Tourism Planning

©Ramakrishna Kongalla
 Introduction
• Tourism itself is an abstraction
• It doesn’t exist, at least in the same sense as a residence
• Tourism is not even a discipline
• Tourism is a field made up of many physical program and action
parts
• It is only the components of tourism and their aggregates that can
be planned
• It has no owner, it is controlled by multitude of owners, mostly
with in three categories
– Government
– Non Profit organisations &
– Private commercial enterprises
• Tourism is influenced by a great many other factors that can make
or break planning process and its implementation, such as local
residents, financial institutions and market demand

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• Tourism is generated by two major powers –
Demand & supply
• Demand – diversity of traveler interests and
abilities
• Supply – all the physical and program
developments required to serve tourists
• Planning is multidimensional activity and seek to
be integrative. It embraces social, economic,
political, psychological, anthropological and
technological factors. It is concerned with the
past present and future (Rose 1984)
• City planning in Indus valley civilization 3000
years ago

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 Tourism Planning In India
• Started quite late with the first
tourism policy being announced
by the Government of India in
November, 1982 after tourism
was recognized as an industry
by the Planning Commission of
India in June, 1982.
• In July, 1986 the Planning
Commission of India set up the
National Committee on Tourism
in order to formulate plans for
this sector.
• The government's initiatives of
incorporating a planned tourism
sector in India went a long way
in boosting Indian tourism.
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• In May, 1992 the National
Action Plan for tourism was
announced.
• The objectives of this landmark
plan for tourism planning in
India were:
– To improve the economy
category domestic tourism
– To develop the tourist areas
socially and economically
– To preserve the environment and
the national heritage
– To encourage international
tourism
– To improve in world tourism
India's share
– To increase opportunities for
employment in this sector
4
• India tourism
planning increased with the • To further encourage
seventh five year plan India tourism planning in
(1985-1989). India, the eighth five year
plan (1992- 1997)
• The various polices mentioned that the private
advocated by the seventh sector should increase its
plan for tourism planning in participation in the sector.
India are: • The various polices
– To promote aggressively
domestic tourism advocated by the eighth
– It laid stress on creating more
plan for tourism planning in
beach resorts India are:
– To conduct – To develop the tourists places
conferences, trekking, conventi – To develop winter
ons, and winter sports so that sports, beach resort, and
various options are available to wildlife tourism
the foreign tourists – To restore the projects of
• These polices of the seventh national heritage
five year plan gave a boost to – To provide in tourists centers
the tourism planning India economy class
accommodation
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 Importance of Tourism Planning
• the negative social and environmental
consequences of unplanned tourism growth
• some governments and the private sector have
little or no experience in how to properly develop
it.
• A tourism plan and development programme can
provide guidelines in those areas for developing
this sector
• all the elements & components are developed in
an integrated manner to serve tourism as well as
the general needs in a society
• careful matching of the tourist markets and
products through the planning process. But this
matching should be without compromising
environmental and socio-cultural objectives in
meeting market demands
• can bring various direct and indirect economic
benefits
• can generate various socio-cultural benefits to
achieve cultural conservation objectives
• Planning can be used to upgrade and revitalize
existing outmoded or badly developed tourism
areas. Through the planning process, new tourism
areas can be planned to allow for future flexibility
of development
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• development of tourist attractions, facilities, and
infrastructure and tourist movements generally has
positive and negative impacts on the physical
environment.
• Careful planning is required to determine the
optimum type and level of tourism that will not
result in environmental degradation.
• Through planning on can utilize tourism as a means
to achieve environmental conservation objectives
• right type of planning can ensure that the natural
and cultural resources for tourism are indefinitely
maintained and not destroyed or degraded in the
process of development.
• developing specialized training facilities.
• Achieving controlled tourism development
requires special organizational
structures, marketing strategies and promotion
programmes, legislation and regulations, and fiscal
measures.
• Planning provides a rational basis for development
staging and project programming. These are
important for both the public and private sectors in
their investment planning.
6
 Approaches
• Takes place at both the micro
and the macro levels
• The micro level involves such
planning that specific operators
undertake when determining
the feasibility of their business
activity
• To a large extent, this is strategic
planning of a corporate nature
and is basically similar to
corporate planning in other
industries
• Corporate planning models
generally follow a common
structure.
• One such strategic planning
model has been synthesised by
Hoffman and Schniederjans
(1990).
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• Broadly, there can be • Acerenza (1985) advocated
eight major steps in any a strategic planning
planning process which approach to tourism, long
hold true for tourism term approach to tourism
planning also: planning:
– A) Study Preparation
– B) Determination of
development goals and
objectives
– C) Surveys
– D) Analysis and Synthesis
– E) Plan formulation
– F) Recommendations
– G) Implementations
– H) Monitoring
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• The terms now used, as seen in the US Model, are public
involvement, participatory planning, grass root planning and integrative
planning.
• Reg Lang (1988) has very aptly summarised the difference between
interactive planning and conventional planning

