = 1+ 4x 2 Ÿ dt = 8x dx Ÿ
2

³ cot g x dx = ³ § t 2 ·2 ⋅ 1 + t 2 = ³ t 4 (1 + t 2 )
4 ©1+ t ¹ dt dt

¨ 1 + t2 ¸ Ÿ 3x dx =
3
© ¹
dt
8

³ dx = ⋅ ³
Tenim una funció racional: 3x 3 dt 3
= ⋅2 t + C =
1 A B C 1+ 4x 28 t 8
= 4+ 2+ 2 =
t (1 + t ) t
4 2
t t +1 3
= ⋅ 1 + 4x 2 + C
A ( t 2 + 1) + Bt 2 ( t 2 + 1) + Ct 4 4
= = c) Emprem el canvi de variable:
t 4 (1 + t 2 )
x 2 1 − t2
4 2
t (B + C) + t (A + B) + A t = tg → dx = dt , cos x =
= 2 1 + t2 1 + t2

³ 5 + 7cosx dx = ³
t 4 (1 + t 2 )

­ B+C = 0
1 1 2dt
⋅ =
° °­
1 − t2 1 + t2
® A+B=0 Ÿ ® B = −C Ÿ B = −1 Ÿ C = 1
5+ 7⋅
1 + t2
°̄ A = 1 °̄ A = −B
=³ =³
1 2dt 2dt
2 2
⋅ 2
=
5 + 5t + 7 − 7t 1 + t 12 − 2t 2
Per tant:

³ cot g x dx = ³ t ( t + 1) ³ © t
=³ = −³ 2
1 + t2
§1 1 1 ·
= ¨ 4− 2+ 2 ¸ dt =
dt dt dt
t +1¹
4
4 2
t 6 − t2 t −6
Ara tenim una funció racional:
t2 − 6 = 0 Ÿ t = ± 6
1 1 1 1
= − ⋅ t −3 + + arctgt + C = − 3 + +x+C
3 t 3tg x tgx

³ tg x ⋅ sec x dx = ³ cos 2 x cos 4 x ³ cos6 x

sin 2 x dx sin 2 x 1 A B
e) 2 4
⋅ = dx 2
= + =
t −6 t− 6 t+ 6

4-26
 = 4 ⋅ 2 −1 ⋅ ³ = 2⋅³ = 2 ⋅ ³ sec 2 t dt =
cos t dt dt
=
(
A t+ 6 +B t− 6 ) ( )= 3
cos t cos2 t
ª x º
(t − 6 )( t + 6 )
= 2tgt + C = 2tg «arcsin »+C
=
t(A + B) + 6(A − B) ¬ 2¼
( t − 6 )( t + 6 ) b) Podem expressar 4x2 í 9 de manera similar a
sec2x í 1 = tg2x, i per tant fem el canvi:
Igualem numeradors:
­° A + B = 0 Ÿ dx = ⋅ tgt ⋅sec t dt
3sec t 3
®
x=
°̄ 6(A − B) = 1
2 2
De manera que:

− 9 = 9 sec 2 t −1 Ÿ
De la primera equació: A = í B, i substituint a la 9sec 2 x
segona: 4x 2 −1 = 4 ⋅
4
( )
6 ⋅ 2A = 1 Ÿ A = ŸB=− Ÿ 4x 2 − 9 = 3 sec 2 t −1 = 3tgt
1 1

³x 4 ³
2 6 2 6
§ ·
³ 5 + 7 cos x ³ ¨ 2 6 t − 6 2 6 t + 6 ¸¸ =
9 3
¨
2
4x 2 − 9 dx = ⋅ sec2 t ⋅ 3tgt ⋅ tgt ⋅ sec t dt =
dx dt dt 2

⋅ ³ sec3 t ⋅ tg2 t dt = ⋅ ³ sec3 t ⋅ ( sec2 t − 1) dt =

= − −
© ¹
( ) ( ) 81 81
=

⋅³¨
§ dt dt · 1 ª
8 8

8 ¬³
¸= ⋅ sec5 t dt − ³ sec3 t dt º
81 ª
2 6 ©t+ 6 t− 6¹ 2 6 ¬
1
¼
= − ⋅ ln t + 6 −
=

x x La primera integral la fem per parts:

− ln t − 6 º + C = u = sec3 t Ÿ du = 3sec 2 t ⋅sec t ⋅ tgt dt Ÿ
ln tg + 6 − ln tg − 6
¼
2 2
+C

Ÿ du = 3sec3 t ⋅ tgt dt
2 6

dv = sec 2 t dt Ÿ v = tgt
dx
d) Canvi de variable: t = arctgx dt =

³ sec t dt = ³ sec3 t ⋅ sec 2 t dt = sec3 t ⋅ tgt −

1 + x2

³ 1 + x 2 dx = ³ e dt = e + C = e + C
earctgx t t arctgx 5

−3 ⋅ ³ tg 2 t ⋅ sec3 t dt
e) Canvi: t = tgx Ÿ dt =
1
dx
cos2 x

³ cos2 x dx = ³ sec t dt = tgx + C = tg(tgx) + C ³ tg t ⋅ sec t dt = ³ (sec

Queda una altra integral per resoldre:
sec 2 (tgx) 2 2 3 2
t − 1) sec3 t dt =

= ³ ( sec t − sec t ) dt
u = 5x Ÿ du = 5 dx
5 3
f) Per comoditat, comencem fent el canvi de variable

³ cos3 5x dx = 5 ⋅ ³ cos3 u du
És a dir (tornant a la integral de la secant a la cin-
sin5x 1 sinu

³ sec t dt = sec3 t ⋅ tgt − 3 ⋅ ³ sec5 t dt + 3 ⋅ ³ sec3 t dt

quena):

I ara el canvi: t = cosu Ÿ dt = í sinu du

5

4 ⋅ ³ sec5 t dt = sec3 t ⋅ tgt + 3 ⋅ ³ sec3 t dt

³ cos3 5x dx = − 5 ⋅ ³ t 3 = − 5 ⋅ ¨© − 2 ¸¹ ⋅ t 2 + C =
sin5x 1 dt 1 § 1· 1

³ sec t dt = + ⋅ ³ sec3 t dt
5 sec3 t ⋅ tgt 3
1 1 1 1 4 4
= ⋅ +C= +C= +C=
10 t 2 10cos2 u 10cos2 5x Per tant la integral original queda:

³ x 4x − 9 dx = + ⋅ ³ sec3 t dt −
81 ª sec3 t ⋅ tgt 3
8 «¬
2
sec 5x
= +C 2 2
⋅
10 4 4

− ³ sec3 t dt » = ⋅ « − ⋅ ³ sec3 t dt »
55. a) Fem el canvi x = 2sint Ÿ dx = 2 cos t dt º 81 ª sec3 t ⋅ tgt 1 º
¼ ¬ ¼
³ dx = 4 ⋅ ³
8 4 4
4 2 cos t dt
= Ara només falta calcular la integral de la secant al
2 3 3
(2 − x ) ( 2 − 2sin 2 t ) cub; una altra vegada per parts:
u = sec t Ÿ du = sec t ⋅ tgt dt
= 4⋅³ = 4 2 ⋅³
dv = sec 2 t dt Ÿ v = tgt
2 cos t dt cos t dt
3 3
=
3
23 (1 − sin 2 t ) 2 2
( cos t )
2 2

4-27
 ³ sec t dt = ³ sec t ⋅ sec 2 t dt = sec t ⋅ tgt − −2 ⋅ ³ cos 2t dt = 2t − 2 ⋅ ⋅ sin2t + C =
3 1

− ³ tg 2 t ⋅ sec t dt = sec t ⋅ tgt − ³ ( sec2 t − 1) sec t dt =

2
§x· ª § § x · ·º
= 2 ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸ − sin « 2 ⋅ ¨ arcsin ¨ ¸ ¸ » + C
= sec t ⋅ tgt − ³ sec3 t dt + ³ sec t dt
©2¹ ¬ © © 2 ¹ ¹¼

2 ⋅ ³ sec t dt = sec t ⋅ tgt + ³ sec t dt ³x − x + 2 ³ x2 − x + 1 + 7 ³ §

dx dx dx
1· 7
d) = =
¨ ¸ +
3 2 2

© 2¹ 4
³ sec + ⋅ ³ sec t dt
4 4 x −
sec t ⋅ tgt 1
Ÿ dt = Ÿ
3
t dt = 2x −1 2dx
2 2 Fem el canvi: t =
I la integral de la secant: 7 7

³ sec t dt = ³ sec t ⋅ sec t + tgt dt = Ÿ dx =

sec t + tgt 7dt
2

=³ Ÿx− =
sec 2 t + sec t ⋅ tgt 7t +1 1 7t
dt A més: x =
sec t + tgt 2 2 2
Fem el canvi: u = tgt + sect Ÿ § 1· § 1· 7 7 2
Ÿ¨x −
2 2

¨©
7t 2
2 ¹̧ © 2 ¹̧ 4 4
( )
Ÿ du = sec2t + sect tg t
x − = + = ⋅ t +1
4

³ sec t dt = ³
du Per tant, la integral queda d’aquesta manera:

³x 2 7 ³ t2 + 1
⋅³ 2
= ln u + C = ln tgt + sec t + C
u dx 7 4 dt 2 dt
3 2
= ⋅ ⋅ = =
Tornem a la integral de sec t: −x+2 7 t +1
§ 2x − 1 ·
³ sec ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
sec t ⋅ tgt 1 2 2
© 7 ¹
3
t dt = + ⋅ ln tgt + sec t + C = ⋅ arctgt + C =
2 2 7 7

56. a) Fem el canvi: t = tg Ÿ dx =

Així, doncs, la integral original queda finalment: x 2dt

³
81 ª sec3 t ⋅ tgt
,

8 «¬
2 2
2 1+ t 2
x 4x − 9 dx = ⋅ − 2t
4 sinx = 2
1 § sec t ⋅ tgt 1 ·º
t +1
− ⋅¨ + ⋅ ln tgt + sec t ¸ » + C =
³ 1 + sinx ³ 2t 1 + t 2
4 © ¹¼
2t
2 2 sinx 1 + t 2 ⋅ 2dt =
dx =
81 81 1+
= ⋅ sec3 t ⋅ tgt − ⋅ sec t ⋅ tgt − 1 + t2
32 64

= 4 ⋅ ³ 1 +2 t = 4⋅³ 2
t
81 2 dt t dt
− ⋅ ln tgt + sec t + C ⋅ 2
⋅ =
64 1 + t + 2t 1 + t t + 2t + 1 1 + t 2

Ÿ sec t =
= 4⋅³ = 4⋅³
3sec t 2x 1 + t2
Recordem: x = , i per tant: t dt tdt
2 3

³ x 4x − 9 dx = 32 ⋅ ¨© 3 ¸¹ ⋅ tg ¨© arcsec ¨© 3 ¸¹ ¸¹ −
§ § 2x · ·
⋅
81 § 2x ·
3 (t + 1)2 1 + t 2 (t + 1) 2 (t 2 + 1)
2 2
Tenim una funció racional:
§ § 2x · ·
⋅ tg ¨ arcsec ¨ ¸ ¸ −
81 2x t A B
© © 3 ¹¹
− ⋅ 2
2
= 2
+ 2 =
64 3 (t + 1) (t + 1) (t + 1) (t + 1)

§ § 2x · · 2x
A(t 2 + 1) + B(t + 1)2 t 2 (A + B) + 2Bt + A + B
− ⋅ ln tg ¨ arcsec ¨ ¸ ¸ +
81 = =
© © 3 ¹¹ 3
+C (t + 1)2 (t 2 + 1) (t + 1)2 (t 2 + 1)
64

­ A+B=0
Comparem numeradors:
­ A = −B
° °
c) El canvi de variable és ara:
x = 2sent Ÿ dx = 2cos t dt ® Ÿ ® ŸA=−
1
°̄ A + B = 0 °̄ B = 2
2B = 1 1

³ dx = ³
2
x2 4sin 2 t
⋅ 2 cos t dt =

³ 1 + sinx dx = 4 ⋅ ³ ¨© − 2(t + 1)
4 − x2 4 − 4sin 2 t § ·
¸ dt =
= 8⋅ ³ ⋅ cos t dt = 8 ⋅ ³
sinx 1 1
2(t + 1) ¹
sin 2 t sin 2 t 2
+ 2
cos t dt =

= −2 ⋅ ³ + 2⋅³ 2
4 (1 − sin 2 t ) 2 cos t
dt dt

= 4 ⋅ ³ sin 2 t dt = 4 ⋅ ³ ⋅ (1 − cos 2t) dt = 2 ⋅ ³ dt −

1 (t + 1) 2 t +1
2
4-28
 3⋅ ³ du = 3⋅ ³
Per a la primera integral: u = t + 1 ĺ du = dt 1 cos v

³ (t + 1)2 = ³ u 2 = − u + C = − t + 1 + C
dv = 3⋅ v + C
dt du 1 1 9−u 2
cos2 v
Per tant:

³
§v·
dx = 3 ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸ + C =
I així, finalment: 3

³ 1 + sinx dx = −2 ⋅ ¨© − t + 1 ¸¹ + 2 ⋅ arctgt + C =
sinx § 1 · 9 − (x − 1) 2
©3¹
§ x −1·
= 3 ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸+C
2 x 2 © 3 ¹
58. a) Canvi de variable: u = e x Ÿ du = e x dx
= + 2⋅ + C = +x+C
x 2 x
tg + 1 tg + 1

³ 1 + e2x dx = ³ 1 + u 2 = arctgu + C = arctg ( e ) + C

2 2
ex du
b) Canvi de variable: t = tg Ÿ dx =
x
x 2dt
,
b) Emprem el canvi: x = 3 ⋅ u Ÿ dx = 3 du
2 1+ t 2
2t

³x = 3⋅³ 2 ⋅³ 2
sinx = 2
t +1

³ 1 − sinx dx = ³ 2t ⋅ t 2 + 1 =
dx du 3 du
= =
1 1 2dt 2
+3 3u + 3 3 u +1
§ x ·
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
1− 2 3 3
© 3¹
=³ =³ 2 =³
t +1 = ⋅ arctgu + C =
1 2dt 2dt 2dt 3 3
c) Canvi de variable: u = x 3 Ÿ du = 3x 2dx
2
⋅ 2
1 + t − 2t t + 1 t − 2t + 1 (t − 1)2

³ 1+ x dx = ³ dx = ⋅ ³
2
t +1
x2 x2 1 du
Introduïm un altre canvi: u = t í 1 ĺ du = dt =

³ 1 − sinx dx = ³ u 2 = 2 ⋅ ¨© − u ¸¹ + C = − t − 1 + C =
6 3 2 3 1 + u2
§ 1·
1 + (x )
1 2du 2
1 arctg ( x ) 3

= ⋅ arctgu + C = +C

d) El canvi de variable és: x = 2u Ÿ dx = 2 du

2 3 3
=− +C
x

³x dx = ³ 2
4u + 4 ³ u 2 + 1
tg − 1
2 2 4du du
57. a) Emprem el canvi u = 3x Ÿ du = 3dx
2
= = arctgu + C =
+4

³ = ⋅³
§x·
dx 1 du 1 = arctg ¨ ¸ + C
©2¹
= ⋅ arcsinu + C =
1 − 9x 3 2
1− u 2 3

³ x 2 + 1 ³ x 2 + 1 dx = ³ dx − ³ x 2 + 1 =
arcsin3x x2 − 1 x2 + 1 − 1 − 1 2 dx
= +C e) dx =
3

³ dx = 4 ⋅ ³
4 1 = x − 2 ⋅ arctgx + C
f) Canvi: u = cos x Ÿ du = −sinx dx
b) dx
16 − x 2 16 − x 2
Apliquem el canvi x=4sinu Ÿ dx=4cos u, i obte-
³ 1 + cos dx = − ³
sinx du
= −arctgu + C =
nim 2
x 1 + u2

³ dx = 4 ⋅ ³
³ (cos x − cos x ⋅ sinx)dx = ³ cos x dx −
4 4 ⋅ cos u = −arctg(cos x) + C
du =
2 2
16 − x 16 − 16s i n u

4⋅³
3

§x·
59. a)

− ³ cos3 x ⋅ sinx dx
du = 4u + C = 4 ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸ + C
cos u
cos u ©4¹
c) Fem el canvi: u = e x Ÿ du = e x du Per a la segona integral, fem el canvi:
u = cosx Ÿ du = í sinx dx
³ dx = 4 ⋅ ³
x
4e du

