Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPIINES
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OLD SAGAY, SAGAY CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
(034)722-4169/www.nonescost.edu.com
ISO 9001:2015
Certified
Development of Soil Monitoring System in an agricultural field
A Course Requirement
Presented to
The Faculty of Graduate Studies
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
In Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course
Computer Programming
By
KARLO BLANCA
JOSE ESPINO
ROMMEL GALLEGOS
MARIA J-LEN J. JONCO
JENNLYN TAGAMOLILA
MAY 2020
ISO 9001:2015
Certified
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page no.
Title page i
Table of contents ii
List of figures iv
List of table vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the study 1
Objectives of the Study 3
Statement of the problem
Hypothesis 3
Significance of the study 4
Scope and Limitations 5
Theoretical Framework 6
Conceptual Framework 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10
Review of related concepts and studies
Synthesis
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 21
Research design
Study area
Production process
Product testing
Statistical Analysis Survey method on the acceptability

of the product
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CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER v: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
References
Appendix A
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List of Figures
Title Page No.
Figure 1: System Architecture 22
Figure 2: Remote Sensing Device Block Diagram 23
Figure 3: Data Context Diagram 24
Figure 4: Circuit of Remote Sensing Device 26
Figure 5: System Flow Chart 28
Figure 6: System Use Case 30
Figure 7a: SMS FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSTION

DIAGRAM (WEBSITE APP) 31
Figure 7b: Main Screen 32
Figure 7c: Admin Screen 33
Figure 7d: Admin Screen (ADDING USERS) 33
Figure 7e: Admin Screen (Adding Nodes/Sensors) 34
Figure 7f: Admin Screen (Listing of Users) 34
Figure 7g: Admin Screen (Listing of Nodes) 35
Figure 7h: Admin Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 35
Figure 7i: Admin Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings) 36
Figure 7j: Main Screen (Node 3 Sensor Readings) 36
Figure 7k: Admin Screen (Reports by Month) 37
Figure 7l: Admin Screen (Reports by Year) 37
Figure 7m: Admin Screen (Reports by Week) 38
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List of Figures continued...
Figure 7n: Admin Screen (Removing User) 38
Figure 7o: Admin Screen (Changing Admin Password) 39
Figure 7p: Admin Screen (Removing Nodes) 39
Figure 7q: User Screen (Min Login) 40
Figure 7r: User Screen (Main Screen) 40
Figure 7s: User Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 41
Figure 7t: User Screen (Reports by Month) 41
Figure 7u: User Screen (Change Password) 42
Figure 7v: User Screen (Change User Profile) 42
Figure 8a: SMS Functional Decomposition

Diagram (Website) 43
Figure 8b: Mobile app – Main Screen Login 44
Figure 8c: ADMIN Screen (Main Screen) 44
Figure 8d: ADMIN Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 45
Figure 8e: ADMIN Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings) 45
Figure 8f: ADMIN Screen (Node 3 Offline Status)) 46
Figure 8g: ADMIN Screen (Adding Users) 46
Figure 8h: ADMIN Screen (Adding Nodes) 47
Figure 8i: ADMIN Screen (Changing Password)) 47
Figure 8j: MAIN Screen (USER Login) 48
Figure 8k: USER Screen (Main) 48
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Figure 8l: USER SCREEN (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 49
Figure 8m: USER Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings) 49
Figure 8n: USER Screen (Node 3 Sensor Offline) 50
Figure 8o: USER Screen (Changing Password) 50
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LIST OF TABLE
Title Page No.
Table 1: Input-Process-output model 9
Table 2.1: Appropriate Soil Moisture Levels 17
Table 2.2: Internationally Harmonized UV Index 20
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Agriculture plays an important role in the Philippine’s
economy. It dominates the economy of the country, however, over
the years the percent GDP continues to decrease (De Guzman,
2018). The Philippine agriculture sector has been decreasing due
to low productivity and high production costs, this is due to the
lagged of adopting technology. Given that the agro-industry is
lagging behind there are efforts in developing ways to improve
the income and productivity of the farmers. Technology is a
significant component and investment in Philippine agriculture
(Galang, V., 2019).
The province of Negros Occidental has been known as the
sugarland of the Philippines for producing more than half of the
country’s sugar supply. With a population of some 13,390
individuals, more than half are farmers who are tilling the
majority of the barangay’s 12,637 hectares of mountainous
areas.The crops planted are mostly cabbage, carrots, corn,