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 Levels of Tourism Planning

• 1. Individual level
• 1. State Level
• 2. Firm Level
• 2. National Level
• 3. Industry Level
• 3. Regional Level
• 4. Economy as a whole

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 Types of Tourism Planning
• Spatial Tourism Planning
– The space as well as the
environment is scrutinized for
creating good quality
infrastructure. Eg. Corbett
• Sectorial Tourism Planning
– Region to be developed is
divided in to various broad
sections called sectors.
– Eg. South East Asia
• Integrated Tourism Planning
– Parts of a tourist region are
integrated so that the region
becomes a hot destination
• Complex Tourism Planning
– When several regions are
considered for planning which
are far away
– Eg. Char dham Yatra
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• Centralised Tourism Planning
– Single authority, usually state or
central govt, no private sector
intervenes
• Decentralised Tourism
Planning
– Parties who are keen to develop
the spot, govt do not interfere
– But it provides financial support
– Eg. Nedumbessary airport
• Urban & Rural Tourism
Planning
– Urban – modern infrastructure
– Rural – culture, history, built
from scratch.
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 Product life cycle Theory
• The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was
developed by Raymond Vernon
• Introduction
– New products are introduced to meet local (i.e., national) needs, and
new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with
similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar
evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in
the most advanced nations. (E.g., the IBM PCs were produced in the US
and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries.)
• Growth
– A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home
country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This
moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of
production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in
the US.) The Period till the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation
Period.
• Maturity
– The industry contracts and concentrates—the lowest cost producer
wins here. (E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in
lowest cost locations.)
• Saturation
– This is a period of stability. The sales of the product reach the peak and
there is no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised
by:
• ♦ Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable
then it starts falling).
• ♦ It continues till substitutes enter into the market. ♦ Marketer must try
to develop new and alternative uses of product.
• Decline
– Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore
almost all declining products are produced in developing countries.
(E.g., PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak
demand for computers in developing countries. A better example is
textiles.)
• Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a
market by adapting what they make and sell, i.e., by riding the
waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are
from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits goPondicherry
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to the host old country.
 Planning Process
a) DEFINE THE SYSTEM: What is the scale, size,
market, character and purpose?
b) FORMULATE OBJECTIVES: Without a set of
objectives the development concept has no
direction. The objectives must be
comprehensive and specific and should include
a timetable for completion.
c) DATA GATHERING: Fact finding, or research,
provides basic data that are essential to
developing the plan. Examples of data gathering
are preparing a fac t book, making market
surveys, undertaking site and infrastructure
surveys and analysing existing facilities and
competition.
d) ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: Once collected,
the many fragments of information must be
interpreted so that the facts gathered will have
meaning. From this step results a set of
conclusions and recommendations that leads to
making or conceptualising a preliminary plan.
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e) PRELIMINARY PLANNING: Based on the previous steps, alternatives
are considered and alternative physical solutions are drawn up
and tested. Frequently, scale models are developed to illustrate
the land use plans; sketches are prepared to show the image the
development will project; financial plans are drafted from the
market information, site surveys and layout plan to show the
investment needed in each phase of the project, the cash flow
expected, the legal requirements, etc.
f) APPROVING THE PLAN: The parties involved can now look at
plans, drawings, scale models, estimates of costs, estimates of