³ cos x ⋅ sinx dx = − ³ u du = −
= 4 ⋅ arcsinu + C =
1− e 2x
1− u 2
3 3 u4
+C=
4
= 4 ⋅ arcsin ( e x ) + C
cos4 x

el canvi u=x-1 Ÿ du=dx

d) Traiem les constants fora de la integral i apliquem =− +C

Així: ³ (cos x − cos3 x ⋅ sinx)dx = sinx +

4

³ dx = 3⋅ ³
cos 4 x
3 1 +C

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ sin 2 x ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ cos x dx =

du 4
9 − (x −1) 2 9 − u2
Apliquem el canvi u=3sinv Ÿ du=3cosvdv
2 3
b)

4-29
 = ³ sin 2 x ⋅ (1 − sin 2 x ) ⋅ cos x dx = = −3 1 − x 2 + C

= ³ sin 2 x ⋅ cos x dx − ³ sin 4 x ⋅ cos x dx ³

3x − 5
I així: dx = −3 1 − x 2 − 5 ⋅ arcsinx + C

A totes dues fem u = sinx Ÿ du = cosx dx

1 − x2

³ (tgx + x ⋅ sec x) dx = ³ tgx dx + ³ x ⋅ sec2 x dx

³ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ³ u du − ³ u du =
2
2 3 2 4
61. a)

Passem a la segona integral; per parts, fem:

=
u3 u5
− +C=
sin 3 x sin 5 x
− +C u = x Ÿ du = dx
dv = sec 2 x dx Ÿ v = tgx
3 5 3 5

60. a) Canvi: u = 4 − x Ÿ du = −dx

³ x ⋅ sec x dx = x ⋅ tgx − ³ tgx dx + C
³ x ( 4 − x ) dx = − ³ ( 4 − u ) u du =
2
2 5 2 5

= − ³ (16 + u − 8u ) ⋅ u du = −16 ⋅ ³ u du −
³ (tgx + x ⋅ sec x)dx = ³ tgx dx + x ⋅ tgx −
Així, doncs:
2 5 5
2

− ³ u 7 du + 8 ⋅ ³ u 6du = −16 ⋅ − ³ tgx dx + C = x ⋅ tgx + C

u 6 u8 u7
− + 8⋅ + C =

³ x ⋅ ln 2 ³
6 8 7
8 1 8 1
= − ⋅ (4 − x)6 − ⋅ (4 − x)8 + ⋅ (4 − x)7 + C b) 1 + x 2 dx = ⋅ x ⋅ ln (1 + x 2 ) dx

Fem el canvi: u = 1+ x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx .
3 8 7

³ x 2 + 7 dx = ³ x 2 + 7 dx + 7 ⋅ ³ x 2 + 7
x+7 x dx

³ x ⋅ ln 2 ³
b)
1 1
Per a la primera integral: u = x + 7 Ÿ du = 2x dx
1 + x 2 dx = ⋅ ln u ⋅ du =
2 2

³ x 2 + 7 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ u = 2 ⋅ ln u + C =
1
x 1 du 1 = ⋅ (u ⋅ ln u − u) + C =
4

1 (1 + x 2 ) ⋅ ln (1 + x 2 ) − (1 + x 2 )
= ⋅ ln x 2 + 7 + C = +C

c) Per parts, prenem t=x2 Ÿ dt=2xdx,

2 4

I per a la segona integral: x = 7 ⋅ u Ÿ

Ÿ dx = 7 du ³ 2 ³
2

− x2 1 −t 1 −t e− x
xe dx = ⋅ e dt = − ⋅e + C = − +C

7⋅³ =7 7 ⋅³ 2 = 7 ⋅³ 2
2 2
d) Resolem per parts: u = lnx Ÿ du =
dx du du dx
2
=
x +7 7u + 7 u +1 x
§ x · dv = x dx Ÿ v = ⋅ x 2
3

= 7 ⋅ arctgu + C = 7 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C

2
© 7¹ 3

³x
§ x · ³ ³
2 23 2 3
dx
dx = ⋅ ln x 2 + 7 + 7 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
2
x+7 1 x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ ⋅ x − ⋅ x =
© 7¹
2 3 3 x

− ⋅ ³ x dx =
+7 2
c) Canvi: u = x í 4 Ÿ du = dx, x + 3 = u + 7
3 3
2 ⋅ ln x ⋅ x 2 2 2 ⋅ ln x ⋅ x 2

³ (x − 4) (x + 3) dx = ³ u15 (u + 7) du = ³ u16du +
= −
3 3 3
§2 4·
15

− ⋅ ⋅ x 2 + C = x 2 ⋅ ¨ ⋅ ln x − ¸ + C
2 2 3 3

© ¹
+7 ⋅ ³ u15du =
u17 u16 (x − 4)17 3 3 3 9
62. a) Per parts: u = senbx Ÿ du = b ⋅cos bx dx
+ 7⋅ +C= +
17 16 17

dv = eax dx Ÿ v =
7
+ ⋅ (x − 4)16 + C ex
16

³ dx = ³ dx − 5 ⋅ ³
a

³ e ⋅ senbx dx = senbx ⋅ −³
3x − 5 3x dx
d) ax eax eax
1− x 2
1− x 2
1− x 2 ⋅ b ⋅ cos bx dx =

− ⋅ ³ eax ⋅ cos bx dx
a a
A la primera integral és útil fer el canvi: sinbx ⋅ eax b
u = 1− x 2 Ÿ du = −2x dx Ÿ 3x dx = − du
=
3 a a

u = cos bx Ÿ −b ⋅ sinbx dx
2 Tornem a integrar per parts, ara amb:

³ = − ⋅³
³ e ⋅ cos bx dx = cos bx ⋅ +³
3x dx 3 du 3
= − ⋅2⋅ u + C =
1− x 22
u 2 ax eax eax
⋅ b ⋅ sinbx dx =
a a

4-30
 + ⋅ ³ eax ⋅ sinbx dx § 2x ·
= ⋅ arctgu + C = ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
cos bx ⋅ eax b 1 1
© 3 ¹
=
a a 6 6

sinbx ⋅ eax b ª cos bx ⋅ eax

³ e ⋅ sinbx dx = a − a ⋅ «¬ a +
Tornant a la integral original:
d) Emprem: u = x 2 − 4 Ÿ du =
x dx
ax
x2 − 4

+ ⋅ ³ eax ⋅ sinbx dx » + C =
b º sinbx ⋅ eax A més: u 2 = x − 4 Ÿ x = u 2 + 4
¼
−
a a

⋅ cos bx ⋅ eax − 2 ⋅ ³ eax ⋅ sinbx dx + C

du ⋅ x 2 − 4 u du
b b 2 dx = =
− x u2 + 4
a2 a
§ b ·
¨1 + 2 ¸ ⋅ ³ e ⋅ sinbx dx =
Així, doncs:

³ dx = ³ =³ 2
2

© a ¹
ax
x2 − 4 u u du u 2du
§ sinbx b ·
⋅ =
= e ⋅¨ − 2 ⋅ cos bx ¸ + C
x u2 + 4 u2 + 4 u +4

=³ du = ³ du − 4 ⋅ ³ 2
© a ¹
ax

a u2 + 4 − 4 du

³ e ⋅ sinbx dx =
ax 2
ax e ⋅ ( a ⋅ sinbx − b ⋅ cos bx ) u +4 u +4
+C
a 2 + b2
u = 2t Ÿ du = 2 dt
A la segona integral fem el canvi:
b) Canvi de variable: u = 1 + sin 2 x Ÿ
Ÿ du = 2 ⋅ sinx ⋅ cos x dx
³u = 2⋅³ 2
4t + 4 2 ³ t 2 + 1 2
du dt 1 dt 1

³ sinx ⋅ cos x ⋅ 2 ³
2
= ⋅ = ⋅ arctgt +
+4
§u·
1
1 + sin 2 x dx =
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
⋅ u du = 1
©2¹
+C =
3 2
1 2 32
= ⋅ ⋅u + C =
(1 + sin 2 x ) 2
+C En conclusió:

³
§u·
2 3 3
dx = u − 4 ⋅ ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C =
x2 − 4 1
©2¹
c) Emprem que:
x 2
§ x2 − 4 ·
sin8x = sin5x ⋅ cos3x + cos5x ⋅ sin3x
= x 2 − 4 − 2 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
¨ ¸
sin2x = sin5x ⋅ cos3x − cos5x ⋅ sin3x
Restem aquestes dues identitats trigonomètriques: © 2 ¹
sin8x − sin2x = 2 ⋅ cos 5x ⋅ sin3x Ÿ e) En aquest cas convé el canvi de variable següent:

Ÿ sin3x ⋅ cos 5x = Ÿ dx =
sin8x − sin2x 4u 4 du
x=
2 3 3

³ sin3x ⋅ cos 5x dx = 2 ( ³ sin8x dx − ³ sin2x dx ) = ³ 3 ³

1 dx 4 du
= ⋅ =
2
16 − 9x 16 2
1 § cos8x cos 2x ·
16 − 9 ⋅ ⋅ u
⋅¨− ¸+C=
cos 2x cos8x 9

= ⋅³
2 © 2 ¹ § 3x ·
= + − +C
= ⋅ arcsinu +C = ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸ + C
8 4 16 1 du 1 1
© 4 ¹
63. a) Canvi: u = x 2 − 4 Ÿ du = 2x dx
3 1− u 2 3 3

³ 2 ³ u 2
x 1 du 1 5 5
dx = ⋅ = ⋅2 u + C = f) Canvi de variable: x = ⋅ u → dx = du
7 7

³ 7 ³
x2 − 4
dx 5 du
= x2 − 4 + C = ⋅ =

b) Canvi de variable: x = 3u Ÿ dx = 3 du
2
5 − 7x 5
5 − 7 ⋅ ⋅ u2

³ 9 + x 2 = 3 ⋅ ³ 9 + 9u 2 = 3 ⋅ ³ 1 + u 2 =
7

7 ³ 5 ⋅ 1 − u2
⋅³
dx du 1 du
5 du 1 du
= ⋅ = =
§x·
7 1 − u2
= ⋅ arctgu + C = ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C § 7 ·
1 1
3 3 © 3¹ 1 1
⋅ arcsin ¨¨ ⋅ x ¸¸ + C
© 5 ¹
= ⋅ arcsinu + C =
c) Fem el canvi: x = ⋅ u Ÿ dx = du
3 3 7 7
2 2

³ 4x 2 + 9 = 2 ⋅ ³ 9 2 = 2 ⋅ 9 ⋅ ³ u 2 + 1 =
dx 3 du 3 1 du
4⋅ ⋅u + 9
4

4-31
l a
⋅ sinu Ÿ Ÿ 3 du = 2x dx

³9+x =³ ⋅³
64. a) Fem el canvi: x =
b
Ÿ dx = ⋅cos u du
x dx x dx 3 du
a = =
4 2 2 2 9 + (3u)2
9 + (x )
³
b
⋅³ = ⋅³
a 2 − b2 x 2 dx = 3 du 1 du 1
= 2 2
= ⋅ arctgu + C =
2 9 + 9u 6 1+ u 6

= ³ a 2 − b2 ⋅ § x2 ·
= ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
a2 a 1
⋅ sin 2 u ⋅ ⋅ cos u du =
© 3¹
2
b b

b ³
6

65. a) Comencem amb el canvi: u = e x Ÿ du = e x dx

a
= ⋅ a 2 ⋅ (1 − sin 2 u ) ⋅ cos u du =

⋅ ³ cos2 u ⋅ cos u du = ⋅ ³ cos2 u du = ³e ⋅ sec ( e x ) ⋅ tg ( e x ) dx = ³ sec u ⋅ tgu du =

x
a2 a2

=³ du = ³
=
b b

= ⋅ ⋅ ³ (1 + cos 2u ) du = ⋅ ³ du +
1 sinu sinu
⋅ du
a2 1 a2 cos u cos u cos 2 u
b 2 2b Un altre canvi: t = cosu dt = í sinu du

⋅ ³ cos 2u du =
a2 ª º
³e ⋅ sec ( e x ) ⋅ tg ( e x ) dx = − ³
⋅ « u + ⋅ sen2u » + C = § 1·
= −¨− ¸ + C =
a2 1
2b ¬ ¼
dt
© t¹
+ x
2b 2 t 2

a2 ª § bx · 1 ª § bx · º º
⋅ «arcsin ¨ ¸ + ⋅ sen « 2 ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸ » » +
1 1
© a ¹ 2 ¬ © a ¹¼ ¼
+ C = sec ( e x ) + C
2b ¬
= = +C=
cos u cos ( e x )

b) Canvi: t = tgx Ÿ dt =
1
b) Comencem fent el canvi: u = 2x Ÿ
+C
dx
cos2 x
Ÿ du = 2 dx
³ cos2 x dx = ³ cosec t dt = −cotgx + C =
cosec 2 (tgx)

³ 2 ³
2

1
1 − sin2x dx = ⋅ 1 − sinu du
−cotg(tgx) + C
I ara fem: t = 1 − sinu Ÿ dt = − cos u du Ÿ
c) Canvi de variable: u = lnx Ÿ du =
dx
Ÿ du = −
dt dt x

³ dx = ³ ln u du = u ⋅ ln u − u + C =
=−
cos u 1 − sin 2 u ln(ln x)
A més: senu = 1 − t Ÿ sin u = 1 + t − 2t Ÿ
2 2
x

Ÿ du = −
dt dt = ln x ⋅ ln(ln x) − ln x + C
=−
d) Emprem el canvi: u = lnx Ÿ du =
2
−t + 2t t(2 − t) dx
x

³ x ⋅ cos (ln x) = ³ cos = ³ sec 2 u du =

Així:

³ 1 − sin2x dx = − ⋅ ³ t ⋅
1 dt dx du
= 2 2
2 t ⋅ 2−t u

= − ⋅³
1 dt = tgu + C = tg(ln x) + C

e) Canvi de variable: u = lnx Ÿ du =

2 2−t dx
Un últim canvi: t ' = 2 − t Ÿ dt ' = −dt x

³ 1 − sin2x dx = 2 ⋅ ³ t ' = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ' + C = ³ x ⋅ tg 2 (ln x) ³ tg 2 u ³

1 dt ' 1 sin(ln x) sinu du cos 2 u
dx = = sinu ⋅ du =
sin 2 u

=³ du = ³ du = ³
sinu ³
= 2 − t + C = 2 − 1 + sinu + C = 1 + sin2x + C cos 2 u 1 − sin 2 u du
− sinu du
⋅ u Ÿ dx =
3 3 sinu sinu
c) Fem el canvi: x = du
A la primera de les integrals:

³ sinu = ³ cos ecu du =

2 2

³ 2x ⋅³ ⋅ ⋅³ 2
dx 3 du 3 1 du du
= = =

= ³ cos ecu ⋅
2
+3 2 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ u2 + 3 2 3 u +1
2 cos ecu + cot gu
§ 2 ·
du =
⋅ arctg ¨ ⋅x¸ + C
cos ecu + cot gu

=³
1 1
© 3 ¹
= ⋅ arctgu + C =
2⋅ 3 6 cos ec2 u + cos ect ⋅ cot gu
du
d) Emprem el canvi de variable x 2 = 3u Ÿ
cos ecu + cot gu

4-32
 Fem un altre canvi: t = cotgu + cosecu Ÿ
5⋅ ³ dx = 5 ⋅ ³
x 2x
Ÿ dt = (−cosec u + cot gu ⋅cosecu) du
dx =
2 ( x + 4x + 6 )
2 2
2 x + 4x + 6

³ cos ecu du = − ³ = 5⋅ ³ dx = 5 ⋅ ³
dt 2x + 4 − 4 2x + 4
= − ln t + C = dx −
t 2 ( x + 4x + 6 )
2
2 ( x + 4x + 6 )
2

−5 ⋅ ³
= − ln cot gu + cosec u + C 4
dx =
Tornem a la integral original: 2 ( x + 4x + 6 )
2

³ x ⋅ tg 2 (ln x) dx = − ln cot gu + cos ecu + cos u + ª

= 5 ⋅ «³ 2 dx − 2 ⋅ ³ 2
º
sin(ln x)
»
x+2 dx
«¬ ( x + 4x + 6 ) x + 4x + 6 »
¼
+ C = − ln cot g(ln x) + cos ec(ln x) + cos(ln x) + C
Ens posem amb la primera integral (hem expressat
f) Per parts: u = ln x Ÿ du = 2 ⋅ ln x ⋅
dx el numerador com la derivada del denominador);
fem el canvi: u = x 2 + 4x + 6 Ÿ
2

dv = x dx Ÿ v = Ÿ du = (2x + 4) dx Ÿ (x + 2) dx =
2
x du
2

³ x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ 2 − ³ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ln x ⋅ x =
2