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pechay, onion, radish, squash, ginger, and, of course, rice,
and sugarcane (Yap, J., 2019).
The major soil constraints influencing crop performance in
Negros were identified as soil drainage, effective depth,
acidity, flooding, stoniness, texture and organic matter.
Analysis of soil in the island showed extensive areas with
shallow effective root zone. This condition was localized in
steeply sloping areas, highly dissected and open lands, and
shallow water table. Aside from effective depth, distribution of
drainage restriction in the island was the most predominant
development problem (Clar De Jesus, J., 2019).
The concept of smart farming is being used as a method to
oversee the condition of the crops. The technology intends to
create a network of devices that can be placed on the field
that is being monitored. The devices collect different
parameters such as atmospheric data, soil related parameters
and light values and sending all the data to the cloud where
it is presented on a dashboard. This technology is a practical
toll to overcome issues in the crop by monitoring the state of
the field.
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Objectives of the study
The project aims to develop a system that will monitor the
condition of the soil in an agricultural field.
It specifically aims to:
1. Develop a system that:
a. Monitors the soil parameters such as:
i. Soil moisture
ii. Atmospheric temperature
iii. Humidity
iv. UV index
b. Implement a scalable fleet of remote sensing devices
across the land that gives the farmers valuable
information of the condition of the field .
2. Evaluate the system reliability.

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Hypothesis
The following null hypothesis will be tested at α = 0.05:
There is no significant difference in the soil parameters in
terms of:
i. Soil moisture
ii. Atmospheric temperature
iii. Humidity
iv. UV index
Significance of the Study
The study is significant to the following sectors:
Agriculture sector
This sector will greatly benefit with the study since this
will help boost the agricultural production using the technology
to monitor the soil parameters and improve the soil performance.
Farmers
This study is significant to this sector as this can help
them with increasing the yield rate using the advanced technology
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in checking the conditions of the field. This could be
a potential help to farmers facing farming decisions.
Government
This study will help the government by providing other means
with the use of technology in the area of agriculture. The
government can build affordable technologies for precision
farming.
Future researchers
This study is significant to the future researchers by
providing baseline data and recommendations on how this
technology can be improve for future studies.
Scope and Limitations
This study will focus on development of Soil Monitoring
System in an agricultural field. The study will be conducted in
the agricultural fields and Irrigation systems of Negros
Occidental.
The system design is composed of front end, back end and the
mobile device. Arduino MKR GSM will used in this study. The
study will be evaluated in the identified fields within Negros
Occidental province. Testing will be performed to check on the
performance and reliability of the project.

