Understand different

approaches to planning and

development

Nishi Ramsurrun
 Learning Outcomes

• Understand the principles

of planning
• Be able to explain
different approaches to
planning
• Be able to review different
levels of planning
 Teaching and Learning Activities

• Lecture

• Case Study

• Questions and Answers

• https://prezi.com/jvs0hdlltzvx/levels-of-touris
m-planning-types-of-tourism-plannng/
 Learning Outcomes

LO2 Understand different approaches to tourism planning

and development
2.1 Analyse features of tourism development planning at
different levels
2.2 Evaluate the significance of interactive planning
systems
and processes in tourism developments
2.3 Evaluate different methods available to measure tourist
impact
 Nature of Planning in
Tourism
• Planning is concerned with anticipating and regulating
change in a system to promote orderly development so
as to increase the social, economic and environmental
benefits of the development process.
• To do this, planning becomes ‘an ordered sequence of
operations, designed to lead to the achievement of either
a single goal or to a balance between several goals’
(Murphy1985, p.156).
 Nature of Planning in
Tourism
• The focus of planning is mainly
to generate income and
employment, and ensure resource
conservation and traveller
satisfaction.
• Meanwhile, for already developed
countries, planning can be used as
a means “to revitalise the tourism
sector and maintain its future
viability (Gunn 1988)
 Objectives of Tourism
Planning
• Political: such as enhancing national prestige
and gaining international exposure;
• Socio-cultural: the encouragement of
activities
that have the potential for the advancement
of the social and cultural values and resources

of the area and its traditions and lifestyles;

• Environmental, e.g. control of pollution;
• Economic: such as increasing employment
and real incomes
 Planning Approaches

• Boosterism
• Conventional
• Interactive
• Integrated
• Market-led
• Supply-led etc.
 Boosterism
• Tourism is beneficial for a destination
• Stimulate market interest and increase
economic benefits (Dredge, 1999).
• This approach does not provide a
sustainable
solution to development and is
practised only by
“politicians who philosophically or
pragmatically believe that economic
growth is
always to be promoted” (Getz, 1987,
p.10).
 Conventional
• Conventional planning is
oriented
only to a plan, too vague and
all encompassing, reactive,
sporadic,
divorced from budgets and
extraneous
data producing” (Gunn 1988,
p.24)
• Not implemented state planning
 Interactive
• Collaborative, co-operative and participatory
• All directed along the same lines,
the incorporation of the local community’s
opinions and desires in the planning process
• “Better decisions can be reached by means
of a participative process, even though
it is far more difficult.
Final decisions have a much better chance
of being implemented if publics have been
involved (Gunn, 1994, p.20).
 Integrated
• The planning process is not a static
but a continuous process which has
to integrate changes and additional
information (de Kadt 1978)
• Therefore, tourism planning should
be flexible and adaptable; to cope
with rapidly changing conditions
and situations
 Supply-led
The supply-led approach implies:
“Only those types of attractions, facilities,
and
services that the area believes can best be
integrated with minimum impacts into the
local development patterns and society are
provided, and marketing is done to attract
only
those tourists who find this product
of interest to them” (Inskeep 1991, p.30).
 Market-led
• Tourism planning should be “market
oriented, providing the right product for the
consumer
• A completely market-led approach provides
whether attractions, facilities, and services
the tourist market may demand could result
in environmental degradation and loss of
socio-cultural integrity of the tourist area,
even though it brings short term economic
benefits (Inskeep 1991, p.30).
Levels of Tourism Planning
 International Level

Concerned mostly with:

1.International transportation services

2.The flow and tour programming of tourists among
different countries
3.Complementary development of major attraction
features and facilities in nearby countries,
4.Multi-country marketing strategies and promotion
programs.
 National Level
Elements:
•Tourism Policy and Physical Structure
•Accommodation and other facilities
•Major routes in the country and regional connections
•Tourism organizational structures, legislation and investment
policies
•Tourism marketing strategies and promotion programs
•National level implementation techniques, including staging
of development and short-term development strategy and
project planning
 Elements:
 Regional Policy
 Access and internal transport network
 Type of location and tourism attraction
 Location of tourism development
Regional  Tourist accommodation and other
tourist facilities
Level
 Regional level education
 Marketing strategies
 Organizational structures
 Components of the plan depends on
the situation of the sub-region, but
typically would include tourist
attraction features, general location
of accommodation and other tourist
facilities and services, access to the
sub-region, its internal transportation Sub-
network and other infrastructure regional
considerations, and relevant
institutional factors.
Level
 Evolution of Tourism Development
Planning
(1) Unplanned tourism development era: tourism
planning is ‘uncommon, unpopular and an unwanted idea’
(2) Beginning of partly supply-oriented tourism planning :
construction of basic infrastructure, such as hotels,
restaurants, transportation etc.
(3) Entirely supply-oriented tourism planning :
planning is directed toward the creation of facilities
that satisfy increased tourism demand,
although it ignores most resulting problems.
 Evolution of Tourism Development
Planning
(4) Market or demand-oriented tourism
development planning : planning is focused
mainly on greater numbers of tourists and
how to satisfy them.
(5) Contemporary planning approach : after
the
increase in the number of tourist arrivals
environmental, socio-cultural and economic
problems increase which attracts the attention
of
developers and planners.
Sustainable Tourism in Philippines
• http://www.tropicalexperiencephilippines.c
om/sustainability
 References
• De Kadt, E. (ed). (1979). Tourism: Passport to Development? Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
• Dredge, D. (1999). Destination place planning and design. Annals of Tourism
Research. 26(4), 772-791.
• Getz, D. (1987). Tourism planning and research: Traditions, models and
futures. Paper Presented at The Australian Travel Research Workshop, 5-6
November.
Bunbury: Western Australia.
• Gunn, C.A. (1988). Tourism Planning. 2nd ed. New York: Taylor & Frances.
• Murphy, P.E. (1985). Tourism: A Community Approach. London: Methuen
• Tosun, C., & Jenkins, C.L. (1998). The evolution of tourism planning in third
world countries: A critique. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research.
4(2), 101-114.