³x dx = ⋅ ³
2 2 x2 x2 dx x+2 1 du 1
= ⋅ ln u + C =

− ³ x ⋅ ln x dx
2
+ 4x + 6 2 u 2
ln 2 x ⋅ x 1
= = ⋅ ln x 2 + 4x + 6 + C
2 2
La integral que resulta la resolem de nou per parts, Per a la segona integral, reexpressem el denomina-
ara amb: u = lnx Ÿ du =
dx dor:
x

³ x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ 2 ³ 2 x
x 2 + 4x + 6 = x 2 + 4x + 4 + 2 = (x + 2)2 + 2
2 2 2
x x dx ln x ⋅ x
Ho podem deixar com una integral de tipus arc-
tangent, amb el canvi: x + 2 = 2 ⋅ u Ÿ
− ⋅ = −
2

− ⋅ ³ x dx = Ÿ dx = 2 du
1 ln x ⋅ x 2 1 x 2
− ⋅ +C=

³x + 4x + 6 ³ (x + 2)2 + 2
= 2⋅³ 2
2 2 2 2
ln x ⋅ x 2 x 2 dx dx du
= − +C 2
= =
2 4 2u + 2

⋅³ 2
La integral inicial queda, per tant: 2 du 2

³ x ⋅ ln
2 2 2 2
= = ⋅ arctgu + C =
ln x ⋅ x ln x ⋅ x x 2 u +1 2
§x+2·
2
x dx = − + +C
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
2 2 4 2
© 2 ¹
=

³ tgx ⋅ dx = ³
2
ª ln x 2 + 4x + 6
sec 2 x sec 2 x dx
Així: ³ 2
66. a) dx =
dx = 5 ⋅ «
1 + tg 2 x tgx ⋅ sec2 x 5x
«¬
−

=³ dx = ³ dx = ³
x + 4x + 6 2
sec 2 x sec x 1 cos x
§ x + 2 ·º
⋅ dx =
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ » + C = ⋅ ln x + 4x + 6 −
tgx ⋅ sec x tgx cos x senx 2 5

= ³ cos ecx dx = ³ cos ecx ⋅

© 2 ¹¼
2
−2 ⋅
cos ecx + cot gx 2 2

§x+2·
dx =
cos ecx + cot gx
−5 2 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
= ³ cos ecx dx = ³ © 2 ¹
cos ec2 x + cos ecx ⋅ cot gx

c) Prenem u=1+ln(x) Ÿ du=dx/x, i d’aquí obtenim:

dx

Ara imposem el canvi: u = cosecx + cotgx Ÿ

cos ecx + cot gx

Ÿ du = − ( cos ec2 x + cos ecx ⋅ cot gx ) du ³ x(1+ ln x)3 ³

1 −3 u −2
dx = u du = − +C=
2

³ tgx ⋅ dx = − ³
sec 2 x du 1
= − ln u + C = =− +C
2
1 + tg x u 2(1+ ln x) 2

³x dx = ³ dx = ³ ¨ 1 − 3
§ 2 ·
¸ dx =
x3 − 1 x3 + 1 − 1 − 1
© x +1¹
= − ln cos ecx + cot gx + C d) 3 3
+1 x +1

= ³ dx − 2 ⋅ ³
b) El denominador no té arrels reals, i per tant no po-
dem emprar el mètode de funcions racionals. Ope- dx
3
rem amb l’integrant: x +1

4-33
 Ens centrem en la segona de les integrals, i facto-
⋅ u Ÿ dx =
a
ritzem el denominador mitjançant la regla de Ruf- 1 3 3 3
Canvi: x − = ⋅u du
fini: 2 4 2 2

³§ ⋅³
1 0 0 1 dx 3 du
1· 3
í1 í1 1 í1 = =
¨x − ¸ +
2
2 3 3
© 2¹ 4
1 í1 1 0 ⋅ u2 +
4 4

⋅ ⋅³ 2
1 1
Així: = 3 4 du 2
x + 1 (x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1)
3
= = ⋅ arctgu + C =
2 3 u +1 3
§ 2x − 1 ·
Com que tenim un factor quadràtic irreductible,
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
descomponem en fraccions simples de la manera 2
© 3 ¹
=
següent: 3
1 A Bx + C
= + 2 = Tornem a la integral inicial:

³ x 3 + 1 dx = ³ dx − 2 ⋅ «¬ − 3 ⋅ ³ x 2 − x + 1 dx +
ª 1
(x + 1) ( x − x + 1) x + 1 x − x + 1
2

x3 − 1 x−2
A ( x − x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
2

+ ⋅³
= =
(x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1) dx º
3 x + 1 »¼
1
2
=x−
x (A + B) + x( − A + B + C) + A + C

−2 ⋅ « − ⋅ ¨ ⋅ ³ 2 dx − ⋅ ³ 2
=
ª 1 §1 ·
(x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1)
¸+
2x − 1 3 dx
Comparem numeradors: ¬ 3 © 2 x − x +1 2 x − x +1¹
­ ­ B = −A
° ° º ª 1 1
® −A + B + C = 0 Ÿ ®
A+B=0
+ ⋅ ln x + 1 » + C = x − 2 ⋅ « − ⋅ ⋅ ln x 2 − x + 1 +
1
¼ ¬ 3 3
°̄ °̄ C = 1− A
3

§ 2x − 1 · 1 º
A+C =1
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + 3 ⋅ ln x + 1 » + C =
1 3 2
© 3 ¹ ¼
+ ⋅ ⋅
−A + B + C = 0 Ÿ −A − A +1− A = 0
I emprant la segona equació:
3 2 3

§ 2x − 1 ·
−3A = −1 Ÿ A = Ÿ B = − Ÿ C =1− = ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸−
1 1 1 2 1 2
© 3 ¹
= x + ⋅ ln x 2 − x + 1 −
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 −x + 2 2
Així: 3 = + = − ⋅ ln x + 1 + C
x + 1 3(x + 1) 3 ( x 2 − x + 1) 3
1 x−2 e) Comencem dividint els dos polinomis:
= − 2
3(x + 1) 3(x − x + 1)
3x 4 x 2 − 4x + 5

³ x 3 + 1 = − 3 ⋅ ³ x 2 − x + 1 dx + 3 ⋅ ³ x + 1
Per tant la integral queda així:
− ( 3x 4 − 12x 3 + 15x 2 ) 3x 2 + 12x + 33
dx 1 x−2 1 dx
12x 3 − 15x 2
Ens posem amb la primera d’aquestes dues últimes
− (12x 3 − 48x 2 + 60x )

³ x 2 − x + 1 dx = ³ 2 ( x 2 − x + 1) dx =
integrals:
x−2 2x − 4 33x 2 − 60x

=³ dx = ⋅ ³ 2
− ( 33x 2 − 132x + 165)
2x − 1 − 3 1 2x − 1
dx − 72x − 165
2 ( x − x + 1)
2

³x dx = ³ 3x 2 dx + ³ 12x dx + ³ 33 dx +
2 x − x +1

− ⋅³ 2
4
3 dx 3x
Així: 2
− 4x + 5

+³
2 x − x +1
72x − 165
A la primera de les integrals, fem el canvi: dx
x 2 − 4x + 5
u = x 2 − x +1Ÿ du = (2x −1) dx

³x dx = ³
Passem a l’última integral:

³ x 2 − 4x + 5 dx = 3 ⋅ ³ x 2 − 4x + 5 dx =
2x − 1 du 72x − 165 24x − 55
2
= ln u + C = ln x 2 − x + 1 + C
− x +1 u

= 3⋅ ³ dx = 3 ⋅ ³ 2
La segona integral:

³ x2 − x + 1 = ³ 2 =³
24x − 48 − 7 24x − 48
dx −
dx dx dx 2
x − 4x + 5 x − 4x + 5
§ 1· 3
¨ ¸ + −3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ ³
2
1 3
© 2¹ 4
x −x+ + x − dx
4 4 2
x − 4x + 5

4-34
 La primera d’aquestes integrals: Passem a l’última d’aquestes integrals:

³x dx = 12 ⋅ ³ 2 ³ x 2 + 2 dx = ³ x 2 + 2 − 2 ⋅ ³ x 2 + 2
24x − 48 2x − 4 x−2 x dx
2
dx
− 4x + 5 x − 4x + 5
Canvi de variable: u = x 2 − 4x + 5 → Per a la primera integral fem el canvi:
Ÿ du = (2x − 4) dx u = x 2 + 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx Ÿ du = 2x dx

³x dx = 12 ⋅ ³ ³x dx = ⋅ ³
24x − 48 du x 1 du 1
2
= 12 ⋅ ln u + C = 2
= ⋅ ln u + C =
− 4x + 5 u +2 2 u 2
= 12 ⋅ ln x 2 − 4x + 5 + C 1
= ⋅ ln x 2 + 2 + C
2
I per a la segona, el canvi és: x = 2 ⋅ u Ÿ
³ x 2 − 4x + 5 = ³ x 2 − 4x + 4 + 1 = ³ (x − 2)2 + 1
I la segona integral:
dx dx dx
Ÿ dx = 2 du
Canvi: x í 2 = u Ÿ dx = du
³x = 2⋅³ 2 ⋅³ 2
³ x 2 − 4x + 5 = ³ u 2 + 1 = arctgu + C =
dx du 2 du
dx du 2
= =
+2 2u + 2 2 u +1
§ x ·
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
2 2
© 2¹
= arctg(x − 2) + C = ⋅ arctgu + C =
2 2
De manera que:

³ x 2 − 4x + 5 dx = 3 ⋅ 12 ⋅ ln x − 4x + 5 −
Per tant:

³x
§ x ·
72x − 165
dx = ⋅ ln x 2 + 2 − 2 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
2
x−2 1
© 2¹
2
+2 2
−3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ arctg(x − 2) + C = 36 ⋅ ln x 2 − 4x + 5 − I finalment:

³ x 4 + 2x 2 dx = 2 ln x + 2 ⋅ ¨© − x ¸¹ −
−21 ⋅ arctg(x − 2) + C x 3 + 4x 2 + 4x + 4 § 1·
Per tant, la integral original queda així:
§ x ·
³ x − 4x + 5 − ⋅ ln x 2 + 2 + 2 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C=
3x 4 x3 x2 1
© 2¹
2
dx = 3 ⋅ + 12 ⋅ + 33x + 2
3 2
§ x ·
+ 2 ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
2
+36 ⋅ ln x 2 − 4x + 5 − 21 ⋅ arctg(x − 2) + C = 2 ln x + 2
© 2¹
= 2 ⋅ ln x − −
x 2
= x 3 + 6x 2 + 33x + 36 ⋅ ln x 2 − 4x + 5 −

³ =³ =³
−21 ⋅ arctg(x − 2) + C dx dx dx
ª( x + 1) º
67. a)
¬ ¼
3 2 3
(x 2
+ 2x + 1) (x + 1)6
f) El denominador és: x 4 + 2x 2 = x 2 ( x 2 + 2 )
Descomponem en fraccions simples, tenint en Només cal emprar el canvi de variable:
compte que hi ha un factor quadràtic irreductible: u = x +1Ÿ du = dx

³ (x 2 + 2x + 1)3 ³ u6
x 3 + 4x 2 + 4x + 4 A B Cx + D dx du u −5
= + 2+ 2 = = = − +C=
x 4 + 2x 2 x x x +2 5
Ax ( x 2 + 2 ) + B ( x 2 + 2 ) + (Cx + D)x 2 1
= = =− +C
x ( x + 2)
2 2 5(x + 1)5

³ [ x((x − 6)x + 12) − 8]

x 3 (A + C) + x 2 (B + D) + 2Ax + 2B dx
= b) 5
=
x2 ( x2 + 2)

³ª =³
Igualem numeradors: dx dx
­ A+C =1 ­ C = 1− A x x − 6x +12 − 8º
° ° ¬ ¼
5 5
( ) ( )
°­
2 3 2
x − 6x +12x − 8
° B+ D = 4 °
® Ÿ ® D = 4−B Ÿ ® C = −1
° 2A = 4 ° A=2 °̄ D = 2
Factoritzem mitjançant la regla de Ruffini:

°¯ 2B = 4 °¯ B = 2
1 í6 12 í8
2 2 í8 8

³ x 4 + 2x 2 dx = ³ ¨© x + x 2 + x 2 + 2 ¹̧ dx
x 3 + 4x 2 + 4x + 4 § 2 2 −x + 2 · 1 í4 4 0
2 2 í4
í2
= 2⋅³ + 2⋅³ 2 − ³ 2
1 0
dx dx x−2 2 2
dx 1 0
x x x +2
4-35
 ³ [ x((x − 6)x + 12) − 8] = ³ ª
dx dx 6 7 6 5
º
= = ⋅ x 6 − ⋅ x 6 + 2 x − 6 6 x + 6 ⋅ arctg ( x)+C
6

¬( ¼
5 3 5

³ (2 + 3x ) dx = ³ ( 22x + 32x + 2 ⋅ 2 x ⋅ 3x ) dx =
x − 2) 7 5

=³
x 2
b)

= ³ 22x dx + ³ 32x dx + 2 ⋅ ³ 6x dx
dx
(x − 2)15
Canvi de variable: u = x í 2 Ÿ du = dx

³ [ x((x − 6)x + 12) − 8]5 = ³ u15 = − 14 ⋅ u + C = u = 2x Ÿ 2 dx

Per a les dues primeres integrals emprem el canvi:
dx du 1 −14

³2 dx + ³ 32x dx =
2 ³
⋅ 2 u du + ⋅ ³ 3u du =
2x 1 1
1
=− +C 2
14(x − 2)14
1 2 u 1 3u 22x 32x

³ dx = ³ =³
1 4 = ⋅ + ⋅ +C= + +C
x 6⋅x dx 2
6⋅x dx 3 2 ln 2 2 ln 3 2 ⋅ ln 2 2 ⋅ ln 3
68. a) ⋅3 5
⋅3 Així:

³ (2
3
x +1 6 x +1 x +1
6⋅ x6
2 22x 32x 6x
1
x
+ 3x ) dx = + + 2⋅ +C=
I ara emprem el canvi: u = 6 x = x → 6 2 ⋅ ln 2 2 ⋅ ln 3 ln 6

1 −5 1 22x −1 32x 2 ⋅ 6x
du = ⋅ x 6 dx = dx = + + +C
6 5 ln 2 2 ⋅ ln 3 ln 6

³ 6x ³ 6x ³ 6x dx =
6⋅ x6
§ ·
3x +1 − 23x 3x +1 23x
c) dx = dx −
6⋅¨x ¸
1 8

³ ³ ³
© ¹ ⋅ dx = 6u du =
=³ ³ 2x ⋅ 3x ³ 2x ³ 3x dx =
6
8
x 3x +1 23x 3 22x
3
dx = 3 5 2 dx − dx = dx −
x +1 x +1 u +1 2 x ⋅ 3x
6⋅ x6

= 3⋅ ³ 2 dx − ³ x dx = 3 ⋅ ³ 2 − x dx − ³ ¨ ¸ dx =
§4·
= 6⋅ ³ 2
x
u8 4x
© 3¹
−x
du
u +1 3

= −3 ⋅ ³ 2 ⋅ ( −1) dx − ³ ¨ ¸ dx =
És una funció racional de grau P(x) > grau Q(x); §4·
x

© 3¹
−x
dividim els dos polinomis:

§4·
u8 u2 + 1
⋅¨ ¸ + C
x
3 1
§ · 3
ln ¨ ¸ © ¹
− (u + u
8 6
) 6 4
u − u + u −1 2 =− ⋅ 2− x −
ln 2 4
−u6 © 3¹

− ( −u6 − u 4 )
⋅ u Ÿ dx =
2 2
d) Fem el canvi: x = du
3 3

³ 3 ³
u4
dx 2 du
− ( u4 + u2 ) = ⋅ =
2
2 − 3x 2
2 − 3 ⋅ ⋅ u2
−u2 3

3 ³
⋅³
− ( − u 2 − 1) 2 du 2 du
= ⋅ = =
2 3 2 (1 − u 2 )
1 2 − 3 ⋅ ⋅ u2

³ u 2 + 1 du = ³ ¨© u − u + u − 1 + u 2 + 1 ¸¹ du =
§ 6 1 ·
3

⋅³
u8 4 2
Així: 2 1 du 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ arcsinu + C =