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This study did not seek to conduct a cost benefit analysis of the
product. This study only focused on the soil parameters such as
Soil moisture, Atmospheric temperature, Humidity , and UV index.
Theoretical Framework
This study is based on Kajol, R., & Akshay, K. K. (2018) on
Automated Agricultural Field Analysis and Monitoring System Using
IOT. Agriculture is an important part of human civilization and
it is the backbone of the Economy. Traditional techniques like
manual field monitoring, water feeding, pest detection, soil
testing, etc., are being used for monitoring the field and
frequently applying pesticides with or without having the
knowledge of quantity to be used to control pests that affect the
crops. So it is very important to enhance the agricultural
production by making use of technology to overcome the damages
being done. The aim of this study is to provide smart monitoring
system using the current technologies like IoT, cloud computing
and image processing.
To address the above problems the authors of this paper came
up with a model named “AAFAMS”( Automated Agricultural Field
Analysis and Monitoring System Using IOT) which was used not only
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for monitoring the field but also to suggest the farmers about
the moisture content in soil, detecting pest and the type of crop
suited for the soil.
The challenges faced by farmers are low quality yield, loss
of soil fertility, water logging, etc., due to excessive supply
of water and less quantity of expected yield. Kajol, R., &
Akshay, K. K. (2018) plan the development of “AAFAMS” (Automated
Agricultural Field Analysis and Monitoring System) which monitors
fields in an automated, cost effective and smarter way to help
farmers. AAFAMS is an idea of building an agricultural robot. It
is a Line Follower robot which monitors the field in a smart way.
This would help in monitoring the agricultural fields of the
farmers by detecting pests (if any), moisture level in soil,
suggesting the required pesticide applicable to the identified
pests and these information are sent to cloud for storage.
AAFAMS provides an effective and smarter way of monitoring
the fields for farmers. It reduces the effort for the farmers by
automating the analysis process and helps to detect pests in the
fields and predicts pesticide which can be applied for these
pests. This helps to increase the production capability of fields
and maintains the fertility of the soil

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Conceptual Framework
Table 1
Input-Process-Output-Outcome Model
Input Process Output Outcomes

Front End Identification of System Alternative
Sensors agricultural Architecture, smart system
Identified field in Negros ERD, System to monitor
agricultural Occidental codes, soil
field Acquisition of hardware and condition in
Arduino required software an
materials and installation, agricultural
Back End preparation for system upload field.
Ordinary the construction to server and
Sim card of project. installed to Reduction
Air System workstation issues in
Mobile development Soil the crop by
Device Testing of the parameters monitoring
system (Soil the state

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Evaluation of moisture, of the
Performance Atmospheric field.
Data gathering temperature,
(Survey Humidity, UV
instruments and index
testing
procedures)
Table 1 shows the Input-Process-Output-Outcomes of this
study, the development of soil monitoring system that uses the
concept of smart farming is being used as a method to oversee the
condition of the crops. The technology intends to create a
network of devices that can be placed on the field that is
being monitored. The devices collect different parameters such
as soil moisture, atmospheric data, humidity, and UV index.
The system to be developed will undergo evaluation of
performance and reliability test. This system will aid in the
monitoring of the condition of the field and can be an
alternative technology for the farmers for the reduction in
the problems or issues in crop production.

ISO 9001:2015
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the different concepts, literature
and studies related to smart farming. This chapter also
include other relevant information that will support the study
and will also help the researchers to identify the appropriate
procedures and tools to be used in the study.
2.1 Smart Farming
Smart farming is a farming management concept
using modern technology to increase the quantity and
quality of agricultural products (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, 2020).
In the Philippines, a study about Climate-Smart
Agriculture (CSA) Initiatives was conducted by Prof. Fe B.
Perlas of Camarines Sur. According to Prof. Perlas, the
study was about to help actions needed to transform and
reorient agricultural systems to effectively support
development and ensure food security in a changing
climate. According to her study, Philippines has been
identified as one of the countries’ most at risk from

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climate change. It was the CSA that provided
help from local stakeholders to national and national
levels identify agricultural strategies suitable to their
local conditions.
Smart farming is also known as intelligent farm
that includes the use of several type of devices such as
sensors, GPS, telecommunications, data analysis and
satellites.
It is a concept on management that focus on
providing the agricultural industry with the
infrastructure to leverage advanced technology including
the big data, the cloud and the internet for the purpose
of tracking, monitoring, automating and analyzing
operations. The combination of these technologies
facilitates machine-to-machine derived data. This data
feeds into a decision support system so that farmers can
see what is happening at a more granular level than in the
past (TechTarget, 2020).
2.1.1 Smart Farming Technologies
In some other countries, farmers of the 21 st
century have access to GPS, soil scanning, data
management, and Internet of Things (I-o-T). The

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following are some of the commonly used farming
technologies nowadays.
2.1.1.1 Sensors.
Sensors are sophisticated devices
that are frequently used to detect and
respond to electrical and optical
signals(https://www.engineersgarage.com
/article_page/sensors-different-types-
of-sensors/ , 2020).
Sensors can be used for soil and
water scanning, light, humidity, and
temperature management in smart farming
activity.
2.1.1.2 Telecommunications.
Telecommunications are the means of
electronic transmission of information
over distances. The information may be
in the form of voice telephone calls,
data, texts, images or video. Today,
telecommunications are used to organize
more or less remote computer systems
into telecommunications networks. These

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networks themselves are run by computers
(https://www.umsl.edu/~joshik/msis480/ch
apt07.htm , 2020)
According to the study of Q.