profits and know what will be involved and what the chances for
success or failure would be. While a great deal of money may have
been spent up to this point, the sum is a relatively small amount
compared to the expenditures that will be required once the plan
is approved and its implementation begins.
g) FINAL PLAN: This phase typically includes a definition of the various
aspects covered. For example, in the case of a destination a
definition of land use; plans for infrastructure facilities such as
roads; airports; bike paths; horse trails; pedestrian walkways;
sewage; water and utilities; architectural standards; landscape
plans, zoning and other land use regulations; economic
analysis, market analysis and financial programming are to be
covered.
h) IMPLEMENTATION: Implementation is operationalising the tourism
plan. It also follows up, monitors and evaluates. Good planning
provides mechanisms that give continuing feedback on the
tourism project and the levels of consumer satisfaction reached.
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 Project Evaluation
Evaluating project results is helpful in providing
• Project Evaluation is a step-by-step process of
collecting, recording and organizing information
answers to key questions like:
about project results, including short-term outputs – What progress has been made?
(immediate results of activities, or project – Were the desired outcomes
deliverables), and immediate and longer-term
achieved? Why?
project outcomes (changes in behaviour, practice or
policy resulting from the project). – Are there ways that project activities
Common rationales for conducting an evaluation are: can be refined to achieve better
– response to demands for accountability; outcomes?
– demonstration of effective, efficient and – Do the project results justify the project
equitable use of financial and other inputs?
resources; What are the Challenges in Monitoring and
– recognition of actual changes and progress Evaluation?
made;
– getting the commitment to do it;
– identification of success factors, need for
improvement or where expected outcomes – establishing base lines at the beginning
are unrealistic; of the project;
– validation for project staff and partners that – identifying realistic quantitative and
desired outcomes are being achieved. qualitative indicators;
• The project planning stage is the best time to
– finding the time to do it and sticking to
identify desired outcomes and how they will be
measured. This will guide future planning, as well it;
as ensure that the data required to measure – getting feedback from your
success is available when the time comes to stakeholders;
evaluate the project.
– reporting back to your stakeholders.
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 Project Feasibility Study
• Feasibility studies aim to objectively
and rationally uncover the strengths
and weaknesses of the existing business
or proposed venture, opportunities and
threats as presented by
the environment,
the resources required to carry through,
and ultimately the prospects
for success.
• In its simplest term, the two criteria to
judge feasibility are cost required
and value to be attained.
• As such, a well-designed feasibility
study should provide a historical
background of the business or project,
description of the product or service,
accounting statements, details of
the operations and management, marke
ting research and policies, financial
data, legal requirements and tax
obligations.
• Generally, feasibility studies precede
technical development
and project implementation.
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
• TELOS provides five common factors.
• Technology and system feasibility
– an outline design of system requirements
in terms of Input, Processes, Output,
Fields, Programs, and Procedures
• Economic feasibility
– determine the benefits and savings that
are expected from a candidate system and
compare them with costs
• Legal feasibility
– Determines whether the proposed system
conflicts with legal requirements, e.g. a
data processing system must comply with
the local Data Protection Acts.
• Operational feasibility
– how well a proposed system solves the
problems, and takes advantage of the
opportunities
• Schedule feasibility
– estimating how long the system will take to
develop
• Other feasibility factors
– Market, resource, cultural , financial
feasibility
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• Plan Implementation
– Study the available
situation • Tourism Master plan
– Identify the barriers – a long-term outline of a
project or government
– Establish a mechanism
function for tourism
– Strategic planning
– a series of steps to be
– Educational program carried out or goals to be
– Conduct workshops accomplished
• National state local levels
– Implement
recommended changes
• Dissemination and
education

