Date: 2020-02-28

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a) Gagne’s theory of instruction (1916-2002) In 1965, Robert Gagne published for the first time a book entitled "Learning Conditions" in
which he identified the mental conditions necessary for effective learning. Gagne highlighted 9 stages in which he detailed each elementary
element to learn effectively. 1. Gaining attention (Reception) - gaining public attention by raising voice volume, gesturing. 2. Informing
Learners of the Objective (Expectancy) – highlighting the topics to be learned and highlighting the benefits of learning. 3. Stimulating Recall
of Prior Learning (Retrieval) – connections between theory and daily life events. 4. Presenting the Stimulus (Selective Perception) – use of
visual cues, verbal instructions. 5. Providing Learning Guidance (Semantic Encoding) – use of examples, case studies, stories, analogies.
6. Eliciting Performance (Responding) – after learning new information, questions can be asked to practice the knowledge. 7. Providing
Feedback (Reinforcement) – feedback. 8. Assessing Performance (Retrieval) – good ways to test new knowledge: tests, essays,
questionnaires. 9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer (Generalization) – exposing the theory to certain real situations. (Gagne, 1985) Figure
1. Gagne’s theory of instruction (1916-2002) Source: Gagne, 1985 b) Fleming’s VAK Learning Styles Neil Fleming, in 1987, to help students
and the rest learn as much about their preferences, developed an inventory. In this model, students find out if they are inclined towards
visual learning (pictures, charts, films), auditory learning (discussions, music, lectures), writing and reading (reading textbooks) or
kinaesthetic learning (practical activities), (Kenda, 2019). Figure 2. Fleming`s Vak Learning Styles Source: Kenda, 2019 c) Honey and
Mumford learning cycle In 1986, these styles were developed by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford, which were inspired by Kolb's model.
They provided a questionnaire that helps test the general behavioural trends. Activist: - it is learned by exercising, individually it must enjoy
the challenge of new experiences. Theorist: - the individual likes to understand the theory behind the actions, enjoys the concept, the
models and the facts, they are not good in the situations in which there are feelings involved. Pragmatist: - individuals must be able to see
how learning is applied in the real world, the joy of trying new techniques. Reflector: - individuals must learn by observing and reflecting on
the results, gather information from several opinions and create a conclusion (Honey and Mumford, 2000). Figure. 3 Honey and Mumford
learning cycle Source: Honey and Mumford, 2000 d) Kolb's experiential learning theory is a learning theory developed by David A. Kolb,
who published his model in 1984. It comprises the horizontal axis that follows one end and is learned from the other end and the vertical
axis that is learned by feeling at one end and by thinking at the opposite end (Saul, 2017). Figure 4. Kolb's experiential learning theory
Source: Saul, 2017 e) Bloom’s taxonomy Known as Bloom's taxonomy, it has been applied by generations of K-12 teachers and college
instructors. The framework was made up of 6 broad categories: Understanding Application Analyse Synthesis Evaluation (Bloom, 1956).
Figure 5. Bloom`s taxonomy Source: Bloom, 1956 f) Social Learning Theory – people can learn by observing others. Social learning
requires a greater attention to the observed persons, a reminder of the behaviour that the individual has observed, the ability to imitate the
respective comportment and the existence of the motivation to act in the same way (Bandura, 1977). g) Bandura’s self-efficacy theory In
1994, Albert Bandura created the theory of self-efficacy, being a part of the social cognitive theory and fundamental to positive psychology.
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's power to succeed in influencing events that influence life and control over how they are experienced
(Uyanga, 2019).
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06.07.2019 - 4. Presenting the Stimulus (Selective Perception). Present the ... Use a variety of approaches (such as visual cues,
verbal instruction, and

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/415990819/PEC-101