Zhang, et.al. (Telecommunications for
Data Collections and Dissemination in
Agricultural Applications),
telecommunication and dissemination of
collected data is one of the key
elements in automated real-time
precision farming operations. This study
created a new technology called
agricultural infrotonics system (AIS).
The basic functions of AIS are to
collect, process, and transmit the
“ready-to-use” site specific production
data to the user on the machinery while
performing the field operation.
2.1.1.3 Data Analytics
Data analytics involves applying an

algorithmic or mechanical process to
derive insights and, for example running
through several data sets to look for
meaningful correlations between each
other (https://www.simplilearn.com/data-
science-vs-big-data-vs-data-analytics-
article).
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Data Analytics are tools for

decision making and prediction. Data
collection is a significant part of
smart farming as the quantity of data
available from crop yields, soil-
mapping, climate change, fertilizer
applications, weather data, machinery
and animal health continues to escalate
(Rouse, 2020).
2.1.1.4 Satellites
Even though satellites are in
orbit hundreds or even thousands of
kilometers above us, this machines are
part of our daily lives. Whether we like
it or not, satellites have played a role
in your data, namely; watching games or
shows on tv, calling someone using the
phone, posting an Instagram story,
shopping using your bank card, and so
on.
Farmers use radar satellite images
to determine the best time to irrigate
their fields and harvest their wheat. As
the grains in your cereal were growing
in the field, satellites were probably
looking on from above (Canada Space
Agency, 2018).
In addition, smart farming uses
satellites and drone for gathering data
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around the clock for an entire field.

This information is forwarded to IT
systems for tracking and analysis to
give an “eye in the field” or “eye in
the barn” that makes remote monitoring
possible (Rouse, 2020).
2.2 Soil Parameters
According to the Agriculture Victoria (2017), soil
is the loose surface material consisting of inorganic
particles and organic matter that covers most of the land
surface. Soil provides the structural support and the source
of water and nutrients for plants used in agriculture.
Soil parameters indicate the state of soil
ecosystem characteristics, which especially reflect
production, buffering, filter and other soil functions. From
this view, structure of soil profile (the soil class), soil
types, soil depth skeletal nature, the content and quality
of humus substances, accessible nutrient supply, soil
reaction, the content of foreign substances in soil, and
soil edaphon seem to be of highest importance (Fazekasova,
2012).
According to the book of Collado, W. and et.al,
the soil texture of Negros Occidental has various types,
namely; clay, clay loam, silt loam, sand, heavy clay, silty
clay, silty loam clay, loam, and sandy loam.
Loam soils are generally considered the most
productive because they have an even mix of all the soil
separates. Therefore, loam would be favorable for many
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crops, as well most vegetable and berry crops (Understanding

the Texture of Your Soil for Agricultural Productivity).
2.2.1 Soil Moisture
Soil moisture is the water stored in the soil

and is affected by precipitation, temperature,
soil characteristics, and more. These same factors
help determine the type of biome present, and the
suitability of land for growing crops. The health
of our crops relies upon an adequate supply of
moisture and soil nutrients, among other things.
As moisture availability declines, the normal
function and growth of plants ae disrupted, and
crop yields are reduced. And, as our climate
changes, moisture availability is becoming more
variable.
The level of water in the soil is expressed
as the ratio of the amount of water to the weight
of dry soil (or as a percentage). Soil moisture
content is a value that determines the amount of
water in a certain known amount of soil; it can be
expressed as a percentage, water by the weight of
volume of soil, or inches of water per foot of
soil (Soil Moisture, Soil Science Society of
America).
There are two ways to compute the soil
moisture, either volumetric or gravimetric
methods.
For the gravimetric method,
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mass of moist soil , g−mass of oven−dried soil , g