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Tourism Impacts

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 Positive Economic Impacts
 Balance of payments • Balance of Payments (BOP)
 Employment • The difference between the
 Income amount of money leaving a
 Investment and country and the amount of
Development money coming into the
 Multiplier Effect same country
• Tourism can help minimise
BOP
– Tourist brings currency into
country and spends
– Benefits the host country
• Particularly ones that
have tourists from
‘high value’ areas
such as the
UK, EU, US
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• Employment • Income
Tourism creates many various Money created in local economy at
jobs via: a destination through:
– Direct employment – Wages and salaries
• Directly involved in tourism e.g. • Locals employed in the
hotel, travel agency
local area
– Indirect employment
• Jobs in the tourism supply sector
– Profits
e.g. catering company providing • Local businesses
food to an airline benefitting from tourist
– Induced employment spending
• Created because of an increase
wealth of the locals from – Rent
tourism; locals spend more • Leasing accommodation
money in their local economy to tourists and ‘migrating’
workforce
– Tax
• Value Added Tax (VAT);
local or national tax
gained from tourist
spending

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• Investment and Development
• Public or private sector
• Public
– Government wants to develop a destination
– Invests in infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings etc)
– Make destination more appealing to tourists
• Private
– TNCs or MNCs (Multinational Companies) invest at a
destination in order to set up their own organizations
there
– Can lead to other companies investing in the same
area
• Multiplier Effect
• A ‘knock on’ effect within the economy at a
destination
• “tourist expenditure will inject additional cash
flow into the regional economy and increase
regional income” (Page and Connell, 2006)
• Employment
– More jobs because of tourism
• Income
– Tourist spending in local area brings more money
to the destination
– Locals earn from tourist spending and in turn
spend that money in the local area also,
• Tourist spend
– Money directly spend by tourist whilst on holiday
• Income
– Tourist’s money received by hotel and facility
owners
• Taxes
– Hotel and facility owners have to pay government
tax (council, corporation tax etc) at local and
national level