= ³ u 6du − ³ u 4 du + ³ u 2du − ³ du + ³
3 2 1− u 2
3
§ 3 ·
du
⋅ arcsen ¨ ⋅x¸ + C
2
= 1
© 2 ¹
u +1 =
3
u7 u5 u3
= − + − u + arctgu + C
7 5 3
I la integral original: Pàgina 116

³ 69. a) Prenem u=x2 Ÿ du=2xdx, dv=e-xdx Ÿ v=-e-x i ob-

x 6 76 6 65 6 63 1
6
3
dx = ⋅ x − ⋅ x + ⋅ x − 6x +
7 5 3

³x e dx = −x 2e `− x + 2 ⋅ ³ xe − x dx
x +1 tenim:
§ 1·
+6 ⋅ arctg ¨ x 6 ¸ + C =
2 −x

© ¹

4-36
 Ara prenem u=x Ÿ du=dx, dv=e-xdx Ÿ v=-e-x

³ xe dx = −xe − x + ³ e − x dx = − xe − x − e − x + C
Ens centrem en la integral que queda:

³ x −1 ³ x 2 − 1 dx = ³ dx + ³ x 2 − 1
−x x2 x2 − 1 + 1 dx
2
dx =

³x e
I d’aquí obtenim
Com que x 2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1) :
2 −x 2 `− x −x −x
dx = −x e − 2xe − 2e + C
1 A B A(x − 1) + B(x + 1)
prenem u=x Ÿ du=dx,
= + = =
b) En aquest cas, i x2 − 1 x + 1 x − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1)

dv=sin(5x)dx Ÿ v = −
cos(5x) x(A + B) − A + B
, d’on obtenim =
5 (x + 1)(x − 1)

3 ⋅ ³ xsin(5x)dx = − + 2 ⋅ ³ 5 ⋅ cos(5x)dx =
3x cos(5x) 3 Comparem numeradors:
­ A+B=0
®
5 5
¯−A + B = 1
3x cos(5x) 3sin(5x)
=− + +C
5 25
De la primera equació, A = í B, i recorrent a la se-
c) Prenem: u = ln(sinx) Ÿ du =
1 gona:
⋅ cos x dx
B+ B =1Ÿ B = ŸA=−
sinx 1 1
= cos ec2 x dx Ÿ v = − cot gx
dx 2 2
§ 1 1 ·
dv =
sin 2 x
¨ −2 ¸
³ sin 2 x dx = − ln(sinx) ⋅ cot gx + ³ x 2 − 1 = ³ ¨ x + 1 + x 2− 1 ¸ dx = − 2 ⋅ ³ x + 1 +
ln(sinx) dx 1 dx
¨ ¸
© ¹
+ ³ cot gx ⋅
+ ⋅³
cos x
dx
sinx 1 dx 1 1
= − ⋅ ln x + 1 + ⋅ ln x − 1 + C
Passem a la integral que ha quedat: 2 x −1 2 2

³ cot gx ⋅ sinx dx = ³ cot g x dx =

Per tant:

³ x 2 − 1 dx = x − 2 + 2 + C
cos x 2

= ³ ( cos ec2 x − 1) dx = ³ cos ec2 x dx − ³ dx =

x2 ln x + 1 ln x − 1

I tornem a la integral del principi:

³ ¨© 1 − x ¸¹
§1+ x · §1+ x ·
= − cot gx − x + C
⋅ ln ¨ ¸+x−
x2 ln x + 1
©1− x ¹
Finalment: x ⋅ ln dx = +

³ sin 2 x dx = − ln(sinx) ⋅ cot gx − cot gx − x + C =

2 2
ln(sinx)
ln x − 1
+ +C
= − cot gx ⋅ [ ln(sinx) + 1] − x + C 2
e) Prenem: u = arctg x Ÿ
§1+ x ·
d) Tenim: u = ln ¨ ¸ Ÿ Ÿ du =
x2
©1− x ¹
; dv = x dx v = 1 1 dx
2 2
⋅ dx =
( )
1+ x 2 x 2 x 1+ x ( )
dv = dx Ÿ v = x
Falta calcular du; derivem:
d ª § 1 + x ·º d §1+ x ·
ln ¨ ¸ = ⋅ ¨ ¸=
dx «¬ © 1 − x ¹ »¼ 1 + x dx © 1 − x ¹
1

³ arctg x dx = arctg x ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅
dx
=
1− x 2 x (1 + x)

= arctg x ⋅ x − ⋅ ³
1 − x 1(1 − x) − (1 + x)( −1) 1 − x 1 − x + 1 + x
= ⋅ = ⋅ = 1 x
1+ x (1 − x) 2 1+ x (1 − x) 2 dx
2 x +1
2 2
= = = du Queda resoldre aquesta última integral; fem el can-
(1 + x)(1 − x) 1 − x 2
vi: t = x Ÿ dt = Ÿ dx = 2 x dt Ÿ
dx
I per tant:

³ ¨© 1 − x ¸¹
§1+ x · §1+ x · x Ÿ dx = 2t dt
2 x
¨ ¸
2

©1− x ¹ 2
³ x + 1 ³ t2 + 1 ³ t 2 + 1 dt =
x ⋅ ln dx = ln ⋅ −
t2
− ⋅ ³ x2 ⋅ ³ 1 − x 2 dx =
x t
§1+ x · x
dx = ⋅ 2t dt = 2 ⋅
¨ ¸
2
1 2 x2

= 2⋅³ 2 dt = 2 ⋅ « ³ dt − ³ 2 » = 2t −
©1− x ¹ 2 ª dt º
dx = ln ⋅ −
2 1 − x2 t2 + 1 − 1
¬ t + 1¼
¸⋅ + ³ 2
§1+ x · x
= ln ¨
x2 2 t +1
© ¹
dx
1 − x 2 x −1 −2 ⋅ arctgt + C = 2 x − 2 ⋅ arctg x + C

4-37
 Per tant: ³ arctg x dx = x ⋅ arctg x − ⋅ 2 x −
1 Resolem aquesta integral, fent el canvi:
t ' = sec t Ÿ dt ' = sec t ⋅ tgt dt
2
(

³ =³ =³
)
−2 ⋅ arctg x + C = x ⋅ arctg x − x + dt ' sec t ⋅ tgt dt sec t ⋅ tgt dt
=
2 2
t ' −1 sec t − 1 tg 2 t
+arctg x + C = arctg x ⋅ (x + 1) − x + C
f) Primer, fem el canvi: t = x + 1 Ÿ = ³ sec t ⋅ dt = ³
sec t + tgt sec2 t + sec t ⋅ tgt
Ÿ dt = dx, x = t í 1
dt
sec t + tgt sec t + tgt

³ (x + 1)2 ³ t 2 dt =
x ⋅ ex (t − 1) ⋅ e t −1 Fem un altre canvi de variable:
s = tgt + sec t Ÿ ds = (sec t ⋅ tgt + sec2 t) dt
dx =

= e −1 ⋅ ³ «³ t
−1 ª e
³ t 2 dt »¼
et º
³ =³
(t − 1) ⋅ e t t dt ' ds
¬
dt = e ⋅ dt − = ln s + C = ln tgt + sec t + C
t2
2
t ' −1 s
Tornem a la integral original:

³
Passem a la segona integral; per parts:

u = e t Ÿ du = e t dt ; dv = Ÿv=−
dt 1 sinx 1
dx = − ⋅ ln tg(arcsec t ') + t ' + C =
t 2
t cos 2x 2

³t dt = −e t ⋅ + ³ dt + C = − + ³ dt + C
et et et et 1
2
1
t t t t
=−
2
⋅ ln tg arcsec( ( ))
2 ⋅u + 2 ⋅u +C =

De manera que: 1

³ (x + 1)2 «³ t t ³ t »¼
−1 ª e et º
x ⋅ ex t
et
=−
2
⋅ ln tg arcsec( ( ))
2 ⋅ cos x + 2 ⋅ cos x + C

¬
dx = e ⋅ dt + − dt + C =
d) Fem el canvi t = x Ÿ dt =
1
dx i obtenim
et e t −1 ex 2 x

³ = 2 ⋅ ³ arcsintdt
= e −1 ⋅ + C = +C= +C
t t x +1 arcsin( x )

70. a) Fem el canvi u=cos x Ÿ du=-sin(x)dx,

x

³ dx = − ³
integrem per parts la segona integral, prenent els
cos xsinx u canvis
du
u = arcsin(t) Ÿ du =
2
2 + cos x 2 + u2
I ara, si v=2+u2 Ÿ dv=2udu,
1
dt i
1 − t2
dv = dt Ÿ v = t, obtenim
³ du = ³
u 1

³ arcs intdt = tarcsint − ³

dv = v + C
2+u 2
2 v t
dt
d’on s’obté 1 − t2

³
cos xsinx ara, si prenem t ' = t 2 Ÿ dt ' = 2tdt obtenim

³ ³
dx = − 2 + cos 2 x + C
2 + cos 2 x t 1 1
dt = dt ' = − 1 − t ' + C =
b) Fem el canvi: u = x Ÿ du = Ÿ
dx 1 − t2 2 1− t '
2 x = − 1 − t2 + C
Ÿ dx = 2 x du = 2u du

³ dx = 2 ⋅ ³ = 2⋅³ 2
Ho unim tot i desfem el canvi:

³
1 u du du arcsin( x )
= = 2( xarcsin( x ) + 1− | x |) + C
x ⋅ (1 + x) u ( u + 1)
2
u +1 x

72. a) Canvi de variable: u = cosx Ÿ du = í sinx dx

= 2 ⋅ arctgu + C = 2 ⋅ arctg x + C

³ dx = ³
³ dx = − ³
sinx sinx 1
c) dx sinx du − 2
2
cos 2x 2cos x − 1 2 = 2⋅u +C= +C
Fem el canvi: u = cosx Ÿ du = í sinx dx
3
cos3 x u 2 cos x

³ dx = − ³
b) Canvi de variable: u = lnx Ÿ du =
sinx du dx
x

³ x ⋅ ln x ⋅ ln(ln x) = ³ u ⋅ ln u
cos 2x 2u 2 − 1

I ara: t ' = 2 ⋅ u Ÿ dt ' = 2 du

dx du

³ ⋅³ Repetim el canvi: t = lnu Ÿ dt =

sinx 1 dt ' du
dx = −
2
cos 2x 2 t ' −1 u

4-38
 ³ x ⋅ ln x ⋅ ln(ln x) = ³ t = ln t + C = ln ln u + C =
dx dt 1
=
(x − 2) (x − 3)2
2

A B C D
= ln ln(ln x) + C = + 2
+ + =
x − 2 (x − 2) x − 3 (x − 3)2

u = x + 1 Ÿ du = dx, x = u í 1
c) Comencem amb el canvi de variable: A(x − 2)(x − 3)2 + B(x − 3) 2
= +
(x − 2) 2 (x − 3)2

³ x + 1 ³ u du =
x4 (u − 1) 4 C(x − 2) 2 (x − 3) + D(x − 2) 2
dx = + =
(x − 2)2 (x − 3)2
=³ du = ³ u 3du −
u 4 − 4u 3 + 6u 2 − 4u + 1 x 3 (A + C) + x 2 ( −8A − B − 7C + D)
= +
u (x − 2) 2 (x − 3)2
−4 ⋅ ³ u 2 du + 6 ⋅ ³ u du − 4 ⋅ ³ du + ³
1 x(21A − 6B + 16C − 4D) − 18A + 9B − 12C + 4D
du = +
u (x − 2) 2 (x − 3)2
u4 u3 u2 Comparem numeradors:
­
= − 4 ⋅ + 6 ⋅ − 4 ⋅ u + ln u + C =
4 3 2
° −8A + B − 7C + D = 0
A+C=0
°
®
(x + 1) 4 4
= − ⋅ (x + 1)3 + 3 ⋅ (x + 1)2 − 4(x + 1) +
° 21A − 6B + 16C − 4D = 0
4 3
+ ln x + 1 + C °¯ −18A + 9B − 12C + 4D = 1

d) Fem el canvi: u = 1 − x 2 → Multipliquem la segona equació per 4 i la sumem a

Ÿ du = −2x ⋅
la tercera:
dx
−11A − 2B − 12C = 0
2 1− x 2
I de la primera: A = í C. Així, doncs:
A més: 1− x 2 = u 2 Ÿ x = 1− u 2 −11A − 2B + 12A = 0 → A = 2B
1 − x2 u Ara sumem la tercera i la quarta equacions:
dx = − du = − du 3A + 3B + 4C = 1Ÿ 3A + 3B − 4A = 1
3B − A = 1 Ÿ 3B − 2B = 1
x 1 − u2

³x dx = − ³
1 u 1
⋅ du = B=1
A = 2 Ÿ C = −2
1 − x2 1 − u2 1 − u2 ⋅ u

= −³
1 − u2 ³ u2 − 1
du du
= D = 8A − B + 7C = 1

³ (x − 2) (x − 3) =³ +³
dx 2 dx dx
Descomponem en fraccions simples: Així: 2 2
−
x−2 (x − 2) 2

−³
x − 3 ³ (x − 3)2
1 1 A B
= = + =
2
u − 1 (u + 1)(u − 1) u + 1 u − 1 2 dx dx
+

Per a la segona integral: u = x í 2 Ÿ du = dx

A(u − 1) + B(u + 1) u(A + B) − A + B
= =
(u + 1)(u − 1) (u + 1)(u − 1)

³ (x − 2) =³
Comparem numeradors: dx du 1 1
­ A+B=0
=− +C=− +C
®
2
u u x−2

¯−A + B = 1 Anàlogament amb la quarta integral:

³ (x − 3)2 = − x − 3 + C
Aïllem de la primera equació: A = íB, i de la se- dx 1
gona:
B + B = 1 Ÿ B= →A=−
³ (x − 2) (x − 3)
1 1 dx
2 2 Així, finalment: 2 2
= 2 ⋅ ln x − 2 −
Així:
§ 1 1 · 1 1
¨ −2 ¸
³ x 1 − x 2 = ³ ¨ u + 1 + u 2− 1 ¸ du = − 2 ⋅ ³ u + 1 +
− − 2 ⋅ ln x − 3 − +C
dx 1 du x−2 x−3
¨ ¸
© ¹
b) El denominador té un factor quadràtic irreductible,

+ ⋅³
i per tant:
1 du 1 1 1 A Bx + C
= − ⋅ ln u + 1 + ⋅ ln u − 1 + C = = + 2 =
2 u −1 2 2 (x + 1) ( x + 2x + 4 ) x + 1 x + 2x + 4
2

1 1 A ( x 2 + 2x + 4 ) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
= − ⋅ ln 1 − x 2 + 1 + ⋅ ln 1 − x 2 − 1 + C
2 2 = =
72. a) Descomponem en fraccions simples: (x + 1) ( x 2 + 2x + 4 )

4-39
 x 2 (A + B) + x(2A + B + C)4A + C Multipliquem les segona equació per 3 i la restem
=
(x + 1) ( x 2 + 2x + 4 ) de la tercera:
−7A + C − 6D = 0
Igualem numeradors:
­ A+B=0
I emprem que, de la primera: A = í D
° −7A + C + 6A = 0 Ÿ −A + C = 0 Ÿ A = C = − D
® 2A + B + C = 0
° 4A + C = 1
¯ 2A + 2B + 2A − A = 1 Ÿ 2B + 3A = 1
De la quarta equació:

Restem la tercera i la segona equacions: 1 − 3A

2A − B = 1 B=
2
I com que de la primera: A = − B Tornem a la segona equació:

− 3A = 0 Ÿ − + = 0
2A + A = 1 1 − 3A A 1
A = Ÿ B = − Ÿ C = 1− 4A = −
1 1 1 4A +
2 2 2

A = 1 = C → D = −1 Ÿ B =
3 3 3

³ (x + 1) ( x 2 + 2x + 4 ) = 3 ⋅ ³ x + 1 −
1− 3
dx 1 dx = −1
2
Llavors:

− ⋅³ 2 ³ (x + 1) (x + 2) = ³ x + 1 − ³ (x + 1)
1 x +1 dx dx dx
dx 3 2
+
3 x + 2x + 4

+³ −³
A la segona integral emprem el canvi:
u = x 2 + 2x + 4 Ÿ du = (2x + 2) dx Ÿ
dx dx
3
(x + 1) x+2

Ÿ (x +1) dx =
du Per a la segona integral: u = x + 1 Ÿ du = dx

³ (x + 1) =³
³ (x + 1) ( x 2 + 2x + 4 ) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ u = 2 ⋅ ln u + C =
2 dx du 1 1
x +1 1 du 1 2 2
=− +C=− +C
u u x +1
Anàlogament per a la tercera integral:

³ (x + 1)3 = ³ u3 = − 2 ⋅ u 2 + C = − 2(x + 1)2 + C

1
= ⋅ ln x 2 + 2x + 4 + C dx du 1 1 1
2

³ (x + 1) ( x 2 + 2x + 4 ) = 3 ⋅ ln x + 1 −
Així, doncs:
I finalment:

³ (x + 1)3 (x + 2) = ln x + 1 + x + 1 −
dx 1
dx 1

1 1
− ⋅ ⋅ ln x 2 + 2x + 4 + C = 1
3 2 − − ln x + 2 + C
2
ln x + 1 ln x + 2x + 4 2(x + 1) 2
= − +C
3 6 1 Ax + B Cx + D
d) = 2 + =
c)
1
=
A
+
B
+
( x 2
+ 4 )( x 2
+ 9 ) x + 4 x2 + 9
(x + 1) (x + 2) x + 1 (x + 1) 2
3
(Ax + B) ( x 2 + 9 ) + (Cx + D) ( x 2 + 4 )
C D = =
+ + = (x 2
+ 4 )( x 2 + 9 )
(x + 1)3 x + 2
x 3 (A + C) + x 2 (B + D) + x(9A + 4C) + 9B + 4D
A(x + 1)2 (x + 2) + B(x + 1)(x + 2) =
=
(x + 1)3 (x + 2)
+ ( x 2 + 4 )( x 2 + 9 )
C(x + 2) + B(x + 1)3 Igualem numeradors:
­ A+C=0
+ =
°
°­
(x + 1)3 (x + 2)
° B+ D = 0
x 3 (A + D) + x 2 (4A + B + 3D)
® Ÿ ® A = −C Ÿ
° 9A + 4C = 0 °̄ B = −D
= +
°¯ 9B + 4D = 1
(x + 1)3 (x + 2)
x(5A + 3B + C + 3D) + 2A + 2B + 2C + D
­
+
°­ 9A − 4A = 0 °
(x + 1)3 (x + 2)
Ÿ® Ÿ®
A=C=0

°̄ 9B + 4D = 1 °̄ 5B = 1 Ÿ B = 5 Ÿ D = − 5
Comparem numeradors: 1 1
­
° 4A + B + 3D = 0
A+D=0
°
®
Tenim:
° 5A + 3B + C + 3D = 0
°¯ 2A + 2B + 2C + D = 1 ³ (x = ⋅³ 2 − ⋅³ 2
dx 1 dx 1 dx
2
+ 4 )( x + 9 ) 5 x + 4 5 x + 9
2

4-40
 § 1+ x ·
b) Emprem el canvi de variable: u = ln ¨ Ÿ
x = 2u Ÿ dx = 2 du
Per a la primera integral, fem el canvi:
© 1− x ¹̧

³x = 2⋅³ 2 = ⋅³ 2
Ÿ du =
dx du 1 du 1
= ⋅ arctgu + 1− x 1(1− x) − (1+ x)(−1)
2
+4 4u + u 2 u + 1 2 ⋅ dx =
§x·
1+ x (1− x)2
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
1
©2¹
+C = 1− x 1− x +1+ x 2
2 = ⋅ dx = dx =
I per a la segona: x = 3u Ÿ dx = 3 du
2
1+ x (1 − x) (1 + x)(1 − x)

³ x 2 + 9 = 3 ⋅ ³ 9u 2 + u = 3 ⋅ ³ u 2 + 1 = 3 ⋅ arctgu +
2 dx
dx du 1 du 1 =
1 − x2

³ 1 − x 2 ¨© 1 − x ¸¹ 2 ³
§1+ x ·
§x·
1 1 u4
+C = ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
1 ⋅ ln dx = ⋅ u du = +C=
© 3¹
4
3
1 2 §1+ x ·
³ (x
§x· ⋅ ln ¨
= ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ − ¸+C
©1− x ¹
dx 1
©2¹
Així, doncs: =
2
+ 4 )( x + 9 ) 10
2 4

§x· c) Fem el canvi: u = lnx Ÿ du =

dx
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
1
© 3¹
− x

³ dx = ³ u 3du =
15

73. a) Fem el canvi: u = 1 í x Ÿ du =-dx, x = 1-u

ln 3 x u4 ln 4 x
+C= +C
x 4 4

³ (1− x)1000 ³ u 1000 ³ u1000 du =

³ 1 + sin 2 x ³ 1 + sin 2 x dx =
x2 (1− u) 2 u 2 +1− 2u
dx = − du = − sin 2 x sin 2 x + 1 − 1
d) dx =

= −³
u 998 ³ u1000 ³ u 999 = 997 + 999 − = ³ ¨1 − 2 ¸ dx = ³ dx − ³ 2
§ ·
du du du u −997 u −999
− + 2 ⋅ 1 dx
© sin x + 1 ¹ sin x + 1
u −998 1 1
−2 ⋅ +C= − + − Per a la segona integral emprarem el canvi:
u = tgx Ÿ du = sec 2 x dx
998 997(1− x)997 999(1− x)999

³ sin x + 1 = ³ 1 + tg x ⋅ cos
1
− +C
499(1− x)998 dx dx
2 2 2
=
x

=³
³ (2x + x − 2)e dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x e
74. a) Separem la integral en 3 integrals,
dx
§ 1 2 ·
2 3x 2 3x =

+ ³ xe dx − 2 ⋅ ³ e dx
cos2 x ¨ ¸
dx +
© cos x ¹
3x 3x 2
+ tg x

= ³ sec 2 x ⋅
dx
§ 1 2 ·
I calculem cada integral per separat. La primera =
¨ + tg x ¸
© cos x ¹
integral és immediata,

³e
2
1
= ³ sec2 x ⋅
sec 2 x + tg 2 x ³ 1 + tg 2 x + tg 2 x
3x
dx = ⋅e3x
3 dx sec 2 x dx
= =
Integrem la segona per parts, prenent
u=x Ÿ du=dx, dv=e3xdx Ÿ v= e3x : =³
1 du
3

³ xe dx = − ⋅ ³ e3x dx =
2u 2 + 1
3x xe3x 1 xe3x e3x Ara fem un altre canvi:
−
3 3 3 9
Ÿ du =
t dt
I finalment, per a la tercera, prenem u=
u=x2 Ÿ du=2xdx, dv=e3xdx Ÿ v= e 3x , i obtenim
2 2

³ 1 + sin x dx = ⋅³ ⋅³ 2
1
2
3 sin x 1 dt 1 dt

³ xe − ⋅ ³ xe3x dx =
= =
xe 2 3x
2 xe 2xe2 3x
2e 3x 3x
2
2 t2 2 t +1
3x
dx = − + 2 ⋅ +1
3 3 3 9 27 2
arctg 2 ⋅ u ( )
³
Ho unim tot i obtenim 1
= ⋅ arctgt + C = +C=
2 3x e3x 2 2
(2x + x − 2)e dx = (2x 2 + x − 2) −
3
e3x 4e3x =
arctg ( 2 ⋅ tgx ) +C
− (4x +1) + +C 2
9 27
4-41
 ³ 1 + sin x dx = x −
Així:
sin 2 x arctg ( 2 ⋅ tgx ) +C 1
=
2
2 (x 2
)(
+ 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 )
Ax + B Cx + D
75. a) Emprem que: = + =

ªcos ( A − B) + cos ( A + B) ¼º ,
x2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1
2¬
1
cos A ⋅ cos B =
=
(
(Ax + B) x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 ) +

³ cos x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ cos 3x dx =

amb A = x i B = 2x. (x 2
+ 2 ⋅ x +1 x − 2 ⋅ x +1)( 2
)
(
(Cx + D) x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 )
= ⋅ ³ [ cos( − x) + cos 3x ] ⋅ cos 3x dx =
1 + =
2
(x 2
)( )
+ 2 ⋅ x +1 x − 2 ⋅ x +1 2

⋅ ³ cos x ⋅ cos 3x dx + ⋅ ³ cos2 3x dx

1 1 x (A + B) + x ( − A 2 + B + C 2 + D )
3 2
= = +
2 2
( x + 2 ⋅ x + 1)( x − 2 ⋅ x + 1)
2 2

Per a la primera integral emprem la mateixa identi-

tat trigonomètrica, però amb A = x i B = 3x: x (A − B 2 + C + D 2 ) + B + D

³ cos x ⋅ cos 3x dx = 2 ⋅ ³ [cos( −2x) + cos 4x ] dx =

+
1
( x + 2 ⋅ x + 1)( x − 2 ⋅ x + 1)
2 2

⋅ ³ cos 2x dx + ⋅ ³ cos 4x dx =
Igualem els numeradors:
­
1 1
=
°
­°
2 2 A+C=0
° −A 2 + B + C 2 + D = 0
sin2x sin4x
® Ÿ ® A = −C
° A−B 2 +C+D 2 =0 °̄ B = 1− D
= + +C
°
4 8
Per a la integral següent, emprem una altra identi- ¯ B+ D =1
tat trigonomètrica:

³ cos 3x dx = ³ 2 ⋅ (1 + cos 6x) dx = 2 ⋅ ³ dx +

Multipliquem la tercera equació per 2 i la su-
2 1 1
mem a la segona:

+ ⋅ ³ cos 6x dx = +
− B + 2C 2 + 3D = 0
1 x sin6x
+C
2 2 12 −1 + D + 2C 2 + 3D = 0
I així:

³ cos x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ cos 3x dx = 8 + 16 +

2C 2 + 4D − 1 = 0
sin2x sin4x Si ara les restem en lloc de sumar-les:
2A 2 − 3B + D = 0 Ÿ 2A 2 − 3B + D = 0
−2C 2 − 3(1 − D) + D = 0 Ÿ −2C 2 + 4D − 3 = 0
x sen6x
+ + +C
4 24
Ara, només ens queden dues equacions per treba-
b) Emprem la identitat trigonomètrica: llar:
­° 2C 2 + 4D = 1
®
1
sinA ⋅ cos B = ⋅ [sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)] ,
°̄ −2C 2 + 4D = 3
2
amb A = 5x i B = x

³ sin5x ⋅ cos x dx = 2 ³
Si ho sumem: 8D = 4 Ÿ D =
1
1
⋅ (sin4x + sin6x) dx = 2
ŸA=
= ⋅ ³ sin4x dx + ⋅ ³ sin6x dx =
1− 4D 1 1
1 1 C= =−
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1
cos 4x cos 6x B =1− D =
=− − +C 2
8 12
1
Així: =
1 1 (x 2
)(
+ 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 )
76. a) = 2
4
( )(
x + 1 x + 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 ) 1
⋅x +
1
−
1
⋅x +
1
2 2 2 2
Tenim dos factors quadràtics irreductibles, i per = 2 + 2 =
x + 2 ⋅ x +1 x − 2 ⋅ x +1
tant descomponem en fraccions simples tenint-ho
en compte: Per tant, la integral queda d’aquesta manera:

4-42
³x 2 ³ x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1
⋅³ 2
dx 1 x+ 2 2 dx
4
= dx − − ⋅
+1 2 2 x + 2 ⋅ x +1

⋅³
1 x− 2 Per a la primera de les integrals:
− dx
2 2 2
x − 2 ⋅ x +1 u = x 2 − 2 ⋅ x +1Ÿ du = 2x − 2 dx ( )
³x dx = ³
Passem a la primera integral, i expressem el nume-
rador com la derivada del denominador: 2x − 2 du
2
= ln u + C =
− 2 ⋅ x +1 u

³ x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 dx = ³ x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 dx =
1 2
x+ 2 2
⋅ 2x + 2 +
2
( ) = ln x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 + C

= ⋅³ 2 ⋅³ 2
I per a la segona, fem el canvi:

Ÿ du = 2 dx
1 2x + 2 2 dx
dx + u 1
2 x + 2 ⋅ x +1 2 x + 2 ⋅ x +1 =x−
2 2

³x =³
Per a la primera d’aquestes últimes integrals:
dx dx
§ 1 · 1
=
2
u = x + 2 ⋅ x +1Ÿ du = 2x + 2 dx ( ) 2
− 2 ⋅ x +1
¨x − ¸ +
2

© 2¹ 2
³x dx = ³
⋅³ 2
2x + 2 du
2
= ln u + C = 2 du
+ 2 ⋅ x +1 u = = 2 ⋅ arctgu + C =
2 u +1
= ln x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 + C
= 2 ⋅ arctg ( 2 ⋅ x −1 + C )
Ara passem a la segona integral anterior:

³ x2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 = ³ 2
Per tant:

³ x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 dx =
dx dx
= ln x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1
1 1 x− 2
x + 2 ⋅x + + −
2 2 2

=³
dx
( )
§ 1 · 1
−arctg 2 ⋅ x −1 + C
¨x + ¸ +
2

© 2¹ 2 Així, doncs, finalment la integral original queda:

1 §¨ ln x + 2 ⋅ x + 1
³ x4 + 1 2 2 ¨
2

Ÿ
u 1 dx
= ⋅ +
©
Ara fem el canvi: =x+ 2
2 2
Ÿ du = 2 dx 1 §¨ ln x − 2 ⋅ x + 1
2

2 2 ¨
( ))
³ x2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 = 2 ⋅ ³ 1 2 1 =
+arctg 2 ⋅ x + 1 − ⋅ −
©
dx 1 du 2

2
⋅u +
2
−arctg ( 2 ⋅ x +1 + C =))
⋅³ 2
=
2 du
= 2 ⋅ arctgu + C = =
ln x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1
+
arctg ( 2 ⋅ x +1 )−
2 u +1 4 2 2 2
= 2 ⋅ arctg ( )
2 ⋅ x +1 + C
−
2
ln x − 2 ⋅ x + 1
+
arctg ( 2 ⋅ x −1 ) +C
4 2 2 2
Recapitulem:

³ x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ ln x + 2 ⋅ x + 1 +
2 2
x +1 x +1
x+ 2 1 b) =
2
(
x4 + 1 x2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 )( )
1 Tenim dos factors quadràtics irreductibles, i tenint-
+
2
⋅ 2 ⋅ arctg ( )
2 ⋅ x +1 + C = ho en compte, ho expressem amb fraccions sim-
ples:
ln x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 + 1
=
=
2
+ arctg ( 2 ⋅ x +1 + C) ( x2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 )( )
Passem ara a la segona integral de l’expressió final Ax + B Cx + D
= 2
+ 2 =
(de manera anàloga a la primera): x + 2 ⋅ x +1 x − 2 ⋅ x +1

³ x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 dx −
x− 2 1 2x − 2
=
(
(Ax + B) x 2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 ) +
(x 2
+ 2 ⋅ x +1 x − 2 ⋅ x +1 )( 2
)
4-43
 Ÿ du = 2 dx
+
(
(Cx + D) x 2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 ) =
u
=x−
1
(x 2
)(
+ 2 ⋅ x +1 x − 2 ⋅ x +1 2
) 2 2

³x =³
dx dx
=
(
x 3 (A + B) + x 2 − A 2 + B + C 2 + D )+ 2
− 2 ⋅ x +1 1 1
=
x2 − 2 ⋅ x + +
(x 2
)(
+ 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 ) 2 2

( ) =³ ⋅³
dx 1 du
§ 1 · 1
x A− B 2 +C+ D 2 + B+ D = =
¨x − ¸ +
+ 2
2 1 ⋅ u2 + 1
© 2¹ 2
(x 2
)(
+ 2 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 2 ⋅ x + 1 ) 2 2

2⋅³
Igualem numeradors: du
­
= 2 ⋅ arctgu + C =
°
u2 + 1
°­
A+C=0
° −A 2 + B + C 2 + D = 1
® Ÿ ® A = −C ( )
= arctg 2 ⋅ x −1 + C
° A−B 2 +C+D 2 =0 °̄ B = 1− D
°
¯ ³ x 4 + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ arctg
x2 + 1 2
B+ D =1 Finalment: ( 2 ⋅ x +1 + )
Multipliquem la tercera equació per 2 i la su- 2
mem a la segona: +
2
⋅ arctg ( )
2 ⋅ x −1 + C

− B + 2C 2 + 3D = 1
77. Descomponem l’integrant en fraccions simples:
I si ara hi restem:
1
=
2A 2 − 3B + D = −1 x6 + 1
−2C 2 − 3B + D = −1 1
= 2 =
Així, ara tenim dues equacions: (
( x + 1) x + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1
2
)( )
­° − B + 2C 2 + 3D = 1
®
Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
= + + =
°̄ −3B − 2C 2 + D = −1
x2 + 1 x2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1