soil water content, % = x 100 %
mass of oven−dried soil , g
For the volumetric method,

vol . of water , c m 3
Soil water content, % = x 100 %
vol .of soil , c m3
Irrigation is a constant challenge in the

agriculture industry. Under-watered crops can
wither and die-wasting all of the time, money, and
effort that went into growing them. Over-watering
fields can lead to increased soil erosion-not to
mention the waste of water. Below is the table
that shows the appropriate soil moisture levels
for soil types (Laurenzi, 2018).
Table 2.1 Appropriate Soil Moisture Levels by Soil

type.
Soil Type No Irrigation Dangerously
Irrigation To Be Low Soil
Needed Applied Moisture
Fine 80-100% 60-80% Below 60%
(Clay)
Medium 88-100% 70-88% Below 70%
(Loamy)
Coarse 90-100% 80-90% Below 80%
(Sandy)
2.2.2 Atmospheric Temperature

Soil temperature is the measure of how hot
or cold the soil is. It is a detection of the
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internal energy of the soil, or its heat. It is

an important soil physical property and it
controls many chemical and biological processes
within the soil (Comerford, 2013).
According to the study (Effects of Soil
Temperature on Some Soil Properties and Plant
Growth, 2018) of Mang, soil temperature varies
seasonally and daily which may result from
changes in radiant energy and energy changes
taking place through the soil surface. It alters
the rate of organic matter decomposition and
mineralization of different organic materials.
It also affects soil water content, its
conductivity and availability to plants.
In the Philippines, the average normal
air temperature at sea level is about 28oC and
the difference between the highest and lowest
averages about 8oC. For the mountain and hilly
soils, the mean annual soil temperature is 15oC
or higher but lower than 22oC. In some areas, the
mean annual soil temperature is 22oC or higher
(Carating, et al, The Soils of the Philippines).
2.2.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Index
The UV Index is a measure of the level of
UV radiation. The values of the index range from
zero upward, means the higher the UV Index, the
greater the potential for damage to the skin and
eye, and the less time it takes for them to
occur.
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The higher the sun in the sky, the higher

the UV radiation level. Thus, UV radiation
levels vary with time of the day and time of the
year. As for the latitude, the closer to
equatorial regions, the higher the UV radiation
levels. As for cloud cover, UV radiation levels
are highest under cloudless skies but even with
cloud cover, they can be high. As for altitude,
at higher altitudes, a thinner atmosphere
absorbs less UV radiation. As for ozone, ozone
absorbs some of the UV radiation that would
otherwise reach the Earth’s surface. As for
ground reflection, grass, soil and water reflect
less than 10% of UV radiation, res snow reflects
as much as 80%. Dry beach sand about 15% and sea
foam about 25% (World Health Organization,
2020).
The impact of UV radiation on
agricultural crops can be extremely complex in
nature. It has been observed that crops have
differing levels of sensitivity to UV radiation.
The table below shows the harmonized exposure
categories and colors that are associated with
various values of the UV Index as presented in a
booklet published by WHO (Global Solar UV Index:
A Practical Guide, 2020)
Table 2.2 An internationally harmonized UV
Index.
Category UV Index Color
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Low 0 to 2 Green
Moderate 3 to 5 Yellow
High 6 to 7 Orange
Very high 8 to 10 Red
Extreme >11 Purple
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
SOIL MONITORING SYSTEM (SMS) allows the user to easily

obtain various important information thru a remote sensing
device on the field(s) that are being monitored. SMS take
samples from the sensors at defined intervals of time.
The data is then logged to a file on cloud and sent to the
valid user where the data is visualized either on computer
screen or thru the mobile phone or tablet.
The proposed design was achieved through a combination of