• Saving
– Some money received by hotel and facility
owners will be kept as profit
• Spend
– Owners of businesses who receive money from
tourists, spends on wages for
employees, supplies (stock) in the local economy
or outside local area (imports)
• Local items
– Employees and locals spend wages in local shops
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e.g. supermarkets 20
 Negative Economic Impacts
• Leakages
 Leakages • Money spent on goods and
services outside local
 Opportunity Costs economy
 Inflation • Money saved (in banks etc)
 Tourism Dependency • Investment from MNCs or
TNCs means that some
money earned by that
organization will leave the
local economy e.g.
headquarters in a different
destination
• Importing goods means
another economy is
benefitting from spending
e.g. bananas in the UK
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Opportunity Costs
• Also known as ‘displacement
effect’
• “developing tourism at the
expense of other activities or
areas of investment” (Page
and Connell, 2006)
• Public money invested in
tourism that is not invested
elsewhere e.g. local
infrastructure at another
location
• Cost-benefit analysis best way
to minimise opportunity costs
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Inflation
• Increase in demand leads to
increase in inflation
• Inflation = value and price of
land, and products increases
• Locals may not be able to afford
to live in a particular area, local
businesses may suffer
– Can lead to negative socio-cultural
impacts
Tourism Dependency
• Some countries rely heavily on
tourism in order to maintain
the country’s economy
• Occurs quite often in
developing countries
• If tourism suffers in a
country, the whole economy
suffers – a huge negative
impact
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 Positive Environmental Impacts
 Conservation and Conservation and
preservation preservation
 Enhancement of • Can be done by ‘zoning’
environment areas of the natural
 Environmental awareness environment e.g. national
parks
 Financial contributions – Strict guidelines to follow for
 Protection developments, and visitors
• Built or man-made
constructions can also be
preserved
– Restricted access to certain
areas
– Money raised from visitors
can help restorations
– E.g. castles, cathedrals etc.

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Enhancement of Environmental awareness
environment • Public more aware of
• Make an area look environmental issues
visually more pretty to • Private and public sectors
visitors inform consumers of
• Can involve cleaning environmental impacts
areas, reforestation, – Hotels will inform
installation of public customers of laundry
spaces (e.g. public art) process and how to save
– Funded by money from energy and water etc
tourism industry • Tourism industry
• E.g. London 2010 adapting to tourist’s
Olympic Park needs
– Sustainable
tourism, ecotourism etc
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Financial contributions Protection
• Money directly given • Environmental protection
towards the environment • Conservation of
• Can be from: environment (flora and
– Park entrance fees fauna)
– Hunting and fishing fees • Sustainable use of natural
– Rental equipment fees etc resources
• Used to pay for • Achieved through
conservation and tourism and government
preservation of involvement
environmentally sensitive – Energy efficient building,
areas effective waste treatment
– Projects, maintenance, removal, pollution
salary for park rangers etc prevention etc
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 Negative Environmental Impacts
Depletion of natural resources
 Depletion of natural resources
• Water resources
 Loss of natural habitats
– Overuse of water for hotels,
 Pollution swimming pools, golf courses,
personal use
– Local population don’t have
enough water for their own needs
• Local resources
– Energy, food, raw materials used
excessively in tourism → damages
environment physically
• Land degradation
– Land destroyed due to tourist
activities
– Construction of facilities and
attractions damage natural
environment
– Tourist activities e.g. walking,
skiing, cause erosion of the earth

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Loss of natural habitats
• On land (terrain)
– Flora and fauna displaced (moved)
due to tourism construction
– F&F damaged in natural environment
• Offshore (water-based, marine)
– Damage to fish and water pollution
due to development in the water (e.g.
marina development) or tourist
activities in the water (e.g.
diving, sailing, water sports etc)
– Coral reefs suffer worldwide from
damages
– Over-fishing, trampling by tourists
and divers, pollution etc
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Pollution
• Air
– CO2 emissions (carbon dioxide)
damage the air and effects the Ozone
layer
– Lots of transport used for tourism e.g.
cars, coaches, planes etc
• Noise
– Traffic noise from transport
– Entertainment (bars and nightclubs)
– Disturb natural wildlife and have
negative impact of destination
• Visual
– Littering
– Barren land due to construction of
tourism infrastructure
– Pollution of
rivers, beaches, sea, natural scenic
areas etc
– Constructions can be ‘eyesores’
• Water
– Tourist activities, development, waste
disposal contaminates water – effects
wildlife and humans
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 Positive Socio-cultural Impacts
 Education and training
 Enhanced quality of life
 Pride
 Socio-cultural awareness
and peace
Education and training
• Provides opportunity for
locals to learn new skills
and qualifications
• Skills and qualifications
are essential in tourism
industry
• Staff training and
development within
organizations
– e.g. customer services, IT
etc

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Enhanced quality of life
• Positive economic impacts of
tourism effect the quality of life
locals will experience
• Increase in tourist spending in
tourist destination leads to an
increase in disposable income for
locals
• Public sector investment in an area
can improve local infrastructure
(roads, facilities etc)
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Pride
• Increase in local pride as:
– more tourists visit a destination and
– as increase in investment into local
area
• Pride in local
traditions, customs, culture, food, c
rafts, ceremonies etc
• Can renew interest in host
population’s culture
Socio-cultural awareness and peace
• Tourism allows people to
understand and learn about new
cultures and experiences
• Learning about a culture ‘first
hand’ can increase a better
understanding of different
backgrounds and heritage
• Can benefit both the locals and the
tourists
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 Negative Socio-cultural Impacts
 Commodification Commodification
 Crime • Turning a product or
service into something
 Demonstration effect different in order to please
 Displacement the tourist
 Economic • Performances and
 Exploitation ceremonies are
commodified (made more
attractive and dramatic) in
order to appeal to tourists
• Not representing the true
culture of the locals
– Also known as ‘staged
authenticity’