Les sumem: −4B + 4D = 0 Ÿ B = D =

x 5 (A + C + E) + x 4 B − C 3 + D + E 3 + F ( )+
( )( )
I com que: B = 1− D = 1− B Ÿ B = D =
1 (x 2
+ 1) x + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x − 3 ⋅ x + 1
2 2

2
+
(
x 3 − A + 2C − D 3 + 2E + F 3 ) +
1 − 3D + B
C=
2 2
=0=A (x 2
(
+ 1) x + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x − 3 ⋅ x + 1
2
)( 2
)
Per tant: ³ 4 dx = ⋅ ³ 2
x2 + 1 1 dx +
(
x 2 − B − C 3 + 2D + E 3 + 2F ) +
+
x +1 2 x + 2 ⋅ x +1 (x 2
( )( )
+ 1) x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1

+ ⋅³ 2 x (A + C − D 3 + E + F 3)
1 dx
2 x − 2 ⋅ x +1 + +
( x + 1) ( x + 3 ⋅ x + 1)( x − 3 ⋅ x + 1)
2 2 2

A la primera integral fem el canvi:

B+ D+ F
Ÿ du = 2 dx
u 1 +
=x+ (x 2
(
+ 1) x + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1
2
)( )
2 2

³ x2 + 2 ⋅ x + 1 = ³ 2
Igualem numeradors:
­A
dx dx
°
= +C +E = 0
1 1
°
x + 2 ⋅x + +

°−A
2 2 B −C 3 +D +E 3 +F = 0

=³ ⋅³ °
®
dx 1 du +2C − D 3 +2E + F 3 = 0
§ 1 · 1
= =
¨x + ¸ + °
2
2 1 1
°
2

© 2¹ 2
⋅u + − B −C 3 +2D + E 3 +2F = 0

°A
2 2

2⋅³ 2 °¯
+C −D 3 +E +F 3 = 0
du B +D +F = 1
= 2 ⋅ arctgu + C =
u +1
Restem la segona i la quarta equacions:
= arctg ( )
2 ⋅ x +1 + C 2B − D − F = 0
I per a la segona integral: I emprant la sisena, B − 1 = − D − F , arribem a:

4-44
2B + B −1 = 0 Ÿ B =
1 Anirem una per una. A la primera integral fem el can-
vi:
u = x 2 + 3 ⋅ x +1 Ÿ du = 2x + 3 dx
3
Si ara sumem la segona i la quarta equacions: ( )
⋅³ 2 ⋅³
−2C 3 + 3D + 2E 3 + 3F = 0 3 2x + 3 3 du 3
dx = = ⋅ ln u + C =
2 3 ( E − C ) + 3(D + F) = 0 2 x + 3 ⋅ x +1 2 u 2
2 3 ( E − C ) + 3(B − 1) = 0 3
= ⋅ ln x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 + C
2
Per a la segona integral: u = 2x + 3 Ÿ du = 2 dx
2
2 3 ( E − C) + 3 ⋅ =0
3

³x =³
1 dx dx
E−C=− =
3 2
+ 3 ⋅ x +1 2 3 1
x + 3⋅x + +
4 4

=³ = ⋅³ = 2⋅³ 2
Tenint en compte que de la primera equació:
A = −C − E , dx
1 du du
§ 3· 1
=
¨x + ¸ +
2
passem a la cinquena: 2 1 2 u + 1
⋅ u +1
© ¹
2 4 2
−C − E + C − D 3 + E + F 3 = 0
3(F − D) = 0 → F = D = 2 ⋅ arctgu + C = 2 ⋅ arctg 2x + 3 + C ( )
Emprem ara la sisena equació: Per tant:

³x
B + 2D = 1
3⋅x + 2 3
1− B 1 2
dx = ⋅ ln x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 +
D= = =F + 3 ⋅ x +1 2
2 3
De la tercera equació: (
+arctg 2x + 3 + C )
³x
− A + 2C − D 3 + 2E + F 3 = 0 3⋅x −2
L’altra integral: 2
dx
− A + 2C + 2E = 0 − 3 ⋅ x +1
Si hi sumem ara la primera: 3C + 3E = 0 es fa de manera anàloga, però amb els canvis:
E = −C u = x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1 , i u = 2x − 3 , i així:

³x ⋅³ 2
1 1
I com que E − C = − : 2E = − 3⋅x −2 3 2x − 3
3 3 2
dx = −
− 3 ⋅ x +1 2 x − 3 ⋅ x +1
ŸC=
− ⋅³ 2 ⋅³ − ⋅ ⋅4⋅³ 2
1 1
E=− 1 dx 3 du 1 1 du
2 3 2 3 = =
2 x − 3 ⋅ x +1 2 u 2 2 u +1
Finalment: A = −C − E = 0
3
Per tant, la funció queda així: =
2
⋅ ln x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1 − arctg 2x − 3 + C ( )
1 x 1 x 1
+ − +
1 3 2 3 3 I finalment arribem a l’expressió final:
= 3 + 2 3

³x
+
x6 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 x2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1 dx arctgx 1 3
6
= + ⋅ ⋅ ln x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 +
I per tant la integral:

³ x 6 + 1 = 3 ⋅ ³ x 2 + 1 + 6 ⋅ ³ x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 dx −
+1 3 6 2
dx 1 dx 1 3⋅x +2
+
(
arctg 2x + 3 )−1⋅ 3
⋅ ln x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1 +

− ⋅³ 2
6 6 2
1 3⋅x −2
6 x − 3 ⋅ x +1
dx
+
(
arctg 2x − 3 ) +C=
6
A la segona integral, expressem el numerador com la
derivada del denominador:
=
arctgx
+
3
⋅ ln x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 +
arctg 2x + 3
−
( )

³ x 2 + 3 ⋅ x + 1 dx = ³ x 2 + 3 ⋅ x +21 dx =
3 1 3 12 6
3⋅x + +
3⋅x + 2 2
−
3
⋅ ln x 2 − 3 ⋅ x + 1 +
arctg 2x − 3
+C
( )
12 6

=³ 2 ³
3
3⋅x +
2 dx + 1 ⋅ dx
=
x + 3 ⋅ x +1 2
2 x + 3 ⋅ x +1 78. a) Comencem amb el canvi: u = x +1Ÿ

⋅³ 2 dx + ⋅ ³ 2 Ÿ du =
3 2x + 3 1 dx dx
= → dx = 2 x du = 2(u −1) du
2 x + 3 ⋅ x +1 2 x + 3 ⋅ x +1 2 x
4-45
 ³ =³ du = 2 ⋅ ³ du − 2 ⋅ ³ ( )
dx 2(u − 1) u du (At + B) t 2 − 2 ⋅ t + 1
=
x +1 u u u = +
(t )( )
= 2 ⋅ ³ u 2 du − 2 ⋅ ³ u 2 du = 2 ⋅ ⋅ u 2 − 2 ⋅ 2u 2 + C =
2 2
+ 2 ⋅ t +1 t − 2 ⋅ t +1
1 1
− 2 3 1

3
+
(
(Ct + D) t 2 + 2 ⋅ t + 1 ) =
4
= ⋅ ( x +1 )
3
2
−4 x +1 + C (t 2
)( )
+ 2 ⋅ t +1 t − 2 ⋅ t +1 2

3
1 1 t (A + B) + t ( − A 2 + B + C 2 + D )
3 2

§x· §x·
b) cos ecx = = = = +
2 ⋅ sin ¨ ¸ ⋅ cos ¨ ¸ ( t + 2 ⋅ t + 1)( t − 2 ⋅ t + 1)
2 2
sinx
©2¹ ©2¹
t (A − B 2 + C + D 2 ) + B + D
1
§x· §x· §x·
= = +
2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ ⋅ cos ¨ ¸ ⋅ cos ¨ ¸
( t + 2 ⋅ t + 1)( t − 2 ⋅ t + 1)
2 2

©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹

§x·
Igualem numeradors:
1 1
⋅ sec 2 ¨ ¸ = ­
§ · § · § · ©2¹ °
= =
­°
A+C=0
2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ ⋅ cos2 ¨ ¸ 2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ ° −A 2 + B + C 2 + D = 1
x x x
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ® → ® A = −C
° A−B 2 +C+D 2 =0 °̄ B = 1− D
§x· °
1 + tg 2 ¨ ¸
©2¹ ¯ B+ D =1
§x·
=
2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸
©2¹
Multipliquem la tercera equació per 2 i la su-
mem a la segona:

§ x·
I fem el canvi de variable: − B + 2C 2 + 3D = 1
u = tg ¨ Ÿ dx =
2
© 2 ¹̧
du I si ara hi restem:
1+ u 2
2A 2 − 3B + D = −1
Així, doncs:
§x·
−2C 2 − 3B + D = −1
1 + tg 2 ¨ ¸
³ cos ecx + 1 dx = ³ © 2 ¹ + 1 dx =
Per tant, tenim dues equacions:

§x· °­ − B + 2C 2 + 3D = 1
tg ¨ ¸ ®
©2¹ °̄ −3B − 2C 2 + D = −1
Les sumem: −4B + 4D = 0 Ÿ B = D
=³
1 + u2 2du
I com que: B = 1− D = 1− B Ÿ B = D =
+1⋅ =
2u 1 + u2 1

⋅³
2
2 1 + u2 du
= +2⋅ = 1 − 3D + B
2 u 1 + u2 C= =0=A

= 2⋅³
2 2

³ t 4 + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ ³ t 2 + 2 ⋅ t + 1 +
1 + u 2 + 2u du t2 + 1 1 dt
⋅ = Per tant:
u 1 + u2

= 2 ⋅³ = 2 ⋅³ + ⋅³ 2
(u + 1) 2 du u +1 1 dt
⋅ du
u (1 + u 2 )
2
u 1+ u 2 t − 2 ⋅ t +1
Ara fem un altre canvi: A la primera integral fem el canvi:

t = u Ÿ dt = Ÿ du ' = 2 dt
du u' 1
=t+
2 2

³t =³
2 u

³ cos ecx + 1 dx = 2 2 ⋅ ³
t2 + 1 dt dt
dt =
2
+ 2 ⋅ t +1 1 1
t4 + 1 2
t + 2 ⋅t + +
2 2

=³ ⋅³
L’integrant que queda és una funció racional:
dt 1 du '
§ 1 · 1
t2 + 1 t2 + 1 = =
¨t + ¸ +
2
= = 2 1 2 1
© 2¹ 2
⋅u' +
( )(
t4 + 1 t2 + 2 ⋅ t + 1 t2 − 2 ⋅ t + 1 ) 2 2

2⋅³
At + B Ct + D du '
= 2
+ 2 = = 2 ⋅ arctgu '+ C =
t + 2 ⋅ t +1 t − 2 ⋅ t +1 u '2 + 1

4-46
 = −³ t ⋅ dt = − ³ t(tgx + sec x) dt =
(tgx + sec x)2
= arctg ( 2 ⋅ t +1 + C ) tgx + sec x

= − ³ dt = − t = −
I per a la segona integral:
t 1
u' 1
=t− → du ' = 2 dt t tgx + sec x

³ senx + 1 dx = −x ⋅ tgx + sec x + ³ tgx + sec x

2 2

³ t2 − 2 ⋅ t + 1 = ³ 2
x 1 dx
dt dt Així:
=
1 1
t − 2⋅t + +
Passem a la integral, que queda així:

³ tgx + sec x = ³ sinx 1 = ³ 1 + sinx dx

2 2

=³ ⋅³
dt 1 du ' dx dx cos x
§ 1 · 1
= =
¨t − ¸ +
2
2 1 ⋅ u '2 + 1 +
© 2¹ 2
I fem el canvi: t = sinx Ÿ dt = cosx dx
2 2 cos x cos x

2⋅³
³ tgx + sec x = ³ 1 + t = ln t + 1 + C =
du '
= 2 ⋅ arctgu '+ C = dx dt
u '2 + 1
= arctg ( 2 ⋅ t −1 + C ) = ln sinx + 1 + C
I finalment:

³ t 4 + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ arctg ³ sinx + 1 dx = − tgx + sec x + ln sinx + 1 + C

Per tant:
t2 + 1 2 x x
( )
2 ⋅ t +1 +

2 b) Integrant per parts, prenem:

+ ⋅ arctg ( )
2 ⋅ t −1 + C =
Ÿ du = −
2 1 1 dx
u= 2
⋅
2 arcsinx arcsin x 1 − x 2
= ⋅ arctg ( 2 ⋅ u +1 + )
Ÿ v = arcsinx
2 dx
dv =
2 1 − x2

³ arcsinx
+
2
⋅ arctg ( 2 ⋅ u −1 + C = ) dx 1
§ §x· ·
= ⋅ arcsinx +
⋅ arctg ¨ 2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ + 1¸ +
2 arcsinx
¨ © 2 ¹ ¸¹
2 1− x
© + ³ arcsinx ⋅
=
2 1 dx
⋅ =
§ §x· ·
arcsin 2 x 1 − x 2
⋅ arctg ¨ 2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ − 1¸ + C
¨ © 2 ¹ ¸¹ =1+ ³
2
©
+ dx
2

§ §x· ·
Així: ³ cos ecx + 1 dx = 2 ⋅ arctg ¨ 2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ + 1¸ +
arcsinx 1 − x 2

¨ © 2 ¹ ¸¹
Veiem que integrant per parts tornem a obtenir la
© integral de la qual hem partit. Llavors, fem un sim-

§ §x· ·
ple canvi:
+2 ⋅ arctg ¨ 2 ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ − 1¸ + C u = arcsinx Ÿ du =
¨ © 2 ¹ ¸¹
dx
© 1 − x2

³ arcsinx =³
79. a) Reescrivim la funció: dx du
= ln u + C =
1 sec x sec x 1− x 2 u
= =
sinx + 1 sinx ⋅ sec x + sec x tgx + sec x = ln arcsinx + C
Per tant, fem: u = x Ÿ du = dx §x· §x·
2sin ¨ ¸ cos ¨ ¸ + 1
sec x sinx + 1 ©2¹ ©2¹
2§x·
dv = dx c) e x ⋅ = ex ⋅ =
2 cos ¨ ¸ − 1 + 1
tgx + sec x cos x + 1
Abans de continuar, hem de calcular v. Per a això ©2¹
§x· §x·
fem el canvi:
2sin ¨ ¸ cos ¨ ¸
1
Ÿ dt = −
sec x ⋅ tgx + sec 2 x ©2¹ © 2 ¹ + ex ⋅ 1
§ · §x·
t= dx = ex ⋅ =
2 cos 2 ¨ ¸ 2 cos 2 ¨ ¸
tgx + sec x (tgx + sec x)2 x
©2¹ ©2¹
v=³
sec x
§x· e §x·
dx =
= e x ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ + ⋅ sec2 ¨ ¸
tgx + sec x x

©2¹ 2 ©2¹
= −³ t ⋅
(tgx + sec x)2
⋅ sec x dt =
sec x ⋅ tgx + sec2 x És a dir, dividim la integral en dues:

4-47
 ³e ⋅ dx = ³ e x ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ dx +
§x·
f '(x) = ³ f ''(x) dx = ³ ( 3x 2 + 7x ) dx =3 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx +
sinx + 1 Emprem el pendent de la recta tangent:
©2¹
x

cos x + 1

+ ⋅ ³ e x ⋅ sec2 ¨ ¸ dx +7 ³ x dx = x 3 + ⋅ x 2 + C
1 §x· 7
2 ©2¹ 2
Fem la segona integral per parts: Al punt (2, 1), el pendent de la recta tangent és í 10:
u = e x Ÿ du = e x dx
7
f '(2) = 23 + ⋅ 22 + C = −10
§ x· § x·
2
dv = sec 2 ¨ dx Ÿ v = 2 ⋅ tg ¨
© 2 ¹̧ © 2 ¹̧
8 + 14 + C = −10
C = −32

³ sec ¨ ¸ dx = e ⋅ 2tg ¨ ¸ − 2 ⋅ ³ tg ¨ ¸ ⋅ e dx
§x· §x· §x· x 7
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
2 x És a dir, en aquest punt: f '(x) = x 3 + ⋅ x 2 − 32
2
Així, la corba és d’aquesta forma:

f (x) = ³ f '(x) dx = ³ x 3 dx + ⋅ ³ x 2 dx − 32 ⋅ ³ dx =
³ e ⋅ cos x + 1 dx = ³ e ⋅ tg ¨© 2 ¸¹ dx +
Tornem a la integral original:
x sinx + 1 x §x· 7
2