remote sensing (RS) circuits and wireless communication
technologies via an Arduino circuit (as shown in Figure 1)
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Figure 1. System Architecture
SMS collects the data and then sends it via MKR GSM 1400 to
the cloud, where it is processed to be visualized by the
legitimate user.
Below are the steps taken by the device when collecting data.
The device starts off in setup mode, here it prepares all the
sensors and gets a location fix.
The device then takes samples from all its sensors where it
measures atmospheric temperature, humidity, soil moisture and
UV index. These values are then stored on the device.
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The MKR GSM then prepares the data to be sent to the cloud
through GSM. The data is compiled into a buffer.
The data is then sent to the legitimate user who is querying.
Figure 2 gives the block diagram of the remote sensing system

and Figure 3 illustrate the data context system diagram.
Figure 2. Remote Sensing Device Block Diagram

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Figure 3. Data Context Diagram
HARDWARE COMPONENTS. All hardware components were carefully

selected to meet the requirements of the proposed design, namely,
low power consumption, suitability for remote applications,
accuracy, reliability, affordability, and availability.
Auxiliary requirements such as easy handling, comfort, minimal
weigh, and long-term battery power (power consumption) were also
considered, as these features could solve and overcome the limits
and challenges of this field.
The hardware components are elucidated as follows.
1. DHT22 humidity and Temperature Sensor for Arduino Uno. The
DHT22 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity
sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to
measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on
the data pin (no analog input pins needed). It's fairly simple to
use, but requires careful timing to grab data. See Figure 4
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2. SparkFun Soil Moisture Sensor. The SparkFun Soil Moisture

Sensor is a simple breakout for measuring the moisture in soil
and similar materials. The soil moisture sensor is pretty
straight forward to use. The two large exposed pads function as
probes for the sensor, together acting as a variable resistor.
The more water that is in the soil means the better the
conductivity between the pads will be and will result in a lower
resistance, and a higher SIG out.
The SparkFun Soil Moisture Sensor is connected to the VCC and
GND pins of the Arduino-based device (or compatible development
board) and it will receive a SIGNAL out which will depend on the
amount of water in the soil. See Figure 4
3. SI1145 Digital UV Index / IR / Visible Light Sensor. The

SI1145 is a new sensor from SiLabs with a calibrated light
sensing algorithm that can calculate UV Index. It doesn't
contain an actual UV sensing element, instead it approximates
it based on visible & IR light from the sun.
It's a digital sensor that works over I2C addresses so just

about any microcontroller can use it. The sensor also has
individual visible and IR sensing elements so we can measure
just about any kind of light.
The sensor can be powered by 3-5V DC and can operate for a

temperature range between -40 to 85°C temperature readings.
See Figure 4
5. Arduino MKR GSM 1400. This wireless communication device

takes advantage of the cellular network as a means to
communicate. The GSM / 3G network is the one that covers the
highest percentage of the world's surface, making this
connectivity option very attractive when no other
connectivity options exist.
The board's main processor is a low power Arm® Cortex®-M0

32-bit SAMD21, like in the other boards within the Arduino
MKR family. The GSM / 3G connectivity is performed with a
module from u-blox, the SARA-U201, a low power chipset
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operating in the de different bands of the cellular range

(GSM 850 MHz, E-GSM 1900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz, PCS 1900 MHz).
Secure communication is ensured through the Microchip®

ECC508 crypto chip. Besides that, the researcher has found a
battery charger, and a connector for an external antenna.
This GSM board can be powered by a 5 Volt DC power. See
Figure 4
6. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega32. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller and more.
This microcontroller was selected owing to its memory capacity,

multiple and various input/output pins, data-processing speed,
various RS connection modes, and simple computer connection via a
USB cable. Moreover, it included an option to send signals
wirelessly or via a USB cable. See Figure 4
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Figure 4 Circuit of Remote sensing device
Remote Data Collection and Transmission
1. Remote Data Collection. The acquired data from multiple RS

were collected in the Arduino Uno, which was the primary
platform for data collection and preparation for
transmission to the cloud. The Arduino was connected to the
cloud via the GSM transmitter. A tablet or a smartphone via
a USB cable and a computer was used to display the acquired
data during the tests. However, this capability enabled
monitoring parameters in sideway locations. Kindly see
Figure 5
2. Remote Data Transmission. Data were transmitted from the