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Crime
• Where there are more
tourists, crime rates are
higher
• Tourists are ‘easy targets’
for thieves
– Tourists carry a lot of
valuables when travelling
– Appeals to poor locals who
cannot afford these goods
• Tourists may also become
involved in illegal
experiences
– Prostitution and drugs etc
– Tourists therefore help to
develop the illegal industries
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Demonstration effect
• Locals observe tourists and
try to copy (emulate) them
• This can be in terms of:
– Behaviour, culture, clothes,
food etc
• Leads to a loss of identity
and culture
– More apparent in younger
generations
– ‘Westernisation’ – western
culture favoured over other
local cultures
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Displacement
• Development of tourism
areas can lead to an area
becoming too expensive for
locals to continue living
there
• Land needed for large
constructions can also
move local inhabitants
– Governments believe that
the tourism infrastructure
will outweigh the need for
displacement
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Economic
• Increase in prosperity
within host population can
lead to new social classes
• Can create tension
between:
– Locals
– Locals and tourists
– Migrant workers and locals
• Resources become more
expensive:
– Cost of living increases e.g.
foods, service, housing etc
– Causes resentment between
locals and tourists
32
Exploitation • DOXEY’S IRRITATION INDEX
• Employment opportunities (IRRIDEX)
may seem exciting to begin • Created in 1975
with but may become a • Designed to measure a host
negative socio-cultural population’s perception of
impact tourists as a destination
• Some companies may develops over time
exploit (abuse) local • Linked to Butler’s Tourist
populations for their own Area Life Cycle
benefits through:
– Child labour
– Forced labour
– Cheap labour
so that the large
corporations reap most of
the economic benefits
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 Euphoria Area
4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex • Occurs in early stage of Butler’s TALC
• Destination has few visitors, tourism relatively new to
locals
• Locals happy that tourists are interested in their
destination
• Welcoming host population
• Good, informal relationships between locals and tourists
Euphoria Area Apathy
• As destination develops, tourist numbers increase
• Relationship between locals and tourists become more
informal
• Visitors are taken for granted – tourists are only seen as a
Apathy source of money
Annoyance

• Destination has developed to ‘saturation’ point

• Development of attraction, facilities and services are
Annoyance occurring everywhere
• This continuous over-development annoys the locals and
they are frustrated with the tourism industry –
stakeholders and tourists
Antagonism
Antagonism • Development at tourist destination is now only producing
negative impacts
• Host population blame tourists for all the negative impacts
tourism has brought to the destination
• Host population angry at tourists and expresses their anger
towards them
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 34
 Sustainable Tourism
• Sustainable tourism is tourism attempting to make
a low impact on the environment and local culture,
while helping to generate future employment for
local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to
ensure that development brings a positive
experience for local people, tourism companies
and the tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism is
not the same as ecotourism.
reduce the impact of tourism in many ways, including:
– informing themselves of the culture, politics,
and economy of the communities visited
– anticipating and respecting local cultures,
expectations and assumptions
– contributing to intercultural understanding and
tolerance
– supporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring
businesses which conserve cultural heritage and
traditional values
– supporting local economies by purchasing local
goods and participating with small, local businesses
– conserving resources by seeking out businesses that
are environmentally conscious, and by using the
least possible amount of non-renewable resources
• Economic, social and environmental aspects of
sustainable development must include the
interests of all stakeholders including indigenous
people, local communities, visitors, industry and
government.
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• where tourists can enjoy their holiday and at the
same time respect the culture of people and also
respect the environment. It also means that local
people get a fair say about tourism and also receive
some money from the profit which the game reserve
make.
• The environment is being damaged quite a lot by
tourists and part of Sustainable tourism is to make
sure that the damaging does not carry on.
Responsible Tourism, have the following characteristics:
– minimises negative economic, environmental, and
social impacts
– generates greater economic benefits for local people
and enhances the well-being of host
communities, improves working conditions and access
to the industry
– involves local people in decisions that affect their lives
and life chances
– makes positive contributions to the conservation of
natural and cultural heritage, to the maintenance of
the world’s diversity
– provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists
through more meaningful connections with local
people, and a greater understanding of local
cultural, social and environmental issues
– provides access for people with disabilities and
– is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between
tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and
confidence.
35
 Tourism Carrying Capacity
• Physical carrying capacity
– This is the max number that area is actually able to support. In the case
• "Tourism Carrying of an individual tourist attraction it is the maximum number that can fit
on the site at any given time and still allow people to be able to move.
Capacity" is defined by This is normally assumed to be around 1m per person. “PCC per a day =
area (in metres squared) x visitors per metre x daily duration"
the WTO as “The (Mowforth and Munt) This is a formula which has been used to
calculate the physical carrying capacity.
maximum number of
• Economic carrying capacity
people that may visit a – This relates to a level of unacceptable change within the local economy
of a tourist destination, it is the extent to which a tourist destination is
tourist destination at able to accommodate tourist functions without the loss of local
activates, take for example a souvenir store taking the place of a shop
the same time, without selling essential items to the local community. Economic carrying
capacity can also be used to describe the point at which the increased
causing destruction of revenue brought by tourism development is overtaken by the inflation
the physical, economic, caused by tourism.
• Social carrying capacity
socio-cultural – This relates to the negative socio-cultural related to tourism
development. The indicators of when the social carrying capacity has
environment and an been exceeded are a reduced local tolerance for tourism as described
by Doxey’s Index of irritation. Reduced visitor enjoyment and increased
unacceptable decrease crime are also indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been
in the quality of visitors' exceeded.
• Biophysical carrying capacity
satisfaction” – This deals with the extent to which the natural environment is able to
tolerate interference from tourists. This is made more complicated by
the fact that because it deals with ecology which is able to regenerate
to some extent so in this case the carrying capacity is when the damage
exceeds the habitat's ability to regenerate.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 36