+ ⋅ ¨ 2tg ¨ ¸ ⋅ e x − 2 ⋅ ³ e x ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ dx ¸ + C =
1 § §x· §x· · x4 7 3
2 © ©2¹ ©2¹ ¹
= + ⋅ x − 32x + C
4 6
§x·
= e x ⋅ tg ¨ ¸ + C
I com que sabem que passa per (2, 1):
©2¹ 24 7
f (2) = + ⋅ 23 − 32 ⋅ 2 + C = 1
4 6
§ 1 · − 64 + C = 1 Ÿ C =
d) Integrem per parts prenent
Ÿ du = − 2
28 155
u = arctan ¨
1 4+
© 1+ x ¹̧
dx, 3 3
x + 2x + 2
x4 7 3 155
dv = xdx Ÿ v =
2 Així: f (x) = + ⋅ x − 32x +
x 4 6 3
.
2
Llavors f '(x)

³ x arctan ¨© x +1¹̧dx =
§ 1 · § 1 ·
82. Com que f (x) = 4x 3f (x) → 4x 3 =
⋅ arctan ¨
2 f (x)

4 ⋅ ³ x 3 dx = ³
x
© x +1¹̧
−
2 1

− ⋅³ 2
⋅ f '(x) dx
1 x 2 f (x)
dx
= ln f (x) + C Ÿ ln f (x) = x 4 + C
2 x + 2x + 2 x4
4⋅
x2 2x + 2 4
Com que 2
= 1− 2 4
x + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 2 f (x) = e x +C

Si calculem la integral obtenim

³ x 2 + 2x + 2dx = x − ³ x 2 + 2x + 2 dx =
Emprem l’altra dada que se’ns dona:
f (0) = e0+C = e 2 Ÿ C = 2
x2 2x + 2
4

= x − ln | x 2 + 2x + 2 | Per tant: f (x) = e x +2

f '(x) = ³ f ''(x) dx = ³ 6 dx = 6x + C1
Per tant, 83. La funció f(x) tindrà aquesta forma:

³ x arctan ¨© x +1¹̧dx =
§ 1 · § 1 ·
⋅ arctan ¨
x2
© x +1¹̧
−

f (x) = ³ f '(x) dx = ³ ( 6x + C1 ) dx = 6 ⋅
2
x2
1 + C1 ⋅ x +
− ⋅ (x − ln | x 2 + 2x + 2 |) + C 2
2
+ C2 = 3x 2 + C1x + C2
80. f(x) és la corba. El pendent de la recta tangent és f'(x), Per la segona condició, la recta tangent és:

f '(x) = ³ f ''(x) dx = ³ 3 dx = 3x + C
i una dada que se’ns dona és f''(x) = 3, per tant:
f '(4) = 12 = 3⋅ 4 + C = 12 + C Ÿ C = 0
y − 3 = y − f (2) = f '(2)(x − 2) = (−2)(x − 2)
És a dir, el pendent de la recta tangent en aquest punt
f '(2) = −2 = 6 ⋅ 2 + C1 Ÿ −2 = 12 + C1 Ÿ C1 = −14
és – 2 i f(2)=3:

I f(2)=12-28+C2=3 Ÿ C2=19, per tant

La recta tangent en aquest punt és: 3x.

81. Si f(x) és la corba que es demana, tenim: f(x)=3x2-14x+19.

f ''(x) = 3x 2 + 7x 84. a) Fem el canvi: u = cosax Ÿ

4-48
 Ÿ du = í a sinax dx 1

³ b cos dx = − ⋅ ³ 2 = − ⋅ ¨ − ¸ + C =
1 § 1·
= − ⋅ ln cos x + C

Si a ≠ 0, b = 0 : ³ dx = ⋅ ³ sinx dx = −
sinax 1 du b
ab © u ¹
2 sinx 1 cos x
ax a bu +C
a a a
1 sec ax

b) ³ dx = ³ b
= +C= +C 1 a
ab ⋅ cosax ab ⋅ (bx + a) −
x b dx =

Ÿ dx =
c ⋅u c (a + bx) 2 (a + bx) 2

§ ·
b) Emprem el canvi: x = du
¨1 ¸
= ³¨ ⋅ dx = ⋅ ³
b b a

³ c + b2 x 2 dx = a ⋅ ³ c + b2 x 2 = 2 ¸
a dx 1 b 1 dx
¨ ¸
− −

© ¹
b a + bx (a + bx) b a + bx

⋅³ ⋅³
= − ⋅³
a c du a du
= = 2
= a dx
b c
c + b2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ u 2 b c 1 + u b (a + bx) 2
b
§ bx ·
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸+C
Per a la primera integral fem el canvi:
u = a + bx Ÿ du = b dx
a a
© c¹
= ⋅ arctgu + C =
b c b c

³ a + bx = b ⋅ ³
Si c = 0: dx 1 du 1 ln a + bx

³b x 2 ³ 2
= ⋅ ln u + C = +C
a a dx a 1 u b b
2 2
dx = ⋅ =− 2 ⋅ +C
b x b x El mateix canvi per a la segona integral:

³ bx b ³ xc b 1 − c ³ (a + bx) b ³ u2 b © u ¹
1 du 1 § 1 ·
= ⋅¨− ¸ + C =
1− c
a a dx a x dx
c) c
dx = ⋅ = ⋅ +C 2
= ⋅

³ b dx = b ⋅ x + C
a a 1
Si c = 0: =− +C
b(a + bx)

Ÿ dx =
c ⋅u c I així:

³ (a + bx)
d) Fem el canvi: x = du
b b x 1 1 a 1

³ dx = a ⋅ ³
2
dx = ⋅ ⋅ ln a + bx + ⋅ +
a dx b b b b(a + bx)
=
c − b2 x 2 c − b2 x 2 ln a + bx a

b ³
+C = + 2 +C
a c du b2 b (a + bx)
= ⋅ =
c Si a = 0, b ≠ 0 :
c − b ⋅ 2 ⋅ u2
2

³ (bx) b2 ³ x b2
b

⋅³ = ⋅³
x 1 dx 1
dx = ⋅ = ⋅ ln x + C
a c du a du 2
= =
b c (1 − u ) b
2
1 − u2 Si a ≠ 0, b = 0 :

³ a2
§ bx ·
⋅ arcsinu + C = ⋅ arcsin ¨ ¸+C
a a x 1 x2 x2
© c¹
= dx = ⋅ + C = +C
a2 2 2a 2
86. a) ³ =³ = −a ⋅ ³
b b

³
dx dx dx
§ x·
a
x ¨1 − ¸
Si c = 0: dx , el radicand és negatiu, ja a−x x(x − a)
© ¹
− b2 x 2 x⋅
a a
que b2 x 2 ≥ 0 .
Descomponem en fraccions simples:
85. a) Fem el canvi: u = a + bcosx Ÿ 1 A B A(x − a) + Bx

Ÿ du = í bsinx dx
= + = =
x(x − a) x x − a x(x − a)

³ a + b cos x dx = − b ³
sinx 1 du 1 x(A + B) − Aa
= − ⋅ ln u + C = =
u b x(x − a)
Comparem numeradors:
­ A = −B
ln a + b cos x

­° A + B = 0
=− +C
°
b
® Ÿ® ŸB=
1
°̄ −aA = 1 °̄ A = − a
Si a = 0, b ≠ 0 : 1

³ b cos x dx = b ⋅ ³ cos x dx = b ³ tgx dx =

a
sinx 1 sinx 1
Així:

4-49
 ³ = ab ⋅ « ⋅ ³
ª 1 dx
³ x(x − a) = ³ ¨© − ax + a(x − a) ¸¹ dx = − a ⋅ ³ x +
a § 1 · dx
§ ·§ · ¬ ab
dx 1 1 dx +
x ¨1 − ¸ ¨1 − ¸
x x x
© a ¹© b¹
+ ⋅³
⋅³ ⋅³
dx º
1 dx 1 1
= − ⋅ ln x + ⋅ ln x − a + C
a(a − b) x − a b(b − a) x − b »¼
a x−a a a 1 dx 1
+ + =
Per tant:
§ ln x ln x − a · ª ln x ln x − a ln x − b º
³ = −a ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C= = ab ⋅ « »+C=
dx
§ x· © ¹ ¬ ab a(a − b) b(b − a) ¼
+ + +
x ¨1 − ¸
a a
© a¹ b ⋅ ln x − a a ⋅ ln x − b
= ln x + + +C
= ln x − ln x − a + C a−b b−a

b) ³ =³
87. a) Comencem amb el canvi de variable:
dx dx
§ ·§ · Ÿ dt =
=
x ¨1 − ¸ ¨1 − ¸
x x a − x b−x x dx
© a ¹© b¹
x⋅ ⋅ t=
a b a a

³ arctg ¨© a ¸¹ dx = a ³ arctgt dt
§x·
= ab ⋅ ³
dx
x(x − a)(x − b)
Integrem per parts: u = arctgt Ÿ du =
Descomponem en fraccions simples: dt

dv = dt Ÿ v = t
t2 + 1
1 A B C
= + + =

³ arctgt dt = arctgt ⋅ t − ³ t ⋅ t
x(x − a)(x − b) x x − a x − b
dt
A(x − a)(x − b) + Bx(x − b) + Cx(x − a) 2
+1
= =
x(x − a)(x − b)
Per a la integral que queda emprem el canvi:
x 2 (A + B + C) + x( −aA − bA − bB − aC) + abA u = t 2 + 1 → 2t dt
=

³t dt = ⋅ ³
x(x − a)(x − b)
t 1 du 1 1
Igualem numeradors: 2
= ⋅ ln u + C = ⋅ ln t 2 + 1 +

­
+1 2 u 2 2

°
A+ B+C = 0
® −aA − bA − bB − aC = 0
+C

°
¯
I així:

³ arctg ¨© a ¸¹ dx = a ⋅ «¬arctgt ⋅ t − 2 ⋅ ln t
§x· ª º
abA = 1
+1» + C =
1
¼
2

1
De l’última equació traiem: A =
§x· x a
ab
= a ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ ⋅ − ⋅ ln 2 + 1 + C =
x2
©a¹ a 2
Multipliquem la primera per (a + b) i hi sumem la
a
segona, i resulta:
§x· a §x·
aB + bC = 0 Ÿ B = − = x ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ − ⋅ ln + C = x ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ −
bC x2 + a2
©a¹ 2 ©a¹
2
a a
1 bC a a
I de la primera: − +C=0 − ⋅ ln x 2 + a 2 + ⋅ ln a 2 + C =
ab a 2 2
§x· a
1
= x ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ − ⋅ ln x 2 + a 2 + C
− bC + Ca = 0
©a¹ 2
b

C(a − b) = − Ÿ C =
1 1
b) Per parts: u = ln x 2 + a 2 Ÿ du =
2x dx
b b(b − a) ( )
dv = dx Ÿ v = x
bC 1 x2 + a2
B=− =

³ ln ( x + a 2 ) dx = ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅
a a(a − b)
2 2x dx
És a dir: =
x2 + a2

= ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ ³
1 1 1
= + + x2
x(x − a)(x − b) abx a(a − b)(x − a) dx
x + a2
2

1
+ Ens centrem en la integral que queda:

³ x2 + a2 ³ x 2 + a 2 dx = ³ dx −
b(b − a)(x − b)
x2 x2 + a2 − a2
I la integral queda així: dx =

4-50
 −a 2 ⋅ ³ ³ x ln x dx = ln x ⋅ −³
dx m x m +1 x m +1 dx
⋅ =
x + a2
2
m +1 m +1 x

x = au Ÿ dx = a du m +1³
A la segona d’aquestes integrals fem el canvi: x m +1 1 m x m +1
= ⋅ ln x − x dx = ⋅ ln x −

³x = a⋅³ 2 2
a u + a 2 a ³ u2 + 1
m +1 m +1
dx du 1 du x m +1 § 1 ·
⋅ ¨ ln x − ¸
1 x m +1
m +1 m +1 m +1 © m +1¹
2
= ⋅ = − ⋅ =
+ a2
§x·
= ⋅ arctgu + C = ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
1 1
©a¹ 89. a) Per parts:

I així: ³ ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) dx = x ⋅ ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) − 2x +
a a
§ x·
u = arctg ¨ Ÿ du = ⋅
1 dx a
© a ¹̧ 2
= 2 2 dx

§x·
a x x +a
1+ 2
+2a 2 ⋅ ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C =
1
©a¹
a

dv = x n dx Ÿ v =
a x n+1

§x·
= x ⋅ ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) − 2x + 2a ⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ + C
n +1

³
©a¹ §x· §x· x
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
n +1

©a¹ © a ¹ n +1
n
x dx = arctg dx = arctg ⋅ −

−³
Pàgina 117
x n +1 a
⋅ dx =
n + 1 x2 + a2

⋅³ 2
§x·
88. a) Per a n = 0:

³ e dx = a ⋅ e = a ⋅ x
⋅ arctg ¨ ¸ −
x n +1 a x n +1
© a ¹ n +1 x + a
ax 1 ax eax 0 = dx
2
n +1

³ x ⋅e b) Per parts: u = ln n x Ÿ du =
Per a n = 1: ax
dx , per parts: 1
⋅ n ⋅ln n−1 x dx
dv = dx Ÿ v = x
x
u = x Ÿ du = dx ; dv = e ax dx Ÿ v =
e ax

³ ln x dx = ln n x ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅ ⋅ n ⋅ ln n −1 x dx =
a

³ ³a
n 1
eax
= x ⋅ ln n x − n ⋅ ³ ln n −1 x dx
ax 1 ax 1 ax x
x ⋅ e dx = x ⋅ ⋅ e − ⋅ e dx = ⋅x −
a a
1 ax e § 1· e § 1⋅ x ·
⋅¨x − ¸ = ⋅ ¨ x1 − ¸
ax ax 0

a © a¹ a © a ¹ c) Per parts: u = ln m x Ÿ du =
− ⋅e = 1
a2 ⋅ m ⋅ln m−1 x dx

³x
x
dv = x n dx Ÿ v =
2
Per a n = 2: ⋅ eax dx , per parts: 1 n+1
x

u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx ; dv = e ax dx Ÿ v =
n +1

³x
e ax
n x n +1
a ⋅ ln m x dx = ln m x ⋅ −

³ x ⋅ e dx = x ⋅ −³
n +1

−³
2 ax 2 eax eax
⋅ 2x dx = x n +1 1
a a ⋅ ⋅ m ⋅ ln m −1 x dx =

⋅ x − ³ x ⋅ eax dx
n +1 x

n +1 ³
eax 2 2
= x n +1 ⋅ ln m x m
a a = − ⋅ x n ⋅ ln m −1 x dx
n +1
La integral que queda ja està resolta en el cas
n = 1:

³
§ 1·
90. Calculem la integral amb el canvi de variable sugge-
⋅¨x − ¸ =
eax 2 2 eax rit:
© a¹ x = e t − e − t Ÿ dx = e t + e − t dt , x 2 = e2t + e −2t − 2
2 ax
x ⋅ e dx = ⋅x − ⋅
a a a ( )
e § 2 2x 2 · e § 2 2x 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ x ·
³ =³
⋅¨x − + ¸= ⋅¨x − ¸
ax ax 1 0

a © a a2 ¹ a © a2 ¹
= + dx e t + e− t
a dt =
4 + x2 4 + e 2t + e −2t − 2

=³ dt = ³
I així successivament. Veiem que es compleix:

³
eax § n nx n −1 n(n − 1)x n − 2 ·
et + e− t e t + e− t
⋅¨x − + ... ¸
dt =
a © ¹
x n
⋅ e ax
dx = + 2
e 2t + e −2t + 2 ( e t
+ e −t 2
)
a a
§ x + x2 + 4 ·
b) Per parts: u = lnx Ÿ du = =³ ³ ¨ ¸+C=
et + e− t
¨ ¸
dx
© ¹
dt = dt = t + C = ln
x et + e− t 2

dv = x m dx Ÿ v =
x m+1
m +1 ( )
= ln x + x 2 + 4 − ln 2 + C = ln x + x 2 + 4 + C ( )
4-51
 ³x dx = 3 ⋅ ³ 2
3 dx 93. Sabem que:

Ÿ f (x) = a ⋅ ³
91. a) 2
=
+ 2x + 2 x + 2x + 1 + 1 a dx

= 3⋅ ³
f '(x) = = a ⋅ln x +1 + C
dx 1+ x 1+ x
(x + 1) 2 + 1 I a més: f (0) = 1 = a ⋅ ln 0 + 1 + C = C = 1
Ara fem el canvi de variable: u = x + 1 Ÿ
Ÿ du = dx.
f (1) = −1 = a ⋅ ln 1 + 1 + 1 = a ⋅ ln2 + 1

³ x 2 + 2x + 2 dx = 3 ⋅ ³ u 2 + 1 = 3 ⋅ arctgu + C =
−1 − 1 = a ⋅ ln 2
3 du
2
a=−
ln 2
= 3 ⋅ arctg(x + 1) + C
2

³x dx = ³ 2
Així: f (x) = − ⋅ ln x + 1 + 1
x−3 x − 2 −1 ln 2
b) 2
dx =
− 4x + 5 x − 4x + 5

=³2 2 dx = ⋅ ³ 2
1
⋅ ( 2x − 4 ) − 1
1 2x − 4
dx −
x − 4x + 5 2 x − 4x + 5

−³
dx
2
x − 4x + 5
Per a la primera integral: u = x 2 − 4x + 5 Ÿ
Ÿ du = 2x − 4

³x dx = ³
2x − 4 du

f '(x) = ³ f ''(x) dx = ³ x ⋅ ln x dx
2
= ln u + C = 94. Comencem calculant:
− 4x + 5 u
= ln x 2 − 4x + 5 + C
I per a la segona: u = x í 2 Ÿ du = dx Per parts: u = lnx Ÿ du = dx ; dv = x dx Ÿ v =
1 x2

³x =³ 2 =³
x 2

f '(x) = ³ x ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ³ ⋅ dx =
dx dx dx
2
= x2 x2 1
− 4x + 5 x − 4x + 4 + 1 (x − 2)2 + 1

=³
2 2 x

− ⋅ ³ x dx =
du ln x ⋅ x 2 1 ln x ⋅ x 2 1 x 2
= arctgu + C = arctg(x − 2) + C
2 = − ⋅ +C=
u +1 2 2 2 2 2
§ ln x 1 ·
Així:
− + C = x2 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
ln x ⋅ x 2 x 2

³x
© 2 4¹
ln x − 4x + 5 2 =
x −3 2 4
§ ln1 1 ·
dx = − arctg(x − 2) + C
− +C = − +CŸ
2
− 4x + 5 2
I com que f '(1) = 1 = 12 ⋅ ¨
1
© 2 4 ¹̧ 4

f (x) = ³ f '(x) dx = ³ x 2 ⋅ e x dx
92. La funció tindrà la forma:
ŸC=
5
4
§ ln x 1 · 5 x ⋅ ln x x
f '(x) = x 2 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+ =
2 2
Resolem aquesta integral per parts: 5
u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx ; dv = e x dx Ÿ v = e x © 2 4¹ 4
− +
2 4 4

³x ⋅ e x dx = x 2 ⋅ e x − 2 ⋅ ³ e x ⋅ x dx
Continuem:

f (x) = ³ f '(x) dx = ⋅ ³ x 2 ⋅ ln x dx − ⋅ ³ x 2 dx +
2

Un altre cop per parts, ara amb u = x Ÿ du = dx

1 1

³ x ⋅e dx = x ⋅ e x − ³ e x dx = x ⋅ e x − e x + C =
2 4

+ ⋅ ³ dx
x
5
4
= e x (x − 1) + C

f (x) = ³ x 2 ⋅ e x dx = x 2 ⋅ e x − 2 ⋅ (x − 1) + C =
La primera integral la tornem a fer per parts:

u = lnx Ÿ du = dx ; dv = x 2 dx Ÿ v =
1 x3
x 3

³ x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ³ ⋅ dx =
= e x ( x 2 − 2x + 2 ) + C
2 x3 x3 1
Com que sabem que passa per P (0, 2):
f (0) = 2 = e0 (0 − 2 ⋅0 + 2) + C = 1⋅ 2 + C = 2 + C Ÿ
3 3 x

− ⋅ ³ x 2 dx =
ln x ⋅ x 3 1 ln x ⋅ x 3 1 x 3
Ÿ C = 0 . Així, doncs: f (x) = e x ( x 2 − 2x + 2 )
= − ⋅ +C=
3 3 3 3 3

4-52
 § ln x 1 · F(x) = ³ f (x) dx = 3 ⋅ ³ x 2 dx = x 3 + C
= x3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
© 3 9¹
Dues primitives són, per exemple, F1 (x) = x 3 i
1 3 § ln x 1 · 1 x 3 5
⋅x ⋅¨ − ¸− ⋅ + ⋅x +C =
© 3 9¹ 4 3 4
Així: f (x) = F2 (x) = x 3 + 1
2
§ ln x 1 · x 5x
= x3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸− +
3

© 6 18 ¹ 12 4
+C

§ ln e 1 · e 5e
A més: f (e) = = e3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸− + +C
3
e
4 © 6 18 ¹ 12 4
§ 1 1 · e 5e
= e3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸ − + + C
3
e
4 © 6 18 ¹ 12 4

= − + +CŸ − = − +C
e e3 e3 5e e 5e e3 e3
4 9 12 4 4 4 9 12

+CŸ C= − −e
3 3
e e
−e =
36 36
§ ln x 1 · x 5x e
Finalment: f (x) = x 3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸− +
3 3

© 6 18 ¹ 12 4 36
− −e

f '(x) = ³ f ''(x) dx = ³ 2
95. Comencem amb la primera derivada:
2x
dx
x +1
Canvi de variable: u = x 2 +1Ÿ du = 2x dx

f '(x) = ³
1
du La segona gràfica representa a la funció f (x) = , ja
= ln u + C1 = ln x 2 + 1 + C1 x
u 1
que veiem que f (0) → ∞ , f ( ±1) = ±1 , i f ( ±2 ) = ±

f (x) = ³ f '(x) dx = ³ ln x 2 + 1 dx + ³ C1 dx
La funció buscada tindrà la forma: 2
Per tant, la família de primitives serà:

F(x) = ³ f (x) dx = ³
dx
La primera integral la resolem per parts: = ln x + C

u = ln x 2 +1 Ÿ du = 2 ⋅ 2x dx , dv = dx Ÿ v = x
x
1
Dues primitives són, per exemple: F1 (x) = ln x i

³ ln x + 1 dx = ln x + 1 ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅ x 2 + 1 dx =
x +1
2 2 2x F2 (x) = ln x − 1

= x ⋅ ln x 2 + 1 − 2 ⋅ ³ 2
x2
dx
x +1
La integral que queda:

³x dx = ³ 2 dx = ³ dx − ³ 2
x2 x2 + 1 − 1 dx
2
=
+1 x +1 x +1

Així: ³ ln x 2 + 1 dx = x ⋅ ln x 2 + 1 − 2x + 2arctgx + C
= x − arctgx + C

Per tant: f (x) = x ⋅ ln x 2 + 1 − 2x + 2arctgx + C1x + C2

I la funció passa pel punt P(0, 1):
f (0) = 0 − 0 + 0 + 0 + C2 = 1 → C2 = 1
Així, doncs, la família de funcions amb les caracterís-
tiques que se’ns demanen té la forma:
f (x) = x ⋅ ln x 2 + 1 − 2x + 2arctgx + C1x + 1 ,
amb C1 una constant.
Avaluació d’estàndards
96. La primera gràfica representa a la funció f (x) = 3x 2 ,

F(x) = ³ f (x) dx = ³ x 2 dx + 2 ⋅ ³ x dx − 3 ⋅ ³ dx =
1. La primitiva serà:
ja que veiem que f(0) = 0 i f ( ±1) = 3 .
Per tant, la família de primitives serà:
4-53
 ³2 dx = −2 ⋅ ³ dt = − ³
x3 x2 x3 1 t dt
= + 2 ⋅ − 3 ⋅ x + C = + x 2 − 3x + C =
2
3 2 3 x 1− x 2t 1 − t 1 − t2
I com que: F(3) = 8: = arccos t + C = arccos 1 − x + C
F(3) = + 32 − 3 ⋅ 3 + C = 9 + 9 − 9 + C = 8 Ÿ C = −1
6. a) El canvi que emprarem és: u = x í 1 Ÿ du = dx
33

³ (x − 1)2 = ³ u 2 = − u + C = − x − 1 + C
3
3 dx du 1 1
x
De manera que: F(x) = + x 2 − 3x − 1
3
b) Emprem el canvi de variable: u = x 2 Ÿ
³x dx − 5 ⋅ ³ x dx + 2 ⋅ ³ x dx − 3 ⋅ ³ dx =
Ÿ du = 2x dx
3 2
2. a)

³ 2 ³ 1 − u2 2
x4 x3 x2 x 1 du 1
= − 5 ⋅ + 2 ⋅ − 3x + C = dx = ⋅ = ⋅ arcsinu + C =
4 3 2 1− x 4

x4 5 3
= − ⋅ x + x 2 − 3x + C 1
4 3 = ⋅ arcsin ( x 2 ) + C

³ ¨© x + 2 + x ¸¹ dx = ³ x dx + 2 ⋅ ³ dx + ³
§ 1·
2
7. a) Tenim: u = lnx Ÿ du =
dx dx
b) =
x x

dv = x 2 − 2x − 3 dx Ÿ v =
x2 x3
= + 2x + ln x + C ( ) 3
− x 2 − 3x

³
§ x3 ·
2

2 ⋅ ³ sinx dx − ³ = −2cos x − ³ sec2 x dx =

¨ − x − 3x ¸ −
© 3 ¹
3. a)
dx ( x 2
− 2x − 3 ) ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ 2

− ³ ¨ − x 2 − 3x ¸ ⋅
§ x3 · dx
cos 2 x

© 3 ¹ x
= −2 cos x − tgx + C =

b) 3 ⋅ ³ + 5 ⋅ ³ x − 2 dx = 3ln x + 5³ x − 2 dx
= ln x ⋅ ¨ − x 2 − 3x ¸ − ³ ¨ − x − 3 ¸ dx =
§ x3 · § x2 ·
dx
x
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹
variable: u = x í 2 Ÿ du = dx
Per a la integral que queda podem fer el canvi de
§ x3 · x3 x2
³ x − 2 dx = ³ u du = ⋅ u 2 + C = ⋅ (x − 2) 2 + C
= ln x ⋅ ¨ − x 2 − 3x ¸ − +
© 3 ¹ 9
2 3 2 3
+ 3x + C
2
3 3
b) Tenim: u = cos(ln x) Ÿ du =
1

³ ¨© x
Així:
§3 ·
⋅ (−sin(ln x)) dx
¸ dv = dx Ÿ v = x
3
2 x
¹
2
+ 5 x − 2 dx = 3ln x + 5 ⋅ ⋅ (x − 2) +C=

³ cos(ln x) dx = cos(ln x) ⋅ x + ³ x ⋅ x ⋅ sin(ln x) dx =

3
10 3 1
2
= 3ln x + ⋅ (x − 2) + C

= x ⋅ cos(ln x) + ³ sin(ln x) dx + C
3

4. a) Fem el canvi: u = 3x 2 − 6x + 5 Ÿ
Ÿ du = (6x − 6) dx = 6(x −1) dx Tornem a integrar per parts, ara amb:

u = sin(ln x) Ÿ du = ⋅ cos(ln x) dx
³ 3x dx = ⋅ ³
1
x −1 1 du 1
= ⋅ ln u + C = x

³ sin(ln x) dx = sin(ln x) ⋅ x − ³ x ⋅ cos(ln x) dx =

2
− 6x + 5 6 u 6
x
ln 3x 2 − 6x + 5

= x ⋅ sin(ln x) − ³ cos(ln x) dx + C
= +C
6
b) Canvi de variable: u = sinx + cos x Ÿ
Ÿ du = (cos x − sinx) dx
³ cos(ln x) dx = x ⋅ cos(ln x) + x ⋅ sin(ln x) −
Tornem al començament:

³ sinx + cos x dx = −³ u = − ln u + C = − ³ cos(ln x) dx + C

sinx − cos x du

³ cos(ln x) dx =
= − ln senx + cos x + C
x ⋅ cos(ln x) + x ⋅ sin(ln x)
+C
2
8. a) Integrem per parts: u = x 2 Ÿ du = 2x dx
5. Amb aquest canvi de variable, tenim:

Ÿ dx = −2 1− x dt = −2t dt
dv = sinx dx Ÿ v = − cos x
dx
dt = −

³x ⋅ sinx dx = − x 2 ⋅ cos x + 2 ⋅ ³ cos x ⋅ x dx

2 1− x
I a més: x = 1− t 2 Ÿ x = 1− t 2
2

4-54
 Igualem numeradors:
u = x Ÿ du = dx; dv = cosx dx Ÿ v = sinx
Tornem a integrar per parts:
­ A+B=3
° ­°
³ x ⋅ cos x dx = x ⋅ sinx − ³ sinx dx = x ⋅ sinx + ® −2A + C = 1
°̄ A − B + C = 2
Ÿ ® B = 3− A
°̄ C = 1+ 2A
+ cos x + C

³x
I així: Substituïm a la tercera equació:
A − 3 + A + 1 + 2A = 2
4A = 4 Ÿ A = 1Ÿ B = 2, C = 3
2 2
⋅ sinx dx = − x ⋅ cos x + 2x ⋅ sinx + 2cos x + C
b) Fem el canvi u=x-10 Ÿ du=dx, que compleix

³ (x −10) (x − 9)dx = ³ u19 (u +1)du =

Per tant, la integral queda així:

³ x 3 − x 2 − x + 1 dx = ³ x + 1 + 2 ⋅ ³ x − 1 + 3 ⋅ ³ (x − 1)2
u+1=x-9. Aleshores,
19 3x 2 + x + 1 dx dx dx

= ³ u 20 + u19 du =
u 21 u 20
A la tercera integral fem: u = x í 1 du = dx

³ (x − 1)2 = ³ u 2 = − u + C = − x − 1 + C
+ +C=
21 20
dx du 1 1
(x −10) 21 (x −10) 20
= + +C
9. a) Canvi de variable: u = x í 1 Ÿ du = dx
³ x 3 − x 2 − x + 1 dx = ln x + 1 + 2 ln x − 1 −
21 20
3x 2 + x + 1
I així:

³
x 3 + 4x 2 − 5x + 2
dx = 3
x −1 − +C

=³
x −1

10. La funció f(x) serà: f (x) = ³ f '(x) dx = 4 ⋅ ³ x 2 ⋅ ln x dx

(u + 1)3 + 4(u + 1)2 − 5(u + 1) + 2
du =
u

=³ du = ³ ¨ u 2 + 7u + 6 + ¸ du =
u 3 + 7u 2 + 6u + 2 § 2·
© ¹
Resolem la integral per parts:

u = lnx Ÿ du =
u u 1 x3
dx , dv = x 2 dx → v =
u3 u2 x 3

³ x ⋅ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ − ³ ⋅ dx =
= + 7 ⋅ + 6u + 2 ln u + C =
3 2 2 x3 x3 1
(x − 1)3 7 3 3 x

− ⋅ ³ x 2 dx =
= + ⋅ (x − 1)2 + 6(x − 1) + 2 ln x − 1 + C
3 2 ln x ⋅ x 3 1 ln x ⋅ x 3 1 x 3
= − ⋅ +C=
b) Factoritzem el denominador amb la regla de Ruffi- 3 3 3 3 3
§ ln x 1 ·
ni:
= x3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
© 3 9¹
1 í1 í1 1
í1 í1 í1
§ ln x 1 ·
2
í2 És a dir: f (x) = 4x 3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C
© 3 9¹
1 1 0
1 1 í1
1 í1 0
Ara emprem la dada que se’ns dona:
§ ln e 1 ·
f (e) = − = 4 ⋅ e3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸+C=
3x 2 + x + 2 3x 2 + x + 2 e3
© 3 9¹
És a dir: 3 = =
x − x − x + 1 (x + 1)(x − 1) 2
2
9
§1 1·
= 4 ⋅ e3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸ + C = 4 ⋅ e3 + C = ⋅ e3 + C →
A B C 2 8
©3 9¹
= + + =
x + 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2 9 9
§ 1 8·
A(x − 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x − 1) + C(x + 1) → C = e 3 ⋅ ¨ − − ¸ = −e 3
© 9 9¹
= =
(x + 1)(x − 1) 2
§ ln x 1 · 3
Finalment: f (x) = 4x 3 ⋅ ¨ − ¸−e
© 3 9¹
x 2 (A + B) + x( −2A + C) + A − B + C
=
(x + 1)(x − 1) 2

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