Arduino to an Android smartphone / tablet and laptop
computer using a MKR GSM transmitter circuit which was
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all
Wi-Fi networking functions from another application
processor. The MKR GSM transmitter was used rather than
other wireless device owing to the former’s standby power
consumption of <1.0mW and waking-up and packet transmission
of <2 ms and capability to send a variety of data. Kindly
see Figure 5
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Figure 5. System Flow Chart
System Application Design. The application design considered

features that help increase the transfer of data as well as
modern attributes, thereby presenting advantages over other
designs in recent studies. The current application consisted of
Admin and User applications. See figure 6
User Application. A system application was created in the

proposed system in the Android studio interface to simplify the
procedures of the intended features. The Android applications
were written using the Java programming language. The primary
data collected in the RS application were converted into integer
values (secondary data) and compared with the threshold values of
each parameter. The application continuously scanned for updating
parameter values simultaneously and visualized the values in the
adaptation window of the mobile device or computer. The
application worked in the following modes:
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1. (i) The first mode monitored and displayed parameter values

simultaneously in real time and transmitting these values to
intended users.
2. (ii) The second mode is to store transmitted data detected

and retrieve it on later occasion to look at trends.
Selection of the second mode helped arrange/save time for

personnel working with related proposed systems. Moreover, this
mode saved a considerable amount of energy; thus, it provided
more advantages than those in previous works. The developed
application also included the following features:
(i) Provided a platform for monitoring and displaying

measured parameters based on primary analysis and
diagnosis
(ii) Saved recorded data with respect to time to review

activities during summary feeds
(iii) Transmit data in chart forms to querying users
(iv) Offer various option for monitoring data
(v) Sent RS location via GPS

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figure 6. System USE Case
Application User Management. The application interfaces and

icons were designed in a simplified manner to be managed and
used easily by anyone, as shown in Figure 7a -7v for web
application. The menu interface of the mobile phones is
shown in Figure 8a – 8o.
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Figure 7a . SMS Functional Decomposition Diagram (WEBSITE)

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SMS – WEBSITE
Figure 7b. MAIN SCREEN

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1. Figure 7c. ADMIN User screen (01)
Figure 7c. ADMIN User screen (Main)

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Figure 7d. ADMIN Screen (Adding Users)
Figure 7e. ADMIN Screen (Adding Nodes/Sensors)
Figure 7f. ADMIN Screen (Listing of Users)

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Figure 7g. ADMIN Screen (Listing of Nodes)
Figure 7h. ADMIN Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings)

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Figure 7i. ADMIN Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings)
Figure 7j. ADMIN Screen (Node 3 Sensor Readings)

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Figure 7k. ADMIN Screen (Reports by Month)
Figure 7l. ADMIN Screen (Reports by Year)

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Figure 7m. ADMIN Screen (Reports by Week)
Figure 7n. ADMIN Screen (Removing User)

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Figure 7o. ADMIN Screen (Changing Admin Password)
1. Figure 7p. ADMIN Screen (Removing Nodes)

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Figure 7q. USER Screen (Main Login)
Figure 7r. USER Screen (Main Screen)

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Figure 7s. USER Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings)
Figure 7t. USER Screen (Reports by Month)

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Figure 7u. USER Screen (Changing User Password)
Figure 7v. USER Screen (Changing User Profile)

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Figure 8a. SMS FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSTION DIAGRAM (MOBILE APP)

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SMS – MOBILE APP SAMPLE OUTPUT
Figure 8b. MAIN SCREEN (Login)
Figure 8c. ADMIN Screen (Main Screen)

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Figure 8d ADMIN Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings)
Figure 8e. ADMIN Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings)