 Factors affecting Carrying Capacity
• 1. Alien factors • 3. Combined factors
– Mass tourism – Difference between the
– Length of stay tourist and the host
– Concentration of visitors – Differences in wealth and
– Degree of seasonality culture
– Type of tourism activity – Amount of contact
– Education level will affect the – Segregation of tourists
impact reduces demonstration
– Degree of exposure effect
• 2. Local factors
– Fragile eco systems
– Socio culture of host
community
– Economic and political
– Availability of local resources
– Tourism policies
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 37
 Environmental Impact Analysis
• The Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF) of India have been in a
great effort in Environmental Impact
Assessment in India.
• The main laws in nation are Water
Act(1974), The Indian Wildlife
(Protection) Act (1972), The Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act (1981) and The Environment
(Protection) Act (1986).
• The responsible body for this is Central
Pollution Control Board.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
studies need a significant amount of
primary and secondary environmental
data.
• The primary data are those which need
to be collected in the field to define the
status of environment (like air quality
data, water quality data etc.).
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
• The secondary data are those data
which have been collected over the
years and can be used to understand
the existing environmental scenario of
the study area.
• The environmental impact assessment
(EIA) studies are conducted over a short
period of time and therefore the
understanding the environmental
trends based on few months of primary
data has its own limitations.
• Ideally, the primary data has to be
considered along with the secondary
data for complete understanding of the
existing environmental status of the
area. In many EIA studies, the
secondary data needs could be as high
as 80% of the total data requirement.
• EIC is the repository of one stop
secondary data source for
environmental impact assessment in
India.
38
• The Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) experience in India indicates that
the lack of timely availability of reliable
and authentic environmental data has
been a major bottle neck in achieving
the full benefits of EIA.
• The environment being a multi-
disciplinary subject, a multitude of
agencies is involved in collection of
environmental data.
• However, there is no single organization
in India which tracks the data available
amongst these agencies and makes it
available in one place, in a form and
manner required by practitioners in the
field of environmental impact
assessment in India.
• Further, the environmental data is not
available in value added forms that can
enhance the quality of the EIA.
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
• This in turn adversely affects the time
and efforts required for conducting the
environmental impact assessments
(EIAs) by project proponents and also
timely environmental clearances by the
regulators.
• With this background, Environmental
Information Centre (EIC) has been set
up to serve as a professionally managed
clearing house of environmental
information that can be used by MoEF,
project proponents, consultants, NGOs
and other stakeholders involved in the
process of environmental impact
assessment in India.
• EIC caters to the need of creating and
disseminating of organized
environmental data for various
developmental initiatives all over the
country.
• EIC stores data in GIS format and makes
it available to all environmental impact
assessment studies and to EIA
stakeholders in a cost effective and
timely manner.
39
 Tourism Business ethics and laws
• Business ethics (also corporate ethics)
is a form of applied • The major areas of business law
ethics or professional ethics that are:
examines ethical principles and moral
or ethical problems that arise in a – Antitrust
business environment. It applies to all – Bankruptcy
aspects of business conduct and is
relevant to the conduct of individuals – Consumer protection and
and entire organizations. product liability
• an emerging typology for applied ethics
(Porter, 2006) uses six domains to help – Contracts
improve organizations and social issues
at the national and global level: – Employment
– Decision ethics, or ethical theories and – Intellectual property
ethical decision processes
– Professional ethics, or ethics to improve – Securities regulation
professionalism
– Clinical ethics, or ethics to improve our
basic health needs
– Business ethics, or individual based morals
to improve ethics in an organization
– Organizational ethics, or ethics among
organizations
– Social ethics, or ethics among nations and
as one global unit
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 40
• Money lost to Fraud • Misreporting actual time or
• Money lost to Embezzlement hours worked
• Accuracy of • False insurance claims
books, records, and expense • Kickbacks and bribery
reports • Proper exercise of authority
• Proper use of organizational • Theft of business equipment
assets and supplies
• Protecting proprietary • Trading or accepting goods
information for unauthorized favors
• Discrimination • Moonlighting, which causes
• Lying poorer work performance
• Over charging • Knowingly ignoring the
• Charging for work that was health and safety of
not necessary employees
• Withholding needed • Sexual harassment
information • Evading someone’s privacy
• Abusive or intimidating
behavior toward others
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 41
 Tourism Law & Legislation
According to Ronald A. Kaiser
(Travel and Tourism
Law, 1994), tourism law creates
and defines
• seven basic concepts:
– 1) Travel is a legal right,
– 2) Reliable and safe transportation
must be readily available,
– 3) Safe and adequate
accommodations must await the
traveller,
– 4) All travellers should have access
to such accommodations,
– 5) Travel and accommodation
costs must be reasonable,
– 6) Regulation of the travel and
tourism industry is necessary, and
– 7) Redressal mechanism for
transgressions of rights and
regulations is necessary.
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
functional areas:
– 1) Those related to the protection
of tourists,
– 2) Those related to border
controls,
– 3) Those related to quality of
services,
– 4) Those related to protection of
environment,
– 5) Those related to conservation
of historical sites and
monuments,
– 6) Those related to economic
development,
– 7) Those determining the
relationship of various segments
of the tourism industry, etc.
42
categorised under the following heads :
– 1) Laws related to trans-border
movements like customs, visa
regulations, foreign exchange
regulations, immigration laws, etc.
– 2) Laws related to transportation like
airline regulations, railways, road and
water transport; fares and tariffs, etc.
– 3) Laws related to accommodation
like classification/grading/rating of
hotels, etc.
– 4) Consumer Protection Laws related
to health, hygiene, service quality
standards, etc.
– 5) Laws related to land use,
infrastructure development, etc.
– 6) Labour laws related to employees’
working conditions, wages, etc.
– 7) Laws regarding the functioning of
tourism organisations at various
levels.
– 8) Conservation related laws on
environment protection, monuments
and historical sites, etc.
– 9) Laws related to human resource
development.
– 10) Laws for regulating the service
providers, etc. R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
There are variety of laws in India which
are directly or indirectly related to
tourism. Some of these are as
follows:
– 1) Environment related
• ·The Indian Forest Act
• The Wildlife Protection Act
• The Forest Conservation Act
• The Air Prevention and Control of
Pollution Act
• The Environment Act
• The National Environment Tribunal Act
• Coastal Zone Regulations, etc.
– 2) Monuments
• The Ancient Monuments Act
• Regulations made by the Archaeological
Survey of India
• Guidelines issued by the Ministry of
Culture, etc.
– 3) Accommodation
• The Sarais Act
• Department of Tourism Regulations for
Categor isation of Hotels, etc.
– 4) Protection of Tourists and Health
– Indian Penal Code
• Consumer Protection Act
• Prevention of Food Adulteration
Act, etc.
43
 Tourist safety & Security

• SMART TRAVELER ENROLLMENT PROGRAM (STEP) / EMBASSY

LOCATION:
• ENTRY / EXIT REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. CITIZENS
• THREATS TO SAFETY AND SECURITY
• Areas of Instability
• Restricted/Protected areas
• CRIME
• Scams
• VICTIMS OF CRIME
• CRIMINAL PENALTIES
• SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES:
• MEDICAL FACILITIES AND HEALTH INFORMATION
• MEDICAL INSURANCE
• TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONS
• AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT
• CHILDREN’S ISSUES

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 44

 Preservation & Conversation
Archaeological sites
• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), as an
attached office under the Department of
Culture, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, is the
premier organization for the archaeological
researches and protection of the cultural
heritage of the nation.
• Maintenance of ancient monuments and
archaeological sites and remains of national
importance is the prime concern of the ASI.
• Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in
the country as per the provisions of the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and
Remains Act, 1958.
• It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure
Act, 1972.For the maintenance of ancient
monuments and archaeological sites and
remains of national importance the entire
country is divided into 24 Circles.
• The organization has a large work force of
trained
archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, archite
cts and scientists for conducting archaeological
research projects through its Excavation
Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy
Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture
Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey
Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
CHEMICAL PRESERVATION
• The Archaeological Survey of India’s Science
Branch is responsible mainly for the chemical
conservation treatment and preservation of some
three thousand five hundred ninety three
Protected monuments besides chemical
preservation of museum and excavated objects
countrywide.
• The real challenge before us is to plan the
necessary measures of conservation with a view
to assure the survival of these built cultural
heritage and unique symbols of our civilizations
for centuries to come, with as little intervention
as possible but without altering or modifying in
any way the authenticity of their original
character.
• To ensure the stability as well as proper
conservation of our cultural heritage, there is a
need to give more thrust to the scientific research
in conservation options must be based on a
preliminary investigation which includes the
knowledge of physical nature of the object
(constituent materials, architectural
characteristics, production techniques, state of
decay) and of the factors which induce or could
induced its decay.
45
STRUCTURAL CONSERVATION
• Although there have been references of
conservation of structures way back in the
early Historic Period as evidenced at
Junagadh, Gujarat, it was done on structures
that were beneficial to the contemporary
society.
• Even the dawn of vision for the need to
preserve monuments for its worth as a
monument, mainly credited to the British was
not less haphazard in the earlier times.
• The earlier attempts to give a legal framework
for preventing vandalism were the two
legislations namely the Bengal Regulation of
1810 and Madras Regulation of 1817.
• The monuments and sties that received
nominal funds and attention way back in 19th
century was Taj Mahal, Tomb at
Sikandara, Qutb Minar, Sanchi and Mathura.
• Based on the proposal submitted in 1898, 5
Circles were constituted to do the
Archaeological work in India. These Circles
were required to devote themselves entirely
to conservation work.
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
• Later the ‘Ancient Monuments and Preservation
Act, 1904’ was passed with the prime objective to
ensure the proper upkeep and repair of ancient
buildings in private ownership excepting such as
those used for religious purposes.
• From the first decade of the last century therefore
many monuments could be taken up for
conservation.
• One of the foremost conservators, J. Marshall who
laid down the principles of conservation was also
instrumental in preserving a number of
monuments some of which are now under the
World Heritage List.
• The conservation work of stupas at Sanchi earlier
lying in a maze of ruins gave the site its pristine
looks. The conservation processes had now become
quite formalized and the later workers in the field
were acquiring cumulative knowledge of several
generations.
• Even before Independence, thus, the
Archaeological Survey of India had developed
significant expertise so much as that it was invited
for conservation work in other countries. Some of
the outstanding examples of such works are that of
Bamiyan in Afghanistan and later in the Angkor Vat
of Cambodia.
46
 Conservation of wildlife in India
• The need for conservation of wildlife in
India is often questioned because of the
apparently incorrect priority in the face
of dire poverty of the people.
• However Article 48 of the Constitution
of India specifies that "the state shall
endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the
forests and wildlife of the country" and
Article 51-A states that "it shall be the
duty of every citizen of India to protect
and improve the natural environment
including forests, lakes, rivers, and
wildlife and to have compassion for
living creatures."
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
• Large and charismatic mammals are
important for wildlife tourism in India
and several national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries cater to these needs.
Project Tiger started in 1972 is a major
effort to conserve the tiger and its
habitats.
• At the turn of the 20th century, one
estimate of the tiger population in India
placed the figure at 40,000, yet an
Indian tiger census conducted in 1972
revealed the existence of only 1827
tigers.
• Various pressures in the later part of
the 20th century led to the progressive
decline of wilderness resulting in the
disturbance of viable tiger habitats.
• At the International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) General Assembly
meeting in Delhi in 1969, serious
concern was voiced about the threat to
several species of wildlife and the
shrinkage of wilderness in the India
47
• . In 1970, a national ban on tiger
hunting was imposed and in 1972 the
Wildlife Protection Act came into force.
• The framework was then set up to
formulate a project for tiger
conservation with an ecological
approach.
• Project Tiger which was launched on
April 1, 1973, has become one of the
most successful conservation ventures
in modern history.
• The project aims at tiger conservation in
specially constituted 'tiger reserves'
which are representative of various bio-
geographical regions falling within India.
• It strives to maintain a viable tiger
population in their natural
environment.
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
• Today, there are 27 Project Tiger wildlife
reserves in India covering an area of
37,761 km².Project Elephant, though
less known, started in 1992 and works
for elephant protection in India.
• Most of India's rhinos today survive in
the Kaziranga National Park. The wildlife
institute of India (WII) is a government
institution run by the Indian Council of
Forestry Research and Education which
trains wildlife managers and wildlife
researchers.
• Trained personnel from WII have
contributed in studying and protecting
wildlife in India.
• WII has also popularized wildlife studies
and careers. The institute is based in
Dehradun, India. It is located in
Chandrabani, which is close to the
southern forests of Dehradun.
• The Indian Council of Forestry Research
and Education also runs the Forest
Research Institute and the Indian
Institute of Forest Management
48
Thank You…

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 49