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Figure 8f. ADMIN Screen (Node 3 Offline Status))
Figure 8g. ADMIN Screen (Adding Users)

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Figure 8h. ADMIN Screen (Adding Nodes)
Figure 8i. ADMIN Screen (Changing Password))

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Figure 8j. MAIN Screen (USER Login)
Figure 8k. USER Screen (Main)

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Figure 8l USER SCREEN (Node 1 Sensor Readings)
Figure 8m. USER Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings)

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Figure 8n. USER Screen (Node 3 Sensor Offline)
Figure 8o USER Screen (Changing Password)

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OPERATION AND TESTING PROCEDURE
The researchers demonstrated the procedures on how to

implement and access the Soil Monitoring System ( SMS )using both
a mobile device and thru a computer to the respondents. The
device safety and limitation was also discussed. The evaluation
were given to twenty respondents located at 3 different sites,
eight( 8 ) of which is from Cabatangan , five ( 5 ) is from
Matab-ang and the rest came from Sampinit. All of he location
stated above have reliable cellular network provider signal and
are from the province of Negros Occidental.
EVALUATION PROCEDURE
ISO 9001:2015
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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPIINES

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Development of Soil Monitoring System in an agricultural field

Title Page no.

List of table vii

Background of the study 1

Objectives of the Study 3

Statement of the problem

Significance of the study 4

Scope and Limitations 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10

Review of related concepts and studies

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 21

Statistical Analysis Survey method on the acceptability

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER v: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Title Page No.

Figure 1: System Architecture 22

Figure 2: Remote Sensing Device Block Diagram 23

Figure 3: Data Context Diagram 24

Figure 4: Circuit of Remote Sensing Device 26

Figure 5: System Flow Chart 28

Figure 6: System Use Case 30

Figure 7a: SMS FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSTION

Figure 7b: Main Screen 32

Figure 7c: Admin Screen 33

Figure 7d: Admin Screen (ADDING USERS) 33

Figure 7e: Admin Screen (Adding Nodes/Sensors) 34

Figure 7f: Admin Screen (Listing of Users) 34

Figure 7g: Admin Screen (Listing of Nodes) 35

Figure 7h: Admin Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 35

Figure 7i: Admin Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings) 36

Figure 7j: Main Screen (Node 3 Sensor Readings) 36

Figure 7k: Admin Screen (Reports by Month) 37

Figure 7l: Admin Screen (Reports by Year) 37

Figure 7m: Admin Screen (Reports by Week) 38

List of Figures continued...

Figure 7n: Admin Screen (Removing User) 38

Figure 7o: Admin Screen (Changing Admin Password) 39

Figure 7p: Admin Screen (Removing Nodes) 39

Figure 7q: User Screen (Min Login) 40

Figure 7r: User Screen (Main Screen) 40

Figure 7s: User Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 41

Figure 7t: User Screen (Reports by Month) 41

Figure 7u: User Screen (Change Password) 42

Figure 7v: User Screen (Change User Profile) 42

Figure 8a: SMS Functional Decomposition

Figure 8b: Mobile app – Main Screen Login 44

Figure 8c: ADMIN Screen (Main Screen) 44

Figure 8d: ADMIN Screen (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 45

Figure 8e: ADMIN Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings) 45

Figure 8f: ADMIN Screen (Node 3 Offline Status)) 46

Figure 8g: ADMIN Screen (Adding Users) 46

Figure 8h: ADMIN Screen (Adding Nodes) 47

Figure 8i: ADMIN Screen (Changing Password)) 47

Figure 8j: MAIN Screen (USER Login) 48

Figure 8k: USER Screen (Main) 48

Figure 8l: USER SCREEN (Node 1 Sensor Readings) 49

Figure 8m: USER Screen (Node 2 Sensor Readings) 49

Figure 8n: USER Screen (Node 3 Sensor Offline) 50

Figure 8o: USER Screen (Changing Password) 50

Title Page No.

Table 1: Input-Process-output model 9